ilovepdf_merged (2)

LECTURER NAME : DR ADIBAH BINTI HAJI YUSUF



PREPARED BY :-
NAME & MATRIC NUMBER



1) NUR SYAKIRAH BINTI HAMZAH 85312



2) VANNESS ALAN HO 85987



3) DYGKU NURFAEZAH BINTI AWANGKU

ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM 83645



4) NURUL NISRINA BINTI BASRI 85401



5) MUHAMMAD NAJIB BIN TAJUDDIN 70621



6) MICKSON ANAK SUNJIN 84500



7) NAZIRAH BINTI PUTRA 84815



8) SITI NUR HIDAYAH AQILAH BINTI KAMAROL 85762

01 WHAT IS HISTORY ?
02 THE USES OF HISTORY
03 BELIEF / INTERPRETATION
04 OFFICIAL HISTORY & MISSING STORIES
05 PREHISTORY OF MALAY ARCHIPELAGO
06 ANCIENT HISTORY OF MALAY ARCHIPELAGO
07 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF SE ASIA, PENINSULA
08 WOMEN IN OUR STORY
09 ORANG ASLI AND ORANG ASAL
10 LABOUR MOVEMENT
11 HISTORY OF M'SIAN STUDENT MOVEMENT
12 SECRET SOCIETIES
13 EDUCATION & SCHOOLING SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I N T R O D U CTION OF S U B JE C T

-SYNOPSIS-

THIS SUBJECT EXPLORE THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF
MALAYSIA AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE LIVES OF
ORDINARY PEOPLE AS IT HAS OCCURRED FROM PRE-
HISTORY TO THE PRESENT. A SOCIAL SCIENCE APPROACH
SHOULD BE USED TO DISCUSS BOTH THE DOMINANT
(STEREOTYPICAL) AND ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS
OF MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY, ILLUMINING HOW
HISTORY MAKING OCCURS AND WHAT MEMORY IS
PRESERVED IN SOCIETY, AND WHY, IN THE PROCESS.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS SUBJECT IS TO EXPLAIN HOW
HISTORY AND HISTORY-MAKING AFFECTS THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A MALAYSIAN SOCIAL IDENTITY, THE
FORMATION OF A NATION-STATE, AND THE DECISIONS
THAT FINALLY INFLUENCE THE CONTINUOUS PROCESSES
OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT. SOME KEY
THEMES OF MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY SHOULD BE
EXPLORED TO THIS END, BUT NOT ALWAYS IN A
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

History = Methodological
Approach within the Social

Sciences

History vs
Historiography

History :
a) The PasT, ‘Long Time ago’
b) sTories abouT ‘The PasT’
but retold in the present;
long time ago stories
brought back to life again

Historiography
a) WriTing abouT ‘The PasT’
B)Historiography: Writing

but with perspective/a
view/an opinion/an
interpretation.

EVERY
Evidence must
be checked and

verified

Social History – Emphasis on evidence about
humans or linked to human society

Events happened in specific places and at times
Involved men and womseicnk;;orledliagniodusyoaunndgn, ohne-arlethliygiaonuds
History is multi-dimensional; even cuts across space
and time

History as Jigsaw puzzle/mosaic
We have been fed/taught only one dominant version of
history – political, state-centred history (aka
Nationalism)

Historical events reflects choices of powerful people
and the powerless



• Desire to remember and the
awareness that memory confers
power on those who remember

• As useful knowledge where past
experiences and examples can
help improve humankind

• Explore the meaning of life and
death – a means of
understanding humanity’s
place on earth and what’s their
destiny

LU 2 :THE
USES OF
HISTORY

•Yong • Helps us better understand
Mun the present – current beliefs,
Cheong
practices, knowledge, way of

life are rooted in the past

• Provides lessons from the
past – achievements and

failures of past civilisations

and people

• Promotes awareness of our
ancestral heritage –

appreciate our rich cultural

heritage, customs and

practices; basis for personal

identity

• Understand how people think
and feel – how people react in

different cultures, places and

times; what they value, etc.

• Develop critical and analytical
skills – asking questions and

thinking about/researching

the answers

• Develop a sense of national
identity – who we are as a

people and where we come

from

THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSPECTIVE

 Evidence & Perspective =
Interpretation

 Perspectives depend on Actor’s position
in history + their interests: Victors vs
Losers; Elites vs Proletariat; Ethnic vs
Class = different views about memory
and remembering

 Role of History (A): To tell
the past as it really was;
to be a ‘neutral’ arbiter of
the ‘facts’ (esp. politics,
diplomacy and war but
within national
boundaries!)

 Role of History (B): To tell
the everyday story of
ordinary people, events
and things, economic
history, history of human
attitudes, and history
that went beyond
national boundaries

BIAS IN HISTORY

History as bias/one-sided
Male dominated
Old focus vs. young
Powerful vs. weak
Winners vs. ‘Losers’
Articulate vs. silent
Hate vs. love/War vs. Peace
Terrorist or Freedom Fighter

HISTORY IS CONNECTED

Inter-linked and
inter-
related/networked
history

Inter-linked with
events and

decisions/choices
made both

internally and
externally/far away

LEARNING UNIT 3 :
OFFICIAL VS

MISSING HISTORY

DHeifsit
norityionHISTORY IS “ANY EVENT, OffDiceifailnitHioinstory

PERSON OR THE ARTIFACT OFFICIAL HISTORY IS A TOOL
THAT CAN PROVIDE THE EMPLOYED BY THE AUTHORITIES
EVIDENCE OF MALAY OR TO COMMUNICATE THE SPECIFIC
THE MALAYSIAN
ACHIEVEMENT AND THE MESSAGE
PROGRESS”


Pre-DIHnefidise
ntpoirteiynondence PROVIDE THE FRAMEWORK OF
THE UNDERSTANDING FOR THE
PRE-INDEPENDENCE
HISTORY IS “INDIVIDUALS MALAYSIAN
OR THE MOVEMENT THAT


RESISTED BRITISH THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE
INTRUSION INTO THE COUNTRY IS FREQUENTLY
TAUGHT TO THE CITIZENS
MALAYA”

THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF A
TEXTBOOK



PEOPLE, EVENTS AND THE ACTION
ARE SELECTIVELY (INCLUDED AND

EXCLUDED)



PERCEIVED THE COUNTRY FROM
THE GOVERNMENT PERSPECTIVE

LEARNING UNIT 3 :
OFFICIAL VS

MISSING HISTORY

MisDsienfginitHioinstory MiEsxsianmgplHe isotfory

MISSING HISTORY IS "THE WAS STRUGGLE OR WAS IT
UNTOLD FACTS OR THE UNTOLD GIVEN FREE BY THE
BRITISH TO
STORIES ABOUT THE KEY
HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES" CONSERVATIVE POLITICAL
FORCES THAT CALLED, THE


SUBJECT OR THE EVENTS FROM ALLIANCE?


THE PARTICULAR PERIOD OF
HISTORY THAT HAVE REMAINED WAS STRUGGLE FOR THE
INDEPENDENCE ONLY AN
UNTOLD UMNO/MALAY STRUGGLE?



THIS IS THE HISTORY OF ONE
COUNTRY THAT NO ONE ELSE

KNOWN ABOUT, WHO WAS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EVENTS

AND WHEN DID THE REALLY
TAKE PLACE, WHERE DID THE

EVENTS TRULY UNFOLD

LEARNING UNIT 4

PREHISTORY OF THE INDO -
MALAYSIAN ARCHIPELAGO

PREHISTORY

Definition

Prehistory, also referred to as pre-literary
history[1], is the period of human history that
occurs between the usage of the first stone tools
by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the
advent of writing systems, which marked the
start of recorded history. Symbols, signs, and
images are used by humans from early on, but
the oldest writing systems are thought to have
been developed around 5000 years ago. It took
thousands of years for writing systems to
become extensively used, and by the 19th
century, nearly all societies had adopted
writing. As a result, the end of prehistoric
occurred at quite different times in various
locations, and the word is less frequently used
when referring to communities where
prehistory ended very recently.

pn

Archaeology as History

Archaeology as history

Both history and archaeology focus on the study of the
past. In particular, historians research historic records
and artefacts and produce a public narrative of the past.
Archaeologists unearth items that historians and other
archaeologists investigate.

What is archaelogy/prehistory??

Archaeology is a systematic study of the material remains
of human behavior in the past, while prehistory is the
portion human history that extends back before the time
of written documents and archive (Fagan, 1983)

pn

Prehistory of Malaysia

Malaysia is situated in a region that has given rise to
some of the oldest pre-human and human fossils that
are now known to man. Stone Age inhabitants were
quite busy, according to excavations at Sarawak's
Niah Caves. Prehistoric peoples who later established
in Indonesia, Melanesia, and Australia travelled one
of the southern routes via the Malay Peninsula.
The most well-known archaeological discovery in
Lenggong is Perak Man, a set of skeleton remains that
date back 11.000 years. Archaeology found that he
had a bone cyst in the right side of his mandible
between the ages of 40 and 45, which allowed
infection to spread throughout the rest of his body.

pn

Arhaeology & Nationalism

Nationalism

A nationalism is an ideology that prioritises
allegiance to a nation or nation-state and maintains
that these commitments take precedence over those
of other people or groups.

Archaeology & Nationalism

Trigger notes that 'most archaeological traditions are
probably nationalistic in orientation' and that
nationalist archaeology is probably strongest amongst
peoples who feel politically threatened, insecure or
deprived of their collective rights'.

Why do we need a national history???

help us become better informed citizens
helps us understand our own identities
helps us understand our own society.

pn

Arhaeology & Nationalism

Out-of -Malaysia theory for development of modern
humans
"The discovery of evidence (stone hand-axe) dated at
more than 1.83 million years at Bukit Bunuh could
propose a new theory to subtitute the present theory
(the Out-of-Africa theory)" (Mokthar Saidin, 2012:13)

pn

LU 5: ANCIENT HISTORY

ANCIENT Ancient history is the history of ancient times and civilization.
HISTORY Ancient history is an uncountable noun. lf you describe
something as an ancient history. you mean that it happened
in the past and is no longer re levant to the present. If we look
on the ancient history of the early kingdoms in Southeast
Asia. one of example that we can take is Malay Archipelago.

example of southeast asia ancient
history

The Brobodur Temple
Location , Mangelang.Central Java, Indonesia

Age , 825 AO

Facts , Brobodur is the world's largest Buddhist monument

and a priceless ancient centre for pilgrimage and education
in Maha~na Buddhism.

Prambanan Temple
Location , Bokoharjo Village, Prambanan Oistrict, Sleman Regeiq,
Special Region Of Yo~karta, and Bugisan Village, Prambanan
Oistrict, l<laten Regency,Central Java, Indonesia

Age,856AO

Facts , Prambanan temple compounds originall!f consist ot 2lf0
temple structures: which represent the grandeur otancient

Java's Hindu art and architecture, also considered as a

masterpiece otthe classical period in Indonesia

Angkorwat
Location , Siem Reap,Cambodia

Age : 900 Years Old
Facts , Angkor wat served as a monument to a powert'ul
king,Su~varman D.and also hiS tomb,The temple, dedicate
__=toViShnu, covers over a square mile. Its beautifull!f carved

bas relieves depict scenes from the Indian epic,the
Raman~ and Su~varman's life

Malay Peninsula: From pre-to proto-history

Kuala selinsing

Archaeologies discovered various of human burials and
artefacts, including pottery, and beads. shells and
glassware which was invented approximately in

between the 3rd century of BC to 11th century of AD.
Carnelian seal inscribed in south Indian Grantha script
which was assume to be invented in the 5th century of

AD.

The Cherok Tok Kun site in Bukit Mertajam, Penang,
also point to an early Indian presence. Around the fourth
century of AD, the South Indian Pallava Gratha invented

the Sanskrit script.

The notorious in marine commerce. In the 10th-13th
centuries AD, traders developed or organised the trade
in gold goods, glass beads, Chinese pottery, local iron
manufacture, and Hindu-Buddhist objects like @tantric@

shrines.

The "tndianization" or southeast Asia

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

The Sanskrit language was used to represent the Hindu concept
of royalty, which was characterised by Hindu or Buddhist
religions and was the basis for the establishment of indian
kingdoms throught out mainland Southeast Asia and on its
island. The contribution of indian culture to malay civilization
includes kingship, ceremonial. administration, language,
literature, arts, and architecture.

IMANDI SAFAR I

On the final wednesday of the muslim month which is safar. malays in
peninsular will one cultural ceremony which is called as mandi safar. In
this ceremony, people will be bathing in the river or sea. The purpose
of this ceremony is to clean oneself from spiritual impurity and protect
from misfortune. This ceremony were celebrated in many places but
especia1ly elaborate in Tanjong Keling. Melaka. Keling is very synonym
for people of south indian origin. Mandi Safar were paralles with indian
bathing festivities. The original ceremony which is the indian version
make allow the participant which is young men and woman to meet
fate in finding their partner for the rest of their life. This has shown the
result of Malay-Hindu interaction in the past. Society may has adapt the
islamic culture when the melaka sultanate make the society practice
about islamic during his era.

. ... . .

- ------------------

~~ TRADE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES . ..

, ···v ········································································

What is trade?

The original form of trade was barter, which is the
direct exchange of goods and services. Generally,
modern traders negotiate through exchange media
such as money. Thus, purchase can be seperated
from sales, or revenue. The design of money greatly
facilitates and promotes trade. Trade between two
trades is called 'bilateral trade' while trade between
more than two trafers is called 'multilateral trade'.

What is economy?

Economy is the areas of production, distribution
and trade, as well as consumption of goods and
services by different agencies. Rise and fall in trade
of economy can be found between kingdoms and
countries survive. Some elements that help the
flourish of trade in economy is combination
between contracts and alliances by mutual
economics interests. Therefore, these development
have to led to the existence of diplomacy as the
main fraimwork in defending the strategic
interested of each government.

. ap~a tJ

A form of economic organisation
known as capitalism is defined by
private ownership of the means of
production and distribution, which are
used to make money in extremely

competitive market

. ....~~~;•

.ff1'Trade and its impact_,;f:-
.~r~·:·;·•··
e capitalism has led to a variety of diversity·:+o

understand rights and tolerance in the work perfomed

e western powers value contracts that have been ratified

and formalized \

• local/malay/bugis emphasize the value of agreements
such as the sultan's agreement among with his people

• Diversity often leads to conflict

•••••

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LEARNING UNIT 7 : THE CREATION
OF MODERN SE ASIA
(1819 - 1900S)

What are the New Malay World's Creations?

> EUROPEAN PRESENCE LED TO DESTRUCTION OF OLD MALAY
WORLD AND CREATION OF THE NEW.

> But not just because of imperialism and European
expansionism; also because of local politics and global
changes.

CONTEXT :

1.EUROPEANS WANTED TO TRADE AND LOCAL CHIEFS
HAD ACCESS OR CONTROL TO RESOURCES

2.LOCAL CONTROL OVER RESOURCES FLUID AND EVER
CHANGING; OFTEN CONFLICT AND LOCAL MALAY
LOOKED TO STRONGER POWERS FOR ASSISTANCE IN
LOCAL CONFLICT. FOR EXAMPLE, CHINA SIAM &
EUROPEANS

3.A FAST CHANGING WORLD FUELED BY THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. IE : NEW MARKETS, NEW
RESOURCES & NEW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES.

SIAM AND NORTHERN MALAY
STATES

Siamese rule over the Northern
Malay State (NMS) Post began in
1782.

Recognizing Siamese suzerainty over
the Northern Malay States was a
requirement of the East India
Company (EIC) trading interest.

However, EIC were not in favour of
Thailad authority spreading any
further to the south. Nonetheless,
the malay kings frequently fought
one another.

TREATY OF 1824 AND THE PARTITION
OF THE MALAY WORLD

In the meantime, trade rivalry between EIC and
Dutch East Indies Company (VOC)

East India Company developed the idea of "spheres
of influence" in British diplomacy as a result of
trade interests and competitive pressures.

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 divided Southeast Asia
into British and Dutch spheres. > Malaysia and
Indonesia take shape

1826 EIC-Siam Treaty devided up NMS between
British sphere and Siamese sphere. > Thailand and
Malaya take shape.

Close links between Sumatra-Malay Peninsula and
Johor-Riaw cut into two.

People's once-easy movement has become
difficult.

TREATY PF 1824, 1826, 1909 AND
THE PARTITION OF THE MALAY

WORLD

Political devision now affect everything
; resource exploitation, control of
trade, Riaw-Johor Temenggung family
becomes Sultan of Johor; movement of
peoples, academic study, even identity
and nationalism (until today)

Penang -1826, Province Wellesley,
Malacca & Singapore formed into
Straits Settlements (SS).

LU 8 : Population,
Immigrants and
Ethnic Identity

Definition of Population

POPULATION, IN HUMAN BIOLOGY, THE WHOLE
NUMBER OF INHABITANTS OCCUPYING AN AREA

SUCH AS A COUNTRY OR THE WORLD AND
CONTINUALLY BEING MODIFIED BY INCREASES

(BIRTHS AND IMMIGRATIONS) AND LOSSES
(DEATHS AND EMIGRATIONS).

Definition of Immigrants

PROCESS THROUGH WHICH INDIVIDUALS BECOME
PERMANENT RESIDENTS OR CITIZENS OF ANOTHER
COUNTRY. HISTORICALLY, THE PROCESS OF IMMIGRATION
HAS BEEN OF GREAT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL
BENEFIT TO STATES. THE IMMIGRATION EXPERIENCE IS
LONG AND VARIED AND HAS IN MANY CASES RESULTED IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Definition of Ethnic Identity

ETHNIC IDENTITY REFERS TO A PERSON’S SOCIAL
IDENTITY WITHIN A LARGER CONTEXT BASED ON
MEMBERSHIP IN A CULTURAL OR SOCIAL GROUP.

The Creation of
'Malay' Ethnicity

Southeast Asia spoke mother tongue
languages

Use malay language for regional trade
Coming of the Portuguese, Dutch and British;

census and classification of groups via
background ( region of orgin, religion and

'ethnicity')
Ethnic categories driven by ideological

imperatives

British colonial practices:
high level of migration, creat
Malaysia's diverse or plural

society
1850-1920: Large scale in-

migration example:
Chinese,India, Java and

Sumatra
To maintain boundary
between colonizer and the

colonized.

Indigenous
People

'Sakai' recognize as a category on 1911
'Semi-civilized', 'wild' and 'highly civilized were

used to describe the indigenous population
Jakun was recognized additional ethnicities

Semang, Jakun and Orang Mantra, but
enumerated them together as 'Nomadic

Aboriginals'
To determine differences between the groups,

differences linguistic were used
Negrito, Jakun, Semai (also known as Semak,
Senoi), Sisek (Besisi), Semelai, and Temiar were
among the longer lists of Aboriginal ethnic

groups included in the 1947 census

LEARNING UNIT 9

ORANG ASLI : A SOCIAL
HISTORY

WHO ARE THE
ORANG ASLI?

A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP, THEY ARE WIDELY
DISPERSED IN ALL STATE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

THE TERM "ORANG ASLI" IS A COLLECTIVE TERM FOR
THE SUB-ETHNIC GROUPS OFFICIALLY CLASSIFIED FOR
ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES UNDER THREE MAIN
CATEGORIES. WHICH IS ;

1. SENOI
2. NEGRITO
3.ABORIGINAL MALAY

The Orang Asli population is estimated to be
around 150000 now, making up around 0.5% of the
national population.

THREE CATEGORIES OF ORANG
ASLI ‍♀️

1. NEGRITO (SEMANG)

▪︎ 》KENSIU NORTHEAST KEDAH
▪︎ 》KINTAK KEDAH-PERAK BORDER
▪︎ 》JAHAI NORTHEAST PERAK & WEST KELANTAN
▪︎ 》LANOH NORTH CENTRAL PERAK
▪︎ 》MENDRIQ SOUTHEAST KELANTAN
▪︎ 》BATEK NORTHEAST PAHANG & SOUTH KELANTAN

▪︎ 》2. SENOI
SEMAI NORTHEAST PAHANG & SOUTH PERAK
▪︎ 》TEMIAR NORTH PERAK & SOUTH KELANTAN
▪︎ 》JAH HUT CENTRAL PAHANG
▪︎ 》CHEWONG CENTRAL PAHANG
▪︎ 》MAH MERI COASTAL SELANGOR
▪︎ 》SEMOQ BERI SOUTH CENTRAL PAHANG

3. ABORIGINAL (PROTO) MALAY pn

▪︎ 》TEMUAN SELANGOR &
NEGERI SEMBILAN
▪︎ 》SEMELAI CENTRAL PAHANG & EAST

N.SEMBILAN

▪︎ 》JAKUN SOUTH PAHANG & NORTH JOHOR
▪︎ 》ORANG KANAQ EAST JOHOR
▪︎ 》ORANG KUALA WEST & SOUTH COASTS OF

JOHOR

▪︎WEST & SOUTH COASTS OF JOHOR

THE SENOI

• SENOI IS THE
LARGEST GROUP OF

ORANG ASLI.
• 54% OF THE ORANG
ASLI POPULATION.

THE NEGRITO

• SMALLEST CATEGORY
OF THE ORANG ASLI,
POPULATION WISE
• A LITTLE OVER 3% OF
THE TOTAL ORANG ASLI
POPULATION AND THEY
ARE BELIEVED TO BE THE
OLDEST INDIGENOUS
GROUP IN MALAY
PENINSULA
• LESS SEDENTARY, MORE
HUNTER-GATHERING

THE ABORIGINAL

• SECOND LARGEST
GROUP, CONSISTING
ABOUT 43% OF THE TOTAL
ORANG ASLI
• LIVE IN THE MOST
ACCESSIBLE AREAS, WAY
OF LIFE IS GENERALLY
SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE
RURAL MALAY

ORIGINS

"ORIGINAL PEOPLE" ALSO KNOWN AS
ORANG ASLI. THEY ARE THE
DESCENDANTS OF THE EARLIST
KNOWN INHABITANTS OF THE MALAY
PENINSULA, ARRIVING IN THE
PENINSULA AS EARLY AS 25,000
YEARS AGO.

IN OTHER WORDS, THE ORANG ASLI
LIVED IN WEST MALAYSIA LONG
BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF OTHER
GROUPS ; MALAYS, CHINESE &
INDIANS.

THE ORANG ASLI

THE TERM "ORANG ASLI" AS AN ETHNIC
CATEGORY DID NOT EXIST BEFORE 1960.

THE TERM ORANG ASLI WAS FIRST USED BY
THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AFTER THE
COMMUNIST INSURGENCE AND THE MALAYAN
EMERGENCY OF 1948-1960

DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD, THE GENERIC
TERMS "SAKAI" & "ABORIGINIES" WERE
COMMONLY USED TO REFER TO THIS GROUP OF
PEOPLE -TERMS THAT CARRIED VARYING
DISCRIMINATORY INFERENCE.

ORANG ASLI ALSO
KNOWN AS :

▪︎ORANG HULU (PEOPLE OF THE
▪︎HEADWATERS)

ORANG DARAT (PEOPLE OF THE

▪︎HINTERLAND)
ORANG LAUT (PEOPLE WHO LIVE BY
THE SEA)

▪︎BESISI (PEOPLE WITH SCALE)
▪︎MANTRA (PEOPLE WHO CHANTED)
▪︎ORANG LIAR (WILD PEOPLE)
▪︎PANGAN (EATERS OF RAW FOOD)
▪︎ORANG MAWAS (APELIKE PEOPLE)
▪︎ORANG JINAK (TAME OR ENSLAVED

PEOPLE)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORANG ASLI & VARIOUS

GROUP

¤ BEFORE WW2, DURING
THE JAPANESE
OCCUPATION OF
MALAYA ; THE
EMERGENCY & POST-
EMERGENCY.

¤ PROTO-MALAYS HAVE CLOSE CONTACT
WITH THE MALAYS FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
¤ THERE IS EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT MANY
MODERN MALAYS HAVE SOME PROTO-MALAY
BLOOD.
¤ MANY PROTO-MALAYS HAVE BEEN
ASSIMILATED INTO THE MALAY COMMUNITIES
-MANY HAVE CONVERTED INTO ISLAM.
¤ THE SENOI & NEGRITO (JUNGLE-DWELLING),
HOWEVER, WERE MORE ISOLATED FROM THE
OUTSIDE WORLD BEFORE WW2.
¤THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE SEMAI &
NEGRITO HAD NO CONTACT AT ALL WITH
OTHER COMMUNITIES

BESIDE FOREST THERE IS AMPLE
PRODUCE, THE EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT
ORANG LAUT, WITH
THEIR DIVING & PARTICULARLY THE
SWIMMING SKILLS, SENOI OBTAINED
PROVIDED MARINE
PRODUCE SUCH AS COMMODITIES SUCH AS
AKAR BAHAR SALT, JUNGLE KNIVE
(CORAL), TRIPANG
(SEA PLUG) - (PARANG) AND METAL
INGREDIENTS FOR AXE HEADS BY SELLING
CHINESE SOUP & OR EXCHANGING JUNGLE
PRODUCE IN THE FORM
MEDICINE OF ROTAN, JELUTONG,

BAMBOO & OTHER
ITEMS.

IN N.SEMBILAN, THE DESCENDANTS OF THE
ORANG ASLI, REFERRED TO AS BIDUANDA
WARIS, HELD AN ESTEEMED POSITION IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF THE REGION FROM THE 16

CENTURY.
SI PUNTUM, THE
PERSON WHO STRUCK
THE FATAL LANCE INTO
THE BRITISH RESIDENT
JAMES BIRCH IN 1875 -
WAS THE ORANG ASLI
HENCHMAN OF THE
MAHARAJA LELA,

DATO SAGOR
(NICHOLAS,2012)

THE TIMIDITY AND ISOLATION OF THE ORANG ASLI ALSO
REFLECTED THEIR DEEP ROOTED AND JUSTIFIED FEARS
OF MALAYS, WHO EXPLOITED AND OPPRESSED THE
ORANG ASLI.

THE VOLUMINIOS FILES OF THE SELANGOR SECRETARIAT
INCLUDE ABUNDANT EVIDENCE OF MALAY DISHONESTY
WITH AND ABUSE OF THE ORANG ASLI :

▪︎HABITUALLY CHEATED WHEN

THEY DISPOSED OF JUNGLE

▪︎ PRODUCE
SOMETIMES REFUSED
PAYMENT AFTER PERFORMING

▪︎ SERVICES
FREQUENTLY ROBBED OF
THEIR CROPS OF "DURIAN" OR

OTHER FRUIT

Before WW2: Orang Asli as
Slave

Widespread in the Malay States in the 19th
century
Manytype of slave but it divided into 2
main classes of ordinary slave (abdi) and
debtor slvaes (orang berhutang)

Orang asli could be captured and enslave
No social,religious or legal obstacles to
discourage Malays wishing to enslave
members of the jungle communities

Children were regarded as particularly
desirable by the slave hunter
Adult too old to train properly and liable
to escape.

Contact with
Chinese

Chinese community in Malay
state had no interaction with

the Orang Asli than did the
Malays

Due to the concentration of Chinese
in urban centres and tin-mining
districts
Some Chinese traders, cultivators
and timber workers, have ealing with
the jungle people and it seems that
the relationship established were
generally friendly and mutually
advantageous

Many Chinese men married into Orang
Asli communities, learnt their
languages, and lived with the tribes

Friendly connection of
many Chinese:

Their reputation for fair dealing
Created an atmosphere of good will towards
them among the Orang Asli : great
assistance to the Chinese-dominated
military
Political organisation which fled into the
jungle for the duration of the Japanese
Occupation
Immense value to the Communist insurgents
during the Emergency period

Colonial Views on Orang Asli

The aborigines were categorised by
some as 'savages' or referred to as
Semang, Sakai, Jacoon and Orang-
Utan among other names

The attiude of the colonial
towards the Orang Asli can be
summarized as being generally

one of indifference

Jungle peoples were, to a great extent, left
to their own devices and their activities
only concerned administrators when the

Orang Asli contravened game and forestry
laws

The Japanese Occupation

Friendly contact made by many
Chinese with the Orang Asli before the
war become invaluable during the
Occupation
Jungle people become target for
Communist propaganda
Orang Asli aided the Communist
forces by providing porters, guides,
food and intelligence on Japanese
movments

LEARNING UNIT 10:

MALAYSIAN’S WOMEN
MOVEMENTS