^= kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf zAbx¿ n]v M
…jÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…aÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…zÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…ifÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…;Ú k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…IfÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
…ªÚ k|of]u ePsf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
rGb|laGb' nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
/]km nfu]sf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n'O; a|]n slt jif{sf pd]/df b[li6ljxLg eP <
-v_ n'O; a|]nsf dftflktfsf] gfd n]v .
-u_ n'O; a|]nn] s] c7f]6 u/] <
-3_ rfN;{ afla{o/ sf] x'g\ <
-ª_ a|]n lnlk eg]sf] s] xf] <
-r_ n'O; a|]nnfO{ Ifo/f]u nfUg'sf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-5_ a|]n lnlksf af/]df afFsL ;+;f/n] slxn] yfxf kfof] <
-h_ oltv]/ a|]n lnlkdf a;{]gL slt lstfa 5flkG5g\ <
*= krf;;f7L zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n'O; a|]nsf] afNosfn s:tf] /x\of] <
-v_ Pa kfNnL gfds kfb/Ln] n'O; a|]nnfO{ s] s'/f a'emfP <
-u_ a|]n lnlk s;/L cfljisf/ eof] <
-3_ n'O; a|]nsf] hLjgLaf6 s]s:tf] lzIff kfOG5 <
(= tnsf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df n'O; a|]nsf af/]df !%) zAb hlt n]v M
gfd M n'O; a|]n hGd M hgj/L $, !*)( -sf]Ke|]Odf_
dftflktf M df]lgsf / l;df]g /]g] a|]n
cWoog M g];gn OlG:6Ro'6 ckm AnfOG8 o'y, k]l/;df
of]ubfg M a|]n lnlksf] cfljisf/
d[To' M hgj/L ^, !*%@ -k]l/;df_
101 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf cy{ a'emfpg] zAb tflnsfaf6 5fg]/ n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfG5] 3f]8fdf r9\bf a:g] 5fnfsf] j:t'
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /ut aUg] sfd
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k|efj k/]sf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ z/L/sf] s'g} cª\u lalu|Psf]Ù cª\ueª\u ePsf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfd ug{ g;Sg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfzf x/fPsf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfbz{n] el/Psf] jrgÙ /fd|f] jrg
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sdhf]/ cj:yf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Jofjxfl/s gePsf]Ù sfddf k|of]u ug{ g;lsg]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lnlkåf/f ul/Psf] ;ª\s]t
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ o; nf]ssf] nLnf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gofF j:t' agfpg] sfd
cfljisf/, OxnLnf, lnlk;ª\s]t, cJofjxfl/s, hh{/, cfbz{ jrg,
pbf;, czSt, ckfª\u, /St;|fj, sf7L, k|efljt
@= c¿ Pp6f p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb n]v M
-s_ ckflxh ljsnfª\u ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ pbf; lrlGtt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ g]q gog ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ uug cfsfz ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ k'ik ;'dg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ rsrs] 5's5's] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ k|oTg sf]l;; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tnsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
jftfj/0f, pbf;, ;jf]{Qd, df}lvs, nIo
j}v/L sIff & 102
Jofs/0f
!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] k'lnª\uL ¿k n]v M
ufO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b]jL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf7L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gflosf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kf]yL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sjloqL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
9f]O{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ n]lvsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= tnsf zAbx¿sf] :qLlnª\uL ¿k n]v M
;fgf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'Anf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
af7f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
h]7f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf]rf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
df]6f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cUnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tn lbOPsf lqmofkb tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M
eG5 eG5] cfO{ cfof] ;'Tof] k'uL 3'dL n]V5 hfnL
cfP5 b]lv5] ef]sfof] b]Vof] d/]5 nl85] efUnf pleO{ k9\nL
k'lnª\uL lqmofkb :qLlnª\uL lqmofkb
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf jfSonfO{ k'lnª\uL jfSodf kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ ufO{n] 3fF; vfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ cfdf 3/df cfpg'eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d]/L lbbL k9\g'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfd|L efph" k9fpg'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ 5f]/Lx¿ xNnf u5{g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
103 j}v/L sIff &
%= tnsf jfSonfO{ :qLlnª\udf kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ d]/f] 5f]/f] sIff ;ftdf k9\5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ;fgf] s]6f] rsrs] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d]/f a'afn] af]nfpg'eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ pm w]/} rsrs] 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ;fgf] kf7f] a'?Ss pk|mG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= lnª\u ;ª\ult ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M
-s_ d]/L bfh' dnfO{ dfof ug{'x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ e}F;L vf]n] vfG5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d]/f] 5f]/L ;fgf] 5] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ s]6Lx¿ w]/} k9\l5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ d]/f] cfdf cfpg'eOg\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= kf7 x]/L z'4 u/ M
aFu}rf, cfvf, ;F;f/, ckf+u, cGWof/f], c5]/, ;+Uof
*= UoF / 1 ldnfO{ n]v M
UofFgL, cfUofF, Uofg, 1fF;, 1fn]g, 1f;
(= rf/rf/ cf]6f zAb n]v
-c_ …1Ú k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-cf_ …uÚ k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-O_ rGb|laGb' nfu]sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-O{_ lz/laGb' nfu]sf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-p_ …`Ú k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-pm_ …0fÚ k|of]u ePsf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 104
;d"xdf efiff
!= tnsf] tflnsfdf ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] ltd|f] ljrf/df ;aeGbf k|l;4 /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o
JolStTjsf] gfd n]v . cfkm"n] n]v]sf gfdx¿ sIffdf ;'gfpm . c¿n] n]v]sf] gfd
klg ;'g . ltdLn] n]v]sf] gfd g} sIffsf c¿ slt hgfn] n]]v]sf /x]5g\ < u0fgf
ug{sf nflu cª\s tflnsfdf Ps hgf a/fa/ Pp6f 7f8f] wsf{] - . _ b]pm . To;
JolStTjsf] gfd sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
v]nf8Lsf] gfd cª\s
/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o
snfsf/ -rnlrq_ sf] gfd cª\s
/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o
ufos÷uflosfsf] gfd cª\s
/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o
;dfh;]jLsf] gfd cª\s
/fli6«o
cGt/f{li6«o
@= sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{x¿ kfFrb]lv ;ft ;d"xdf ljeflht xf]cf] . ca k|To]s ;d"xdf
o; jif{sf] ;aeGbf rlr{t JolSt sf] xf]nf eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L Ps hgfnfO{
…jif{ JolStÚ sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/ . pSt JolStn] s] u/]/ rrf{ sdfP < Tof] klg
Ps hgfn] 6f]nL g]tf eP/ sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
105 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= tnsf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df …dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fÚ zLif{sdf tLg cg'R5]bsf]
Pp6f hLjgL n]v M
!= gfd M nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f
hGd M !(^^ ;fn sflTts @& ut], nIdLk"hfsf lbg
Gjf/gsf] gfd M tLy{dfwj b]jsf]6f
dftflktf M ltndfwj÷cd//fHonIdL b]jL
lzIff M aL=P=, aL=Pn= / cª\u|]hL ;flxTodf Pd=P= ;Ddsf] cWoog
@= ;flxlTos /rgf M klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf …ul/aÚ -!((!_
™ d'gfdbg, s'l~hgL, Dx]Gb', /fhs'df/ k|efs/ cflb v08sfJo /r]sf
™ nIdL lgaGw ;ª\u|x, bfl8dsf] ?vg]/ lgaGw ;ª\u|x /r]sf
™ zfs'Gtn, ;'nf]rgf, k|ldy;h:tf dxfsfJo /r]sf
#= ™ dxfsljsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf
™ @)!^ ebf} @( ut]sf lbg cfo{3f6df lgwg
j}v/L sIff & 106
kf7– (
k/LIffsf] e"t
107 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ dflysf dWo] s'g rflxF ;aeGbf 8/nfUbf] 5 < atfpm .
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
d~r – gf6s g[To cflb ug{ agfOPsf] cUnf] 7fpF
;'g;fg – sf]xL klg gePsf]Ù PsfGt
chª\u – Hofb} 7'nf]Ù 7'nf] / 8/nfUbf]
cfs[lt – s'g} j:t' jf JolStsf] :j¿k M cfsf/Ù cg'xf/
;kgf – lgbfPkl5 b]lvg] ljleGg s'/f
;"rgf – s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
lgofn]/ x]g'{ – ljrf/ u/]/ ulx/f] u/L x]g'{
j}v/L sIff & 108
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= ( ;'g]/ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ o; syfdf xh'/af / g/]Gb| b'O{ hgf kfq 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ g/]Gb|nfO{ a'OFundf r9]/ e"t x]g{] OR5f hfUof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ g/]Gb| la/fnfn] ubf{ t:of{] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ g/]Gb|n] a'OFundf dxsf] a6\6f e]6\6fof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ g/]Gb|n] xh'/cfdfsf] e"t skfsk vfOlbof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ( ;'g]/ l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M
-s_ xh'/cfdfsf] s'g ;dodf ;'Tg] afgL lyof] <
c_ ;fFem cf_ lbpF;f]
-v_ xh'/cfdfn] g/]Gb|nfO{ s] eGg'eof] <
c_ a'OFundf ghfpm .
cf_ aflx/ v]Ng ghfpm .
-u_ g/]Gb|sf] dgleq s] lyof] <
c_ ;fx; cf_ s]/f
-3_ g/]Gb|n] a'OFunsf] s'gfdf s] e]6\of] <
c_ cfFk cf_ s]/f
#= ltdLn] ev{/} b]v]sf] ;kgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
$= e"t;DaGwL w]/} syfx¿ 5g\ . ltdLn] ;'g]sf] s'g} Pp6f e"tsyf sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{
;'gfpm .
109 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
k/LIffsf] e"t
– s[i0f zfx …ofqLÚ
-d~rsf] kbf{ v'N5 . k|1fgsf] sf]7f b]lvG5 . k|1fg ;ft sIffdf k9\5 . sf]7fdf pm
s';L{df a;]/ kl9/x]sf] x'G5 . k9\bfk9\b} pm lgbfpF5 . sf]7fsf] aQL lgE5 . aflx/
s's'/ e'ls/x]sf] cfjfh ;'lgG5 . 38Ln] /ftsf] af/ ah]sf] ;"rgf lbG5 . …l6ª l6ª
l6ªÚ leQ]38Laf6 cfjfh lg:sG5 . k|1fg ce}m klg lgbfO/x]s} x'G5 . ;'g;fg sf]7fdf
crfgs ‰ofnsf kbf{x¿ xlNng yfN5g\ . k':tssf] b/fhk5fl8af6 Pp6f chª\usf]
cfs[lt aflx/ lg:sG5 . p;n] k|1fgnfO{ lgofn]/ x]5{ . k|1fgnfO{ 5'G5 t/ klg k|1fg
Ao'FlemFb}g ._
cfs[lt M -7'nf] :j/df_ k|1fg †
k|1fg †
-cfjfh ;'g]/
k|1fg em;ª\u x'Fb}
Ao'FemG5 . pm rf/}lt/
x]5{ t/ s;}nfO{ klg
b]Vb}g ._
k|1fg M -dgdg}_ sf] < sf] xf]nf
dnfO{ af]nfpg] < kSs}
klg d}n] ;kgf b]v]sf]
x'g'k5{ .
cfs[lt M ltdLnfO{ d}n] af]nfPsf]
x'F k|1fg † otf x]/ t .
d oxfF 5' .
-k|1fg cfs[ltnfO{
b]V5 . of] b]v]/ k|1fg
cln 8/fpF5 ._
k|1fg M sf] < sf] xf} ltdL <
cfs[lt M g8/fpm k|1fg .
j}v/L sIff & 110
k|1fg M klxnf eg, sf] xf} ltdL < clg d]/f] sf]7fdf s] ul//x]sf 5f} <
cfs[lt M k|1fg † dnfO{ lrg]gf} <
k|1fg M cxF, d}n] ltdLnfO{ lrlggF .
cfs[lt M d k/LIffsf] e"t x'F .
k|1fg M k/LIffsf] e"t †
cfs[lt M xf] . d k/LIffsf] e"t g} x'F .
-k|1fg ce}m 8/fpF5 ._
k|1fg M clg ltdL oxfF lsg cfPsf] <
k/LIffsf] e"t M d ltdLn] af]nfP/ g} cfPsf] x'F k|1fg †
k|1fg M -crDd dfGb}_ d}n] af]nfPF /] † cxF, d}n] ltdLnfO{ af]nfPs} 5}g . d}n]
lsg af]nfpg' ltdLnfO{ lg < d t ef]lnb]lv ;'? x'g] k/LIffsf] tof/L
ub{} lyPF . lstfa / gf]6sfkLx¿ k9\b} lyPF . k9\bfk9\b} lgbfP5' .
-k/LIffsf] e"t xfF:5 ._
k|1fg M lsg xfF;]sf] ltdL <
k/LIffsf] e"t M ltd|f] s'/f ;'g]/ dnfO{ xfF; p7\of] . s] ltdL ;fFRr} kl9/x]sf lyof} <
g9fF6L eg t †
k|1fg M -csdlsFb}_ xf], d kl9/x]sf] lyPF .
k/LIffsf] e"t M ltdL e'm7f] af]ln/x]sf 5f} . ltd|f] dg k9fOdf lyPg . ltdLn] of] jif{
k9fOdf Tolt Wofg lbPgf} . xf] ls xf]Og, eg t <
-k|1fg Psl5g 6\jfNn k/]/ e"tnfO{ x]l//xG5 ._
k|1fg M -dgdg}_ o;n] d]/f] dgsf] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfof] < of] kSs} klg e"t g}
x'g'k5{ . -k|1fg 8/n] lrRofpg vf]H5_ cfdf † afaf † cfdf † afaf †
-t/ k|1fgsf] d'vaf6 cfjfh lg:sFb}g . k/LIffsf] e"t l/;fpF5 ._
k/LIffsf] e"t M r'k nfu † lsg lrRofPsf] < -k|1fg r'k nfU5_ n eg † ltdL ef]ln
x'g] k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/x]sf lyof} ls lyPgf} <
k|1fg M -6fpsf] xNnfpFb}_ xf], 8/ nflu/x]sf] lyof] .
k/LIffsf] e"t M lsg 8/fPsf] t <
111 j}v/L sIff &
k|1fg M lsgeg]=== lsgeg] d}n] k/LIffsf] /fd|f];Fu tof/L u/]sf] 5}g . o;kfln
klg d k]mn ePF eg] afafn] dnfO{ :s'n gk7fpg] /] †
k/LIffsf] e"t M clg /fd|f]l;t k9\g'kb{}g t < ltdLx¿sf] c¿ sfd g} x'Fb}g, vfg], v]Ng]
/ k9\g]afx]s . v]Ng] ;do klg afafn] lbg'ePs} 5 xf]nf . ld7f]ld7f]
vfg klg lbg'ePs} 5 xf]nf . ls 5}g <
k|1fg M 5 .
k/LIffsf] e"t M clg lsg gk9]sf] t <
k|1fg M dnfO{ k9\g dg nfUb}g .
k/LIffsf] e"t M k9\g dg nfUb}g /] < ljBfyL{ eP/ To:tf] s'/f ug{ nfh nfUb}g <
k|1fg M ca nfu]sf] s'/f eGgnfO{ klg s]sf] nfh lg <
k/LIffsf] e"t M clg k9\g rflxF lsg dg gnfu]sf] t <
k|1fg M dnfO{ afaf, ;/ / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] eGg'x'Gg . dnfO{ t k9\g}
gk/] x'GYof] eGg] nfU5 . ;fFRr} k/LIffsf] e"t † Pp6f s'/f eg t, s]
d gk9L 7'nf] dfG5] aGg ;lSbgF / < xfQL, af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\
t/ tL slt 7'nf x'G5g\ t †
k/LIffsf] e"t M -xfF:5_ z/L/n] 7'Nff] x'g' / 1fgn] 7'nf] x'g' km/s s'/f xf] . ltd|f afaf
gk9\g'ePsf] eP OlGhlgo/ aGg ;Sg'x'GYof] < ltd|L cfdf gk9\g'ePsf]
eP lzlIfsf aGg ;Sg'x'GYof] < ltd|f sfsf gk9\g'ePsf] eP n]vs aGg
;Sg'x'GYof] < n eg t .
k|1fg M ;Sg'x'Gy]g .
k/LIffsf] e"t M xf], pxfFx¿n] ;dosf] dxŒj a'‰g'eof] . ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\g'eof] / cfh
7'nf] dfG5] aGg'eof] . xf] ls xf]Og <
k|1fg M Tof] t xf] .
k/LIffsf] e"t M clg ltdLn] rflxF lsg s'/f ga'e]msf] lg < ltdL jif{el/ k9fOdf
Wofg} lbFb}gf} . ha k/LIff cfpF5, clg 8/fpFb} k9]h:tf] u5f{} . To;}n]
ltdLx¿nfO{ xfdL e]6\g cfpg'k5{ . /fd|/L k9\g]x¿ k/LIffsf] e"tb]lv
8/fpg} kb{}g .
k|1fg M -dgdg}_ P † aNn s'/f a'e]mF . d k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/x]sf] lyPF . To;}n]
kf] k/LIffsf] e"t cfPsf] /x]5 .
j}v/L sIff & 112
k/LIffsf] e"t M k|1fg † cab]lv
ltdLn] k9fOdf Wofg
lbg" . To;f] u/]df
ltdLnfO{ ;a}n] dfof
klg ug{]5g\ . ltdL
s;};Fu 8/fpg' klg
kb{}g . hfFrdf k]mn
klg x'Fb}gf} .
-To;} a]nf sf]7fdf
cfdf cfpg'x'G5 .
k|1fg s;};Fu s'/f
ul//x]sf] b]v]/ cfdf
5Ss kg{'x'G5 ._
cfdf M 5f]/f † sf];Fu s'/f
u/]sf] < n x]/ † /ftsf]
af/ alh;Sof] .
;'Tg'kb{}g < ef]ln k|]m;
d'8df kf] hfFr lbg
hfg'k5{ t .
k|1fg M -;DxflnFb}_ cfdf † d k/LIffsf] e"t;Fu s'/f ul//x]sf] lyPF .
cfdf M -xfF:b}_ wt\ † k/LIffsf] e"t klg x'G5 / st} < Tof] t ltd|f] dgsf] e"t
xf] . ltdLn] gk9]sfn] ltd|f] dgdf k/LIffsf] 8/ 5 . To;}n] ltdLn]
lgb|fdf k/LIffsf] e"t b]v]sf xf} .
k|1fg M s] ;fFRr} d}n] k9]F eg] dnfO{ k/LIffsf] e"tn] t;f{pFb}g, xf] cfdf <
cfdf M xf] afa' .
k|1fg M cfdf † To;f]eP d cab]lv dg lbP/ k9\5' . Wofg lbP/ k9\5' .
-cfdf v';L b]lvg'x'G5 . Tof] b]v]/ k|1fg klg v';L x'G5g\ . k|1fg
cfdf;Fu} cs{} sf]7fdf hfG5g\ . sf]7fsf] aQL lgE5 . kbf{ v:5 ._
113 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO / n]vfO
!= dflysf] Psfª\sL tLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf a;L Ps hgfn] …cfs[lt jf k/LIffsf] e"tÚ
csf{n] …k|1fgÚ / t];|fn] …cfdfÚ agL k9 .
@= tnsf] ;+jfbnfO{ kf7sf cfwf/df qmd};Fu /fv M
- _ cxF, d}n] ltdLnfO{ lrlggF .
- _ xf], d k/LIffsf] e"t g} x'F .
- _ g8/fpm k|1fg .
- _ k/LIffsf] e"t Û
- _ klxnf eg, sf] xf} ltdL / clg d]/f] sf]7fdf s] ul//x]sf 5f} <
- _ d ltdLn] af]nfP/ g} cfPsf] x'F k|1fg Û
- _ k|1fg Û dnfO{ lrg]gf} <
- ! _ sf] < sf] xf} ltdL <
- _ clg ltdL oxfF lsg cfPsf] <
#= s;n] eg]sf] xf] < atfpm M
-s_ /fd|/L k9] k/LIffsf] e"tb]lv 8/fpg} kb{}g .
-v_ /ftsf] af/ alh;Sof] . ;'Tg'kb{}g <
-u_ xfQL, af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\ t/ tL slt 7'nf x'G5g\ t Û
-3_ ltdLn] gk9]sfn] ltd|f] dgdf k/LIffsf] 8/ 5 .
-ª_ ltdLx¿sf] c¿ sfd g} x'Fb}g, vfg], v]Ng] / k9\g]afx]s .
$= l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpmM
-s_ k|1fg / k/LIffsf] e"tsf] s'/fsfgL s'g ;dodf x'G5 <
c_ lbgsf] af/ ah]lt/ cf_ /ftsf] af/ ah]lt/
-v_ k/LIffsf] e"t lsg xfF;]sf] /x]5 <
c_ k|1fgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cf_ gf]6sfkLsf] r'6\lsnf k9]/
-u_ k|1fgnfO{ lsg k9\g dg gnfu]sf] /x]5 <
c_ w]/} sfd ug{'kg{] ePsfn]
cf_ afaf, ;/, / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] geg]sfn]
-3_ k/LIffsf] e"t lsg cfPsf] /x]5 <
c_ k|1fg k/LIff;Fu 8/fO/x]sfn] cf_ k|1fgn] v]Ng af]nfPsfn]
-ª_ cfdf lsg 5Ss kg{'eof] <
c_ k|1fgsf] sf]7fdf k/LIffsf] e"t b]v]/
cf_ k|1fg s;};Fu s'/f ul//x]sf] b]v]/
j}v/L sIff & 114
%= kf7af6 tnsf lrGx nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f k"/f jfSo n]v M
Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
< ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
, ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
Û ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
- _ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= tnsf] kf7df l7s lrGx k|of]u u/L /fd|f cIf/n] sfkLdf ;f/ M
dnfO{ afaf ;/ / ld;x¿n] slxNo} /fd|f] eGg'x'Gg dnfO{ t k9\g} gk/] x'GYof] eGg]
nfU5 ;fFRr} k/LIffsf] e"t Pp6f s'/f eg t s] d gk9L 7'nf] dfG5] aGg ;lSbgF
xfQL af3 / efn' klg t k9\b}gg\ t/ tL slt 7'nf x'G5g\ t
&= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ;+o'St lnlk k|of]u u/L k'gn{]vg u/ M
ljb\ofyL{ M ljBfyL{ dxTTj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
pb\of]u M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eSt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kb\d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pTt/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
db\bt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k6\l6 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
a'b\w M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ zlSt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= pQ/ n]v M
-s_ k/LIffsf] e"t s:tf] a]nfdf k|1fgsf] sf]7fdf b]vf k5{ <
-v_ k|1fg lsg 6\jfNn k/]/ k/LIffsf] e"tnfO{ x]l//xG5 <
-u_ k|1fg k/LIff;Fu lsg 8/fO/x]sf] /x]5 <
-3_ s:tf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k/LIffsf] e"tn] e]6\g cfpg'k5{ <
-ª_ k/LIffsf] e"tn] clGtddf k|1fgnfO{ s] eGof] <
(= rfln;krf; zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ k/LIffsf] e"t ;fFlRrs} e"t xf] <
-v_ …k/LIffsf] e"tÚ eGg] kf7n] lbg] ;Gb]z n]v .
!)= …k/LIffsf] tof/LÚ zLif{sdf b'O{ hgf ;fyLlar x'g ;Sg] 5f]6f] s'/fsfgL tof/ kf/ .
115 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . cy{;Fu ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ gf6s, g[To, efif0f cflb ug{ agfOPsf] cUnf] 7fpF
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sf]xL dflg; gePsf]Ù PsfGt
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ Hofb} 7'nf] / 8/nfUbf]
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s'g} j:t' jf JolStsf] :j¿k
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lgbfPkl5 b]lvg] ljleGg s'/f
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
@= tnsf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb n]v M
crDd M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ yfngL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
:j/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ qf; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
PSsfl; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cg'QL0f{ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hfFr M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/d M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
dlxdf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ dftf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
aflx/ 7'nf] 3[0ff xfF:g'
lakgf leq b'vL k|]d
;fgf] em'6f] kf; ;'vL
;fFrf] ;kgf ?g' km]n
$= ldNg] cg]sfyL{ zAb n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;ToÙ rfaL t/
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 8/nfUbf] hgfj/Ù lat]sf] ;do kbf{
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfOnfUbfÙ ‰ofndf em'G8\ofOg] sk8f e"t
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'wsf] 5fnLÙ vf]nf tg{] sfd ;fFrf]
%= tnsf zAb /fvL jfSo agfpmM
d~r, cfjfh, ;"rgf, ;kgf, ;'g;fg, 8/, crDd
j}v/L sIff & 116
Jofs/0f
!= …xf]Ú a'emfpg] s/0f / …xf]OgÚ a'emfpg] cs/0f lqmofkbnfO{ 5'6\6f5'6\6} tflnsfdf n]v M
Ao'FlemFb}g, x]5{, b]Vb}g, g8/fpm, lrg]gf}, lrlggF, 5}g, eg, lyPg, lbPgf}, xf],
xf]Og, lg:sFb}g, l/;fpF5, lyPgf}, gk7fpg], xf]nf, nfUb}g, eGg'x'Gg, uP, eG5,
hfGYof]
@= tnsf lqmofnfO{ s/0f lqmofdf abn M
Ao'FemFb}g nfUb}g ;lSbgF k9\b}gg\ ;Sg'x'GgYof] lbFb}gf}
kb{}g /x]g5 x'Fb}gf} 5}g t;f{pFb}g k9\lbg
#= lgb{]zgfcg';f/ tnsf lqmofnfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jt{g u/ M
;'?df …gÚ yk]/ lardf …gÚ yk]/ cGTodf …gÚ yk]/
hfnf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uP5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hfG5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hfpm – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9\Yof] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ uof] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
vfpm – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ vfO5] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ cfP – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
eGnf – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]5 – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ k9] – ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf jfSonfO{ cs/0f jfSodf kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ cfh kfgL knf{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ pgLx¿ 3/ k'u]5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ pgLx¿ 3/d} a:5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ pm ljb]z hfg]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ d v]Ng uPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-r_ clg lsg k9]sf] t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ dnfO{ k9\g dg nfU5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-h_ ltdL k9fOdf Wofg lbG5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-em_ hfFrdf km]n klg x'G5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-`_ k|1fg, dnfO{ lrGof} < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= s/0f lqmof k|of]u ePsf kfFr cf]6f jfSo kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v .
117 j}v/L sIff &
^= s'g k'?ifnfO{ a'emfpg] ;j{gfd x'g\ < hf]8f ldnfpm M
d, xfdL bf];|f] k'?if
tF, ltdL, tkfO{F t];|f] k'?if
pm, Tof], pgLx¿, ltdLx¿ klxnf] k'?if
&= lgb{]zgcg';f/ jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ d 3/ hfG5' . -t];|f] k'?if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ pm vfhf vfG5 . -bf];|f] k'?if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ pgLx¿ ahf/ uP . -klxnf] k'?if_ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ Tof] dfdf3/ hfG5 . -klxnf] k'?if_ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ xfdL syf k9\5f}F . -bf];|f] k'?if_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= k'?ifcg';f/ lqmofkb ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M
-s_ ltdL /fd|f] uLt ufpF5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ Tof] klg ot} cfof} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ d ca u[xsfo{ u5{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ xfdL lqms]6 v]N5f} . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ ltdL v]Ng hfG5f}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
(= kf7 x]/L tnsf zAb z'4 u/ M
kl/Iff, dGr, ;'rgf, k/\bf, 8/fp5, tLld, e't, ef]nLb]vL, j;{e/L, v'l;, alQ
!)= 5'6]sf ljelSt /fvL jfSo k'gn{]vg u/ M
-s_ pgL s';L{ÒÒÒ a;]/ kl9/x]sf x'G5g\ .
-v_ sf] xf]nf dÒÒÒ af]nfpg] <
-u_ clg d]ÒÒÒ sf]7fdf s] ul//x]sf 5f} <
-3_ dÒÒÒ ltdLÒÒÒ af]nfPs} 5}g .
-ª_ k9\g]x¿n] k/LIffÒÒÒ e"tÒÒÒ 8/fpg} kb{}g .
!!= kf7af6 ljelSt nfu]sf b; cf]6f zAb vf]h]/ n]v .
!@= kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/sf zAb nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo ;f/ M
d, dnfO{, ltdLnfO{, ltdL, pm, d]/f], ltd|L, ltd|f, pxfFx¿n], e"tb]lv, k/LIffsf]
j}v/L sIff & 118
;d"xdf efiff
!= tn Ps hgf a'af, 5 jif{sf] rsrs] 5f]/f] / gf} jif{hltsL 5f]/Llar s'/fsfgL
ePsf] 5 . ca ltdLx¿ klg tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag]/ Ps hgfn] a'af, c¿n] 5f]/f
/ 5f]/L eP/ Tof] s'/fsfgL clego;lxt sIffdf ;'gfpm M
p6\k6\ofªsf] kmn
a'af M ltd|f] 6fpsf]df s] eof] < /ut kf] cfO/x]sf] 5 †
k|l;4 M rf]6 nfUof] afaf Û
a'af M s;/L rf]6 nfUof] t <
k|l;4 M lrKn]6L v]Nbf s] Û
a'af M lrKn]6L v]Nbf /] Û xf]Og xf]nf . lrKn]6L v]Nbf dfq} t oqf] rf]6
gnfUg'kg{] . kSs} ltdLn] s]xL p6\k6\ofª u¥of} xf]nf .
k|l;4 M xf]Og Û To:tf] s]xL xf]Og afaf Û rf]6 nfluxfNof] .
kl/lw M xf]Og afaf Û efO t emf]nfdfly a;]/ lrKn]6L v]Nb} lyof] .
a'af M emf]nfdfly a;]/ /] Û
k|l;4 M a;]/ xf]Og plePsf] lyPF .
a'af M emf]nfdfly plePsf] /] Û
kl/lw M xf]Og Û d}n] t emf]nfdfly a;]/ lrKn]6L v]Nb} u/]h:tf] b]v]F .
k|l;4 M vf;df d emf]nfdfly plePs} lyPF t/ ldgLd'8df s] <
a'af M ldgLd'8 < of] eg]sf] s] xf] <
k|l;4 M ldgLd'8 eg]sf] lg e]:6leq 3'F8f 3';f/]/ a:g' Sof Û
a'af M P Û To;f] eP ltdL e]:6leq 3'F8f 3';f/]/ emf]nfdfly pleP/ lrKn]6L
v]Nb} lyof} xf]Og <
k|l;4 M xf] .
a'af M l7Ss k¥of] To;f] eP . ltdLnfO{ o:t} p6\k6\ofª t ug{ cfpF5 lg Û
rfVof} xf]Og ca t <
k|l;4 M xf] afaf Û d t emf]nf;Fu lrlKnFb} em5{' xf]nf eg]sf] t lhp emf]nfeGbf
l56f] lrlKnxfNof] . v'6\6f e]:6leq /fv]sfn] pleg} ;lsgF clg
km'6anh:tf] u'8'lNsFb} k/sf] vDafdf 7f]lsg k'u]F / o:tf] eof] .
a'af M p6\k6\ofª gu/ eg]sf] dfGg] xf]Ogf} . rfv g p6\k6\ofªsf] kmn Û
119 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= tnsf] lrq x]/L Pp6f 5f]6f] -kfFr 5 cf]6f s'/fsfgL dfq_ ;+jfb tof/ kf/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltdLn] ev{/} b]v]sf] Pp6f cgf}7f] ;kgfsf af/]df ;f7L;Q/L zAbdf j0f{g u/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 120
kf7– !)
sflGtk'/L gu/L
121 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ tnsf JolSt / pkflwsf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f ™ sljlz/f]dl0f
™ cflbslj
l;l4r/0f >]i7
df]tL/fd e6\6 ™ dxfslj
™ cfz'slj
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn
™ o'uslj
zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n
™ o'jfslj
dfwjk|;fb l3ld/]
™ /fi6«slj
efg'eSt cfrfo{
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
rknf – r~rn :jefj ePsLÙ af7L
canf – an sd ePsLÙ lga{nf
u'gs];/L – kx]Fnf] /ªsf] a];f/h:tf] x'g] ;]tf] km'n
;vL – ;fyL
cd/fjtL – b]jtfsf /fhf OGb|sf] /fhwfgLÙ b]jk'/L
`fF – oxfF
b'lgofF – b'lgofFÙ ;f/f ;+;f/
cnsfk'/L – s'j]/sf] /fhwfgL
hgsL – hgtfsf]Ù dfG5]sf]
sflGtk'/L – sflGtk'/Ù sf7df8f}F
gu/L – gu/Ù ;x/
db/f; – ef/tsf] xfnsf] r]GgO{ ;x/
/vjf/L – /]vb]v ug{]
j}v/L sIff & 122
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= !) ;'g]/ 5'6]sf zAb e/ M
d]/f] sfnL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tfs]/ hfg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
g5f]P klg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ x]b{}df slt ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ nfG5 dnfO{ o} ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 5fofn]
kfb{5 hxfF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k/]nf leHg] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
@= !) ;'g]/ l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M
-s_ n]sdf x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 <
c_ afbn cf_ nfnLu'/fF;
-v_ a]n'sLkv lxdfn s]n] 5'G5 <
c_ xftn] cf_ lsls{6fn]
-u_ la/fgf] d'n'sdf s] a:b}g <
c_ dfof cf_ bof
-3_ dgdf 3fd gnfu] s] x'G5 <
c_ ;+;f/} ;f/f cFWof/f] x'G5 . cf_ lbge/ cFWof/f] x'G5 .
-ª_ sfnL n]snfO{ tfs]/ hfg] afbn s:tf] 5 <
c_ s7f]/ cf_ sf]dn
#= !) ;'g / sIffdf ;a} hgf ldn]/ ufcf] .
$= ltdLnfO{ dg kg{] uLt jf sljtf sIffdf ;'gfpm .
123 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
sflGtk'/L gu/L
–efg'eSt cfrfo{
rknf canfx? Ps\ ;'/df
u'gs];l/sf] km'n nL lz/df
lxF8Gof ;lv nLsg cf]l/k/L
cd/fjlt sflGtk'/L gu/L ..
olt 5g\ elg uGg' sfFxfF wlg `fF,
v'l; 5g\ ax't} dgdf b'lg`fF
hgsL o;/L ;'vsL ;u/L
cnsfk'l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L ..
j}v/L sIff & 124
slxF ef]6– / nG8g – rLg – ;/L
slxF sfn\–el/ ulNn 5 lbNnL–;/L
nvgf}F – k6gf – db/f; – ;/L
cnsfk'l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L ..
t/af/, s6f/, v'F8f, v's'/L
lk;tf]n / aGb's;Dd le/L .
clt z"/ – / – jL/ – e/L gu/L,
5 t s'g\ – ;l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L ..
l/; /fu sk6\ 5n 5}g hfFxfF ,
ta wd{ slt 5 slt 5 ofxfF,
kz'sf klt 5g\ /vjfl/ u/L,
lzjsL k'l/ sflGtk'/L gu/L ..
125 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO / n]vfO
!= dflysf] sljtf lgDgfg';f/ k9 M
-s_ sIffsf ;a} hgf ldn]/ Ps} ;fy
-v_ 5fqx¿ dfq
-u_ 5fqfx¿ dfq
-3_ b'O{b'O{ hgf ldn]/
-ª_ PSn}
@= 5'6]sf zAb e/L sljtf k"/f u/ M
slxF ef]6 / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ rLg ;/L,
slxF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ulNn 5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k6gf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;/L
cnsfk'l/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gu/L .
#= tnsf s'/fx¿ sljtfsf s'g Znf]sdf 5g\ < kQf nufpm M
-s_ kz'kltgfyn] /vaf/L u/]sf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ ef]6, rLg, nvgph:t} 7fpF ePsf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ lz/df km'n l;p/]/ lxF8]sf ;'Gb/Lx¿sf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ v'F8f, v's'/L af]sL lxF8\g] jL/x¿ ePsf] 7fpFsf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ w]/} wgL / v';L hgtf a;f]af; ug{] 7fpFsf] s'/f ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M
-s_ sflGtk'/Lsf sGofx¿ s]zdf s'g km'n l;pl/G5g\ <
c_ u'gs]z/L km'n cf_ ;okqL km'n
-v_ sflGtk'/Ldf wgL dflg;x¿ slt 5g\ <
c_ Psb'O{ hgf cf_ ulgg;lsg] u/L
-u_ sljtfdf tnsf dWo] s'g 7fpFsf] gfd cfPsf] 5}g <
c_ lbNnL cf_ agf/;
-3_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿ s:tf 5g\ <
c_ cToGt jL/ 5g\ cf_ 8/kf]s 5g\
-ª_ sflGtk'/L gu/Lsf] /vaf/L s;n] u/]sf] 5 <
c_ g]kfnL ;]gfn] cf_ kz'kltgfyn]
j}v/L sIff & 126
%= sljtfsf 5Gb ldnfpFbf s]xL zAbx¿sf] j0f{ljGof; -x|:jbL3{_ ablnPsf 5g\ .
ltgnfO{ ;RofP/ n]v M
canfx? M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ u'gs];l/ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;lv M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cd/fjlt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
elg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ wlg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v'l; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ slxF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ulNn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ stL M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
km"n M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v'l; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf tnsf zAbx¿sf] k|rlnt ¿k n]v M
nL M lnO{ lxF8Gof M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
`fF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b'lg`fF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
db/f; M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lk;tf]n M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hfxfF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ofxfF M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ sflGtk'/Ldf sGofx¿ s;/L lxF8\5g\ <
-v_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿ s:tf 5g\ <
-u_ o; sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf 7fpFsf gfd n]v .
-3_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿ s]s] le/]/ lxF8\5g\ <
-ª_ sflGtk'/Lsf dflg;x¿df s] 5}g <
-r_ sflGtk'/L gu/Lsf kx/]bf/ sf] x'g\ <
*= PsPs cg'R5]bdf JofVof u/ M
-s_ olt 5g\ elg uGg' sfFxfF wlg `fF
v'l; 5g\ ax't} dgdf b'lg`fF .
-v_ l/; /fu sk6\ 5n 5}g hfFxfF
ta wd{ stL 5 stL ofxfF .
(= cd/fjtL eg]sf] :ju{sf] /fhwfgL xf] . cnsfk'/L eg]sf] k'/f0fcg';f/ cToGt
wgL dflgPsf s'j]/sf] /fhwfgL xf] t/ o; sljtfdf sflGtk'/L -sf7df8f}F_ nfO{
cd/fjtL / cnsfk'/L lsg ePsf] xf]nf <
!)= dflysf] sljtfh:t} ltdL klg cfºgf] 7fpF jf b]zsf af/]df rf/b]lv cf7 x/km;Ddsf]
sljtf n]v .
127 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
rknf OGb|sf] /fhwfgL
canf s'j]/sf] /fhwfgL
cd/fjtL ;+;f/
b'lg`fF gu/Ù ;x/
cnsfk'/L r~rn :jefjsL
/vaf/L sdhf]/ cfOdfO{
k'/L /]vb]v ug{]
@= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M
6fpsf], ;fyL, jl/kl/, ;x/, ;+;f/, dfgj, ;fu/, k]:tf]n, axfb'/, /]vb]v
#= tnsf zAbsf] b'O{b'O{ cy{ k9 M
s/ != l9kL k'/L != gu/Ù ;x/
@= /fh:j @= lk7f]af6 agfOPsf] vfg] s'/f
gu/ != ;x/ ef]6 != rLgsf] Pp6f efu
@= ug{' gx'g] @= dtbfg
sfn != d[To' km]/L != abnL
@= ;do @= kmGsf]
$= tn ;'Gbf p:t} nfUg] t/ cy{ km/skm/s ePsf zAb ->'lt;d leGgfyL{ zAb_ 5g\ .
ltgsf cy{ k9 M
olt – dfqf a'emfpg] zAb lrg – lrGg] sfd u/
otL – lxddfgjÙ ;f]Skf rLg – Ps b]zsf] gfd
vfln – dfqÙ s]jn slt – j:t'sf] dfqf
vfnL – l/Qf] sQL – v;L, /fFuf cflb sf6\g], 7'nf]
xltof/
j}v/L sIff & 128
%= g= $ af6 pko'St zAb 5fg]/ jfSo k"/f u/ M
-s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ yf]/} vfhfn] dnfO{ k'Ub}g .
lxdfnL e]udf ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfOG5g\ .
-v_ ltdL c;n ;fyLnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
ef/t / ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒsf] lardf g]kfn 5 .
-u_ ltdL;Fu ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k};f 5 <
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ grnfpm . xft sf6\5 .
-3_ ltdLx¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ v]Ng dfq dg k/fpF5f} .
of] a6\6f t ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kf] /x]5 t Û
^= tnsf >'lt;d leGgfy{s zAbsf] cy{;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
b]lv b]Vg] sfd u/L la; of] -;j{gfd_
b]vL af6 ljif sLlt{Ù gfd
km]l/ ;a} oz afFWg] sk8f
k]m/L nf;Ù d'bf{ o; pGgfO;kl5sf] cª\s
;a km]g{] sfd u/L k6\l6 hx/Ù lav
zj csf{] k6s k6\6L tkm{Ù lt/
& sljtfdf no ldnfpgnfO{ s]xL zAbx¿sf] j0f{ljGof; kl/jt{g u/L /flvPsf] 5 .
tL zAbxx¿sf] z'4 ¿k o; k|sf/ x'G5 . zAbx¿ Vofn u/L k9 M
sljtfdf ePsf z'4 sljtfdf ePsf z'4
zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; j0f{ljGof; zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; j0f{ljGof;
Ps\ Ps v'l; v';L
nL lnO{ b'lg`fF b'lgofF
cf]l/k/L jl/kl/ cnsfk'l/ cnsfk'/L
lxF8Gof lxF8]sf] slxF sxLF
elg egL cd/fjlt cd/fjtL
sfxfF sxfF hfFxfF hxfF
lk;tf]n k]:tf]n wlg wgL
`fF oxfF ofxfF oxfF
k'l/ k'/L /vafl/ /vaf/L
129 j}v/L sIff &
Jofs/0f
!= kf7 x]/L z'4 u/L ;f/ M
sflGtk'C, guC, ;uC, eC
@= tnsf zAb …l/Ú / …CÚ ldn]sf 5|}gg\ . ldnfP/ z'4 u/ M
l/ifL, l/t', l/0f, C;, uCa, CTtf], l/rf, CS;f, Cag
#= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ ax'jrgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
km"n, canf, d, Tof], ltdL, ;fgf], u5{, uof], d]/f], cfˆgf]
$= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L ax'jrgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
s]6f] – s]6fx¿
r/f], la/fnf], df5f], d';f], af6f], v/fof], kf7f], 8f]sf]
%= tnsf ax'jrg a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ Psjrgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
hfnfg\, cfP, xfdL, pgLx¿, af5fx¿, sfnf, 5f]/f, ;fgf, ltd|f
^= tnsf jfSonfO{ jrg ldnfO{ z'4 u/ M
-s_ xfdLx¿ klg uPF . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ xfd|L lbbLx¿ cfpg'eof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ Tof] s]6f] 3/df 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ ;'Gtnfx¿ u'lnof] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ pgLx¿ 3/lt/ cfof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf lgb{]zgcg';f/ kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ cfsfzdf r/fx¿ p8] . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ d]/f] efO cfof] . -ax'jrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ ;fgf] s]6f] rnfv 5 . -ax'jrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ alxgL ljb]zaf6 cfOg\ . -ax'jrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ d]/f ;fyLx¿ v]N5g\ . -Psjrg_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 130
;d"xdf efiff
!= rf/rf/ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca k|To]s ;d"xn] ;ft hgf ;flxTosf/sf gfd n]v /
pgLx¿sf] rlr{t s[lt÷s[ltx¿sf] gfd klg n]v . cfºgf] ;d"xn] 5nkmn u/L n]v]sf
;flxTosf/ / ltgsf s[ltsf gfd sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M
qm=;= ;flxTosf/ s[lt÷s[ltx¿
@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca k|To]s ;d"xn] tnsf j0f{ / dfqf nufO{ zAbx¿
agfpm . cfºgf] ;d"xn] agfPsf zAbx¿ Ps hgfn] sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M
h f k g ] n e / t L ' f] v d l
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
131 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= ltdLn] k9]sf dWo] ;aeGbf /fd|f] nfu]sf] s'g} Pp6f sljtf -o; lstfadf ePsf
afx]s_ tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf /fd|f cIf/df ;f/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= …d]/f] hGde"ldÚ zLif{sdf ;Tt/Lc;L zAb;Ddsf] Pp6f cg'R5]b n]vL lzIfsnfO{
b]vfpm .
j}v/L sIff & 132
kf7– !!
d[usf kf7fem}F pk|mFb}
133 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ tnsf b[Zox¿ sxfFsxfFsf xf]nfg\ < atfpm .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
õ s] ltdL dflysf dWo] s'g} 7fpF k'u]sf 5f} < 5f} eg] To;sf af/]df atfpm .
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
cf>d – Clifd'lgx¿ a:g] 7fpFÙ s'6L v'ª\vf/ – 8/nfUbf]Ù qm"/
lqj]0fL – tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psf] 7fpF 3g3f]/ – cToGt 7'nf]
tLy{:yn – tLy{ ul/g] kljq 7fpF dxlif{ – dxfg\, Clif
afFw – vf]nfsf] kfgL y'Ggsf nflu b[9 – b/f]Ù bla{nf]
agfPsf] 7'nf] 5]saf/ njs'z – /fd / ;Ltfsf k'qx¿
la/fgf] – klxnf gb]v]sf] clUgs'08 – cfuf] afNg agfPsf] vf8nÙ
tkf]e"ld – Clifd'lgn] tk:of ug{] If]q o1j]bLsf] cu]g'
cZjd]w – Ps lsl;dsf] 7'nf] o1 k|j]z:yn – k|j]z ug{] 7fpF
eUgfjz]if – eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf] 7fpF 9'ª\ufn] lrg]sf] – 9'ª\ufaf6
;+/If0f – ;'/IffÙ arfpÙ hu]gf{ agfOPsf]
j}v/L sIff & 134
;'gfO / af]nfO
!= !! ;'g]/ 5'6]sf zAbx¿ e/ M
-s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;do lyof] .
-v_ a'afcfdf ;a}n] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hgfpg'eof] .
-u_ cfxf Û Tof] kxf8L ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Û d o; ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ JoSt ug{ ;lsgF .
-3_ crfgs xfd|f] uf8Lsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ km]n eP5 .
-ª_ aflx/ ;a} b[Zo d]/f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eP/ plePsf] b]v]F .
@= !! ;'g]/ pQ/ eg M
-s_ o; kf7df sxfF 3'Dg hfg] lgwf] ePsf] 5 <
-v_ a'af lsg 3'Dg hfg'ePg <
-u_ 3'Dg hfg]x¿ slt ah] kms{g yfn]sf lyP <
-3_ uf8Ldf lsg sf]nfxn / lrTsf/ ;'lgg yfNof] <
-ª_ ofqLx¿ s;/L afFr] <
#= ltd|f] hLjgdf 36]sf] s'g} Pp6f clj:d/0fLo 36gf sIffdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm .
$= ltdLn] kl5Nnf] rf]l6 s'g 7fpFsf] e|d0f u¥of} < Tof] 7fpF ltdLn] s;;Fu / slxn]
e|d0f u¥of} < ;a} s'/f atfpm .
135 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
d[usf kf7fem}“ pk|m“b}
– t]hk|sfz >]i7
xfdL jfNdLls cf>d k'lu;s]sf lyof}“ . Tof] lbg 3dfOnf] lyof] . lxp“bsf] lbg ePsfn]
t/fO{df klg Tolt udL{ lyPg . 3gf hª\unn] zLtn kf/]sf] lyof] . gf/fo0fL -u08sL_
gbLsf] lr;f] xfjf rln/x]sf] lyof] .
xfdL gjnk/f;L ahf/af6 laxfg} lg:s]sf lyof}“ . u08s gx/sf] lsgf/}lsgf/ k"j{tkm{
nfu]sf lyof}“ . b'O{ cf]6f df]6/;fOsndf 3'O“ls“bf /dfOnf] nflu/x]sf] lyof] . ;f}hg
klg /dfO/x]sf] lyof] . xfd|f] df]6/;fOsn lqj]0fL ahf/df k'u]/ Ps} l5g /f]lsof] .
Toxf“ gf/fo0fL gbLdf ;f]gf / td;f gbL ldl;Psf] 5 . tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psfn]
lqj]0fL elgPsf] xf] . lqj]0fL Pp6f kljq tLy{:yn dflgG5 . Toxf“ u08s gx/ rnfpg
gf/fo0fL gbLdf af“w af“lwPsf] 5 .
xfdL af“wsf] k'naf6 kfl/ t¥of}“ . gf/fo0fLkfl/ ef/tsf] e}“;fnf]6g ahf/ e]6\of}“ .
e}“;fnf]6gnfO{ xfn …jfNdLls gu/Ú elg“bf] /x]5 . ahf/ 5f]8]/ xfdL hª\unsf] af6f]
cufl8 a9\of}“ . 3gf hª\undf af3efn' / rf]/8fsfsf] 8/ x'g] u5{ . To;df klg la/fgf]
7fp“df clncln t 8/ x'g] g} eof] .
j}v/L sIff & 136
ænf} x}, /Tgfs/ 8fs' cfpnf lg †Æ ldq nId0f vgfnn] 76\6f u/] .
æsf] /Tgfs/ 8fs', a'af <Æ ;f}hgn] ;f]Wof] .
æClif jfNdLlssf] gfd /Tgfs/ lyof] . dxlif{ aGg'eGbf klxn] pgL v'ª\vf/ 8fs'
lyP .Æ d}n] eg]“ .
æxf] / a'af †Æ
æxf] t, To; a]nf 8fs' /Tgfs/ hª\unsf] af6f]df 9's]/ a:Yof] . Toxf“af6 cfpg]
a6'jfx¿nfO{ n'6\Yof] / cfºgf] kl/jf/ kfNg] uYof]{ . a'‰of} < Ps lbg Ps hgf ;fw'
Tot}af6 cfp“b} lyP, p;n] emlD6xfNof] . æd;“u s] g} 5 / n'6\5f} < To;df klg ltdL
o:tf] kfk sfd lsg u5f}{ <Æ ;fw'n] gd| eP/ ;f]w] .
ækl/jf/ kfNg .Æ /Tgfs/ 8fs'n] eGof] .
æc¿sf nflu ltdL lsg kfk u5f}{ < ltdLn] u/]sf] kfk c¿n] af“8]/ ln“b}gg\ Sof/] †
gkTofP ;f]lwx]/ †Æ ;fw'n] eg] .
To;kl5 p;n] cfºgf] kl/jf/nfO{ ToxL s'/f ;f]Wof] .
æcx“ † xfdL t kfk af]Sb}gf}“ . ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ kfNg'k5{ . a;\, xfdLnfO{ olQ yfxf 5,
ltdL s] sfd u5f}{, xfdLnfO{ s'g} rf;f] 5}g .Æ kl/jf/n] hafkm lbP . clg t /Tgfs/
lbSs eP/ tk:of ug{ lx“8]5g\ . w]/} jif{ 3g3f]/ tk:of ubf{ lhpel/ wld/fn] u'“8
nufP5 . wld/fn] u'“8 nufPsfn] pgnfO{ dxlif{ jfNdLls eGg yflnof] . kl5 /Tgfs/
8fs' 7'nf dxlif{ ag]sf x'g\ . clg t pgn] dxfg\ sfJou|Gy /fdfo0fsf] /rgf u/]/ gfd
sdfP .
æcf]xf] † 8fs' klg Clif x'g ;Sbf] /x]5, xlu a'af †Æ ;f}hgn] eGof] .
æxf], OR5f ug'{k5{, /fd|f] aGg g;Sg] s'/} 5}g . dflg;df b[9 OR5f / ljZjf; rflxG5,
a;\, ;a l7s x'G5 .Æ olt ukm ubf{ub}{ xfdLn] ef/tLo e"ld 5f]l8;s]5f}“ .
;f]gf gbL -:j0f{/]vf_ t/]kl5 xfdL km]l/ g]kfn lelqof}“ . To;kl5 td;f -;/:jtL_ gbL
klg t¥of}“ . elgG5, To;} a]nf td;f gbLdf b]jL ;Ltf / njs'z g'xfpg] uy]{ /] †
td;fsf] lsgf/}df jfNdLls cf>dsf] 9f]sf b]Vbf g} ;f}hg /dfof] . xfd|f] klg ysfO
stf efu]5 stf .
of] kljq tLy{:yn lrtjg lhNnfdf kbf]{/x]5 . w]/} k'/fgf] Tof] tkf]e"lddf k}“lt; ;o
137 j}v/L sIff &
jif{cl3 -q]tfo'udf_ dxlif{ jfNdLlsn] tk:of u/]sf x'g\ elgG5 . ToxL“ a;]/ pgn]
/fdfo0f n]v]sf lyP . ;Ltfn] njs'zsf] hGd klg oxL“ u/fPsL lyOg\ /] † To;}n] t
of] 7fp“ ;f/} kljq / k|l;4 5 .
3gf hª\unsf] lardf /x]sf] jfNdLls cf>d ;f“Rr} /fd|f] /x]5 . xfdL d"n 9f]sfaf6
leq k:of}“, jfNdLls cf>dsf] If]q 7'n} /x]5 . r/fx¿sf] lr/la/n] xfdLnfO{ :jfut
ul//x]sfn] cfgGb nfUof] .
hf“bfhf“b} xfdLn] jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/ e]6\of}“ . Tof] lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnlt/ agfOPsf] /x]5 .
To; dlGb/df b]jb]jLsf d"lt{x¿ hDdf ul/Psf 5g\ . tL d"lt{x¿ ToxL cf>dIf]q vGbf
e]l6Psf /x]5g\ .
ænf} x]gf]{;\ dxlif{ jfNdLls .Æ ldq e/t kf]v/]nn] 76\6f ub}{ eGg'eof] . ;f“Rr} w'gL
tflk/x]sf bf/Ljfn hf]uL xfd|} cufl8 b]lvP . pgL cf>dsf] /]vb]v ug{ lj=;+=@)@@
;fnb]lv Toxf“ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf hfb'u/ kf] /x]5g\ . pg}sf] cufl8 clUgs'08df
Pp6f 7'nf] lrD6f ufl8Psf] lyof] . Tof] kmnfd] lrD6f sl/a !) lsnf] tf}nsf] 5 /] .
Tof] lrD6f dxlif{ jfNdLlsn] k|of]u u/]sf] elg“bf] /x]5 .
To;kl5 xfdL k'/fgf] xjgs'08 x]g{ k'Uof}“ . Tof] xjgs'08sf] rf/}tkm{ 7'n7'nf s'“lbPsf
9'ª\ufn] lrg]sf] uf/f] eTs]sf] b]lvof] . 9f]sf klg elTs;s]sf] /x]5 . u0f]zsf] d"lt{
ePsf] nfdf] 9'ª\uf Psftkm{ klN6Psf] b]Vof}“ . 7fp“7fp“df ;"rgfkf6L 6f“luPsf /x]5g\ .
st} jfNdLls s'jf -cd[ts'jf_, st} njs'z hGd:yn, st} ;Ltfsf] uu]|6f] t st}
lji0f'rGb| egL n]lvPsf /x]5g\ .
æpM Totf /x]5 njs'zsf] kf7zfnf †Æ d}n] njs'zsf] kf7zfnf eGg] ;"rgfkf6Ltkm{
b]vfp“b} eg]“ .
æv} v}, a'af <Æ ;f}hg xtfl/of] .
æpM Sof t †Æ d]/f] af]nL emg{ gkfp“b} pm d[usf kf7fem}“ km'q'Ss pk|m“b} Toxf“ k'lu;s]sf]
lyof] .
…æv} kf7zfnf < 3/ t 5}g . o:tf] eTs]sf] klg kf7zfnf x'G5 < sxf“ a;]/ k9\5g\ <Æ
;f}hg 5Ss k¥of] .
æof] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if dfq xf] †Æ d}n] eg]“ .
æeUgfjz]if eg]sf] s] lg <Æ p;n] km]l/ ;f]Wof] .
j}v/L sIff & 138
ænf} x]/ † pM Tof] lt; xfthlt nfdf] / b; xfthlt rf}8f ePsf] Pp6f cln ulx/f]
7fp“ b]Vof} < Tof] njs'zsf] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if xf] . eUgfjz]if eg]sf] eTs]/ af“sL
/x]sf] 7fp“ xf] .Æ xfdL cufl8 a9\of}“ .
Pp6f 9'ª\ufsf] vDaf e'O{“df wl:;Psf] b]lvof] . To; vDafdf >L/fdåf/f cZjd]w o1
ubf{ 5f]l8Psf] 3f]8f njs'zn] ;dft]/ af“w]sf lyP eGg] n]lvPsf] /x]5 .
3'Db}lkmb}{ xfdL ;Ltf kftfn k|j]z:yndf klg k'Uof}“ . htf k'u] klg eTs]sf] / lau]|sf]
b]lvGYof] . xfn cf>dnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|of; ul/“b} /x]5 . olt x'“bfx'“b} klg Tof] 7fp“df
hfg csf]{ af6f] g} /x]g5 . hfpmghfpm ToxL ef/tsf] e}“;fnf]6g eP/ cfjthfjt
ug'{kbf]{ /x]5 . cfºg} hldgaf6 af6f] agfpg lsg g;lsPsf] xf]nf < 5Ss kg'{ 5 .
h] xf];\, jfNdLls cf>d 3'Dg kfp“bf ;f}hg ;f/} /dfPsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ g ysfO
nfUof] g ef]s † d[usf kf7fem}“ km'q'sk'mq's pk|m“b}df kms{g] a]nf eO;s]5 . clg dg
nfuLgnfuL xfdL kms{g] tv{/df nfUof}“ .
139 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO÷n]vfO
!= dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .
@= s;n] eg]sf] xf] < n]v .
-s_ Clif jfNdLlssf] gfd /Tgfs/ lyof] .
-v_ d;Fu s] g} 5 / n'6\5f} <
-u_ cf]xf] Û 8fs' klg Clif x'g ;Sbf] /x]5, xlu a'af Û
-3_ nf} x]gf{];\ dxlif{ jfNdLls .
-ª_ o:tf] eTs]sf] klg kf7zfnf x'G5 <
-r_ pm Totf /x]5 njs'zsf] kf7zfnf .
#= hf]8f ldnfpm M
-s_ /Tgfs/ 8fs' :j0f{ /]vf
-v_ e}F;fnf]6g eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf]
-u_ ;f]gf gbL dxlif{ jfNdLls x'g'k"j{sf] cj:yf
-3_ /fdfo0f Ps ef/tLo ahf/
-ª_ eUgfjz]if dxlif{ jfNdLlsåf/f n]lvPsf] u|Gy
$= kf7df tnsf cª\sx¿ s'g k|;ª\udf cfPsf xf]nfg\ < atfpm M
-s_ #%)) jif{
-v_ @)@@ ;fn
-u_ !) lsnf]
-3_ # cf]6f gbL
-ª_ #) xft â !) xft
%= l7s pQ/ 5fg]/ vfnL 7fpF e/ M
-s_ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] csf{] gfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .
c_ s0ff{nL cf_ u08sL
-v_ kf7df jl0f{t afnssf] gfd ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ xf] .
c_ ;f}hg cf_ nId0f
-u_ jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ agfOPsf] /x]5 .
c_ @)@@ ;fnlt/ cf_ @)#% ;fnlt/
-3_ njs'zsf] kf7zfnfsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfq /x]5 .
c_ 9f]sf cf_ eUgfjz]if
j}v/L sIff & 140
^= dflysf] kf7af6 /ª\uLg zAbx¿ z'4;Fu ;f/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= Ps jfSodf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n]vsx¿ s'g df};ddf jfNdLls cf>d uPsf lyP <
-v_ kf7df jl0f{t lqj]0fLdf s'gs'g gbL ldl;Psf /x]5g\ <
-u_ /Tgfs/ jfNdLls Clif aGg'eGbf klxn] s:tf lyP <
-3_ jfNdLlsnfO{ kl/jf/n] s:tf] hafkm lbP <
-ª_ jfNdLls gfpF s;/L /xg uPsf] xf] <
-r_ jfNdLs]Zj/ dlGb/df /x]sf d"lt{x¿ s;/L km]nf k/]sf /x]5g\ <
-5_ njs'zsf] kf7zfnfsf] eUgfjz]if sqf] lyof] <
*= zAbdf pQ/ n]v M
-s_ n]vsx¿ s;/L jfNdLls cf>d k'u] <
-v_ /Tgfs/ 8fs' dxlif{ jfNdLls ag]sf] syf 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
-u_ jfNdLls cf>ddf n]vsx¿n] b]v]sf] s'/f j0f{g u/ .
(= kf7af6 tnsf lgkft / lj:doflbaf]ws zAb nfu]sf PsPs cf]6f jfSo n]v M
-s_ t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ Sof/] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ cf]xf] Û M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ /] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ g} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!)= tnsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
lqj]0fL, tLy{:yn, 3gf, dxlif{, b[9, cf>d, eUgfjz]if
!!= ltdLn] e|d0f u/]sf] s'g} Ps 7fpFsf af/]df !%) zAbhltdf j0f{g u/ .
141 j}v/L sIff &
zAbe08f/
!= tnsf jfSodf k|of]u ePsf df]6f zAbsf] cy{ ToxL jfSodf vf]h]/ kQf nufP/
/]vfª\sg u/ M
-s_ jfNdLls klxn] /Tgfs/ gfdn] lrlgg] v'ª\vf/ 8fs' t/ kl5 /fdfo0f /rgf
ug{] k|l;4 slj tyf dxlif{ x'g\ .
-v_ kfk s6fpg] jf /fHolj:tf/ ug{] pb\b]Zon] 3f]8f 5f8]/ kl5 ToxL 3f]8fsf]
aln lbP/ ul/g] Ps lsl;dsf] 7'nf] o1nfO{ cZjd]w o1 elgG5 .
-u_ o1 cflbdf xjg ug{sf nflu, cfuf] afNgsf nflu agfPsf] vf8nnfO{
clUgs'08 elgG5 .
-3_ cf>d eg]sf] Clifd'lg a:g] ;fgf] s'6L xf] .
-ª_ 9'ª\ufaf6 agfOPsf] :ynnfO{ 9'ª\ufn] lrg]sf] klg elgG5 .
-r_ tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;Psf] 7fpFnfO{ lqj]0fL elgG5 .
-5_ tLy{:yn eg]sf] tLy{j|t ul/g] kljq 7fpF xf] .
-h_ eUgfjz]if eg]sf] klxnf agfOPsf] s'g} s'/f eTs]/ afFsL /x]sf] 7fpF xf] .
@= /]vfª\lst zAbsf 7fpFdf kf7af6 pko'St zAb /fvL tnsf jfSox¿sf] k'gn{]vg
u/ M
-s_ g]kfn klxnf klg Clifd'lgsf] tk:of ug{] 7fpF xf] .
-v_ g]kfn dxfg\ Clifx¿sf] tkf]e"ld xf] .
-u_ jfNdLls klxn] /Tgfs/ gfd u/]sf 8/nfUbf] 8fs' lyP .
-3_ bx|f] cfTdljZjf; eP h] klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-ª_ d lj=;+= @)@@ ;fnb]lv oxL s'6Ldf a:b} 5' .
-r_ /fd / ;Ltfsf 5f]/fx¿n] cZjd]w o1df 5f]l8Psf] 3f]8f ;dft] .
#= tnsf kbfjnLsf] cy{;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
3gf hª\un 7'nf] tk:of
la/fgf] 7fpF sljt}sljtf ePsf] 7'nf] lstfa
v'ª\vf/ 8fs' 7'nf] / afSnf] hª\un
3g3f]/ tk:of 8/nfUbf] 8fs'
dxfg\ sfJou|Gy glrg]sf], gk'u]sf] 7fpF
kftfn k|j]z :yn kftfndf hfg] 7fpF
j}v/L sIff & 142
$= tnsf jfSoaf6 cg's/0ffTds zAb klxrfg u/L vfnL 7fpFdf ;f/ M
-s_ ;f}hg d[usf kf7fem}F km'q'skm'q's pk|mFb} 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ jfNdLlsh:t} JolSt b]Vbf xfdL s]xL a]/ jfNn k¥of}F . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf emndNn h'g nflu/x]sf] lyof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ d]/f] 3/ 5]psf] ?v uNof{Dd 9Nof] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ pgLx¿ cf>daf6 ;'6'Ss lg:s]5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-5_ lxF8\bflxF8\bf xfd|f uf]8fx¿ kmtSs un]sf lyP . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpm M
Kjf6\6, skfsk, y'r'Ss, e';'Ss, km'Tt, km6fkm6
^= tnsf 6'Ssfx¿ /fvL jfSo agfpm M
cfuf] x'g' sfg sf6\g' cfFvf 5Ng' xft 5f8\g'
d'v nfUg' lha|f] 6f]Sg' cfn' vfg' xfjf vfg'
&= tnsf pvfg / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
csa/L ;'gnfO{ s;L nufpg' kb{}g ™ cfˆgf cufl8 l7Ss kfg{]
d'vdf /fd/fd aunLdf 5'/f ™ dfUbf h] klg kfOG5 .
s'/f] / s'nf] htf nUof] Tot} hfG5 ™ /fd|f] s'/fnfO{ hfFlr/xg'kb{}g .
Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g ™ s'/fnfO{ htf klg a6fg{ ;lsG5 .
gkTofpg] vf]nfn] aufpF5 ™ ;xof]u b'a}tkm{sf] x'g'k5{ .
dfu] /fHo kfOG5, rf]/] b08 vfOG5 ™ slxn]sfxLF dfd'nL dfG5]n] 7'nf] sfd
ug{ ;S5 .
*= dflysf pvfgaf6 5fg]/ jfSo k"/f u/ M
-s_ ltdL ZofdnfO{ ul0ft hfGb}g eg]/ gx]k ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf /fd|f] u/]/ k|yd x'g a]/ nfUb}g .
-v_ dnfO{ o;/L g;f]wL csf{sf] ;fdfg nu]sf] dg kb{}g . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
-u_ of] lrof Onfdsf] xf] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F
of] lrof /fd|f] 5}g ls eg]/ zª\sf ug{'kb{}g .
-3_ ;fu/ cufl8 l7Ss kf5{ t/ k5fl8 d]/} s'/f sf6\5 . o;sf] Jojxf/ t
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]h:t} 5 .
-ª_ d}n] To;/L ltdLnfO{ g/fd|f] eg]s} xf]Og . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ eg]em}F d]/f] s'/fnfO{ rflxF ga6f/ t .
(= ltdLn] ;'g]sf kfFr cf]6f pvfg / kfFr cf]6f 6'Ssf n]v .
143 j}v/L sIff &
Jofs/0f
!= kf7af6 lgDg lqmofkb k|of]u ePsf jfSo sfkLdf ;f/ M
lyof}F lyof] u/] /x]5 lxF8]5g\ a:Yof] uy{] n'6\Yof],
5 efu]5 dflgG5 u5{ n'6\5f} u5f{} 5g\
@= tnsf lqmofkbnfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h;/L wft'af6 gofF lqmof agfpm M
a;\ M a:5' a:5f}F a:5;\ a:5f} a:5 a:5g\
v]n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
vf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
8'n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tnsf wft'af6 pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L gofF lqmof agfpm M
a;\ M a:g]5' a:g]5f}F a:g]5;\ a:g]5f} a:g]5 a:g]5g\
v]n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
8'n\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
vf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
n]v\ M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
d 3/ hfG5' . d 3/ hfFb} 5' . d 3/ uPsf] 5' .
pm 3/ hfG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
Tof] 3/df a:5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ /fd 3/ cfpFb} 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;Ltf gfr]sL 5] .
%= pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
pm kf]v/f hfg]5 . pm kf]v/f hfFb} x'g]5 . pm kf]v/f uPsf] x'g]5 .
efO 3/ cfpg]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ltdL 3/ k'u]sf x'g]5f} .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ pm gfRb} x'g]5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
j}v/L sIff & 144
;d"xdf efiff
!= ltd|f kfFr hgf ;fyLsf] gfd n]v . ca pgLx¿n] e|d0f u/]sf tLgtLg cf]6f wfld{s
jf ;f+:s[lts :ynx¿sf] gfd / 7]ufgf klg ;f]w]/ n]v M
qm=;+= ;fyLsf] gfd ;fyLn] e|d0f u/]sf 7]ufgf
wfld{s÷;f+:s[lts
:yn
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
!= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"xdf …e|d0fsf] dxTTjÚ zLif{sdf s'/fsfgL u/ .
145 j}v/L sIff &
l;h{gf÷n3' kl/of]hgf
!= g]kfnsf kfFr cf]6f ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] gfd n]v / ;Dej eP ltgsf tl:a/
agfpm jf 6fF; . k|To]s :ynsf af/]df klRr;lt; zAbdf kl/ro b]pm M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltd|f] Pp6f ofqfsf] af/]df !%) zAbdf j0f{g u/ .
j}v/L sIff & 146
kf7– !@
afns PsnJo
147 j}v/L sIff &
k"j{k7g
õ dflysf lrq x]/ . ca dxfef/t;Fu ;DalGwt sDtLdf af/ hgf kfqx¿sf] gfd
n]v .
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hflg/fVg'kg]{ s]xL zAbfy{x¿
u'?j/ – u'? 7ª\sf/f] – 7f8f] af]nLÙ 7'nf] :j/
k|0ffd – gd:sf/Ù 9f]u Dofg – t/af/ /fVg] vf]n
lgiffb – Ps k|frLg cgfo{ hflt ldhf; – :jefj
ljgd|tfsf ;fy – gd| :jefj;Fu j]ze"iff – nQfsk8fÙ kf];fs
lgd]s – g'gÙ kfl/>ldsÙ Hofnf cfrfo{ – u'?Ù 7'nf ljåfg\Ù d'Vo k'/f]lxt
lgod – sfg'g cf>d – ;fgf] s'6L
dlngtf – dlng x'gsf] efj jf cj:yf cv08 – g6'lqmPsf]Ù l;ª\uf]Ù c6'6
;f]v – rfxgfÙ OR5fÙ cfgGb s'n]nd 7f]Sg' – efUg'
wg'w{/ – wg' rnfpg l;kfn' JolStÙ lha|f] sf9\g' – lha|f] aflx/ lgsfNg'
wg' af]s]sf] JolSt
rfgr'g – ;fdfGoÙ dfd'nL
lgeL{s – g8/fpg]Ù eo gePsf]Ù lg8/
j}v/L sIff & 148
;'gfO÷af]nfO
!= !@ ;'g]/ l7sa]l7s 5'6\ofpm M
-s_ …dxfef/tÚsf /rgfsf/ jfNdLls x'g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-v_ …dxfef/tÚdfc+zaG8fsf] lgx'Fdf ePsf] j}dgiosf] rrf{ 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-u_ dxfef/tdf Ps nfveGbf sd Znf]sx¿ 5g\ eGg] ul/G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-3_ dxfef/tdf o'lwli7/, eLid, s0f{h:tf kfqx¿ 5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
-ª_ …dxfef/tÚdf o'4n] g} ;a}nfO{ kmfObf u5{ eGg] ;Gb]z 5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= !@ ;'g]/ d'v}n] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ …afns PsnJoÚ s'g u|Gyaf6 lemlsPsf] syf xf] <
-v_ dxlif{ j]bJof; sf] x'g\ <
-u_ …dxfef/tÚdf s'g o'4sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ kf08j / sf}/jx¿dWo] ;ft hgfsf] gfd atfpm .
-ª_ …dxfef/tÚdf s'g s'/f b;f{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 <
#= …dxfef/tÚsf] syf 5f]6s/Ldf eg .
$= …dxfef/tÚdf jl0f{t tnsf kfqx¿sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M
eLid, zs'lg, ljb'/, s0f{, ci6fjqm, b|f}kbL, b'of]{wg
149 j}v/L sIff &
k9fO
afns PsnJo
–zf/bf/d0f g]kfn
æk|0ffd u'?j/ ÛÆ
æolt /fd|f] ldhf;sf] of] afns sf] xf]nf <Æ lklnSs x]/]/ cfrfo{ b|f]0fn] ljrf/ u/],
æe]ife"iff x]bf{ t lgiffb h:tf] 5 .Æ
æd lgiffb/fh lx/0owg'sf] 5f]/f] PsnJo x'F . u'?j/ Û wg'lj{Bfsf ;j{>]i7 cfrfo{
tkfO{F;Fu Tof] ljBf l;Sg] /x/ af]s]/ oxfF cfPsf] 5' . s[kof, dnfO{ klg tkfO{Fsf] lzio
aGg] df}sf lbg'xf];\ .Æ afnsn] b'a} xft hf]8]/ ljgd|tfsf ;fy cfˆgf s'/f /fv] .
pgsf] cg'xf/ cfTdljZjf;n] wkSs an]sf] lyof] .
sf}/jkf08j /fhs'df/x¿nfO{ wg'lj{Bf l;sfpgsf nflu cfrfo{ b|f]0fn] xl:tgfk'/
;/sf/sf] lgd]s vfPsf lyP . x'g t pgL;Fu ToxfF cGo d'n'ssf /fhs'df/x¿ klg
ljBf l;Sg cfPsf lyP t/ pgn] leqleq} /fhs'df/ ch{'gnfO{ ;j{>]i7 agfpg] jrg
klg lbO;s]sf lyP To;}n] tL km'lt{nf afnslt/ x]b{} pgn] eg], æafa' PsnJo Û
Iflqo /fhs'df/x¿sf] o; kf7zfnfdf /fv]/ wg'lj{Bf l;sfpg lgodn] ldNb}g . ltdL
cfˆgf] af6f] nfu .Æ
b|f]0fsf s'/faf6 afns PsnJosf] cg'xf/df dlngtf cfof] . pgL lg/fz ePgg\ . pgn]
:jfefljs ¿kdf gd| eP/ cem} ;Ddfgsf ;fy eg], æd}n] tkfO{FnfO{ u'? dflg;s]sf]
5' . lgodn] ldNb}g / u'?nfO{ cK7\of/f] k5{ eg] eOxfNof] . dnfO{ t tkfO{Fsf] ;b\efjgf
dfq eP klg k'U5 .Æ
wg'lj{Bfdf vlKk; geO{sg 3/
gkms{g] c7f]6 lnPsf afns PsnJo
xl:tgfk'/af6 kms]{/ ;/f;/ Pp6f
hª\unlt/ nfu] . pgn] hª\unleq} ;fgf]
cf>d agfP . ToxfF pgn] b|f]0ffrfo{sf]
lhp8fnsf] df6fsf] d"lt{ agfP/ :yfkgf
u/] clg PslrTt eP/ wg'if rnfpg]
cEof; ug{ yfn] .
j}v/L sIff & 150
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