k|Zgx¿
-s_ of] lgj]bg s;n] slxn] n]v]sf] xf] <
-v_ of] lgj]bg s'g ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 <
-u_ k|flKt a:g]tsf] 3/df @)&$÷)#÷)^ ut] s] 5 <
-3_ efg' dfWolds ljBfno sxfF 5 <
&= tn lgj]bgsf] 9fFrf lbOPsf] 5 . Wofgk"j{s x]/ . ca JolStut lr7Lsf] 9fFrf /
lgj]bgsf] 9fFrflar kfOg] tLg cf]6f ;dfgtf / tLg cf]6f leGgtfx¿ n]v M
!= ldlt
@= ;Daf]wg != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;+:yf @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
7]ufgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ljifo #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= k'gM ;Daf]wg $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= d"n s'/f %= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= lgj]bssf] x:tfIf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gfd
^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
7]ufgf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= la/fdL ePsfn] ljBfnodf cfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f hgfO{ k|wfgfWofksnfO{ n]lvg]
lgj]bg tof/ kf/ .
(= tnsf] ;"rgf k9 . cfºgf] ljBfnoåf/f cfof]hgf ul/g] g[To k|ltof]lutf;DaGwL
To:t} Pp6f ;"rgf tof/ kf/ M
;"rgf † ;"rgf † ;"rgf †††
efg'hoGtL @)&$ sf] cj;/df o; ljBfnoåf/f cfof]lht cGt/ ljBfno
:t/Lo sljtf jfrg k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g rfxg] ljBfyL{n] cfkm"n]
jfrg ug{] sljtf;lxt @)&$ c;f/ @^ ut]leq o; ljBfnodf ;Dks{
ug{'x'g ;"lrt ul/G5 .
cfof]hs
kz'kltldq df=lj=
rfalxn, sf7df8f}F
51 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
x/kn k9]/ k|fKt u/]sf] :yfg
Gof;|f] sNof0f rfxg], lxQlrQ ldNg]
z'elrGts 7luPsf]Ù kl5 kl/Psf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf t'ngf ul/g]
t'ngLo x/]s ;doÙ x/]s kn
lxt}ifL cfˆgf] cfTdLo gx'Fbf x'g] lvGgtf
jl~rt z'e xf];\ eGg] rfxg]
@= Pp6} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M
JofVof – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfb'doL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lg/Gt/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ df}sf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k7fpg] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfpg] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]l;; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
dfg – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= gftf;DaGw n]v M
-s_ a'afsf efO Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -v_ a'afsf bfh' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ cfdfsL lbbL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -3_ cfdfsL alxgL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ a'afsf a'af Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -r_ cfdfsL cfdf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ >Ldfg\sf bfh' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ -h_ >LdtLsL lbbL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf hf]8L zAbx¿ pRrf/0f u/ / cy{ a'em M
;fyL – ;f7L 3/ – 3f/ k|bfg – k|wfg ;Fu – ;ª\3
;fy – ;ft ldq – leq kq – kfq k'gM – k"0f{
labf – ljwf tf]k – 6f]k v/ – 3/ yfs – wfs
j}v/L sIff & 52
%= tnsf zAbhf]8Lsf] cy{;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
;fyL Ps cª\s 3/ df}/L a:g] 7fpF
;f7L ;fgf] kf7f] 3f/ u[x
kf6L ldq ldq lbg] sfd
kf7L lnkmf leq d'VoÙ y/ ljz]if
sfd sfo{ k|bfg ;fyL
vfd wd{zfnf k|wfg aflx/sf] pN6f]
^= tnsf zAbdf leGg j0f{ s]s] 5g\, n]v M
gfp – p sf/ – s 7f8] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gfd – d vf/ – v 9f8] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kmn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf6 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
en – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ emf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sft – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
7f]s – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfd – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5'/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
yf]s – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8fd – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ e'/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= vfnL 7fpFdf l7s zAb 5fg]/ n]v M
-s_ d]/f] 3/df ÒÒÒÒÒÒsf] 5fgf] 5 . -3/, v/_
-v_ d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ l6gn] 5fPsf] 5 . -3/, v/_
-u_ d;Fu ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ?k}ofF 5 . -;f7L, ;fyL_
-3_ d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ d]/f] 3/df cfof] . -;f7L, ;fyL_
-ª_ k|d'v cltlyn] k'/:sf/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u/] . -k|bfg, k|wfg_
-r_ d]/f bfh' klqsfsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Dkfbs x'g'x'G5 . -k|bfg, k|wfg_
53 j}v/L sIff &
Jofs/0f
!= jfSodf sfd ug{]nfO{ stf{ elgG5 . sfdsf] c;/ a]xf]g{]nfO{ sd{ elgG5 . tnsf
jfSodf cfPsf stf{ / sd{ lrg]/ n]v M
-s_ efOn] dnfO{ af]nfof] . efOn] – stf{, dnfO{ – sd{
-v_ ltdL uLt ufpF5f} . ltdL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uLt – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ af]nfof] . ;fyLn] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dnfO{ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ l;sf/L r/f df5{ . l;sf/L – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ r/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ltdLn] dnfO{ lrg]gf} . ltdLn] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dnfO{ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= jfSodf cfPsf n], nfO{, af6, åf/f, nflu, lglDt, b]lv, sf], sf, sL, /f], /f, /L,
gf], gf, gL, df cflb ljelSt x'g\ . tnsf jfSodf cfPsf ljelSt lrg]/ n]v M
-s_ ltdLn] dnfO{ lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ?vaf6 e'O{Fdf kft em¥of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ltdL k"hfsf nflu km"n l6k . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ltdLx¿ d]/f lglDt gk9 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ;fyLn] x'nfsaf6 lr7L k7fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= vfnL 7fpFdf pko'St ljelSt /fv M
-s_ a'afÒÒÒ dÒÒÒ af]nfpg'eof] .
-v_ wf/fÒÒÒ kfgL cfof] .
-u_ ltdLÒÒÒ ¤ofnÒÒÒ dÒÒÒ b]Vof} .
-3_ d]ÒÒ emf]nfÒÒ lstfa / sfkL 5g\ .
-ª_ ltdLÒÒ d]ÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s] Nofof} <
$= kf7af6 ljelSt k|of]u ePsf b; cf]6f zAb gbf]xf]¥ofO{ n]v .
%= kf7af6 b'O{ cf]6f stf{ sf/s / b'O{ cf]6f sd{ sf/s k|of]u ePsf jfSo vf]h]/
n]v .
j}v/L sIff & 54
;d"xdf efiff
!= ltd|f b; hgf ;fyLsf] gfd n]v . pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg{] v]n, dg kg{] v]nf8L, dg
kg{] rnlrq / dg kg{] snfsf/sf] gfd ;f]w]/ n]v M
qm=;= ;fyLsf] dg kg{] dg kg{] dg kg{] dg kg{]
gfd v]n v]nf8L rnlrq snfsf/
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)
55 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= ltd|f] 3/kl/jf/df ljjfx, j|taGw, k"hf, hGdlbg jf s'g} cGo cj;/sf] lgdGq0ff
cfPsf] xf]nf . o:tf lgdGq0ff kqdWo] ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] s'g} Pp6f lgdGq0ff kqsf]
gd'gf tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf agfpm M
@= cfºgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿sf] af/]df atfpFb} 6f9f a:g] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]v .
lr7L n]lv;s]kl5 vfdaGbL u/L lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpm .
j}v/L sIff & 56
kf7– %
cfpm x] jiff{
57 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ s]s] x'g\ < s'g} 5 cf]6f ;|f]tx¿ n]v M
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
jiff{ – kfgL kg{] sfdÙ em/LÙ j[li6
kf]N6f] – s]xL kf]sf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] bf}/fÙ k6'sf cflbsf] km]/f]
kmf]P/ – km'sfP/Ù vf]n]/
k|f/De – ;'?jftÙ yfngL
gLndwf/f – lgnf] wf/f
3g 36f – afSnf] afbnÙ afbnsf] tfFtL
s8\lsP/ – 7'nf] cfjfh;Fu
;[li6 – agfpg] sfdÙ l;h{gf
jh| – w]/} s8f j:t'Ù OGb|sf] d'Vo xltof/
r6\lsP – ahfl/PÙ k5fl/P
l;h{gf – gofF agfPsf] /rgf
r~rn – r'na'n]Ù rnfodfgÙ rln/xg]
z'e| – ;]tf]Ù rlDsnf]Ù pHofnf]
rfFbgL – rGb|dfsf] Hof]ltÙ rGb|dfsf] ls/0f
j}v/L sIff & 58
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= % ;'g / hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ agf/; ld> b]zdf cjl:yt
-v_ ;fª\3fO{ o'k|m]6; / 6fOlu|; gbLsf] lardf /x]sf]
-u_ sfo/f] y]D; gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf]
-3_ nG8g uª\uf gbLsf] lsgf/df
-ª_ aubfb ofª\T;] gbLsf] lsgf/df
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ kfgLn] s] sfd u5{ <
-v_ s:tf] 7fpFdf a;f]af; afSnf] x'G5 <
-u_ x\jfª\xf] gbLsf] lsgf/df s'g ;x/ 5 <
-3_ gfOn gbLsf] sf];]nL eg]/ s'g 7fpFnfO{ lrlgG5 <
-ª_ gbLn] s]s] lbG5 <
#= g]kfndf s'gs'g ;x/x¿ s'gs'g gbLsf] lsgf/df 5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
$= …kfgL lhGbufgLÚ zLif{sdf sIffdf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf u/ .
59 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
cfpm x] jiff{
– dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/
xl/of jg, rx'/, v]t 5fofn] 5f]P/ .
k|f/De u/ gLndwf/f jgsf] s'gfdf
3fd / kfgL a;f{Ob]pm 3/sf] 5fgfdf
x[bo ;f/f 8'afOb]pm l/dlemd ufgfdf
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .
/g / jg 3]/]/ 3g 36fdf s8\lsP
rkfO{ 9'ª\uf kxf8L uª\ufx¿df u8\lsP
klx/f] xfnL k'/fgf] ;[li6 jh|df r8\lsP
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .
j}v/L sIff & 60
;'g]/ ltd|f] hLjgbfoL dw'/ uh{g
k[lyjL Ao'Fem"g\ xl/of] xf]cf];\ gjLg l;h{g
gbL / gfnf af]s]/ lxF8"g\ r~rn hLjg
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .
lbgdf ltdL OGb|]gL 8fs afF;df 3f/Lsf]
k'¥ofOb]pm lkof/fnfO{ ;Demgf Kof/Lsf]
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/
xl/of jg, rp/, v]t 5fofn] 5f]P/ .
hLjgbfg ub{5\of} ltdL x[bo 5f]P/
zflGtsf] z'e| b]zdf hfG5\of} rfFbgL 5f]P/
d ltdLnfO{ ;DemG5' ;w}F ¤ofndf /f]P/
cfpm x] jiff{ Û sf];]nL kf]N6f] afbn kmf]P/ .
61 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO ÷ n]vfO
!= tnsf zAbx¿ k9 M
jiff{ k|f/De a;f{Ob]pm x[bo kf]N6f] 9'ª\uf ;[li6 jh|
uh{g k[lyjL Ao'Fem"g\ l;h{g r~rn z'e| hfG5\of} ¤ofn
@= dflysf] sljtf no xfn]/ jfrg u/ .
#= 5'6]sf zAb e/L tnsf] sljtf k"/f u/ M
hLjgbfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltdL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5f]P/
zflGtsf] ÒÒÒÒ b]zdf hfG5\of} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒ
d ltdLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;w}F ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /f]P/
cfpm x] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf];]nL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ afbn ÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
$= tnsf] h:t} ;'lgg] c¿ kfFrkfFr cf]6f zAb n]v M
kmf]P/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s'gfdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s8\lsP ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
uh{g ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3f/Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= Psb'O{ zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ sljn] gLndwf/f sxfF k|f/De ug{ eg]sf 5g\ <
-v_ sljn] x[bo s]df 8'afpg eg]sf 5g\ <
-u_ jiff{sf] dw'/ uh{g ;'g]/ s] Ao'Flemo"g\ <
-3_ gbLgfnfn] s:tf] hLjg af]s]/ lxF8"g\ <
-ª_ jiff{ sxfF hflG5g\ <
-r_ gjLg l;h{gf s:tf] xf]cf];\ <
-5_ jiff{n] x[bo 5f]P/ s] ub{l5g\ <
j}v/L sIff & 62
^= sljtfaf6 lgnf] cIf/n] n]lvPsf zAbx¿ /fd|f cIf/df ;f/ / z'4;Fu k9 M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
;'g]/ ltd|f] hLjgbfoL dw'/ uh{g
k[lyjL Ao'Fe"mg\ xl/of] xf]cf];\ gjLg l;h{g
gbL / gfnf af]s]/ lxF8"g\ r~rn hLjg
*= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ cfºg} jfSodf k|of]u u/ M
k|f/De M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gLndwf/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;[li6 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
z'e| M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
AoF'e"mg\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
(= dflysf] sljtfdf sljn] jiff{sf af/]df eGg vf]h]sf s'/fnfO{ ;o zAbhltdf
j0f{g u/ .
!)= tnsf] kf7 k9 / ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
lxdfn / kxf8sf sf]vaf6 lgTo lg/Gt/ gbLx¿ ultdfg\ 5g\ . o:tf gbLdf
k|jflxt hn/flzdf kxf8 / t/fO{nfO{ l;l~rt ug{] zlSt 5 . cGwsf/ x6fpg]
/ b]znfO{ pGgltsf] lbzfdf lqmofzLn u/fpg ;Sg] ljB'tLo pmhf{ 5 . oxfF
u08sL, sf];L / s0ff{nL dfq} xf]Og, km]jf, /f/f, ;]kmf]S;'G8f] / ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf
cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf] ltlnrf]h:tf ;of}F tfn tn}of / s'08x¿ klg 5g\ . ;of}F
af/df;] gbLgfnf / ;of}F vf]nfvx/] 5g\ . ltgdf cjl:yt / k|jflxt hnsf
k|To]s yf]kfdf hLjgsf] k|ltljDa 5, df]tLsf] rxs 5 / l;h{gfsf] ;f/ 5 .
To;}n] t g]kfn ;+;f/d} hn;|f]tsf] b[li6n] ;DkGg d'n's dflgG5 .
k|Zgx¿
-s_ lxdfn / kxf8af6 aUg] gbLx¿df s:tf] zlSt 5 <
-v_ g]kfndf s] s:tf hn;|f]tx¿ 5g\ <
63 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . tL cy{;Fu ldNg] zAb k[i7 %* af6 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s]xL kf]sf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/g] bf}/f k6'sf cflbsf] km]/f]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgnf] wf/f
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ afSnf] afbnÙ afbnsf] tfFtL
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 7'nf] cfjfh lgsfn]/
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ w]/} s8f j:t'Ù OGb|sf] d'Vo xltof/
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hLjg lbg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ gofF /rgf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ rGb|dfsf] Hof]lt
@= p:t} cy{ glbg] zAbdf uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M
jiff{ em/L j[li6 afbn
pkrf/ pkxf/ ;f}uft sf];]nL
kmf]P/ /f]P/ km'sfP/ vf]n]/
k|f/De ;'?jft cGTo yfngL
r8\lsP ahfl/P k5fl/P k5fl8
gjLg k'/fgf] gf}nf] gofF
r~rn r'na'n] r]tgf rnfodfg
#= s'g Ct'nfO{ a'emfpF5g\, n]v M
r}t – j}zfv Ö j;Gt c;f]h – sflQs Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
h]7 – c;f/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dª\l;/ – k'; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;fpg – ebf} Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ df3 – kmfu'g Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u|Lid, jiff{, z/b\, x]dGt, lzlz/
$= sljtfsf b'O{ Znf]sdf cGTodf p:t} ;'lgg] zAbhf]8L ;Fu;Fu} n]v M
kmf]P/ – 5f]P/ s'gfdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s8\lsP – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
uh{g ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3f/Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ /f]P/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 64
Jofs/0f
!= tnsf wft'nfO{ pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} OR5fy{df abn M
lxF8\ – lxF8"g\ k9\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
n]v\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfp – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;'g\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ vf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
e]6\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} OR5fy{df abn M
-s_ efOx¿ k9\5g\ . efOx¿ k9"g\ .
-v_ pgLx¿ v]N5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ pgLx¿ vfG5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ltgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ e]6\5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ pgLx¿ syf ;'G5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= kf7af6 b'O{ cf]6f OR5fy{ a'emfpg] lj|mof vf]h]/ n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= kf7af6 lgDg zAb vf]h]/ gbf]xf]¥ofO{ n]v M
-s_ …zÚ k|of]u ePsf tLg cf]6f zAb Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf b'O{ cf]6f zAb Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ …;Ú k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ …jÚ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ …aÚ k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f zAb Ö
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= …aÚ / …jÚ ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M
j'l4, al/kl/, lab]z, slatf, elaio, cj, dxŒj
65 j}v/L sIff &
^= …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M
efzf, a;f{, cf}zwL, zdo, zw}F, b]if, ;+iff/, lj;fn, O{:j/, ;Ab
&= tnsf zAbnfO{ ldNg] u/L tflnsfdf e/ M
lgaGw :jfb ljho ljb]z ljjfb afhf
ljBfyL{ :jfledfg k/]jf h'jf la/fnf] a};fvL
…aÚ n]v]/ …aÚ g} af]lng] …jÚ n]v]/ …jÚ g} af]lng] …jÚ n]v]/ …aÚ af]lng]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M
;x/ ljifo efiff k|Zg efif0f zflGt
s'zn z}nL cf}ifwL ;fw' r:df c;n
…zÚ k|of]u ePsf …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf …;Ú k|of]u ePsf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
(= tnsf wft'nfO{ pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} u/L abn M
k9\ k9]5' k9]5f}F k9]5;\ k9]5f} k9]5 k9]5g\
vf ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
hf ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
v]n\ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
!)= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} tnsf jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ pm 3/ hfG5 . pm 3/ uP5 .
-v_ ltdLn] vfhf vfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ pgLx¿ 3/ cfpF5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ s]6f] t n8\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ xfdL ;kmn eof}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 66
;d"xdf efiff
!= jiff{ Pp6f Ct' xf] . o:t} j;Gt, u|Lid, jiff{, z/b\, x]dGt / lzlz/ u/L 5 cf]6f
Ct'x¿ 5g\ . ca sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{ 5 ;d"xdf ljeflht xf]cf] clg x/]s ;d"xn]
PsPs cf]6f Ct'sf af/]df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;d]6L 5nkmn u/ . -;d"x / Ct'sf]
lgwf{/0f lzIfsn] ug{'x'g]5 ._ To;kl5 ;a}n] cfºgf] ;d"xdf k/]sf Ct'sf af/]df
tnsf] vfsf e/ M
-s_ Ct'sf] gfd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ dlxgf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ o; Ct'df kg{] rf8kj{x¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfjfkfgL÷df};d M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ /fd|f kIfx¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ g/fd|f kIfx¿ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] tnsf vfnL 7fpFdf g]kfnsf gbL÷vf]nfsf]
gfd n]v . ;ft ldg]6df s'g ;d"xn] ;aeGbf w]/} n]Vg ;Sof] <
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
67 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= …kfgLÚ zLif{sdf 5 x/kmsf] Pp6f uLt jf sljtf n]v . ltdLn] n]v]sf] uLt jf
sljtf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltdLnfO{ s'g Ct' dg k5{ < ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] Ct'sf af/]df krf;;f7L zAbdf
j0f{g u/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 68
kf7– ^
s]xL l:jl8; afnsx¿
69 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ s] ltdLnfO{ tnsf b]zsf /fhwfgLsf] gfd yfxf 5 < 5 eg] n]v M
b]z /fhwfgL
8]gdfs{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
blIf0f clk|msf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
c:6«]lnof ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kfls:tfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hfkfg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rLg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
c;fWo} – clt w]/}
df}sf – cj;/
x[bo – dg
d'l:sn – sl7g
:jLs[lt – dGh'/L
bf]ef;] – b'O{ efiff hfg]/ b'a}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf a'emfpg] dfG5]
;'ud – ;lhnf]
/f]8\ofOF – ;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] ug{] emu8f
k|ltjfb – ljjfbÙ lrQ ga'em\g] s'/fsf] lj/f]w
;fVv} – cfˆg}Ù glhssf]
:jtGqtf – s'g} s'/fsf] afwf, /f]sfj6, gePsf] cj:yf
b]bLKodfg – rlDsnf]
;f}Do – zfGt
j}v/L sIff & 70
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= ^ ;'g]/ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ l:j8]gsf] l;dfgf gj{] / lu|gNofG8;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .
-v_ l:j8]g g]kfneGbf 7'nf] b]z xf] .
-u_ l:j8]gsf] hg;ª\Vof g]kfneGbf yf]/} 5 .
-3_ l:j8]gsf] /fhwfgL u|6]gju{ xf] .
-ª_ l:j8]gnfO{ PSsfO; cf]6f sfpG6Ldf afFl8Psf] 5 .
@= ^ ;'g]/ hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ @! l:j8]gsf] :yfg -wgL dWo]_
-v_ $%)@(% l:j8]gsf] hg;ª\Vof
-u_ & l:j8]gsf sfpG6L ;ª\Vof
-3_ @() l:j8]gsf] If]qkmn -lsnf]ld6/df_
-ª_ (^%*#)! l:j8]gsf gu/kflnsfx¿
#= g]kfn s;/L l:j8]gh:t} ljsl;t /fi6« aGg ;S5 < cfºgf ljrf/x¿ sIffdf
;'gfpm .
71 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
s]xL l:jl8; afnsx¿
– d~h'n
dnfO{ afnsx¿ c;fWo} dg k5{g\ . afnsx¿ s;nfO{ dg kb{}gg\ xf]nf / <
d l:j8]g hfFbf d}n] ToxfFsf xhf/f}F afnsx¿;Fu e]6\g] df}sf kfPF . tL d]/f x[bonfO{
au}Frf agfP/ 9sdSs km'n]/ a;]sf 5g\ . ToxfF e]6]sf ;a} afnsx¿nfO{ d emnemnL
;lDem/xG5' .
tL s:tf 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg'x'G5 < d Pp6f :s'ndf uPsf] lyPF, uLt
;'gfpg . ToxfF d}n] sIff rf/, sIff 5 / sIff gf}sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;'gfpg'kYof{] .
sIff rf/sf ljBfyL{x¿n] d'l:sn–d'l:snn] cª\u|]hL a'em\y] . ltgLx¿n] g]kfnL uLt
s:tf] dfGnfg\ < d 8/fO/x]sf] lyPF .
d}n] ;a}eGbf klxn] sIff rf/s} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ uLt ;'gfPF . tL ;f/} xflb{s / ljgd|
j}v/L sIff & 72
lyP . uLt ;'lg;s]kl5 /dfpFb}
ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ 3]/] . Pp6L ;fgL
/x/ nfUbL s]6Ln] p;sf] cg'xf/
h:t} ;'Gb/ :ofp dnfO{ lbO{ .
;a}n] cg'/f]w u/] – æxfdL ;Fu}
nGr vfg] n <Æ
d}n] x'G5 eg]/ :jLs[lt
hgfPF . pgLx¿ x'g;Dd v';L
eP . -l:j8]gdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
nGr :s'nd} VjfOFbf] /x]5 ._
d dfemdf lyPF, afnsx¿ jl/kl/ .
bf]ef;]sf] sfd ;'udtfk"j{s xf];\
eg]/ d}n] To;} :s'nsL lzlIfsf
d]/L l:jl8; ;fyLnfO{ cfkm"
glhs} a:g cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyPF .
vfgf cfof] . ;a}n] dnfO{ x]/]/ vfgf vfpFm x} eGg] kf/fn] vfgf vfg yfn] . lzlIfsf
/ d klg vfgf vfg yfNof}F . vfgf :jflbnf] lyof] . vfgfeGbf v';L emg\ sd :jflbnf]
lyPg .
Psb'O{ ufF; vfPkl5 d}n] b]v]F–5]j}sL ;fgL s]6L emu8f ul//x]sL lyO{ / d]/L ;fyL
p;nfO{ kmsfO/x]sL lyOg\ . -l:j8]gsf] :s'ndf s]6fs]6LnfO{ s'l6Fb}g, xsfl/Fb}g klg .
pgLx¿n] sn u/] eg] dfof u/]/, kmsfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg] ul/G5 ._
Tof] s]6L lgs} sn ul//x]sL lyO{ / lzlIfsf Psgf;n] p;nfO{ ;DemfO/x]sL lyOg\ .
d}n] dgdg} eg]F – ædflQPsfx¿ ÛÆ
g]kfndf eP s7fnfdf ;dft]/, cln k/ nu]/, ufnfdf r8\ofdr8\ofd tLg rf/
r8\sg 7f]s]/ tx nufpFlyg\ lzlIfsfn] . s;n] ;xg] To;sf] /f]8\ofOF <
æs] elG5g\ <Æ 5Ss k/]/ d}n] ;f]w]F . dnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] – x'g]–vfg] b]zsL, x'g]–vfg]
kl/jf/sL, x'g]–vfg] aflnsf xf]nL Tof] / of] vfgf ?r]g xf]nf p;nfO{ .
pm /f]O/x]sL lyOg . pm af]ln/x]sL lyO{ . pm k|ltjfb ul//x]sL lyO{ . lzlIfsf p;nfO{
73 j}v/L sIff &
;DemfO/x]sL lyOg\ . olt dfofn' / dg 5'g] kf/fn] dfgf}F lzlIfsf / Tof] ;fVv} cfdf
/ 5f]/L x'g\ .
æpm vfgf vfGgF eG5] .Æ lzlIfsfn] b'MvL eP/ d]/f] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbOg\ .
dnfO{ cfkm\gf] zª\sf sl/asl/a ldn]h:tf] nfUof] .
ælsg <Æ d}n] To;} ;f]lwlbPF .
æpm s'v'/fsf] df;' vfGgF eG5] .Æ lzlIfsfn] ljgd| eP/ elgg\ – æpm eG5] – s'v'/fnfO{
klg afFRg] :jtGqtf rflxG5, p;nfO{ lsg df/]sf] <Æ
d}n] To; s]6Lsf] cg'xf/df x]g{ ;lsgF . Tof] s]6L km'Sb} km'Sb} ;+;f/eGbf 7'nL eO{,
b]bLKodfg / ;f}Do clg d l7s To;}sf] cufl8 ;fF3'l/Fb} ;fF3'l/Fb} olt ;fgf] ePF, dfgf}+
d]/f] s'g} cl:tTj g} 5}g o; b'lgofFdf .
d s]xL af]Ng ;lsgF . cSsgaSs ePF . To; s]6Ln] s'v'/fsf] df;' vfFb} vfOg . c¿
g} vfgf vfO{ .
d sxfFsxfF 6f]nfO/x]sf] /x]5' . xftdf cl3sf] :ofp To;} /x]5 d]/f] . d}n] vfPs}
/x]g5' .
æP, Tof] :ofp vfpm . lsgeg] clxn] Psl5gkl5 ltdLnfO{ :ofp lbg] s]6L ltdL;Fu
cfP/ ;f]W5], …s:tf] nfUof] d]/f] :ofp <Ú eg]/ . …d}n] vfPs} 5}gÚ eGof} eg] p;n]
b'Mv dfG5] .Æ
d}n] xtf/–xtf/ :ofp vfPF . :ofp ;fFRr} ld7f] lyof] . Tof] :g]xsf] /;n] nk|mSs leh]/
To;df ePsf] :jfbeGbf cem :jflbnf] ePsf] lyof] . geGb} Psl5gkl5 dnfO{ :ofp
lbg] rflxF km'RrL s]6L d]/f] 5]pdf cfO{ . d]/f] xftdf ;dft]/ :g]xn] ;f]wL – æs:tf]
lyof] :ofp <Æ
æld7f] . Æ d}n] p;sf] skfn ;'d;'DofpFb} eg] . pm v';L / nfhn] /ftL eO{ .
æd]/L xh'/cfdfn] dnfO{ lbg'ePsf] .Æ
l:j8]g 5'Fbf dfq xf]Og af]Nbf klg slt Gofof] Û
j}v/L sIff & 74
k9fO / n]vfO
!= dflysf] kf7 dgdg} k9 .
@= tnsf] s'/f ;'g]/ n]v M
d~h'n g]kfnL ;flxTosf rlr{t k|ltef x'g\ . pgsf sljtf, uLt / ;+:d/0f
Hofb} ld7f x'G5g\ . pgL ;/n z}nLdf /rgfx¿ n]V5g\ . k|:t't …s]xL l:jl8;
afnsx¿Ú pgsf] l:j8]g ofqfsf] a]nfsf] ;+:d/0f xf] . o;df pgn] l:j8]gsf
afnsx¿sf af/]df /f]rs lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ .
#= l7s / a]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ n]vsn] l:j8]gdf sIff rf/, 5 / gf}sf ljBfyL{nfO{ uLt ;'gfpg'kYof{] .
-v_ :s'ndf ;a} afnaflnsf ;lhn} cª\u|]hL a'‰y] .
-u_ n]vsn] ;aeGbf klxn] sIff rf/sf ljBfyL{nfO{ uLt ;'gfP .
-3_ n]vsnfO{ Ps hgf afnsn] :ofp lbof] .
-ª_ n]vsn] vfPsf] :ofp ljBfyL{nfO{ p;sL xh'/cfdfn] lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
$= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] s] xf] < atfpm .
-s_ xfdL;Fu} nGr vfg] n .
-v_ dflQPsfx¿ Û
-u_ pm eG5], s'v'/fnfO{ klg afFRg] :jtGqtf rflxG5 .
-3_ s:tf] lyof] :ofp <
-ª_ pm vfgf vfGgF eG5] .
%= d'v}n] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ n]vsn] s'gs'g sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ uLt ;'gfpg'kYof{] <
-v_ bf]ef;] eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ vfgfeGbf :jflbnf] s] lyof] <
-3_ Pp6L s]6L lsg sn ul//x]sL lyO{ <
-ª_ n]vsnfO{ l:j8]g s:tf] nfUof] <
^= tnsf s'/fx¿ k9 M
o; kf7sf n]vs d~h'n x'g\ . pgsf] hGd @))# ;fndf ef]hk'/sf] uf]ug] eGg]
7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . pgn] g]kfnLdf Pd\=P= ;Ddsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ / g]kfnL
efiffdf sljtf, uLt / ;+:d/0fx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ . p;n] …;fOFnL df]/LnfO{Ú -uLt–
;ª\u|x_, …5]s'8f]NdfÚ -pkGof;_, …ufos ofqLÚ -sljtf – ;ª\u|x_, …;Demgfsf
kfOnfx¿Ú -;+:d/0f_, …kxf8h:tf] af6f]h:tf] dÚ -;+:d/0f_ cflb n]v]sf 5g\ .
75 j}v/L sIff &
&= dflysf d"n kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf lrGx nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo n]v M
< M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
. M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
æ Æ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= tnsf jfSox¿ z'4 kf/L sfkLdf ;f/ M
-s_ d dfemdf lyP afnsx¿ al/kl/ bf]efz]sf] sfd if'udtfk"j{s xf];\ eg]/
d}n] To;} :s'nls lzl5sf d]l/ lZjl8; ;fyLnfO cfkm' glhs} j:g
cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyP
-v_ p vfgf vfGg eG5] l;lIfsfn] b'MvL eP/ d]/f] k|Zgsf pQ/ lbO{g\
(= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M
-s_ l:j8]gsf afnsx¿ n]vssf dgdf s;/L a;]sf 5g\ <
-v_ ;fgL s]6L lsg emu8f ul//x]sL lyO{ <
-u_ n]vsnfO{ cfˆgf] s:tf] zª\sf sl/asl/a ldn]h:tf] nfUof] <
-3_ n]vsnfO{ lsg cfkm" Hofb} ;fgf] ePh:tf] nfUof] <
-ª_ n]vsnfO{ l:j8]g s:tf] nfUof] <
!)= tnsf zAbx¿ /fvL PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
9sdSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
emnemnL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
r8\ofdr8\ofd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
nk|mSs M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!!= hLjgdf y'k|} 36gfx¿ 36\5g\ . ltd|f] hLjgdf klg y'k|} 36gfx¿ 36]sf xf]nfg\ .
To:tf 36gfx¿dWo] s'g} Pp6f 36gfnfO{ ;d]6L …Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 36gfÚ zLif{sdf
;Q/Lc;L zAb n]v .
j}v/L sIff & 76
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
:jLs[lt b'O{ efiff hfg]/ b'a}nfO{ cfcfˆgf] efiff a'emfpg]
bf]ef;] lrQ ga'em]sf] s'/fsf] lj/f]w
/f]8\ofOF s'g} s'/fsf] afwf /f]sfj6 gePsf] cj:yf
k|ltjfb dGh'/L
:jtGqtf ;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] ug{] emu8f
@= Pp6} cy{ cfpg] zAb ;Fu} n]v M
c;fWo}, df}sf, x[bo, d'l:sn, :jLs[lt, ;'ud, k|ltjfb, b]bLKodfg, ;f}Do,
dg, sl7g, cj;/, w]/}, rlDsnf], ljjfb, ;lhnf], dGh'/L, zfGt
#= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} tnsf zAbn] lbg] b'O{b'O{ cy{ n]v M
sn – emu8f ;fFrf] – ;To
kfgL tfGg] d]l;g rfaL -tfNrf vf]Ng] j:t'_
t/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ j/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
tfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kq – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
b'wsf] 5fnL, ;+of]hs, glhs, a]x'nf], em]n, df5f dfg{] kf;f], kft, tx,
dfnf, k/fho, kf]v/L,;ª\uLtsf] w'g
$= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf df]6f zAbn] lbg] cy{ vfnL 7fpFdf n]v M
-s_ ;fgL gfgLn] sn u/L . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sndf kfgL cfPg . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ltdL dfbnsf] tfndf gfr . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf]v/fdf km]jftfn 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ 3/dfly j/sf] ?v 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j/ / aw"sf] hf]8L ldn]sf] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ltdL ;fFrf] af]n . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
d}n] cfh 3/sf] ;fFrf] x/fPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
77 j}v/L sIff &
Jofs/0f
!= sf/s / ljelSt k9 M
ljelSt ljelSt lrGx sf/s cy{ jfSo
k|ydf n]÷af6 stf{ ug]{jfnf efOn] uLt ufof] .
alxgL v]N5] .
låtLo nfO{ sd{ c;/ Zofdn] eft vfof] .
a]xf]g]{ df]xgn] dlxdfnfO{ af]nfof] .
t[tLo n]÷af6÷åf/f s/0f ;fwg d}n] Od]naf6 va/ k7fPF .
÷dfWod ;Gtdfgn] k]lG;nn] lrq
agfof] .
rt'yL{ nfO{÷nflu÷ ;Dk|bfg k|fks jf efOn] ZofdnfO{ snd lbof] .
lglDt pb\b]Zo ltdLn] d]/f nflu s]
Nofof} <
k~rdL b]lv÷af6 ckfbfg 5'6\l6g] ?vaf6 kft em¥of] .
laGb' pm kf]v/fb]lv cfof] .
ifi7L sf], sf, sL, ;DaGw d]/f] efO, cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/L,
/f], /f, /L, d]/L alxgL, /fdsL alxgL
gf], gf, gL
;KtdL df clws/0f cfwf/ emf]nfdf lstfa 5 .
sf/sn] lj|mofkb;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5g\ t/ ifi7L ljelSt nfu]sf zAbn] lqmof;Fu
;DaGw ;f]em} /fVb}gg\ .
@= tnsf jfSodf cfPsf df]6f cIf/n] s'g sf/snfO{ lrgfpF5g\, n]v M
-s_ d}n] efOnfO{ af]nfPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ efO ?vaf6 n8\of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ dnfO{ ltdLn] lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ d ltdLnfO{ lrG5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ltdL vfhf vfpm . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tnsf ljelSt nufO{ PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
n], nfO{, df, b]lv, af6, sf], /f], gf]
j}v/L sIff & 78
;d"xdf efiff
!= rf/kfFr hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca x/]s ;d"xn] b; cf]6f b]z / To; b]zsf] /fhwfgL,
ToxfFsf] d'b|fsf] gfd n]v . s'g ;d"xn] zAbeGbf klxn] n]lv;Sof] <
qm=;+= b]z /fhwfgL d'b|f
@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf l7s ;"rgf n]v M
-s_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7'nf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf sd hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf 7'nf] dxfb]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf nfdf] gbL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf wgL b]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
79 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= tnsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df Eofl6sg l;6Lsf af/]]df 5f]6f cg'R5]b n]v M
b]z M Eofl6sg l;6L
dxfb]z M o'/f]k
If]qkmn M $$ x]S6/
hg;ª\Vof M *$@
;/sf/L efiff M O6flnog
d'b|f M o'/f]
wd{ M Sofyf]lns
k];f M ko{6g, l;Ssf tyf l6s6sf] laqmL
;+;f/s} ;aeGbf ;fgf] b]z
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= …P kmf]/Ú ;fOhsf] kfgfsf] cfwf efudf g]kfnsf] emG8f agfpm / csf{] cfwf efudf
emG8fsf] af/]df Pp6f 5f]6f] uLt jf sljtf n]v . ltdLn] n]v]sf] uLt jf sljtf
sIffdf ;'gfpm .
j}v/L sIff & 80
kf7– &
cfFk rfVg vf]Hbf
81 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ lgDgfg';f/ :jfb ePsf tLgtLg cf]6f vfg]s'/fsf gfd -kmnkm"n÷t/sf/L_ n]v M
™ u'lnof] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ cldnf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ 6/f{] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ lk/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
™ lttf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
uD5f – 3fF6Ldf a]l/g], kl;gf k'5\bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf] nfdf]
sk8f
bx – kf]v/LÙ tnfp
O;f/f – ;ª\s]t
em6f/f] – sf7sf] 5f]6f]5f]6f] 6'qmfÙ 5f]6f]5f]6f] bfp/f]
sGh'; – nf]eLÙ s[k0f
lhb\bL – l9kL
a]tf]8 – ;f/} l56f]Ù zL3|
laTof; – cfkt\
xf];xjf; p8\g' – ;f/} 8/ nfUg'
9f8 ;]lsg' – g/fd|f];Fu lk6fO vfg'
6f]nfpg yfNg' – Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'
l/sfkL – ;fgf] Kn]6Ù sd ulx/f] ePsf] ;fgf] yfn
p6\k6\ofª\ ug{' – abdf;L ug{'
j}v/L sIff & 82
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= & ;'g / s;n] eg]sf] xf], kQf nufpm M
-s_ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ klxn] v'?Ss lxF8 g Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ cab]lv o:tf] p6\k6\ofª sfd ug{] 5}g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= & ;'g / tnsf ;+jfbx¿nfO{ !, @, #=== sf qmddf /fv M
- _ k|eft Û of] s] u/]sf] <
- _ rGbg Û nf pm t eflu;s]5 .
- _ k|eft, cfFk vfg] xf] <
- _ t}klg em6f/f] t gxflgxfnf}F ls <
- _ oL ?v t lbuDa/ sfsfsf x'g\ .
- _ cfFk < vfg] lg . b]pm g .
- _ klxn] v'?Ss lxF8 g .
- _ clg vf]O{ t rGbg <
- _ b]Vb}gf} oqf] cfFksf] af]6 < n6/Dd kmln/x]sf] .
- _ s:tf] 8/5]?jf † k/]sf] d a]xf]5{' . nf} d t em6f/f] xfGg yfN5' . ltdL
em/]sf a6'n x} t .
- _ lsÒlsg Û xh'/sf] 3/ hfg] < ghfFbf x'Gg <
- _ nf}, ltdL To;} eG5f} eg] d a6'N5' lg t Û
- _ sfsf Û d}n] xf]Og . rGbgn] emf/]sf] .
- _ To} t Û lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh'; 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5 . pgn] lbg]
xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] d em6f/f] xfG5' . em/]sf cfFkx¿ ltdL a6'n .
- _ n lxF8 . d]/f] 3/ .
#= ltdLn] rfx]sf s'g} tLg s'/f k"/f x'g] eP ltdL s]s] rfxGYof} < atfpm .
$= ltdLnfO{ ;aeGbf dg kg{] gfos÷gflosf sf] x'g\ < lsg <
83 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
cfFk rfVg vf]Hbf
– zfZjt k/fh'nL
c;f/ dlxgf, zlgaf/sf] lbg lyof] .
t/fO{df udL{ ;f/} a9]sf] lyof] . rGbg laxfg}
k|eftsf] 3/df k'Uof] .
æk|eft Û lxF8\ vf]nfdf g'xfpg hfcf}F .Æ
rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFugaf6} af]nfof] . k|eft
kl;gfn] lgy|'Ss} eP/ sf]7fdf al;/x]sf]
lyof] . p;n] ‰ofnaf6 x]b{} rGbgnfO{
eGof], ænf}nf} d cfPF, a? Ps}l5g a:b} u/\
x}, d uD5f lnP/ cfpF5' .Æ
b'a}n] vf]nfdf uP/ g'xfP, bxdf 8'a'NsL df/] clg lgs} a]/ kfgL v]n]/ pgLx¿ p7] .
b'a} hgf s'/f ub{} cfO/x]sf lyP . rGbgsf] cfFvf af6f5]psf] ?vdf kmn]sf cfFkdf
k'u] . af]6el/ n6/Dd cfFk kmn]sf lyP . s]xL cfFk t af]6}df kfls;s]sf lyP .
rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] af]6lt/ O;f/f ub{} eGof] – æx]/\ k|eft ÛÆ
æb]v]F, b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' <Æ k|eftn] cfˆg} tfndf eGof] .
æs] ug{' lg ca a6'n\ g em6\6L . b'O{rf/ cf]6f eml/xfN5g\ ls < o;f] em6f/f] df/f}F g .Æ
rGbgn] cfˆgf] egfO /fVof] .
æs] s'/f u/]sf] rGbg t}Fn], yfxf 5 tFnfO{ < of] cfFksf] af]6 lbuDa/ sfsfsf] au}Frfsf]
xf] . s]xL u/L lbuDa/ sfsfsf] km]nf kl/of] eg] ePg a]OHht < a? d t vfGgF
cfFk;fFk .Æ k|eftn] hfg]sf] s'/f atfof] .
æTof] t dnfO{ klg yfxf 5 t/ x]/\ g, lbuDa/ sfsf slt sGh'; 5g\, a? cfFk
s'lxP/ hfG5, s;}nfO{ afF8\g] xf]Ogg\ . km]l/ t}Fn] of] ?vdf kmn]sf cfFk rfv]sf] 5;\ <Æ
rGbgn] hf]8 u¥of] .
k|eftn] dgdg} ;f]Rof] – æa? dfu]/ vfP x'g] xf] . o;/L ;f]Wb} g;f]wL csf{sf] au}Frfsf]
cfFk emfg{' xfd|f] xf]Og === km]l/ rGbg c;fWo} lhb\bL u5{, s] ug{] xf]nf .Æ
cfkm"glhs} b'O{ cf]6f sfFrf cfFk km'Q em/]kl5 k|eft em;ª\u eof] . rGbgn] em6f/f]
xflg;s]sf] /x]5 .
j}v/L sIff & 84
rGbgn] lgs} a]/ k|of; u¥of] t/
kfs]sf cfFk emfg{} ;s]g, a? af/rf}w
cf]6f sfFrf cfFk em/] . k|eftnfO{ emg\
8/ nfUof] . p;n] ;f]Rof], ækfs]sf
cfFk em/]sf eP Psb'O{ cf]6f vfP/
3/ nflu;lsGYof] . s]xL u/L oL sfFrf
cfFk emf/]sf] lbuDa/ sfsfn] yfxf kfP
eg] laTof;} k5{ .Æ
p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfsf] l/;fPsf]
cg'xf/ ;Dem\of] æu'Rrfh:tf 7'nf7'nf cfFvf, 3f]lK6Psf] h'Fuf . lbuDa/ sfsf o;} t
8/nfUbf 5g\, l/;fP eg] t emg\ === <Æ
k|eft lgx'l/P/ em/]sf cfFklt/ x]g{ yfNof] . k|eftn] cfFk l6lk;s]/ o;f] d'G6f] p7fP/
s] x]/]sf] lyof], p;sf] xf];xjf; g} p8\of] .
p;n] cfˆgf] cufl8 sDd/df xft nufP/ lbuDa/ sfsf plePsf] b]Vof] . k|eft
y/y/L sfFKg kf] yfNof] . p;n] o;f] cfFvf 3'dfP/ x]¥of], rGbg a]tf]8;Fu efUb} lyof] .
k|eftnfO{ nfUof] – æcfh d]/f] 9f8 ;]lsg] eof] .Æ
k|eftn] s] ug{], s] gug{] e]p kfpg} ;s]g . pm efUg klg ;s]g, lsgeg] lbuDa/ sfsf
pmeGbf Ps kfOnf cufl8 lyP .
lbuDa/ s]xL af]n]gg\ . pgn] k|eftsf] kfv'/f ;dft]/ cfkm";Fu} lnP/ uP . k|eftnfO{
nfUof] – ælbuDa/ sfsfn] p;nfO{ k|x/Ln] rf]/sf] s7fnf] ;dft]/ lxF8]em}F u/L nu]sf
5g\ . af6fdf s;}n] b]v] eg] d]/f] s] ult xf]nf <Æ
k|eftn] km]l/ ;D‰of] – æcfˆgf] ljBfnodf cª\u|]hL k9fpg] x]dGt ;/sf] 3/ klg
lbuDa/ sfsfsf] 3/5]j}df 5 . st} x]dGt ;/n] b]Vg'eof] eg] < === a? Ps emfk8
nufP/ 5fl8lbPsf] eP Ps} l5g b'VYof], ;a}sf cufl8 a]OHht t x'g] lyPg .Æ
lbuDa/n] k|eftnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/ k'¥ofP . af6fel/ Ps zAb af]n]gg\ . 3/df k'u]kl5
a}7s sf]7fdf /fv]/ cfkm" leq uP . k|eftnfO{ km]l/ nfUof] – æx]dGt ;/nfO{ 8fSg kf]
uPsf x'g\ ls <Æ
æs]xL u/]/ pgn] rfn kfP eg] ef]ln ljBfnodf kSs} ;hfo kfOG5 . Tof] klg a]Grdf
pleP/ a:g'kg{] . cem} s'v'/f agfP/ rp/df /flvlbP eg] t c¿ sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿n]
klg b]V5g\, clg s] rflxof] < Æ
k|eft Pstdf;n] 6f]nfpg yfNof] .
85 j}v/L sIff &
æs] ;f]r]sf] k|eft <Æ
lbuDa/ sfsf Pp6f ;fgf] kf]sf] / l/sfkLdf sf6]sf cfFksf rfgf af]s]/ cfOk'u] .
k|eft em;ª\u eof] . pm af]Ng} ;s]g . p;sf] z/L/ kl;gfn] ntkt eof] .
æltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf] 5 lg, x}g k|eft <Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftsf]
cg'xf/ x]b{} eg] .
k|eft nfh / 8/n] ubf{ af]Ng} ;s]g, p;sf cf]7 sfFKg yfn] .
lbuDa/n] k|eftsf] cg'xf/ k9\b} eg]– æe}uf] k|eft g8/fpm, h] x'g] eOxfNof], ===
ltdLx¿n] cfFk vfgsf nflu unt af6f] /f]Hof} .Æ
lbuDa/n] uDeL/ x'Fb} eg]– æltdLx¿n] cfFk emfg{ em6f/f] xfGof}, cflv/ sfFrf cfFk
em/] . kfs]sf cfFk vfg kfPgf} . a? klxNo} dnfO{ eg]sf eP cfFk v]/ hfFb}gy] . d
ltdLx¿nfO{ ot} 8fs]/ k]6el/ cfFk v'jfP/ k7fpFy]F .Æ
ænf}, oL cfFk vfpm .Æ
k|eft lhNn k¥of] . p;n] lbuDa/ sfsfnfO{ dgdg} wGojfb lbof] . ?vsf cfFk emfg{
cfkm"n] eGbf rGbgn] hf]8 u/]sf] s'/f klg atfof] . p;n] rGbgsf] tkm{af6 klg dfkmL
dfUof] .
ænf} /fv, of] cfFk 3/df uP/ ;a}nfO{ afF8\g" .Æ lbuDa/ sfsfn] kf]sfsf] cfFk k|eftsf]
xftdf ydfOlbP .
k|eft cfFksf] kf]sf] af]s]/ 3/lt/ cfpFb}
lyof] . OGb| ;fx'sf] kvf{ndf n's]/ a;]sf]
rGbg k|eftnfO{ b]Vg]lalQs} glhs} cfof] .
æslQsf] r'6fO vfO;\ t <Æ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{
;f]Wof] .
ær'6fO vfOgF, cfFk rflxF k|z:t} vfPF . tF klg
vfG5;\ eg] lbG5' . of] kf]sfdf cfFk 5, ToxL
af]6sf kf]s]sf cfFk .Æ
rGbg lhNn k¥of] . p;n] k|eftaf6 ;a} s'/f]
yfxf kfof] . rGbgnfO{ sfFrf] cfFk emf/]sfdf
k5'tf] eof] .
p;n] dgdg} c7f]6 u¥of] – æcab]lv
p6\k6\ofª ug{]5}g .Æ
j}v/L sIff & 86
k9fO / n]vfO
!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] ;xL pRrf/0f u/ / /fd|f cIf/n] sfkLdf ;f/ M
lgy|'Ss} n6/Dd au}Frf cfFk;fFk laTof;} xf];xjf; sfFKg ;D‰of]
cª\u|]hL 8fSg lbuDa/ em;ª\u uDeL/ wGojfb b]Vg]lalQs} p6\k6\ofª
@= dflysf] syf ;:j/ jfrg u/ .
#= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < atfpm M
-s_ b]v]F, cfFk b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ o;f] em6f/f] df/f}F g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ a? dfu]/ vfP x'g] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ltdLnfO{ cfFk ;f/} dg k5{ h:tf] 5 lg, x}g k|eft < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ sltsf] r'6fO vfO;\ t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= kf7df gk/]sf] ;Gbe{ lrg / s6\6L u/ M
-s_ k|eft / rGbg ;fyL;fyL lyP .
-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGof] .
-u_ r/fx¿ e'?? p8] .
-3_ lbuDa/ sfsf cfPkl5 rGbg efUof] .
-ª_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] k|eftnfO{ cfFksf] ;fgf] kf]sf] lbP .
-r_ rGbg / kf/; :s'naf6 kms{Fb} lyP .
%= Ps zAbdf pQ/ eg M
-s_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ sxfF hfpmF eGof] <
-v_ rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ s] l6Kg eGof] <
-u_ cfFksf af]6 s;sf] lyof] <
-3_ x]dGt ;/n] s'g ljifo k9fpg'x'G5 <
-ª_ rGbgn] s] gug{] c7f]6 u¥of] <
^= tnsf kf]:6/x¿ k9 / km/s a'em M
87 j}v/L sIff &
&= lgDgfg';f/sf lrGx nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo n]v M
Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
æ Æ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
< M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= kf7af6 tnsf lgkft nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo sfkLdf ;f/ M
x}, t, lg, ls, g, g}, nf}
(= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ rGbg / k|eftn] vf]nfdf uP/ s] u/] <
-v_ rGbgsf cg';f/ lbuDa/ sfsf s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ k|eftsf] lsg xf];xjf; p8\of] <
-3_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] 3/leqaf6 s] NofP <
-ª_ k|eft lsg lhNn k¥of] <
!)= krf;;f7L zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ rGbg / k|eftsf] af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
-v_ rGbgn] cfFksf] ?vdf em6f/f] xfGg] s'/f ubf{ k|eftn] s]s] ;f]]]Rof] <
-u_ lbuDa/ sfsfn] ;dft]kl5 k|eftn] s]s] ;Dem\of] <
-3_ syfsf] cGTo s;/L eof] <
-ª_ o; syfaf6 s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <
!!= tnsf zAbx¿ /fvL PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
-s_ O;f/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ em6f/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ xf];xjf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ l/sfkL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ p6\k6\ofª M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!@= dflysf] syfnfO{ Ps;o krf; zAbhltdf k'gn{]vg u/ .
j}v/L sIff & 88
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf kbfjnL / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
O;f/f ug{' cfkt\ kg{'
em6f/f] dfg{' kQf] kfpg'Ù yfxf kfpg'
sGh'; x'g' ;ª\s]t ug{'
laTof; kg{' Psf]xf]/f] x]l//xg'
a]tf]8n] bf}8g' em6f/fn] lxsf{pg'
e]p kfpg' abdf;L ug{'
p6\k6\ofª ug{' nf]eL x'g'
6f]nfpg yfNg' zL3| ultdf bf}8g'
@= tn cy{ lbOPsf] 5, cy{;Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3fF6Ldf afFlwg] jf kl;gf k'5\bf k|of]u ul/g] kftnf]
nfDrf] sk8f
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kf]v/LÙ tnfp
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b08
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulx/fO sd ePsf] ;fgf] yfn
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;xL gePsf] af6f]Ù a]l7s tl/sf
#= tn lbOPsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb n]v M
lhNn – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kZrfQfk – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lk6fO – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k|z:t} – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8fs]/ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ qf; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lhp – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kQf] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ laTof; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
l9kL – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]l;; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sGh'; – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
bx – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ O;f/f – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u[x – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf zAbn] lbg] cy{ s'g xf]Og, uf]nf] 3]/f nufpm M
-s_ tfn M kf]v/L 9ª\u dfbn
-v_ ;fn M ?v ljz]if ;fFrf] jif{
-u_ t/ M j/ 5fnL Ps ;+of]hs
-3_ ;fFrf] M em'6f] ;To tfNrf
-ª_ j/ M k/ a]x'nf] glhs
89 j}v/L sIff &
Jofs/0f
!= wft'df of], of}, O{, P == nfu]/ ag]sf lqmofn] e"t sfn a'emfpF5g\ . kf7af6 lyof],
k'Uof], af]nfof], eGof], lyP, k'u] nfu]sf jfSo vf]h]/ n]v .
@= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} sf]i7ssf ;xfotfn] e"t sfnsf jfSo agfpm M
-s_ /fdn] ZofdnfO{ ÒÒÒÒ . -af]nfp_ /fdn] ZofdnfO{ af]nfof] .
-v_ pgLx¿n] uLt ÒÒÒÒ . -ufp_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ?vaf6 kftx¿ ÒÒÒÒ . -em/\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ d}n] ltdLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒ . -e]6\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ pgLx¿ 3/lt/ ÒÒÒÒ . -hf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb k|of]u ePsf jfSo n]v M
efUb} lyof], cfpFb} lyof]
$= wft'df t}÷b} nfu]/ lyof], lyof}, lyP, lyO{h:tf ;xfos lqmof k|of]u ePsf jfSonfO{
ck"0f{ e"t sfn elgG5 . sf]i7ssf ;xfotfn] ck"0f{ e"t sfnsf jfSo agfpm M
-s_ pm kf7 ÒÒÒÒ . -k9\_ . pm kf7 k9\b} lyof] .
-v_ pgLx¿ 3/ ÒÒÒÒ . -cfp_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ rf]/x¿ ÒÒÒÒ . -efu\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ k|eft cfFk ÒÒÒÒ . -emf/\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ rGbg ÒÒÒÒ . -n's\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf wft'nfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L abn M
wft' ;fdfGo e"t ck"0f{ e"t k"0f{ e"t cEo:t e"t c1ft e"t
k9\ k9\of] k9\b} lyof] k9]sf] lyof] k9\Yof] k9]5
vf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
n]v\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;'g\ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 90
^= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb k|of]u ePsf jfSo vf]h]/ n]v M
kmn]sf lyP, em/]sf] lyof], b'VYof], hfFb}gy], k7fpFy]
&= tnsf lqmof k|of]u u/]/ PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm
uof], n]Vb} lyof], k9]sf] lyof], cfP5, ;'GYof]
*= tnsf jfSonfO{ sf]i7ssf ;xfotfn] k"0f{ e"t sfnsf jfSo agfpm M
-s_ pgLx¿ af6fdf ÒÒÒÒ . -k'u\_ pgLx¿ af6fdf k'u]sf lyP .
-v_ efO 3/df ÒÒÒÒ . -a;\ _ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ltdL sxfF ÒÒÒÒ < -hf_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ t}Fn] syf ÒÒÒÒ . -k9\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ d}n] sljtf ÒÒÒÒ . -n]v\_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
(= kf7 x]/L tnsf jfSodf l7s lrGx /fv M
-s_ k|eft lxF8\ vf]nfdf g'xfpg hfcf}F
-v_ x]/\ k|eft b]v]F cfFk b]v]/ dfq s] ug{' k|eftn] cfˆg} tfndf eGof] .
-u_ nf} oL cfFk vfpm
-3_ slQsf] r'6fO vfO;\ t rGbgn] k|eftnfO{ ;f]Wof] .
-ª_ p;n] dgdg} c7f]6 u¥of] cab]lv p6\k6\ofª ug{]5}g .
!)= tnsf jfSodf pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L sf]i7s lrGx /fv M
-s_ d}n] rnlrq l;g]df x]/]sf] lyPF . d}n] rnlrq -l;g]df_ x]/]sf] lyPF .
-v_ d]/f] k':ts lstfa x/fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ltdL kfgLdf ?‰of} leHof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ cfh d]/f] w]/} Joo vr{ eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ d]/f a'af cWofks lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
91 j}v/L sIff &
;d"xdf efiff
!= kfFr5 hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca ;d"xdf klxnf] ;b:on] rf/kfFr jfSodf s'g} syfsf]
;'?jft u/ . To;kl5 To; ;'?jftL syfnfO{ bf];|f] ;b:on] k9L c¿ rf/kfFr jfSo
yk clg klxnf] ;b:on] n]v]sf] c+z k6\ofpm -cfkm"n] n]v]sf] c+z dfq b]lvg] u/L_
/ t];|f] ;b:onfO{ b]pm . t];|f] ;b:on] bf];|f] ;b:on] n]v]sf] c+z dfq k9L rf/kfFr
jfSo ykL cfkm"n] n]v]sf] dfq k9\g ldNg] u/L k6\ofP/ rf}yf] ;b:onfO{ b]pm . rf}yf]
;b:on] klg t];|f] ;b:on] n]v]sf] c+z dfq k9L To;}sf] l;nl;nfdf rf/kfFr jfSo
yk . oxL qmddf clGtd ;b:on] syfsf] cGTo u/ . cGTodf ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn]
cfºgf] ;d"xn] k6\ofpFb} n]v]sf] syfnfO{ km'sfP/ ;'?b]lv k9 . ltd|f] ;d"xn] n]v]sf]
k6\ofOPsf] syf s:tf] eof] < 5nkmn u/ . cfºgf] ;d"xn] n]v]sf] syf ;Dkfbg
u/L s'g} syf aGg] eP ;Dkfbg u/ .
@= b'O{b'O{ hgf ldnL tnsf pk;u{ nfu]sf tLgtLg cf]6f zAb n]v . cfºgf] ;d"xn]
n]v]sf zAbx¿ l7s 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ltdLn] ;'gfPkl5 lzIfsn] lgwf{/0f
ug{'x'g]5 M
k| M k|eft ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k/f M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ck M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
a] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s' M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k|lt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 92
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= tnsf a'Fbfx¿sf cfwf/df Pp6f 5f]6f] syf n]v / syfsf] zLif{s klg b]pm M
™ sf}zn6f/ eGg] 7fpFdf c;fWo} rsrs] Pp6f s]6f]
™ s]6f] s;}n] eg]sf] g6]g{'
™ 3/af6 6f9f6f9f;Dd v]Ng hfg'
™ Ps lbg cfdfl;t kz'kltgfysf] bz{g ug{ hfg'
™ kz'kltgfydf ePsf afFb/x¿nfO{ lh:sfpg'
™ afFb/n] p;nfO{ lryf{]g'
™ cfˆg} abdf;Ln] b'Mv kfpg'
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= cfkm"n] hfgLghfgL u/]sf] s'g} uNtL / To;n] l;sfPsf] kf7sf af/]df ;Tt/Lc;L
zAbdf j0f{g u/ .
93 j}v/L sIff &
kf7– *
b[li6ljxLgx¿sf cfFvfM n'O; a|]n
j}v/L sIff & 94
k"j{k7g
:6]kmg xlsG; emds l3ld/] x]n]g s]n/
kfl/hft ;'wf rGb|g n'8lju efg ljyf]dg
õ dflysf JolStdWo] ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf JolStsf af/]df atfpm .
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
jftfj/0f – jl/kl/sf] xfjfkfgL cfbz{ jrg – /fd|f] jrgÙ cfbz{n] el/Psf]
e'jf – ?jfh:tf] g/d j:t' jrg
sf7L – dfG5] 3f]8fdf r9\bf a:g] 5fnfsf] hh{/ – sdhf]/ cj:yf
j:t' cJofjxfl/s – Jofjxfl/s gePsf]Ù sfddf
b[li6 – x]/fOÙ x]g{] zlSt k|of]u ug{ g;lsg]
cfGtl/s – leqsf] l;4 x'g' – k|dfl0ft x'g'Ù sfd nfUg] x'g'
/St;|fj – /ut aUg] sfd /flqn]vg – /ftsf] ;dodf x'g] n]vfO
k|efljt – k|efj k/]sf] lnlk;ª\s]t – lnlkåf/f ul/Psf] ;ª\s]t
ckfª\u – z/L/sf] s'g} cª\u lau|]sf]Ù Ifo/f]u – Ps lsl;dsf] /f]uÙ 6L= aL=
cª\ueª\u ePsf] OxnLnf – o; nf]ssf] nLnf
czSt – sfd ug{ g;Sg]Ù sdhf]/ ;x[boL – bofn'Ù sdnf] dg ePsf]
ckflxh – ckfª\uÙ ljsnfª\u ;jf{]Qd – ;a}eGbf /fd|f]
ql;t – 8/fPsf] cfljisf/ – gofF j:t' agfpg]
PsfGtlk|o – PsfGt dg k/fpg] sfd
95 j}v/L sIff &
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= * ;'g]/ 5'6]sf zAbx¿ e/ M
uf]kfn of]Ghg g]kfnL ;ª\uLt hut\sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ JolStTj x'g\ . pgsf]
hGd cu:6 @^, ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ sf lbg bflh{lnªsf] ldl/s eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] .
pgsf afa'sf] gfd a'l4dfg\ of]Ghg / cfdfsf] gfd 5]s' 8f]Ndf xf] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL
;ª\uLtdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ / g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u/]sf of]Ghgn] @)@* ;fnb]lv ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ SofDk; afuahf/df ;ª\uLtsf]
k|fWofkg u/]sf lyP .
@= * ;'g]/ uf]kfn of]Ghgn] l;h{gf u/]sf s'g} rf/ cf]6f uLt / pgL;Fu sfd ug{]
s'g} rf/hgf snfsf/sf gfd n]v M
uLtx¿ snfsf/x¿
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ != ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ @= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ #= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ $= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] snfsf/ jf v]nf8Lsf af/]df sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
j}v/L sIff & 96
k9fO
b[li6ljxLgx¿sf cfFvf – n'O; a|]n
j;Gtsf] /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf lgnf] cfsfzsf]
5ftLdf afbnsf 6'qmfx¿ pl8/x]sf lyP .
glhs}sf] Pp6f ?vdf Ps hf]8L r/fx¿ cfˆgf]
u'F8 agfO/x]sf lyP . s]xL ufO{a:t' cln k/sf]
rp/df rl//x]sf lyP . afv|fsf ;fgf kf7fx¿
cfFugdf plk|m/x]sf lyP . au}Frfsf] lardf
ePsf] Pp6f cf?sf] af]6df l;dnsf e'jfh:tf
;'Gb/ km"nx¿ km'ln/x]sf lyP t/ cfˆgf] 3/sf]
sf};Ldf al;/x]sf ;fgf afns n'O; a|]n eg]
oL ;a} s'/f b]lv/x]sf lyPgg\ lsgeg] pgL
b[li6ljxLg lyP . tLg jif{sf] pd]/;Dd pgL oL
;a} s'/f b]Vg ;Sy] t/ To;} a]nf pgL cfˆgf
a'afsf] 3f]8fsf] sf7L agfpg] sf/vfgfleq k;] .
sf/vfgfleq 5fnf 5]8\g], sf6\g], lrNofpg] cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}hf/x¿ lyP .
r~rn] n'O;n] 5fnf 5]8\g] Pp6f wfl/nf] cf}hf/ l6k] / 7'nf dfG5]x¿n] u/]h:t}
u/L 5]j}sf] 5fnf 5]8\g] k|of; ug{ yfn] . slnnf] afnssf] xftdf ePsf] Tof] cf}hf/
5fnfaf6 lrlKnof] / pgsf] b]a|] cfFvfdf ufl8of] . xf], ToxL lbgb]lv n'O;sf] ;'Gb/
;+;f/ x]g{] b[li6df kbf{ nfUg ;'? eof] . Tof] wfl/nf] xltof/ pgsf] b]a|] cfFvfdf dfq
ufl8Psf] eP klg pko'St pkrf/ gkfPsfn] cfGtl/s /St;|fj gyfldPsf sf/0f
pgsf] bflxg] cfFvf klg k|efljt x'g yfNof] . of] 36gfsf] 5 dlxgfleq lar/f n'O;sf
b'a} cfFvf Hof]ltljxLg x'g k'u] .
To; a]nf b[li6ljxLg, ckfª\u / czStx¿nfO{ Hofb} b'Jo{jxf/ ul/GYof] . cfˆg}
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ klg pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] Jojxf/ ub{}gy] . To;}n] ckflxhx¿ ;x/sf
uNnLx¿df lt/:sf/ / ckdfgsf] l;sf/ x'Fb} afFRg afWo x'Gy] . n'O; cfkm" rflxF
lgs} efUodfgL lyP lsgeg] pgnfO{ lktf l;df]g tyf dftf df]lgsfn] dfq xf]Og ls
97 j}v/L sIff &
k"/} kl/jf/n] c;fWo} dfof uYof{] .
t}klg n'O; cfˆgf] cFWof/f] eljiosf]
sNkgfn] ql;t lyP . To;}n] pgL
PsfGtdf a:y], lg/fz x'Gy] /
cfFvfsf] Hof]ltlagfsf] hLjgsf] s'g}
cy{ g} gx'g] s'/fn] lrlGtt b]lvGy] .
o;/L Pp6f r~rn] afns PsfGtlk|o
/ pbf; eP/} ;ft jif{sf eO;s]sf
lyP . o:t}df Ps lbg pgsf] Pa
kfNnL gfds kfb/L;Fu e]6 eof] .
ltg} kfb/Ln] pgnfO{ dfG5]n] rfxg]
xf] eg] h] klg ug{ ;S5 eGg] a'emfP .
JolStn] d cGwf] x'F, ckflxh x'F /
d k[YjLsf] ef/ dfq x'F eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg 5f8\g'k5{, hLjgdf ug{] s'/f w]/} 5g\ eGg] s'/f
klg ;DemfP . kfb/Lsf oL cfbz{ jrgx¿df n'O;n] lhpg] ;xf/f e]6\6fP .
Tolt a]nf l;ª\uf] k|mfG;df b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu Pp6} dfq kf7zfnf lyof] . b;
jif{sf] pd]/df n'O;nfO{ ToxL kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/of] . Tof] kf7zfnfsf] cj:yf hh{/
lyof] . kf7zfnfsf] ejg w]/} k'/fgf] lyof] / leQfx¿ elTs;s]sf lyP .
To; a]nf b[li6ljxLgx¿sf] k7gkf7gsf nflu Hofb} yf]/} ;fdu|Lx¿ x'Gy] . tL ;fdu|Lx¿df
7'nf7'nf cIf/x¿ x'Gy] . b[li6ljxLgx¿n] ltgnfO{ 5fd]/ cIf/ 7Dofpg'kYof{] . tL
cIf/x¿ olt 7'nf x'Gy] ls Ps 5]pb]lv csf{] 5]p;Dd 5fld;Stf ;'?sf] cIf/ g}
la;{g ;Sg] l:ylt x'GYof] . To;}n] tL ;fdu|Lx¿ k|efjsf/L gx'g] ePsfn] u'?x¿
ltgsf] pkof]u ug{'eGbf df}lvs lqmofsnfknfO{ g} Hofbf dxŒj lbGy] . oL ;a s'/f
ef]u]kl5 n'O;n] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;xL nIo km]nf kf/] . pgn] b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu
n]vk9 ug{] ;lhnf] tl/sf agfO5f8\g] c7f]6 u/] .
n'O;n] To; a]nfb]lv g} 5fd]/ k9\g ;lsg] w]/} ;ª\s]tx¿sf] k|of]u u/] . pgn] a'afsf]
sf/vfgfdf uP/ 5fnf sf6] / 5fnfdf vf]k]/ cIf/x¿ tof/ kf/] . sfF6Ln] 7f]s]/
Kjfnx¿ kf/]] clg sf7sf 6'qmfx¿ hf]8]/ cIf/ agfpg] sf]l;; u/] . tL ;a} k|of;x¿
cJofjxfl/s l;4 eP . To:t}df rfN;{ afla{o/ gfdsf Ps hgf ;]gfsf xflsd;Fu
j}v/L sIff & 98
pgsf] e]6 eof] . tL xflsdn] g]kf]lnogsf ;]gfdf /x]/ sfd ul/;s]sf lyP . pgn]
;]gfx¿n] cFWof/fdf k|of]u ug{] /flqn]vgaf/] n'O;nfO{ atfP .
rfN;{ afla{o/;Fusf] s'/faf6 n'O;n] cfkm"n] ;f]r]sf] lnlk;ª\s]t tof/ kfg{] pQd
pkfo km]nf kf/] . pgn] /flqn]vgdf k|of]u x'g] e'Ss p7]sf yf]Knfx¿ h:t} ^ cf]6f
yf]Knfx¿sf] ljleGg qmd / /vfOaf6 ^# cf]6f km/skm/s lnlk;ª\s]tx¿ tof/ kf/] .
n'O;sf] of] k|of;nfO{ a|]n lnlksf] ;+1f lbOof], h'g b[li6ljxLgx¿sf k7gkf7gsf
nflu ;jf{]Qd dfWod aGof] . a|]n lnlksf] k"0f{ cfljisf/ rflxF ;g\ !*#* df eof],
Tolt a]nf n'O; @% jif{sf lyP .
n'O;n] a|]n lnlk cfljisf/kl5sf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg cfkm" k9]s} kf7zfnfdf cfkm"h:t}
cGo b[li6ljxLgx¿nfO{ k9fP/ latfP . kf7zfnfsf] kmf]xf]/, lr;f] / hh{/ jftfj/0fsf
sf/0f pgnfO{ Ifo/f]un] ;dfTof] . ToxL /f]un] cfˆgf] lqrfln;f}F hGdlbgeGbf b'O{
lbgcl3 pgsf] OxnLnf ;dfKt eof] . t/ pgsf] d[To' ePsf] !^ jif{kl5;Dd
klg aflxl/ofx¿nfO{ a|]n lnlksf] cfljisf/ af/] yfxf lyPg . o:t}df Ps lbg
b[li6ljxLgx¿sf nflu pkrf/df vl6Psf cª\u|]hL 8fS6/ cfld{6]hn] o;af/] yfxf
kfP . tL ;x[boL 8fS6/n] To; lnlksf] 7'nf] dxŒj b]v]kl5 t'?Gt nG8gsf] Pp6f
k|sfzg ;+:yfaf6 a|]n lnlkdf k':ts 5fk] . To;kl5 dfq afFsL ;+;f/n] n'O; a|]nsf]
dxfgtd\ cfljisf/sf] af/]df yfxf kfof] .
n'O; a|]nsf] lgwg ePsf] !^) jif{eGbf
a9L eO;s]sf] 5 t/ o;lardf
a|]n lnlk ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] b]zx¿df
km}ln;s]sf] 5 . cfh ;+;f/sf k|foM
;a}h;f] 7'nf n]vsx¿sf k':ts o;
lnlkdf 5flkO;s]sf 5g\ . oltv]/
a;{]gL nfveGbf a9L k':ts tyf
klqsfx¿ o; lnlkdf 5flkG5g\ . To;}n]
lzIffsf] pHofnf] gkfO/x]sf ;+;f/e/sf
nfvf}F b[li6ljxLgx¿n] n'O; a|]nsf] oxL
cfljisf/af6 hLjgsf] Hof]lt kfO/x]sf
5g\ .
99 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO / n]vfO
!= dflysf] kf7 qmd};Fu kfn}kfnf] 7'nf] cfjfhdf k9 .
@= tnsf jfSox¿ kf7sf] s'g cg'R5]baf6 lemlsPsf x'g\ < n]v M
-s_ ckflxhx¿ ;x/sf uNnLx¿df lt/:sf/ / ckdfgsf] l;sf/ x'Fb} afFRg
afWo x'Gy] .
-v_ n'O;n] /flqn]vgdf k|of]u x'g] e'Ss p7]sf yf]Knfx¿h:t} kfFr cf]6f
yf]Knfx¿sf] ljleGg qmd / /vfOaf6 lq;7\7L cf]6f km/skm/s lnlk;ª\s]t
tof/ kf/] .
-u_ n'O;n] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;xL nIo km]nf kf/] .
-3_ xf], ToxL lbgb]lv n'O;sf] ;'Gb/ ;+;f/ x]g{] b[li6df kbf{ nfUg ;'? u¥of] .
-ª_ kf7zfnfsf] kmf]xf]/, lr;f] / hh{/ jftfj/0fsf sf/0f n'O;nfO{ Ifo/f]un]
;dfTof] .
#= l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ n'O; a|]n hGdhft b[li6ljxLg lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ n'O; a|]n b; jif{sf] pd]/df kf7zfnfdf egf{ eP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ rfN;{ afla{o/ gfds JolStn] ;]gfn] cFWof/f]df k|of]u ug{] lnlkaf/] n'O;
a|]nnfO{ hfgsf/L lbP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ n'O; a|]n lqkGg jif{;Dd afFr] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ n'O; a|]nn] a|]n lnlk cfljisf/ u/]kl5sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjg cfkm"n] k9]s}
:s'ndf cfkm"h:t} b[li6ljxLgx¿nfO{ k9fP/ latfP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ;ª\Vof / ;"rgfsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ tLg a|]n lnlksf] ;ª\Vof
-v_ !*#* n'O; a|]nnfO{ kf7zfnfdf egf{ ul/Psf] pd]/
-u_ lq;7\7L n'O; a|]n b[li6ljxLg ePsf] pd]/
-3_ 8fS6/ cfl6{d]h a|]n lnlk k"0f{¿kdf cfljisf/ ePsf] jif{
-ª_ b; a|]n lnlknfO{ k':tssf] ¿kdf 5kfO{ aflx/L
;+;f/nfO{ lrgfpg] JolSt
%= tnsf JolStx¿ sf] x'g\ < kf7sf cfwf/df atfpm M
l;df]g
df]lgsf
Pa kfNnL
rfN;{ afla{o/
cfl6{d]h
j}v/L sIff & 100
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