Madina Arabic Book 1 Class Notes AbdurRahman.Org

ِ‫بِ ْس ِم اللِه ال َرّ ْح َمنِ ال َرّ ِحْيم‬

ARIC – Arabic Class Notes

Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Topics

Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic
Arabic Alphabets
Arabic Vowel Signs

Indefinite & Definite
Noun Endings

The Nominal Sentence

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1

Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 1, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Mar. 10, 2010 1.1 Zahid Naeem Multiple Corrections (e.g., ‫ د ّمٌة‬to ٌ‫ض ّمة‬, genetive to genitive)

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Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to [email protected]

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

 English has eight parts of speech
1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)
2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)
3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)
4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes

place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)

5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)
6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)
7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)
8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)

 Arabic has only three parts of speech

1. Noun ٌ‫اِ ْسم‬
2. Verbٌ‫ِف ْعل‬
3. Particleٌ‫َح ْرف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 3

Parts of Speech – English vs. Arabic

English Arabic
Noun
Pronoun Noun ‫اِ ْس ٌم‬
Adjective
Adverb Verb ٌ‫ِف ْعل‬
Interjection Particle ‫َح ْر ٌف‬

Verb

Conjunction
Preposition

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 4

Arabic Alphabets 5

 Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet
 Consonants (have speech sound) : 28
 Alif: serves two purposes

 Elongates a consonant, e.g. ‫ِك َتا ٌب‬
 Act as a bearer of ‫( َه ْم َزٌة‬hamza), e.g. ‫اَ ٌب‬

‫ا بتثج ح خ د ذ ر‬

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

‫ز س شصض ط ظ ع غ ف‬

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

‫قكل م ن ه ويء‬

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Arabic Vowel Signs

 There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic

 Fathah (‫ – ) َف ْت َحٌة‬denoting “a”, e.g. da (‫) ٌَد‬
 Kasrah (‫ – ) َك ْس َرٌة‬denoting “i”, e.g. di (ٌ‫) ِد‬
 Dummah (‫ – ) َض َّمٌة‬denoting “u”, e.g. du (ٌ‫)د‬
 Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun (ٌ‫)سك ْون‬, e.g. notice ‫ ٌْد‬in ٌ‫َم ْد َر َسة‬

 Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels

 ‫ٌا‬to elongate fathah, e.g. daa (‫) َدا‬
 ‫ ي‬to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii (‫) ِدي‬
 ‫ و‬to elongate dummah, e.g. duu (‫)دو‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 6

Indefinite & Definite

 Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite (‫ ) َن ِك َرٌة‬or definite (ٌ‫) َم ْع ِر َفة‬
 An indefinite noun is indicated by ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬, which doubles the vowel sign at the end

of the word, e.g.

 A book – ٌ‫ِك َتاب‬
 A chair - ٌ‫ك ْر ِسي‬
 A Definite noun is indicated by ٌ‫ اَ ْل‬prefixed to the noun. This also results in
eliminating the ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬at the end of the word, e.g.
 The book - ‫اَ ْل ِك َتا ٌب‬
 The chair - ‫اَلْك ْر ِس ٌي‬
 ٌ‫ اَ ْل‬and ‫ َت ْن ِو ْي ٌن‬cannot coexist. So ٌ‫ َا ْل ِك َتاب‬will be incorrect
 Please note many proper nouns, e.g. ٌ‫ َخالِد‬,‫ م َح َّم ٌد‬end with ٌ‫ َت ْن ِو ْين‬, but they are still

definite

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 7

Noun Endings

 In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence

 These are called noun cases (‫) َالْ َّت ْش ِك ْي ٌل‬

English Arabic Ending Function in a Examples
Name Name Vowel Sign sentence
Nominative Subject ,ٌ‫ محمد‬,ٌ‫ٌكتاب‬,‫الكتا ٌب‬
ٌ‫ َم ْرف ْوع‬Dummah ٌ‫باب‬
Accusative Object of a verb
Genitive ٌ‫ َم ْنص ْوب‬Fathah ‫ٌبابٌا‬,‫ محم ٌد‬,‫ كتابٌا‬,ٌ‫الكتا َب‬
ٌ‫ َم ْجر ْور‬Kasrah Possessor of a ٌ,ٌ‫ محمد‬,‫ كتا ٌب‬,ٌ‫الكتا ِب‬
thing, or comes
after a preposition ‫با ٌب‬
or an adverb

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 8

The Nominal Sentence (ٌ‫) َا ْلج ْم َلةٌال ِإ ْس ِم َّية‬

 A sentence that starts with a noun
 Has a subject (‫ )م ْب َت َدٌا‬and a predicate (‫) َخ َبٌر‬
 The subject is always nominative (ٌ‫) َم ْرف ْوع‬
 The predicate is always nominative (‫) َم ْرف ْو ٌع‬, if it is one word
 misomstolystdlyeifnindietefin(‫ٌة‬it‫ِر َف‬e‫) َن ِك َرةٌ)(َم ْع‬
 The subject is
The predicate

ٌ‫ٌ َخ َبر‬ ‫اَلْ ِك َتابٌٌ َج ِد ْي ٌد‬ ‫ٌم ْب َت َدٌا‬
‫ٌٌ َنَم ْرِكفَرْوٌة ٌع‬ ‫َالْ َق َلمٌٌٌ َم ْكس ْوٌر‬ ٌ‫ٌ َم ْرف ْوع‬
‫َه َذاٌٌٌٌ َب ْي ٌت‬ ‫ٌ َم ْع ِر َفٌة‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 1 (ver. 1.1) 9

‫بِ ِس ِم اللهِ ال َرّ ِح َمنِ ال َرّ ِحِي ِم‬

ARIC – Arabic Class Notes

Part 2 (ver. 1)

Topics

This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That (‫) َذلِ ََك‬

Solar vs. Lunar Letters

The Joining Hamza (‫) َه ْم َز ُةَال ْ َو ْص َِل‬
‫َه ْم َز ُةَاْل َق ْط َِع‬

Examples from Quran (ِ‫ َهمِزَُة اْلقَ ْطع‬,ِ‫ هَمِزَةُ اْل َوصِل‬,‫)الحُ ُروِفُ ال َّش ِم ِسَيّةُ َوال َقمَرَِيُّة‬
What (‫ ) َما‬vs. Who (َ‫) َم ْن‬

Particle of Interrogation and Answer

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1

This (‫ ) َه َذا‬vs. That (َ‫) َذلِ َك‬

 Demonstrative pronoun (َ‫)اِ ْس ُمَا ْل ِا َشا َر ِة‬

 ‫ َه َذا‬: :َ‫اِاِ ْْسس ُمُمََااْلْلِِاا ََششاا َرَر ِةِةََلِلِْلْلَبَقِع ِرْي ْي ِدَ ِب‬ That is a door (‫) َذلِ َكََ َبا َب‬
 َ‫َذلِ َك‬

 Like all pronouns, these are definite

 These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to

masculine nouns

 They have feminine counterparts – will learn later

 ‫ َه َذا‬and َ‫ َذلِ َك‬are pronounced as ‫ َها َذا‬and ‫ َذالِ ََك‬respectively,
but are written without the alif

This is a book (َ‫) َه َذاَ ِك َتاب‬ 2

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1)

Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)

 Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters (‫ )ال ُح ُر ْو َُفَال َّش ْم ِس َّي َُة‬and 14
are called lunar letters (َ‫)ال ُح ُرَ ْو ُفَال َق َم ِر َّي ُة‬

 This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters

when prefixed with ‫( ال‬the definite article)
 Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., ‫ ر‬,‫ ن‬,‫ ش‬,‫ س‬,‫ت‬
 Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., ‫ و‬,‫ ك‬,‫ م‬,‫ ق‬,‫ب‬
 When ‫ ال‬is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the ‫ ل‬of the ‫ ال‬is

assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu
 The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun

 In writing, the ‫ ل‬is not assimilated, e.g., َ‫ال َّش ْم ُس‬

 No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced

as al-qamaru (‫)ال َق َم َُر‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 3

‫)‪Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2‬‬

‫ش ال َّش ْم َُس‬ ‫ت ال َّتا ِج َُر‬ ‫ف ال َف َُم‬ ‫َا الاّ َُب‬
‫ص ال َّص ْد َُر‬ ‫ث الثَّ ْو ُبَ‬ ‫ق ال َق َم ُرَ‬ ‫ب ال َبا َُب‬
‫د ال ِّد ْي َُك‬ ‫ك ال َك ْل َُب‬ ‫ج ال َج َّن َُة‬
‫ض ال َّض ْي َُف‬ ‫ذ ال َّذ َه َُب‬ ‫م ال َما ُءَ‬ ‫ح ال ِح َما َُر‬
‫ط ال َّطالِ ُبَ‬ ‫ر ال َّر ُج َُل‬ ‫و ال َولَ ُدَ‬ ‫خ ال ُخ ْب َُز‬
‫ظ ال َّظ ْه َُر‬ ‫ز ال َّز ْه َر ُةَ‬
‫ل اللَّ ْح ُمَ‬ ‫س ال َّس َم ُكَ‬ ‫ه ال َه َوا َُء‬ ‫ع ال َع ْي َُن‬
‫ن ال َّن ْج َُم‬ ‫ي ال َي َُد‬ ‫غ ال َغ َدا َُء‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

The Joining Hamza (‫) َه ْم َز ُةَالْ َو ْص َِل‬

 The ‫ ا‬in ‫( ال‬the definite article) is called ‫َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َو ْص َِل‬
 If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced

 E.g., ‫( َالْ َب ْي َُت‬the house) is pronounced al-baitu and َ‫( َوالْ َب ْي ُت‬and the house) is pronounced
as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu
‫َو ْص َل‬
 ‫ َه ْم َز ُةَالْ َو ْص َِل‬also appears words without the ‫ال‬, e.g.,
 ‫( اِ ْس َم‬name) – َ‫بِ ْس ِمَاللَّ ِه‬ (Joining, uniting,
 ‫( اِ ْب َن‬son) – َ‫ِع ْي َسىَا ْب ُنَ َم ِر َي َم‬ attaching)

 To signify ‫ ا‬as َ‫ َه ْم َز ُةَالْ َو ْص ِل‬, look for one of the following three conditions:
 A symbol on alif, as

 Without any or ‫ ء‬symbol on alif
 Completely omitted in writing, e.g., ‫بِ ْس ِمَاللَّ َِه‬
 Both ‫ ا‬and ‫ ل‬in ‫ ال‬are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and

is preceded with another word

 E.g., ‫ َوَال َّن ْج َُم‬is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 5

‫َه ْم َز ُةَالْ َق ْط َِع‬

 As opposed to َ‫ َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َو ْص ِل‬, َ‫ َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َق ْط ِع‬is always pronounced, regardless of its

position in the sentence

 ‫ َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َق ْط َِع‬is usually written with a ‫ ء‬symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:

‫أ‬

‫إ‬

 Examples: ‫َق ْط َع‬

 َ‫( اّ َحد‬one) – ‫ُق ْلَ ُه َوَاللَّ ُهَ ّا َح َد‬ (Cutting,
 ‫( اِ َْذ‬when) – ...َ‫َواِ ْذَ َقا َلَ َر ُّب َك‬ Discontinuing,

Separating)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 6

‫)ال ُح ُر ْو ُفَال َّش ْم ِس َّي ُةَ َوال َق َم ِر َّي َُة‪َ ,‬ه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َو ْص ِلَ‪َ ,‬ه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َق ْط ِعَ( ‪Examples from Quran‬‬

‫‪Find solar letters‬‬ ‫‪)a,hluAnla-Fraletithtaers‬ا‪r‬ل‪ُ u‬ح‪ُS‬ر ْو‪ُ in‬فَهَاْمل َز َُّةشَ ْاملْ َِقس َّي ْطَُة ِ(عَ‬ ‫)ال ُح ُر ْو ُفَال َق َم ِر َّي َُة(‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪instances‬‬

‫‪َ and‬ه ْم َز ُةَالْ َو ْص ِلَ ‪of‬‬

‫ََٱ ْل َح ْم ُدَلِلَّ ِهَ َر ِّبَٱلْ َعالَ ِم ْي َن۝َٱل َّر ْح َم ِنَٱل َّر ِح ْي ِم۝َ َمالِ ِكَ َي ْو ِمَٱل ِّد ْي ِن۝َ‬

‫اِ َّيا َكَنَ ْع ُب ُدَ َواِ َّيا َكَنَ ْس َت ِع ْي ُن۝ََٱِ ْه ِدنَاَٱل ِّص َرا َطَٱلْ ُم ْس َت ِق ْي َم۝َ ِص َرا َطَ‬

‫ٱلَّ ِذي َنَاّنْ َع ْم َتَ َع َل ْي ِه ْمَ َغ ْي ِرَٱلْ َم ْغ ُض ْو ِبَ َع َل ْي ِه ْمَ َو َلاَٱل َّضالِّ ْي َن۝َ‬

‫‪Solar letter‬‬ ‫َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َو ْص َِل ‪Lunar letter‬‬ ‫َه ْم َز ُةَا ْل َق ْط َِع‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

What (‫ ) َما‬vs. Who (َ‫) َم ْن‬

Meaning ‫َما‬ َ‫َم ْن‬
Usage
“What” “Who”
Example
U(‫َل‬s‫ ِق‬e‫َعا‬dَ‫ُر‬f‫ْي‬o‫ َغ‬r),irer.agt.ionnoanl-tlihviinnggs U(‫َل‬s‫ ِق‬e‫َعا‬d).foTrhrreateiocnaatel gboeriinegss

things, animals, plants include humans, jinns, and
etc. angels.

What is this? (‫) َماَ َه َذا‬ Who is he? (‫) َم ْنَ َه َذا‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 8

Particle of Interrogation and Answer

 This is a house (َ‫) َه َذاَ َب ْيت‬
 Is this a house? (‫) ّا َه َذاَ َب ْيت؟‬
 Prefixing َّ‫ ا‬to a statement turns it into a question
 Used in this context ّ‫َا‬is called ‫( َح ْر ُفَال ِا ْس َت ْف َها َِم‬particle of interrogation)
 ‫ لا‬means “no”
 ‫ نَ َع َْم‬means “yes”
 ‫ لا‬and َ‫ َن َع ْم‬are called َ‫( ُح ُر ْو ُفَال َج َوا ِب‬particles of answer)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 2 (ver. 1) 9

ِ‫ِب ْس ِم اللِه ال َرّ ْح َمنِ ال َرّ ِحْيم‬

ARIC – Arabic Class Notes

Part 3 (ver. 3)

Topics

Preposition (‫ & ) َح ْر ُف َجر‬Genitive Case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬
Detached Pronoun (‫) َض ِم ْير ُم ْن َف ِصل‬

Possessed & Possessor (‫) ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

1

Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 7, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Mar. 14, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added section for ‫ ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف ِإ َل ْي ِه‬and more description for ‫َض ِم ْير ُم ْن َف ِصل‬
Added more content for ‫ َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬and ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬
Mar. 20, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem

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Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to [email protected]

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3)

Preposition (‫ & ) َح ْر ُف َجر‬Genitive Case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬

 Literal meaning of ‫ َح ْر ُف َجر‬is “a particle of pulling” ‫إَل َب ْي ُت‬
 Examples of preposition (‫) َح ْر ُف َجر‬:
‫ُت‬ got pulled to ‫ ِت‬because
 In – ‫ِفي‬ the preceding ‫ِفي‬
 On – ‫َع َلى‬ of
 From – ‫ِم ْن‬
 To – ‫إِلَي‬ ‫ِفي إل َب ْي ِت‬

 When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to ‫َح ْر ُف َجر إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬

be in genitive case (‫) َم ْج ُر ْور‬ Same as
 The house - ‫ َإل َب ْي ُت‬, In the house – ‫ِفي إل َب ْي ِت‬
 A house - ‫ َب ْيت‬, In a house – ‫ِفي َب ْيت‬ ‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

 ‫ ِفي إل َب ْي ِت‬is a ‫( ِش ْب ُه إل ُج ْم َل ِة‬phrase) – It looks like a

sentence but is not one

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 3

More Prepositions and Examples from Quran

(59:21) Had We sent down this ... ‫ لَ ْو إّن َزلْ َنا َهـٰ َذإ إلْ ُق ْرإ َن َع َلى َج َبل‬On ‫َع َلى‬
Quran on a mountain … ‫ َخ َل َق إ ْل ِإن َسا َن ِم ْن َع َلق‬From ‫ِم ْن‬
‫ إِنَّا إِ َلى َر ِّب َنا ُمن َق ِل ُبو َن‬To ‫إِلَى‬
(96:2) He created man from a ‫ِفي‬
clot ‫َع ْن‬
‫لِي‬
(26:50) we shall but return to
our Lord ‫بِي‬

(97:1) We have indeed revealed ‫ إِنَّا ّإن َز ْل َنا ُه ِفي لَ ْي َل ِة إ ْل َق ْد ِر‬In
this (Message) in the Night of
Power

(2:119) And thou will not be ‫إلْ َج ِحي ِم‬ ‫إّ ْص َحا ِب‬ ‫َع ْن‬ ‫تُ ْساّ ُل‬ ‫َو َلإ‬ About,
asked about the owners of hell- concerning
fire
‫ِفي‬ ‫َو َما‬ ‫إل َّس ٰم َوإ ِت‬ ‫إلِ ْللَّـإِّهْر َماِض ِفي‬ Belongs to,
(2:284) To Allah belongs for
whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth. ‫َإم َْعس َتإِعلي ُنَّصوإابِ ِربِيال َن َّص ْب ِر‬ ‫إ َم ُنوإ‬ ‫ََيواإلإّ ُّيَّ َصه َلااإِةلَّ ۚ ِذيإِ ََّنن‬ By, at, in
‫إللَّـ َه‬
(2:153) O ye who believe! seek
help with patient perseverance
and prayer; for Allah is with
those who patiently persevere.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 4

Nominal Sentence with ‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

Muhammad is in the mosque

the mosque in Muhammad

‫إل َم ْس ِج ِد‬ ‫ِفي‬ ‫ُم َح َّمد‬
‫إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدإ‬
‫َح ْر ُف َجر‬
‫ َخ َبر‬،‫ ِش ْب ُه إل ُج ْم َل ِة‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

It is on a table

a table on It

‫َع َلى َم ْك َتب‬ ‫ُه َو‬
‫إِ ْسم َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدإ‬
‫َح ْر ُف َجر‬
‫ َخ َبر‬،‫ ِش ْب ُه إل ُج ْم َل ِة‬،‫َجا ٌّر َو َم ْج ُر ْور‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 5

Detached Pronoun (‫) َض ِم ْير ُم ْن َف ِصل‬

Singular He, It ‫ُم ْف َرد ُه َو‬

Masculine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َذكَّر‬

Plural They ‫َج ْمع ُه ْم‬ ‫َغايِب‬

3rd Person Singular She, It ‫ُم ْف َرد ِه َي‬

Feminine “Dual” They (2) ‫ُه َما‬ ‫ُم َث َّنى‬ ‫ُم َؤنَّث‬

Plural They ‫َج ْمع ُه َّن‬

Singular You ‫ُم ْف َرد إّنْ َت‬

Masculine “Dual” You (2) ‫ُم َث َّنى إّنْ ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َذكَّر‬
Plural You (>2) ‫َج ْمع ّإ ْن ُت ْم‬
2nd person ‫ُم ْف َرد إّنْ ِت‬ ‫ُم َخا َطب‬

Singular You

Feminine “Dual” You (2) ‫ُم َث َّنى إّ ْن ُت َما‬ ‫ُم َؤنَّث‬
Plural You (>2) ‫َج ْمع إّ ْن ُت َّن‬
‫إّ َنا‬ ‫ُم ْف َرد‬
1st person Masc. & Fem. Singular I ‫َن ْح ُن‬ ‫َج ْمع‬ ‫ُم َت َكلِّم ُم َذكَّر َو ُم َؤنَّث‬
Plural We

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 6

Detached Pronoun (‫) َض ِم ْير ُم ْن َف ِصل‬

 Are never attached with any other word ‫ُه َو‬
‫ُه َما‬
 Are always ‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite) ‫ُه ْم‬
 Are considered ‫( َم ْرفُ ْوع‬nominative case), even ‫ُِهه ََميا‬
‫ُه َّن‬
though most of them do not have a ‫َض َّمة‬ ‫ّإ ْن َت‬
‫ّإنْ ُت َما‬
(dummah) ending ‫ّإ ْن ُت ْم‬
 Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not ‫ّإنْ ِت‬
‫إّنْ ُت َما‬
change ‫إّ ْن ُت َّن‬
‫ّإ َنا‬
 In Arabic such nouns are called ‫( َم ْب ِن ٌّي‬fixed) ‫نَ ْح ُن‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 7

‫ – ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬Possessed & Possessor

 Used to convey a “possession” relationship between two nouns

 Also referred to as ‫( إَل ِإ َضا َف ُة‬Al-Idaafatu)
 English uses “of” or “’s” for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal’s book

 Made up of two parts:

 Possessed (or possession) – ‫ُم َضاف‬
 Possessor
– ‫ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

Possessor - ‫ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬ ‫بِ َلال‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب‬ Possessed - ‫ُم َضاف‬

 Is always ‫( َم ْج ُر ْور‬genitive (of) Bilal book  Can take any case ending,

case) Bilal’s book as the need be

 Can take ‫( َت ْن ِو ْين‬tanwin) or ‫إ ْل ُم َد ِّر ِس‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬  Never takes ‫( َت ْن ِو ْين‬tanwin)
‫( إل‬the definite article) or ‫( إل‬the definite article)
(of) the teacher table
 Can be ‫( َن ِك َرة‬indefinite) or  Is ‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite) by
‫( َم ْع ِر َفة‬definite)
position

The teacher’s table

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 8

Examples of Valid ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

Different case endings for ‫ُم َضاف‬ ‫َم ْرفُ ْوع‬
Definite vs. indefinite ‫ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬
‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر ِس‬ ‫َم ْك َت ُب‬

(of) the teacher table

The teacher’s table

‫َم ْع ِر َفة‬ ‫إ ْل ُم َد ِّر ِس‬ ‫َم ْن ُص ْوب‬ Noun after ‫ إِ َّن‬is
‫ِك َتا ُب إل َّطالِ ِب‬ ‫َم ْك َت َب‬ always ‫َم ْن ُص ْوب‬

‫إِ َّن‬

(of) the student book (of) the teacher table Verily

The student’s book Verily the teacher’s table

‫نَ ِك َرة‬ ‫إلْ ُم َد ِّر ِس‬ ‫َم ْج ُر ْور‬ ‫َع َلى‬
‫ِك َتا ُب َطالِب‬ ‫َم ْك َت ِب‬

(of) a student book (of) the teacher table on

A student’s book On the teacher’s table

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 9

‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه ‪Incorrect vs. Correct‬‬

‫َت ْن ِو ْين ‪ُ cannot have‬م َضاف ‪‬‬ ‫ِك َتاب بِ َلال‬

‫إل ‪ُ cannot have‬م َضاف ‪‬‬ ‫إل ِك َتا ُب بِ َلال‬

‫َم ْرفُ ْوع ‪ُ cannot be‬م َضاف ِإ َل ْي ِه ‪‬‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب بِ َلال‬

‫َم ْن ُص ْوب ‪ُ cannot be‬م َضاف ِإلَ ْي ِه ‪‬‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب بِ َلال‬

‫ِك َتا ُب بِ َلال‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

More on ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

Even though ‫ َم ْن‬is ‫ُم َضاف ِإ َل ْي ِه‬ i,sit‫ ٌّي‬d‫ ْب ِن‬o‫ َم‬e(sinndoetclhinaavbele‫ْس) َرة‬. ‫َك‬ Whose book?

(kasrah) ending, because it (of) who book

Other similar examples: ‫َم ْن‬ ‫ِك َتا ُب‬
 ‫َم ْن‬ ‫ٱَِق ْبَل ُُنم‬ ‫ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬
 ‫َم ْن‬ (Whose pen?)
(Whose son?)

Mosque of Allah’s Prophet

Ni‫ل‬sِ o‫سفو‬tُ i‫ار‬cَ ‫ض‬eَis‫ُم‬t‫ِه‬wi‫ْي‬nَ‫إِل‬o‫ِهف‬s‫ل‬e‫ضإال‬tَ ‫ل‬sِ ‫و ُم‬oi‫ُس‬nf‫لِه َر‬.ِ‫َمَو ْس ُم ِجَضُدا َرفُسإِوَل ْي‬ ‫ ُم َضاف‬. (of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque

and it ‫إلل ِه‬ ‫َر ُسو ِل‬ ‫َم ْس ِج ُد‬
‫ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف ِإ َل ْي ِه‬ ‫ُم َضاف‬

‫ُم َضاف‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 11

Examples from Quran - ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬

(110:1) When comes the help of Allah … ‫إِ َذإ َجا َء نَ ْص ُر إلل ِه‬
‫ُق ْل إّ ُعو ُذ بِ َر ِّب إل َّنا ِس‬
(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind ‫إَلل ُه نُو ُر إل َّس ٰم َوإ ِت َوإ ْلإّ ْر ِض‬
(24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the
earth ‫َه ِذ ِه نَا َق ُة إلل ِه‬
(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah ‫ُم َح َّمد َر ُس ْو ُل إلل ِه‬

(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ‫َل ُه ْم َدإ ُر إل َّسلاَ ِم‬
‫َفا ْص ِب ْر إِ َّن َو ْع َد إللَّ ِه َح ٌّق‬
(6:127) For them is the home of safety
(40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O
Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise
of Allah is true

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 12

Nominal Sentences with ‫ُم َضاف َو ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad

‫إلل ِه‬ ‫َر ُس ْو ُل‬ ‫ُم َح َّمد‬
‫ َم ْج ُر ْور‬،‫ ُم َضاف إِلَ ْي ِه‬،‫َل ْف ُظ إلْ َج َلا َل ِة‬ ‫َخ َبر َو ُه َو ُم َضاف‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدإ‬

broken The student’s pen is broken pen

‫َم ْك ُس ْور‬ (of) the student ‫َق َل ُم‬
‫َخ َبر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدإ َو ُه َو ُم َضاف‬
‫إل َّطالِ ِب‬
‫ُم َضاف إِ َل ْي ِه‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 3 (ver. 3) 13

‫ِب ْس ِم اللهِ ال َّر ْح َم ِن ال َرّ ِحْي ِم‬

ARIC – Arabic Class Notes

Part 4 (ver. 5)

Topics

Gender Introduction

Substitute (ٌ‫) َب َدل‬
Adverb (ٌ‫) َظ ْرف‬
Adjective (‫) َنع ٌت‬
The Relative Pronoun (‫)ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌُل‬
The Past Tense Verb (‫)ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َما ِضي‬

1

Revision History

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 27, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version
Added Substitute and Adverb slides
Apr. 4, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added Adjective slides
Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb
Apr. 10, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added slides for The Relative Pronoun

Apr. 24, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem

May 1, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem

There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah – ٌ‫ِفيٌ َس ِبي ِلٌاللَّ ِه‬ 2

Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to [email protected]

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Gender Introduction

 All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine

Usually a masculine noun can be changed to ٌ‫ُم َد ِّرس‬ ‫ُم َد ِّر َسٌة‬
feminine, by: ‫َطالِ ٌب‬ ‫َطالِ َبٌة‬

1. Adding a ‫( ة‬closed ta – ٌ‫ )ال َّتا ُءٌال َم ْر ُبو َط ُة‬at the end and, ٌ‫اِ ْبن‬ ‫بِ ْن ٌت‬
2. Putting a ٌ‫( َف ْت َحة‬fathah) on the letter before ‫ة‬ ‫اّ ٌخ‬ ٌ‫ّْا ْخت‬
Two feminine nouns with a ‫(ت‬open ta – ٌ‫)ال َّتا ُءٌال َم ْف ُتو َح ُة‬
‫َح ْم َز ٌُة‬ ‫اٌّْم‬
ending ‫َب ْي ٌت‬ ‫َش ْم ٌس‬

‫ة‬Not all feminine nouns have a or ‫ ت‬ending 3

‫ة‬Not all nouns ending with or ‫ ت‬are feminine

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Feminine: This (‫ ) َه ِذ ٌِه‬vs. That (ٌ‫)تِ ْل َك‬

‫ُم َؤنَّثٌ ُم َزكٌَّر‬ That is a car (ٌ‫)تِ ْل َكٌٌ َس َّيا َرة‬

‫اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِا َشا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َق ِر ْي ٌِب َه ِذ ِهٌ َه َذا‬
‫اِ ْس ُمٌا ْل ِا َشا َر ِةٌلِ ْل َب ِع ْي ِدٌ تِ ْل َكٌ َذلِ ٌَك‬

 ٌ‫ َه ِذ ِه‬is pronounced as ‫ َها ِذ ٌِه‬but is written without the alif

This is a watch (‫) َه ِذ ِهٌٌ َسا َعٌة‬ 4

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Gender of Body Members

Single members are Double members are
usually masculine usually feminine

‫( َراْ ٌس‬head) ‫( َي ٌد‬hand)

‫( اّنْ ٌف‬nose) ‫( َع ْي ٌن‬eye)
ٌ‫( َفم‬mouth) ٌ‫( ِر ْجل‬leg)
‫( َو ْجٌه‬face) ‫( ّاْ ُذ ٌن‬ear)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 5

‫‪Gender and Nominal Sentence‬‬

‫‪َ must be the same‬خ َبٌر ‪ُ and‬مب َت َدٌا ‪ Gender of‬‬

‫ُم َزكَّرٌ‬ ‫ُم َؤنَّ ٌث‬

‫ُم َح َّمدٌٌ َطالِ ٌب‬ ‫َفا ِط َم ُةٌٌ َطالِ َبٌة‬
‫َال ِك َتا ٌُبٌ َج ِدي ٌد‬ ‫َال َّس َّيا َر ٌُةٌ َج ِدي َدٌة‬
‫َه ِذ ِهٌٌ َد َجا َجٌة‬
‫َه َذاٌ ِدي ٌك‬
‫َذلِ ٌَكٌ َبا ٌب‬ ‫تِل َكٌنَا ِف َذٌة‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

Substitute - ٌ‫َب َدل‬

This is new The house is new

ٌ‫َه َذا َج ِديد‬ ‫ال َبي ٌُت َج ِدي ٌد‬
ٌ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا َخ َبر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا َخ َبٌر‬

This house is new

This house

(is) new The house This

‫َج ِدي ٌد‬ ٌ‫ال َبي ُت‬ ‫َه َذا‬
ٌ‫َخ َبر‬ ٌ‫َب َدل‬ ٌ‫ُم ْب َت َدا‬

Adesmubosntsitturatetiv(e‫َد ٌل‬p‫ َب‬r)oisnoaudnef(i‫ٌِة‬n‫ َر‬i‫ا‬t‫ َش‬e‫ل ِا‬n‫ٌا‬o‫ ُم‬u‫س‬nِ‫ )اِسمٌ َمع ِر َفٌة()ا‬following a 7

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Adverb - ‫َظ ْر ٌف‬

 ‫ َظ ْر ٌف‬is a noun that indicates the place or time
 ‫ َظ ْر ٌف‬acts like a ‫ ُم َضا ٌف‬, so the noun following it is ‫ُم َضا ٌف اِ َلي ٌِه‬
 ‫ َظ ْر ٌف‬can never be a ‫( ُم ْب َت َدٌا‬subject), even if the sentence starts with it

Examples of Adverb of Place (‫) َظ ْر ُفٌا ْل َم َكا ٌِن‬ ‫( ُه َنا‬here)
ٌ‫( َف ْو َق‬over)
‫( اّ َما ٌَم‬in front) ‫( َخ ْل ٌَف‬behind) ٌ‫( ُه َنا َك‬there)

ٌ‫( َت ْح َت‬under) ٌ‫( َبي َن‬between)
ٌ‫( ُقر َب‬near)

Examples of Adverb of Time (‫) َظ ْر ُفٌالْ َّز َما ٌِن‬ ‫( َم َساٌء‬evening)

‫( َليلٌا‬night) ٌ‫( َص َباح‬morning) ‫( ُظهرٌا‬noon)

‫( ّام ٌِس‬yesterday) ٌ‫( ال َيو َم‬today) ‫( َغدٌا‬tomorrow)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Examples from Quran - ‫َظ ْر ٌف‬

(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted ٌٌ‫ُه﴾ْمٌ َع َذاباٌ َف ْو َق‬٨‫ا‬٨َ‫ ْدن‬:‫االْلَّ َعِذيَذاَن ٌِب َكٌ َبِف ُرَماواٌٌ ََكوانَُصوا ُّدٌ ُيو ْافٌ ِ َسع ُدنوٌ ََنسٌِبيٌ ِل﴿اٌلانللَّـحِهٌل ِز‬
[others] from the way of Allah - We will increase
them in punishment over [their] punishment for
what corruption they were causing.

(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when ٌ‫لََّف ََقع ِلْد َمٌ ٌَر َماِضٌ ِفَيٌياٌللُقَّـلُ ُهوٌبِ َِهع ِْمنٌٌ َفا ْلاّن َُمز ْؤ َلِمٌِنايل َنَّسٌاِ ِْكذيٌَن ُي ََةباٌيِ َعُع َل ْوينَ ِه َْمكٌٌََتواّ َثْحا َب َُهتٌ ْمٌاٌل َف ْتَّشحَاج ٌَر َقِة ِرٌيبا‬
they swore allegiance to you under the tree and ﴾١٨:‫ٌ﴿الفتح‬
He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He
sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded

them with a victory close by.

(4:159) And there is none from the People of the ٌ‫ َق ْب﴾ َلٌ َم ْوتِ ِهٌٌۖ َو َي ْو ٌَمٌا ْل ِق َيا َم ِة‬١ٌ‫ِه‬٥ِ‫ٌب‬٩‫ َّن‬:‫ََيواِ ُكنوٌ ُِّنمٌ ْنَعٌَلاّْي ْهِه ِْلمٌٌا ْلَش ِكِهَتياداٌِبٌٌاِ َّل﴿االٌن َل ُي ْسؤا ِمءَن‬
Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus ٌٌ‫ َي ْ﴾هٌ ِاِد ََّلياِن‬٢ٌ‫ن‬٣ّ‫ا‬:ٌٰ‫ٌكَ﴾عه َسىف‬٢‫﴿اْلل‬٤‫و ُق‬:ٌَ ٌٌ‫اََّرو ِّبَلناٌيٌَي ٌَتلَُِقشاّاوْقََلءَرٌَّنا َلٌلَّبلِـٌُهَِشمٌۚ ٌْْنيَوٌٍءا ٌَْهذاِـَٰنِّ َُكذاريٌٌٌ َرََّفراَّبَشِع َدكالٌٌٌاٌَََِٰذذلاِ﴿ٌانَلَك ٌِكسيَغه َداتف‬
before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection
he will be against them a witness.

(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I
will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding],
"If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when
you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will
guide me to what is nearer than this to right
conduct."

(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His ٌ‫ُّر ُك ُسلِلٌِهاٌَۚمٌ ََنو َقٌابِلُالولَّاـٌِه ٌَسَو ِمَم ْعَلَناائٌِ َوَكاِّت ِهَطٌْعََنوا ُكٌۖ ُتٌِب ُِغه ٌْف ََرواُرنَ ُسَ ِلك ِهٌ ٌَر َلَّب َنااٌٌنُ ََوفاِ ِّرَل ْي ُق ٌَكَب ٌْيالَْنٌ ٌَم ّا َِصحي ٍُدرٌٌ ٌِّمن‬
angels and His books and His messengers, ﴾٢٨٥:‫﴿البقرة‬
[saying], "We make no distinction between any of
His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we

obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and
to You is the [final] destination."

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 9

Adjective - ‫َن ْع ٌت‬

A noun that describes or The noun being
qualifies another noun is described or qualified

called ٌ‫( نَ ْعت‬adjective) is called ‫َمن ُعو ٌت‬

A house A new house

ٌ‫َبيت‬ ٌ‫َبي ٌت َج ِديد‬
‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬

‫ َن ْع ٌت‬is also called ‫ِص َفٌة‬ ‫ َمن ُعو ٌت‬is also called ‫َم ْو ُص ْو ٌف‬
Adjective = ‫ِص َفٌة = َن ْع ٌت‬ Noun Qualified = ‫َم ْو ُص ْو ٌف = َمن ُعو ٌت‬

 In Arabic the ‫( نَ ْع ٌت‬adjective) comes after the ‫ َمن ُعو ٌت‬.

 In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

Agreements between ٌ‫ نَ ْعت‬and ‫َمن ُعو ٌت‬

 ‫ نَ ْع ٌت‬and ‫ َمن ُعو ٌت‬should be in agreement in the following:

1 This is a small boy This is a small girl
Gender
ٌ‫َه َذا َولَدٌ َص ِغير‬ ٌ‫َه ِذ ِهٌ بِن ٌت َص ِغي َرة‬
2 Indefinite vs. ٌ‫َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعت‬
definite
The new teacher is in the class Bilal is a new teacher
3
Case ٌ‫ال ُم َد ِّر ٌُس ال َج ِدي ُدٌ ِفي ال َفص ِل‬ ٌ‫بِ َلالٌ ُم َد ِّرسٌ َج ِديد‬
‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬ ‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬

I am in a new house This is a new house

‫اّنا ِفي َبي ٍتٌ َج ِدي ٌٍد‬ ‫َه َذا َبيتٌ َج ِدي ٌد‬
‫َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْع ٌت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعو ٌت نَ ْعت‬

4 That is a new student Those are new students
Number
ٌ‫َذلِ ٌَك َطالِبٌ َج ِديد‬ ٌ‫اّْولَ ِئ ٌَك طُ َّلابٌ ُج ُدد‬
‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬ ٌ‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْعت‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

‫َن ْعتٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت ‪Nominal Sentence with‬‬

‫‪The sparrow is a small bird‬‬ ‫ال ُع ْص ُف ْو ُرٌ‬
‫ُم ْب َت َداٌ‬
‫َطائِرٌ َص ِغ ْيٌر‬
‫َخ َبرٌ َو َمن ُعوتٌ نَ ْع ٌت‬

‫‪The broken chair is in the room‬‬

‫ال َم ْك ُس ْو ٌُر ِفيٌ ال ُغ ْر َف ِةٌ‬ ‫ال ُك ْر ِس ٌُّي‬
‫اِ ْس ٌمٌ َم ْج ُر ْوٌر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا َو َمن ُعوتٌ‬
‫َح ْر ُفٌ َجرٌ‬ ‫َن ْعتٌ‬
‫ّانَا‬
‫َجارٌ َوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور‪ِ ٌ،‬ش ْب ُهٌال ُج ْم َل ِة‪َ ٌ،‬خ َبرٌ‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا‬

‫‪I am in the secondary school‬‬

‫الثَّانَ ِو َّي ٌِة‬ ‫ال َم ْد َر َس ِةٌ‬ ‫ِفيٌ‬

‫َح ْر ُفٌ َجرٌ اِ ْسمٌ َم ْج ُر ْورٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬

‫َجارٌ َوٌ َم ْج ُر ْور‪ِ ٌ،‬ش ْب ُهٌال ُج ْم َل ِة‪َ ٌ،‬خ َبرٌ‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

References from Quran - ‫نَ ْعتٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت‬

(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to ﴾١٥:‫َق ْدٌ َجا َءكُمٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌنُورٌ ٌَو ِك َتابٌ ُّم ِبينٌ﴿اسورةٌالمائدة‬
you from Allah light and a luminous Book. ﴾٤:‫َواِنَّ َكٌلَ َع َلىٌٰ ُخلُ ٍقٌ َع ِظي ٍمٌ﴿سورةٌالقلم‬

(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess
excellent manners.

(44:17) and an honourable Messenger ﴾١٧:‫َو َجا َء ُه ْمٌ َر ُسولٌ َك ِريمٌ﴿اسورةٌالدخان‬
came to them.
(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. ﴾٦:‫ا ْه ِد َناٌال ِّص َرا َطٌالْ ُم ْس َت ِقي َمٌ﴿﴾﴿سورةٌالفاتحة‬
﴾١٠:‫َولَ ُه ْمٌ َع َذابٌ َع ِظي ٌم﴿سورةٌالجاثية‬
(45:10) And for them is a great torment.

(8:274) For them is forgiveness and ﴾٧٤:‫لَّ ُهمٌ َّم ْغ ِف َرةٌ َوٌ ِر ْزقٌ َك ِريمٌٌ﴿سورةٌالانفال‬
honourable provision. ﴾١٣:‫نَ ْصرٌ ِّم َنٌاللَّـ ِهٌ َو َف ْتحٌ َق ِري ٌب ٌۗ ﴿سورةٌالصف‬

(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 13

Where is the ‫?نَ ْع ٌت‬ 14

The Arabic is an easy language

ٌ‫ال َع َربِ َّي ُةٌ لُ َغٌة َس ْه َلة‬
ٌ‫ُم ْب َت َداٌ َخ َبرٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت َن ْعت‬

The Arabic language is easy

‫اللُّ َغ ُةٌ ال َع َربِ َّي ُةٌ َس ْه َلٌة‬
ٌ‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َت َداٌ َو َم ْن ُعوتٌ نَ ْعتٌ َخ َبر‬

 Exercise
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

ٌ‫ َن ْعت‬or not

This book is new 4 A new book 1

ٌ‫َه َذاٌ ال ِك َتا ُبٌ َج ِديد‬ ‫ِك َتا ٌب َج ِدي ٌد‬

ٌ‫ُم ْب َت َداٌ َب َد ٌل َخ َبر‬ ‫َمن ُعو ٌت َن ْع ٌت‬

This new book is heavy 5 The new book is heavy 2

ٌ‫ال ِك َتا ُبٌ ال َج ِدي ُدٌ َث ِق ْيل‬ ‫َه َذا‬ ‫ال ِك َتا ٌُب ال َج ِدي ٌُد َث ِق ْي ٌل‬
ٌ‫َب َدلٌ َو َمن ُعو ٌت نَ ْعتٌ َخ َبر‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا‬ ‫ُم ْب َت َدٌاٌو َمن ُعوتٌ َن ْعتٌ َخ َبٌر‬

Abbas is a merchant 6 The book is new 3

ٌ‫َع َباسٌ َتا ِجر‬ ‫ال ِك َتا ُبٌ َج ِدي ٌد‬
ٌ‫ُم ْب َت َداٌ َخ َبر‬
‫ُم ْب َت َداٌ َخ َبٌر‬

 Exercise 15
 Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern.
Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5)

The Relative Pronoun - ٌ‫ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬

 ‫ الَّ ِذي‬is called the relative pronoun (ٌ‫)ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬

 It is translated as:
 “Who” – for all rational beings
 “Which” – for all irrational beings and things

 It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later

 It is always followed by a description, which is known as ‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل‬

The man, who left the room, is a merchant

‫َتا ِجٌر‬ ٌ‫ِم َنٌ ال ُغ ْر َف ِة‬ ‫َخ َر ٌَج‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ٌُل‬
‫ال ِك َتا ٌُب‬
‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ٌِل‬ ٌ‫ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬

The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher

‫لِل ُم َد ِّر ٌِس‬ ‫ال َمك َت ٌِب‬ ‫َع َلى‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬
ٌ‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ِل‬ ٌ‫ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُل‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 16

‫نَع ٌت ‪ as‬الَّ ِذي‬

‫‪The man is a merchant‬‬

‫ال َّر ُج ٌُل َتا ِجٌر‬
‫ُم ْب َت َدٌا َخ َبرٌ‬

‫‪The tall man is a merchant‬‬

‫ال َّر ُج ُلٌ ال َّط ِوي ُلٌ َتا ِجٌر‬
‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َت َداٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت َن ْعتٌ َخ َبٌر‬

‫‪The man, who left the room, is a merchant‬‬

‫َخ َر َجٌ ِم َنٌ ال ُغ ْر َف ٌِة َتا ِجٌر‬ ‫الَّ ِذي‬ ‫ال َّر ُج ُلٌ‬

‫َخ َبٌر‬ ‫ِصلَّ ُةٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ِلٌ‬ ‫ٌٌ ُم ْب َت َداٌ َو َم ْن ُعو ٌت ال ِا ْس ُمٌال َم ْو ُص ْو ُلٌ َونَعتٌ‬

‫)‪ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

The Past Tense Verb (‫)ال ِف ْع ُلٌال َما ِضي‬

 Verb = Action = ‫ِف ْع ٌل‬
 Doer = Subject = ‫َفا ِع ٌل‬

 Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense (ٌ‫) َما ٍض‬
 The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person
singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he (ٌ‫) ُه َو‬
vdeorebr(o‫ٌل‬f‫ِف ْع‬t)h.eNaoctticioenth(‫ٌل‬e‫ ِع‬h‫ َفا‬i)didsehnid“dheen”(iٌ‫ر‬n‫ َ)خ َُرم َْجٌس َت ِت‬within
 The the base form of
the

(He left) ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 18

Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

 Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The
remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.

 To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on

the pattern of ‫ فعل‬as follows.

‫فع ل‬ ‫فعل‬

ٌ‫َخٌ ٌَر َج‬ (He left) ٌ‫َخ َر َج‬

‫( لٌ َك ِل َمٌة‬3rd radical) ٌ‫( فٌ َك ِل َمة‬1st radical)

ٌ‫( عٌ َك ِل َمة‬2nd radical)

ARIC Arabic Class Notes – Part 4 (ver. 5) 19