8 ANO

2 What do the following kids think about volunteering? Match the columns below.

a. Michele, 12 It shows you worry about your community.

b. Samantha, 12 It makes you active.

c. Kyra, 10 It teaches you humility.

d. Jasmine, 12 It will help you to be good at working with people when you
become an adult.

3 For each expression in bold below, find a fragment from the text equivalent in

meaning as in the following example.

a. You can be a volunteer at any age.

You can be a volunteer no matter how old you are .

b. Volunteering can help you cope with the stress of everyday life.

Volunteering can help you the stress of everyday life.

c. Volunteering can help you feel more helpful.

Volunteering can help you feel .

4 In your opinion, why is volunteering a good thing? Who do you agree with: Michele,

Samantha, Kyra or Jasmine?

Language in Use

Past Simple (Irregular Verbs)

1 Go back to the text on the previous page and find irregular verbs in the Past Simple

tense. Then, complete the table below.

IRREGULAR VERBS

can could tell
grow
think

2 Find 10 irregular verbs in the Past Simple tense in the word search below.

K S K OS A I D E D G V MF V Y S J K U I D I D
O K B O A X L Y C A ME E S A WE MA D E D V E
C E B R O K E D WO F V P F L A K B E G A N H Z
O B X F O U N D T A U X T O O K K WE N T H H L

Review 4 149

3 The following text is an inspiring volunteer story. Complete it with the verbs in the Reprodução/<thebulletin.ca>

box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.

begin • discover • do • go • match • see

I used to view volunteering as a chore required for graduation until

I discovered a passion that my personal

interests. I from a regular unenthusiastic teen, to

sitting on various city youth boards and developing my very own

volunteer campaigns. Through these experiences I an opportunity to

really make a difference in the nonprofit sector and bridge the gap between youth and

volunteerism. I mobilizing committees, developing the Passion for Progress

campaign with the Volunteer Action Centre and stepping forward as a youth advocate

across Ontario. My mission through my various projects is to inspire even a few youths to

pick a volunteer opportunity that matches their interests, with the hopes that maybe they will

discover a passion and interest in volunteering like I . – Kelly Lovell

From: <http://getvolunteering.ca/story/youth-volunteering>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

4 What do you think of Kelly's story? Is volunteering a chore or a passion in her life now?

Past Continuous

5 What volunteer work were the people in the photos below doing? Write sentences

about them as in the following example.

Paul Vasarhelyi/ a. Volunteers were helping an elderly man use the computer. Leland Bobbé/Corbis/Latinstock
Shutterstock/Glow Images b.

Rob Marmion/ c.
Shutterstock/Glow Images

6 In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a. were / The kids / picking up / while / they / trash. / chatting / were

b. his sister / The boy / when / was / to help him. / came / doing the dishes

150 Units 7 & 8

Time for Fun!

It’s time to play “Bingo” with your classmates.

INSTRUCTIONS
• Em cada rodada, complete a cartela com verbos irregulares no Past Simple tense. Se

desejar, consulte a lista de verbos irregulares na seção Language Reference in Context.
• Marque, na sua cartela, os verbos sorteados. A cada rodada, uma pessoa do grupo deve

sortear os verbos no infinitivo.
• O vencedor de cada rodada é aquele que completar primeiro uma fileira da cartela.

ROUND Bingo

1

ROUND Bingo

2

ROUND Bingo

3

Review 4 151

Thinking about Learning

What can I do now?

Talk about different types of relationship and with
important values... confidence
Talk about volunteering...
Use the Past Simple tense (irregular verbs)... well
Use the Past Continuous tense...
Explore mini essays... with some
Explore comic strips... difficulty

What words/expressions have I learned in units 7 and 8?

Words/Expressions Words/Expressions in use

What learning resources have I used in units 7 and 8?

Dictionaries Glossary Language Reference in Context
Extra Reading Extra Videos Vocabulary Corner
Internet Other:

What do I need to do in order to improve my learning?

Ilustra•›es: Galv‹o Bertazzi/Arquivo da editora

152 Units 7 & 8

2B Sonja Pacho/Corbis/Latinstock

Volunteering and Having Fun (Second Part)

Na unidade 8, você falou sobre voluntariado e discutiu, na página 147, algumas ideias
de trabalho voluntário que podem ser desenvolvidas no ambiente escolar. Leia a tarefa
abaixo e siga as instruções para fazer a segunda parte do Project 2, Volunteering and
Having Fun.

TASK: After having written the script of a play or musical, it is time to do some volunteer work,
put into practice your abilities and make a presentation in order to help others.

1. Produce it! In groups, review the draft that you and your classmates wrote in
the first part of this project. Then get prepared to act it out! Assign roles, plan
scenarios, gather props and rehearse the play or musical. If necessary, you can make
adjustments to the script.

2. Share it locally! Organize a drama event at your school to share the performance
that you and your classmates have been working on. Invite teachers, family members,
friends, and other people from your community to watch your performance.
Ask guests to bring a food item for donation. You can also perform the play or
musical in hospitals or charitable institutions.

3. Share it globally! If you feel
comfortable, you can video or
audiotape your performance and
publish the video or podcast on the
school website or other educational
sites such as <www.teachertube.
com>. Publish it on the Internet and
let people all over the world get
inspired by your video!

 Think about it!
Reflita sobre o desenvolvimento do projeto a partir das questões a seguir.
 Como você se sentiu ao fazer a apresentação?
 Como foi a apresentação na escola?
 Como as pessoas reagiram ao vídeo/áudio publicado na Internet?
 Você faria alguma coisa de modo diferente? Em caso afirmativo, o quê?
 Você acredita que a sua apresentação possa transformar, de alguma forma, a vida das

pessoas na sua comunidade? E daquelas que precisam de ajuda?

Project 2B 153

Word Groups

Uma forma de ajudar você a ampliar e fixar o vocabulário aprendido é
agrupar as palavras e expressões por campo semântico. Você pode criar um
esquema, diagrama, quadro ou mapa conceitual e, assim, organizar visualmente
o vocabulário.

Digital Devices

tablet TV/television

mobile/ computer
smartphone

Daily Activities
walk/ go for a walk

take a shower have/ eat breakfast

stretch wash face Ilustra•›es: Galv‹o Bertazzi/Arquivo da editora

154 read (a book)

Synonyms

Outra forma de ajudar você a ampliar e fixar o vocabulário aprendido
é agrupar as palavras e expressões com o mesmo significado (sinônimos).
Os pares de sinônimos a seguir aparecem nos textos da unit 2 e das demais
unidades deste livro. Busque sempre observar o contexto de uso para inferir o
significado de palavras desconhecidas.

a. begin e. of course i. to cope with m. vital

b. brave f. outgoing j. to displace n. wonderful
c. end g. rude k. to set

d. movie h. shy l. useful

courageous finish sociable to establish

definitely helpful start to replace

essential impolite timid
film marvelous to deal with

Book Genres

Reprodução/Disney-Hyperion Reprodução/Simon & Schuster Reprodução/Arquivo da editora Reprodução/DC Comics

classic comics

Reprodução/Arquivo da editora Reprodução/Arthur A. Levine Books Reprodução/Editora Melhoramentos Reprodução/L&PM Pocket

Reprodução/Orion books Reprodução/Katherine Tegen Books Reprodução/Mariner Books Reprodução/Speak Books

My favorite book genre is short stories
.

Vocabulary Corner 155

Adjectives

talkative

funny serious
outgoing / sociable

Ilustra•›es: Galv‹o Bertazzi/Arquivo da editora

156

I admire Occupations

Boyer/Roger-Viollet/Agência France-Presse architect
musician / composer
Pascal Rondeau/Allsport/Getty Images Nilson Bastian/LatinContent/Getty Images

. She/ He was a/ an

AGIP/Rue des Archives/Latinstock

Ricardo Chvaicer/Arquivo da editora

. Henrique Bernardelli/Rogério Reis/Pulsar Imagens/ Cedida por Tarsila Educação/<www.tarsiladoamaral.com.br> André Teixeira/Agência O Globo
Academia Brasileira de Letras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Vocabulary Corner 157

MI hyafvaevorite kind of TV show is hair and Kinds of TV Shows

158 CityFiles/WireImage/Getty Images michaeljung/Shutterstock/Glow Images Stas Moroz/Shutterstock/Glow Images Donaldson Collection/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images

eyes.

.

Theo Wargo/The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon/ Scott Humbert/3 Arts Entertainment/ Monty Brinton/CBS/Getty Images Mr Pics/Shutterstock/Glow Images
Getty Images Everett Collection/Keystone

False Friends

A lista a seguir se refere a palavras parecidas com o português, mas
com significado diferente (false friends) que aparecem nos textos da unit 7 e
das demais unidades deste livro. Busque sempre observar o contexto para
identificar false friends e faça inferências sobre seu verdadeiro significado.

Inglês – Português Português – Inglês

actually na verdade, de fato atualmente nowadays, today,
currently
appointment
compromisso, hora apontamento note
beef marcada

college carne de vaca bife steak

costume faculdade, ensino colégio (Ensino Médio) high school
enroll superior
eventually
exit fantasia, traje típico costume custom, habit
fabric
lecture inscrever-se, matricular-se enrolar roll up, curl up
library
lunch finalmente eventualmente occasionally
notice
novel saída, sair êxito success
parents
policy tecido, pano fábrica factory, plant
prejudice
pretend palestra, aula leitura reading
push
biblioteca livraria book shop
realize
almoço lanche snack
resume
senior notar, perceber notícia news
stranger
support romance novela soap, soap opera

pais parentes relatives

política (diretrizes) polícia police

preconceito prejuízo damage, loss

fingir pretender intend

empurrar puxar pull

perceber, dar-se conta de realizar perform, carry out, fulfill,
accomplish

retomar, recomeçar resumir summarize

mais velho senhor gentleman, sir

desconhecido, estranho estrangeiro foreigner

apoiar suportar (tolerar) stand tolerate

Vocabulary Corner 159

When it comes to household chores, I usually cleaning up your room Household Chores

160 Feriq Ferec/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images Christine Schneider/cultura/Corbis/Latinstock Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images Air Images/Shutterstock/Glow Images

making up the bed doing the dishes

Maskot/Corbis/Latinstock Radius Images/Corbis/Latinstock Simon Marcus/Corbis/Latinstock Sam Diephuis/Blend Images RM/Getty Images

doing the ironing

.

Frank Van Delft/Corbis/Latinstock Sigrid Olsson/PhotoAlto/Keystone Igor Emmerich/Corbis/Latinstock Sergey Ryzhov/Shutterstock/Glow Images

Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do Present Simple e do Present
Continuous.

Leading Languages Chinese
(Mandarin)
Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but 23 languages stand out with
more than 50 million speakers each. 845
Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin, more than double
the next largest group of language speakers. Colonial expansion, trade, and migration
account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.
With growing use of the Internet, English is becoming the language of the technology age.

English Spanish

German Japanese Russian Portuguese Bengali Hindi Arabic

221 328 329

90 122 144 178 181 182

Population of frst language Languages
speakers (in millions)

From: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC KIDS. World Atlas. Fourth Edition.
Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2013, p.38.

No texto “Leading Languages”, as primeiras frases apresentam fatos sobre
algumas línguas. Nelas, encontramos os verbos no Present Simple (have, stand out,
has, account for). Já a última frase do texto expressa uma tendência atual para o uso
da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Present Continuous (is becoming).

Usamos o Present Simple para:

• falar de fatos e generalizações.
ÒSome languages have only a few hundred speakersÉÓ
ÒÉ23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each."
ÒEarthÕs population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of MandarinÉÓ
ÒColonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the

other most widely spoken languages.Ó

• falar de rotinas, hábitos, ações do dia a dia.
They always speak English at school.
We have Portuguese classes every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.

Language Reference in Context 161

Usamos o Present Continuous para:

• falar de ações que ocorrem no momento da fala/escrita.
They are talking about leading languages.
He is exploring a graph right now.

• expressar mudanças que ocorrem momentaneamente (tendências atuais).
ÒEnglish is becoming the language of the technology age.Ó
Many people are using English on the Internet nowadays.

Veja, no quadro a seguir, as regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing.

Regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing Exemplos

A maioria dos verbos: do + ing → doing
verbo + ing talk + ing → talking

Verbos terminados em e: use - e + ing → using
verbo - e + ing become - e + ing → becoming

Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: stop + p + ing → stopping

verbo + última consoante + ing swim + m + ing → swimming

Verbos terminados em ie: die - ie + ing → dying
verbo - ie + y + ing lie - ie + ing → lying

Extra Practice
CLS Design/Shutterstock/
Glow ImagesThe text below is about school enrolment. Complete
Pal Teravagimov/Shutterstock/Glow Imagesit with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use
the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense.

Education (prepare) children to

participate in society and to find a place in the world of

work. School enrolment rates (rise),

but many children still (grow up) without

access to a basic education. There are many reasons why children

(not get) even a primary education. (...)

From: COLLINS World Watch: a dynamic visual guide packed with fascinating facts about the world.
2nd edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, p. 34. (fragment)

Future with will

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso de will.

What is the Future of the English Language?

English, as any other language, is a living and dynamic system,
and it transforms according to the way its speakers use it. For this
reason, today’s English will be very different in about a century. (...)

From: <http://termcoord.eu/2014/07/future-english-language>.
Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

162

No texto “What is the Future of the English Language?”, o trecho “today’s
English will be very different in about a century” refere-se ao futuro da língua
inglesa daqui a aproximadamente cem anos.

• Usamos will para nos referirmos ao futuro.
New varieties of English will spread.

Forma afirmativa will be very different
I in the future.
You
He / She / It
We / You / They

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa de will.

• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do will e antes do verbo principal.
English will not be the same in about a hundred years.

Forma negativa

I

You will not be the same in
He / She / It the future.

We / You / They

(will not = wonÕt)

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos will antes do sujeito.
According to the text, will English be different in the future? Yes, it will.

Forma interrogativa

I

you be different in the
Will future?

he / she / it

we / you / they

Respostas curtas Negativa wonÕt.
Afirmativa I
you
I
you will. No,
Yes, he / she / it
he / she / it we / you / they
we / you / they

Language Reference in Context 163

Extra Practice

In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a. be/Online learning/a more efficient way to learning languages/will

b. will/English/be/the most important language in the future

c. wonÕt/Spanish/so popular worldwide as English/be

Making Comparisons (The Comparative Form)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Comparative Form.

© 1950 Peanuts Worldwide LLC.
/Dist. by Universal Uclick

Available at: <www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1950/11/01>. Accessed in: February, 2015.

Na tirinha, a menina faz v‡rias compara•›es entre Charlie Brown e o outro
menino. Usamos o comparativo de superioridade (moreÉ than) para dizer que
um elemento Ž superior a outro em algum aspecto.

ÒAre you stronger than Charlie Brown?Ó
ÒAre you older than Charlie Brown?Ó
ÒAre you smarter than Charlie Brown?Ó

Regras ortogr‡ficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Exemplos

A maioria dos adjetivos: strong + er → stronger
adjetivo + er old + er → older

Adjetivos Adjetivos terminados em e: wise + r → wiser
curtos adjetivo + r nice + r → nicer

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + fat + t + er → fatter
consoante: big + g + er → bigger
adjetivo + última consoante + er

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: angry - y + ier → angrier
adjetivo - y + ier funny - y + ier → funnier

Adjetivos more + adjetivo difficult → more + difficult
longos important → more +
important

Formas good → better
irregulares bad → worse
far → farther / further

164

Extra Practice

Based on the characteristics of the following characters, complete the
sentences below with the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.

Lucy Patty Marcie Ilustrações: © Peanuts Worldwide LLC./Dist. by Universal Uclick
bossy, crabby (bad-tempered) not so smart, good at sports smart, bad at sports

a. Lucy is than Marcie. (bossy)
b. Lucy is
c. Patty is than Patty. (crabby)
d. Marcie is
at sports than Marcie. (good)

than Patty. (smart)

Making Comparisons (The Superlative Form)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso da Superlative Form.

Filipe Frazao/Shutterstock/Glow Images

Speaking of São Paulo state without using superlatives is difficult. The southern
hemisphere’s largest city! Its finest museums! Its best restaurants! Its worst traffic!
(Well, you can’t have everything.) São Paulo city – Sampa to locals – serves as
Brazil’s Boom Town, commercially, financially, industrially and culturally (...).

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013, p. 215.

No texto, vemos que São Paulo é a maior cidade do hemisfério sul, com os
melhores museus e restaurantes, mas o pior trânsito. Usamos o superlativo (the
mostÉ) para dizer que um elemento, em um grupo, alcança o grau mais alto no
aspecto em que é comparado.

“The southern hemisphere’s largest city.”
São Paulo has the fnest museums, the best restaurants, but the worst traffc.

Language Reference in Context 165

Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos Exemplos
no grau comparativo

A maioria dos adjetivos: the + strong + est → the strongest
the + adjetivo + est the + old + est → the oldest

Adjetivos Adjetivos terminados em e: the + large + st → the largest
curtos the + adjetivo + st the + fine + st → the finest

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + the + fat + t + est → the fattest
vogal + consoante: the + big + g + est → the biggest
the + adjetivo + última consoante + est

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: the + angry - y + iest → the angriest

the + adjetivo - y + iest the + funny - y + iest → the funniest

Adjetivos the most + adjetivo difficult → the most + difficult
longos important → the most + important

Formas good → the best
irregulares bad → the worst
far → the farthest/the furthest

Extra Practice

Complete the following sentences with the superlative form of the
adjectives in parentheses.

a. Brazil has some of beaches on earth. (fine)

b. Spread between Argentina and Brazil, Iguaçu Falls are some of

waterfalls on earth. (spectacular)

c. Seen from the peak of Pão de Açúcar, Rio is undoubtedly

city in the world. (beautiful)

d. By far diving in the country is in the Fernando de

Noronha archipelago. (good)

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th Edition, November 2013.

Past Simple (Verb To Be)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do verb to be no Past Simple.

FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions

3. When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?
18 July

4. How old was Nelson Mandela?
The late former President Mandela was 95 when he died.

5. What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?
His father was Nkosi (Chief) Mphakanyiswa Mandela and his mother was
Nosekeni Mandela.

Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

166

• Was e were são a forma do verb to be no Past Simple.
“When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?”
“How old was Nelson Mandela?”
“What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?”

Forma afirmativa was
I
You were
He / She / It from South Africa.
We / You / They
was

were

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa do verb to be no
Past Simple.

• Em frases negativas, usamos not • Em frases interrogativas, usamos o
depois do verb to be (was/were). verb to be (was/were) antes do sujeito.

Mandela’s parents were not Was Mandela an anti-apartheid
teachers. leader? Yes, he was.

Forma negativa Forma interrogativa
Was I
I was Were you
Was he / she / it
You were not from South Were we / you / they from South
He / She / It was Africa. Africa?

We / You / They were

(was not = wasnÕt; were not = werenÕt)

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa
I
I was. you wasnÕt.
werenÕt.
you were. No, wasnÕt.
Yes, was. he / she / it werenÕt.
we / you / they
he / she / it

we / you / they were.

Extra Practice

Based on the FAQ about Nelson Mandela, complete the following
sentences with was or were.

a. Nelson Mandela born on 18 July.

b. He 95 when he died.

c. His parents Nkosi Mandela and Nosekeni Mandela.

Language Reference in Context 167

Past Simple (Regular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.

© 2013 Paws, Inc. All Rights Reserved/
Dist. Universal Uclick

DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-14>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield ficou acordado
por muito tempo na tarde passada. Note que, na tirinha, foi utilizado o verbo
regular no Past Simple (stayed).

• Todos os verbos regulares no Past Simple terminam em ed.
ÒI stayed up too late last afternoon.Ó
He watched TV in the morning.

Regras ortogr‡ficas para verbos regulares no Past Simple Exemplos

A maioria dos verbos: stay → stayed
verbo + ed watch → watched

Verbos terminados em e: live → lived
verbo + d use → used

*Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: shop → shopped
verbo + última consoante + ed plan → planned

Verbos terminados em consoante + y: cry → cried
verbo - y + ied study → studied

* Exceto os verbos terminados em w, x, y. Também não dobramos a última consoante quando a
primeira sílaba for tônica, como em offered, visited.

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados
completos no passado.
We studied English yesterday.
They visited their grandparents last weekend.

Forma afirmativa lived in Brazil last year.
I
You
He / She / It
We / You / They

168

• Em frases negativas, usamos • Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did
didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo
principal. Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
principal está em sua forma básica. Did you study English yesterday?
Yes, we did.
She didn’t work last Saturday.
They didn't attend the same Did she work last Saturday?
school when they were kids. No, she didn’t.

Forma negativa Forma interrogativa

I I

You didn’t live in Mexico you live in Brazil last
He / She / It last year. Did year?

he / she / it

We / You / They we / you / they

Respostas curtas Negativa didn’t.
Afirmativa I
you
I
you did. No,
Yes, he / she / it
he / she / it we / you / they
we / you / they

Extra Practice

The following text is about the organizations Nelson Mandela established.
Complete it with the verbs in parentheses. Use the Past Simple tense as in
the example.

FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions

15. Which organisations did Nelson Mandela establish?

Mr. Mandela (help) to found the African National Congress Youth

League in 1944. He also (help) in 1961 to establish Umkhonto

we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress and was its first

Commander-in-Chief. When he was President of South Africa he

(start) the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund and (donate) one-third

of his salary every month to the organisation. In 1999 after he stepped down

(step down) as President he (start) the Nelson Mandela Foundation

as a post-presidential office and charity to assist in various causes. In 2003 he

(found) the Mandela Rhodes Foundation to assist postgraduate

students from throughout Africa to further their studies. He also

(establish) the Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development.

Available at: <www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/faqs>. Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

Language Reference in Context 169

Past Simple (Irregular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.

© 2014 Paws, Inc. All Rights Reserved/
Dist. Universal Uclick

DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2014-05-28>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield emprestou/deu
seu livro a Odie. Note que, no texto, foram utilizados os verbos irregulares no
Past Simple (lent e gave).

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados
completos no passado.
“I lent Odie a book.”
“I gave Odie a book.”

Forma afirmativa

I

You became popular.
He / She / It

We / You / They

• Em frases negativas, usamos didnÕt (= did not) antes do verbo principal.
Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.
Odie didn’t read Garfeld’s book.
Garfeld didn’t get back his book.

Forma negativa

I

You didnÕt become popular.
He / She / It

We / You / They

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo
principal está em sua forma básica.
Did Garfeld lend his book to Odie? Yes, he did.
Did Odie read Garfeld’s book? No, he didn’t.

170

Forma interrogativa

I

you become popular?
Did

he / she / it

we / you / they

Respostas curtas

Afirmativa Negativa

I did. No, I didnÕt.
you you
Yes, he / she / it
he / she / it we / you / they
we / you / they

Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por ordem alfabŽtica

Forma básica* Passado Tradução**

be was, were ser, estar
bear bore suportar; ser portador de
beat beat bater
become became tornar-se
begin began começar
behold beheld contemplar
bend bent curvar
bet bet apostar
bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta
bind bound unir, vincular, comprometer
bite bit morder
bleed bled sangrar, ter hemorragia
blow blew assoprar; explodir
break broke quebrar
breed bred procriar, reproduzir
bring brought trazer
broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar
build built construir
burn burnt/burned queimar
buy bought comprar
can could poder
catch caught pegar, capturar
choose chose escolher
come came vir
cost cost custar
cut cut cortar
deal dealt negociar, tratar
dig dug cavar, escavar
do did fazer

Language Reference in Context 171

draw drew desenhar
dream dreamt/dreamed sonhar
drink drank beber
drive drove dirigir, ir de carro
eat ate comer
fall fell cair
feed fed alimentar
feel felt sentir(-se)
fight fought lutar
find found achar, encontrar
flee fled fugir, escapar
fly flew voar; pilotar
forbid forbade proibir
forget forgot esquecer
forgive forgave perdoar
freeze froze congelar; paralisar
get got obter
give gave dar
go went ir
grow grew crescer, cultivar
hang hung*** pendurar
have had ter; beber; comer
hear heard ouvir
hide hid esconder
hit hit bater
hold held segurar
hurt hurt machucar
keep kept guardar; manter
know knew saber, conhecer
lay laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar
lead led liderar, conduzir
learn learnt/learned aprender
leave left deixar, partir
lend lent emprestar (dar emprestado)
let let deixar; alugar
lie lay deitar
lose lost perder, extraviar
make made fazer, fabricar
mean meant significar, querer dizer
meet met encontrar, conhecer
overcome overcame superar
overtake overtook alcançar; surpreender
pay paid pagar
put put colocar
quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir
read read ler
ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)
ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)
rise rose subir, erguer-se
run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir
saw sawed serrar

172

say said dizer
see saw ver
seek sought procurar obter, objetivar
sell sold vender
send sent mandar
set set estabelecer; colocar; p™r em determinada
condi•‹o; marcar; ajustar
shake shook sacudir, tremer
shine shone brilhar
shoot shot atirar, alvejar
show showed mostrar, exibir
shrink shrank encolher, contrair
shut shut fechar, cerrar
sing sang cantar
sink sank afundar, submergir
sit sat sentar
sleep slept dormir
slide slid deslizar, escorregar
smell smelled/smelt cheirar
speak spoke falar
spend spent gastar
spin spun girar; fiar
spit spit/spat cuspir
spread spread espalhar
stand stood parar; ficar de pŽ; aguentar
steal stole roubar
stick stuck furar, fincar, enfiar
stink stank cheirar mal
strike struck golpear, desferir, atacar
strive strove esfor•ar-se, lutar
swear swore jurar, prometer, assegurar
sweep swept varrer
swim swam nadar
swing swung balan•ar, alternar
take took tomar
teach taught ensinar, dar aula
tear tore rasgar, despeda•ar
tell told contar, dizer
think thought pensar
throw threw atirar, arremessar
undergo underwent submeter-se a, suportar
understand understood entender
uphold upheld sustentar, apoiar; defender
wear wore vestir, usar; gastar
weep wept chorar
win won vencer, ganhar
write wrote escrever, redigir

* Forma b‡sica = infinitivo sem a part’cula to.
** Apresentamos aqui os sentidos mais comuns dos verbos listados. Em v‡rios casos, os verbos

podem assumir outros sentidos. ƒ necess‡rio sempre observar o contexto para compreender o
significado do verbo em uso.
*** Quando hang Ž usado no sentido de enforcar, Ž um verbo regular (hang/hanged).

Language Reference in Context 173

Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por formas
semelhantes

Forma b‡sica e Passado com a mesma forma

Forma b‡sica Passado Tradu•‹o

bet bet apostar
bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta
broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar
cast cast atirar, deitar
cost cost custar
cut cut cortar
hit hit bater
hurt hurt machucar
let let deixar, alugar
put put colocar
quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir
read read ler
set set estabelecer; colocar; p™r em
determinada condi•‹o; marcar; ajustar
shut shut fechar, cerrar
spread spread espalhar

Passado com o som /an/ /aŋ/

Forma b‡sica Passado Tradu•‹o

begin began come•ar
drink drank beber
run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir
ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)
shrink shrank encolher, contrair
sing sang cantar
sink sank afundar, submergir
stink stank cheirar mal
swim swam nadar

Passado com o som /əʊ/

Forma b‡sica Passado Tradu•‹o
break broke
choose chose quebrar
drive drove escolher
freeze froze dirigir, ir de carro
ride rode congelar, paralisar
andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.),
rise rose andar a (cavalo)
speak spoke subir, erguer-se
steal stole falar
write wrote roubar
escrever, redigir

174

Passado com o som /ɔːt/

Forma básica Passado Tradução

bring brought trazer
buy bought comprar
fight fought lutar
seek sought procurar obter, objetivar
think thought pensar
catch caught pegar, capturar
teach taught ensinar, dar aula

Passado com o som /uː/

Forma básica Passado Tradução

blow blew assoprar, explodir
draw drew desenhar
fly flew voar, pilotar
grow grew crescer, cultivar
know knew saber, conhecer
throw threw atirar, arremessar

Passado com o som /ɛnt/

Forma básica Passado Tradução

bend bent curvar
lend lent dar emprestado
send sent mandar
spend spent gastar

Passado com o som /ept/

Forma básica Passado Tradução

keep kept guardar, manter
sleep slept dormir
sweep swept varrer
weep wept chorar

Extra Practice

The following text is about Steve Jobs, a famous inventor. Complete it with the verbs
from the box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.

Jaguar PS/Shutterstock/Glow Images be born give go teach not want

Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, to a pair of graduate

students who him up for adoption because their parents

them to marry. Steve was adopted at birth by Clara and

Paul Jobs. His mother him to read before he

to school. Steve and his father would work on electronics in the family garage,

taking apart and reassembling televisions, radios and stereos.

Steve Jobs, inventor Available at: <http://mrnussbaum.com/steve-jobs>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Language Reference in Context 175

Past Simple or Past Continuous? © 2013 Paws, Inc. All Rights Reserved/Dist. Universal Uclick

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple e do Past Continuous.

DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-13>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Na tirinha, encontramos a maioria dos verbos no Past Simple porque a gata
descreve ações completas que aconteceram no passado como, no primeiro
quadrinho, em “I had a dream about us last night, Garfield.” Já no segundo
quadrinho, encontramos ações em andamento no passado (“We were having a
picnic, eating sandwiches”) e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Past Continuous.

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações no passado.
“a huge bear jumped out and attacked us."
“Then you sprang into action, fought him off with your bare paws, swept
me into your arms and carried me to safety!”

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Continuous para falar de ações em andamento
no passado.
“We were having a picnic, eating sandwiches.”

Extra Practice

In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a. saved/from a huge bear/Garfield/his girlfriend
b. sandwiches/were/They/a bear attacked them/eating/when
c. about sandwiches/was/Garfield/while/thinking/she was talking

176

Este glossário apresenta uma seleção de palavras e expressões utilizadas no livro,
acompanhadas do sentido com que são utilizadas nele. Algumas dessas palavras podem ser
utilizadas em mais de um sentido.

A average: média; médio broadcast: transmissão,
avoid: evitar programa
abroad: no/para o exterior
accomplish: realizar, alcançar B broaden: ampliar(-se), alargar(-se)
achieve: atingir, alcançar brotherhood: fraternidade
actually: na verdade, na beard: barba buckle up: colocar o cinto de
beat: vencer, derrotar; bater;
realidade segurança
addict: viciado(a) batimento burden: fardo, estorvo,
addiction: vício bee: abelha
address: abordar, enfrentar; beg: implorar obrigação
behave: comportar-se burst: rajada; ataque
endereçar; endereço behavior: comportamento busy: ocupado(a), atarefado(a);
aftermath: desfecho belt: cinto
afraid: temeroso, com medo blood: sangue congestionado(a); intenso(a),
ahead: à frente ⇨ blood vessel: vaso sanguíneo cheio(a)
aid worker: sanitarista blow: soprar buzz: zumbir
allow: permitir ⇨ blow someone’s nose: assoar
alongside: ao lado (de) C
already: já o nariz
amazed: admirado(a) ⇨ blow up: explodir; estourar camp: acampamento
ambassador: embaixador(a) board game: jogo de tabuleiro campaigner: ativista
amount: quantidade; quantia boost: aumentar care: cuidado
amusing: divertido(a), bother: aborrecer; incomodar; careful: cuidadoso(a), atento(a)
carefully: cuidadosamente,
engraçado(a) chatear
ancient: antigo(a) bothered: incomodado(a) atentamente
anger: raiva ⇨ I’m not bothered (BrE): Para carry: carregar, transportar
angry: zangado(a) ⇨ carry on: continuar, seguir em
appealing: atraente mim tanto faz
arrange: arrumar; organizar brain: cérebro frente
arrow: seta; flecha branch: ramo catchy: que pega fácil; fácil de
assumption: suposição brave: valente, corajoso(a)
attend: comparecer a breathe: respirar memorizar
brief: breve cell: célula
bright: brilhante chain: corrente
challenge: desafiar; desafio
chant: canção
charge: carregar; cobrar

Glossary 177

chase: perseguir D enrich: enriquecer
cheer up: animar-se entangle: emaranhar
chew: mastigar data: dados ⇨ get entangled in something:
chewing gum: chiclete, goma de deal with something: lidar com;
ficar emaranhado em algo
mascar resolver entry: entrada
chore: tarefa decrease: diminuir evaluate: avaliar; examinar
citizen: cidadão deep: fundo, profundo; muito even though: apesar de
clear: limpar, remover evolve from something: evoluir
⇨ clear something away/up: profundo
delighted: encantado(a) a partir de algo
arrumar algo, p™r algo em depict: retratar exchange: trocar
ordem deserve: merecer exposure: exposição
climb: subir; escalar design: desenhar, criar
close: perto, pr—ximo; fechar(-se) device: aparelho, dispositivo F
clutter: entulhar disease: doença
coal: carvão dish: prato fable: fábula
coast: costa disorder: desordem; distœrbio fall: cair
college: faculdade displace: substituir ⇨ fall apart: desfazer-se; fazer-se
come: vir display: exibir; expor
⇨ come along: ir junto draft: rescunho, esboço em pedaços
⇨ come out: aparecer; ser drop: soltar; largar; abandonar feast: banquete; fazer um
lançado, ser publicado ⇨ drop out: desistir, largar
commitment: compromisso dry: seco(a) banquete
cope (with something/ dust: poeira, p— feat: proeza, façanha
someone): dar conta dwarf: anã(o) feather: pena
(de algo), enfrentar algo/ dystopian: dist—pico(a) feature: ser estrelado por;
alguém
counselor: conselheiro(a) E característica, aspecto
cover: capa; coberta; cobrir; tapar feed: alimentar
customer: cliente ease: aliviar fellow: colega, companheiro(a)
costume: fantasia; traje típico edge: borda; margem figure something/someone out:
couple: casal; alguns either: qualquer um dos dois
crash: batida, colisão elderly: idoso(a) entender algo/alguém
cropland: colheita, plantio empowerment: empoderamento fill in: completar
cross: atravessar; cruzar enable someone to do finding: resultado, descoberta
crowd: multidão firefly: vagalume
cruise: cruzeiro something: permitir, possibilitar fireworks: fogos de artifício
curl: cacho; enrolar a alguém fazer algo fit: caber; servir
current: atual endeavor: empenho; empenhar-se fitness: boa forma (física)
cut: cortar endurance: resist•ncia fix: consertar; dar um jeito em;
⇨ cut back: fazer cortes; reduzir enhance: aumentar, melhorar;
cute: fofinho(a) realçar combinar
flow: fluir, correr; corrente, fluxo
forehead: testa
foreign: estrangeiro(a)
former: antigo, anterior

178 Glossary

forward: para frente; jogador grow: crescer; cultivar instead: em vez disso
atacante ⇨ grow up: crescer ⇨ instead of: em vez de, em
guest: convidado; hóspede
⇨ look forward to: aguardar, lugar de
esperar (ansiosamente) H insurance: seguro
iron: ferro
foster: de criação hands-on: prático(a) issue: questão
furthermore: além disso hang out: sair com alguém
fuzzy: sem nitidez; vago(a) hard: duro(a) J
hardly ever: quase nunca
G harm: prejudicar jam: geleia
harmful: prejudicial, nocivo joke: piada
gadget: aparelho, dispositivo heated: aquecido(a); acalorado(a) joy: alegria
gap: lacuna helpless: indefeso(a)
garbage: lixo height: altura K
gather: juntar high: alto(a)
get: receber, obter, conseguir ⇨ be in high spirits: estar keep: manter
⇨ get along with someone: ⇨ keep up (with something/
animado(a)
dar-se bem (com alguém) hinder: atrapalhar, dificultar someone): acompanhar
⇨ get away (from): ficar longe hip: quadril (alguém/algo), seguir o ritmo
hire: contratar; alugar (de alguém/algo)
(de...), afastar-se (de...) hit: bater; batida; sucesso key: chave; fundamental;
⇨ get through something: hold up someone’s hand: erguer gabarito
kind: gentil, cordial
passar por algo, sobreviver, a mão knee: joelho
atravessar host: anfitriã(o); sediar knife: faca
gift: presente; dom household: doméstico knowledge: conhecimento
give: dar huge: enorme
⇨ give out: distribuir humbleness: humildade L
⇨ give something away: revelar hungry: faminto(a)
algo hurt: doer, machucar label: rotular
⇨ give up (something): hurtful: ofensivo, cruel lake: lago
abandonar (algo); desistir landscape: paisagem
(de fazer algo) I lately: ultimamente
go: ir laugh: rir
⇨ go on: continuar, seguir em improve: melhorar laughter: risada
frente incoming: novo, entrante launch: lançar; inaugurar
⇨ go out: sair; apagar-se increase: aumentar; subir lazy: preguiçoso(a)
goal: objetivo indeed: de fato, certamente leave someone/something
goodwill: boa vontade ink: tinta
greet: saudar, cumprimentar inner: interno, interior; íntimo(a) out: deixar fora alguém/algo,
groceries: mantimentos, gêneros excluir alguém/algo
alimentícios lecture: palestra
ground: chão

Glossary 179

leisure: lazer no-no: mau comportamento, poetry: poesia
length: comprimento; dura•‹o travessura poison: veneno
lengthen: prolongar policy: pol’tica
life imprisonment: pris‹o northeastern: nordeste polite: educado, gentil
poll: pesquisa; vota•‹o
perpŽtua O pose: causar (problema,
lightning: raio, rel‰mpago
literacy: alfabetiza•‹o ore: minŽrio dificuldade)
lively: alegre, animado outfit: roupa, traje power: poder; luz, eletricidade
lock: trancar outgoing: extrovertido(a) prize: pr•mio
loss: perda outlook: perspectiva prompt: r‡pido(a), imediato(a)
loud: alto(a); barulhento(a) outnumber: ser mais numeroso proud: orgulhoso(a)
prove: provar, comprovar
M que, ultrapassar provide: oferecer
output: produ•‹o purpose: prop—sito, objetivo
mainly: principalmente overall: geral, total push: apertar, pressionar;
major: principal overcome: superar
manage: gerenciar overload: excesso promover
manners: boas maneiras, bons own: pr—prio(a)(s); possuir, ter
ownership: propriedade Q
modos
match: relacionar, correlacionar P queue: fila
matter: importar; quest‹o, quick: r‡pido
pace: ritmo
assunto; matŽria pain: dor R
mean: significar; mesquinho(a); pale: p‡lido(a); claro(a)
pass by: passar (por) race: corrida
rude pattern: padr‹o raise: criar
media: meios de comunica•‹o peacemaker: pacificador(a) range: ir de algo atŽ algo; gama
might: poder (ser que) peak: pico, cume rate: taxa
mild: ameno; suave peel: pele; descascar reach: alcan•ar; ao alcance
mile: milha perform: desempenhar; executar realize: dar-se conta (de),
mind: mente perhaps: talvez
mindful of something: consciente pick something up: apanhar, perceber
recipe: receita
de algo, atento a algo pegar recognize: reconhecer
mining: minera•‹o pioneer: pioneiro(a) record: gravar; registrar; disco;
move: mover(-se); mudar(-se) de pitch in: dar uma m‹ozinha
plain: liso(a); puro(a) mœsica; registro
local playwright: dramaturgo(a) recording: grava•‹o
⇨ move forward: avan•ar please: agradar recruit: recrutar
muscle: mœsculo pleased: contente, feliz refuse: negar-se (a fazer algo);
plenty: bastante
N recusar, rejeitar
rehearsal: ensaio
nod: movimento afirmativo com rehearse: ensaiar; rever
a cabe•a, sinal de aprova•‹o

180 Glossary

relative: relativo; parente school board: mural escolar soul: alma
release: soltar, liberar; soltura; scorching: abrasador(a)
scratch: arranhar(-se) source: fonte
lan•amento ⇨ from scratch: (come•ar) do zero
reliable: seguro, confi‡vel screen: tela span: per’odo, dura•‹o
relieve: aliviar self-esteem: autoestima
remind someone (about/of sensitive: sens’vel speak up: falar mais alto;
sentence: condenar; denunciar
something): lembrar alguŽm
(de algo) condena•‹o, pena; frase, speech: fala; discurso
repair: consertar; conserto senten•a
replace: substituir set: p™r, colocar; arrumar spell: soletrar
report: relatar; denunciar ⇨ set aside: p™r algo de lado;
reputable: respeit‡vel, de reservar algo sponsor: patrocinador(a);
confian•a setting: lugar; cen‡rio; patrocinar
rescue: resgatar, salvar configura•‹o (inform‡tica)
resemble: parecer(-se) com several: v‡rio/a(s) spot: marca; lugar
resource: recurso sew: costurar
rest: resto; descansar shallow: raso(a); superficial spread: espalhar
reveal: revelar share: compartilhar
review: rever; revis‹o; resenha, sharp: afiado(a) spreadsheet: planilha
cr’tica shelter: abrigo, refœgio sprinter: velocista
reward: recompensar; show: mostrar, exibir stand: permanecer
recompensa ⇨ show up: aparecer, dar as caras ⇨ stand up to someone: fazer
rhyme: rima; rimar shy: t’mido(a)
rid: livrar-se de algo sibling: irm‹o, irm‹ frente a alguŽm
riddle: charada sick: doente standard: padr‹o
rip: rasgar sight: vis‹o stare: olhar fixamente
role: papel silly: tolo(a) step: passo; pisar
root: raiz; origem skinny: magricelo(a) ⇨ step down: renunciar
row: linha, fileira slang: g’ria stormy: tempestuoso(a)
⇨ in a row: enfileirado slavery: escravid‹o straight: reto(a); em linha reta
rush: correr slump: queda; retra•‹o; baixar; strength: for•a, ponto forte
despencar strengthen: fortalecer
S smooth: suave; uniforme, sem stretch: estender-se; esticar(-se)
caro•os strict: rigoroso(a)
safety/seat belt: cinto de snowflake: floco de neve stride: passada larga
seguran•a soap opera: novela struggle: lutar; luta
solely: unicamente stick: grudar, colar
salesman: vendedor solve: resolver sum: soma, total
sand: areia sort: classificar ⇨ sum something up: resumir
scared: assustado(a)
scholar: estudioso(a), (algo)
support: apoiar; sustentar
acad•mico(a) surround: cercar, rodear
survey: enquete, pesquisa,

levantamento
swallow: engolir
swap: troca; trocar
swarm around something/

someone: passar por algo/
alguŽm em bando
sweep: varrer; arrastar
sweet: meigo, gentil; doce
swing: balan•o

Glossary 181

switch: trocar; mudar tool: ferramenta value: valorizar; valor
⇨ switch off: desligar-se, apagar-se toothbrush: escova de dentes venture: aventurar-se
toss: jogar, atirar
T W
(descuidadamente)
tackle: enfrentar tough: duro(a); resistente; firme; waist: cintura
take care: tomar cuidado wave: acenar
take out: retirar algo difícil wealth: riqueza
take place: realizar-se trade: trocar; comércio weigh: pesar
tale: conto, fábula trash: lixo weight: peso
tap: bater levemente trend: tendência well-being: bem-estar
taste: sabor trick: truque well-known: conhecido(a)
tasty: saboroso(a) trip: viagem wet: molhado(a)
teamwork: trabalho em equipe trust: confiar whatever: (tudo) o que
tears: lágrimas turn: virar; virada wheel: roda
tease: provocar, importunar whenever: sempre que
the Netherlands: Países Baixos ⇨ turn something off: apagar whether: se
thick: grosso; denso algo whole: todo, inteiro; integral
thin: magro(a) wholegrain: integral
thought: pensamento typewriter: máquina de escrever wide: amplo(a)
threat: ameaça wild: selvagem
threaten: ameaçar U wink: piscar
throat: garganta wired: conectado(a) à Internet
through: através de, por (be) unaware (of something): wish: desejo; desejar
throughout: por todo, durante desconhecer algo withdraw: retirar(-se); recuar;

todo unfold: desdobrar; revelar sacar
throw: atirar; jogar unforgettable: inesquecível wonder: perguntar-se
⇨ throw away: jogar fora unless: a não ser que wood: madeira
tidy something up: arrumar algo upcoming: próximo/a(s) wooden: de madeira
timeline: linha do tempo update: atualizar; atualização wool: lã
toll: pedágio upper: superior worldwide: pelo mundo todo
⇨ take its toll (on something/ upset: aborrecido(a), chateado(a)
y
someone): provocar perda (de V
algo/alguém); causar dano (a yet: ainda; contudo
algo/alguém) vacation: férias
tongue twister: trava-língua vacationer: pessoa que está de

férias, turista
valuable: de valor, valioso(a)

182 Glossary

Este índice remissivo aponta os tópicos gramaticais trabalhados nos quatro livros da
coleção. Os tópicos trabalhados neste livro são indicados pelo número da página. Os tópicos
trabalhados nos livros do 6o, 7o e 9o anos remetem apenas a esses livros.

adverbs of frequency 7o Present Continuous 7o
comparatives 59 spelling rules for verbs in the -ing form 7o

spelling rules for comparative Present Perfect 9o
adjectives 61 and Past Simple 9o
conditional sentences 9o irregular verbs 9o
first conditional 9o since/for 9o
second conditional 9o
countable and uncountable nouns 7o Present Simple 7o; 24
expressions of quantity 7o and Present Continuous 7o; 24
Future with will 39; 9o spelling rules for verbs in the 3rd person
genitive case 6o singular 7o
imperative 6o; 7o
modal verbs 6o; 7o; 9o pronouns 6o; 7o
can 6o; 7o object pronouns 7o
must, have to, should 9o possessive adjectives 6o
passive voice 9o reflexive pronouns 9o
Past Continuous 141 relative pronouns 9o
Past Simple 93, 107, 127, 142; 9o subject pronouns 6o
to be (was/were) 93; 9o
regular verbs 107; 9o question words 6o; 7o
irregular verbs 127; 9o superlatives 73
and Past Continuous 142
and Present Perfect 9o spelling rules for superlative adjectives 75
plurals 6o there is/there are 6o; 7o
prepositions of place 6o verb to be 6o; 7o

affirmative form 6o
negative form 6o
interrogative form 6o

Index 183

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