THE BACKSTORY:
• History often emphasis men as the main
contributor in any highlight of the
history,making the women living in the
shadows.
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, pioneers
of the Women's Rights Movement, 1891. (Credit: The
Library of Congress)
• Women in the past were viewed as
housewives, homemakers. That they
are emotionally weak and fragile,
caring gentle which are considered
as not history material as they
were viewed in such a way
• The women who were making history
were very much unwritten and stay
hidden in the shadows, binded with
the stereotype views towards woman.
What caused the movement:
-When the women’s rights movements
first arose, more than simply the right
to vote was part of the agenda.
-Their overarching objectives included
granting married women the right to
their own property and salaries, as
well as the custody of their childrem,
sovereignty over their own body, fair
opportunities to school and jobs.
-The main purpose was to encourage to
see women in a different like, not just
treat or view them anything less than a
simple housewife.
-For generations and centuries, women
has been trained to be the perfect wife
and housekeeper thus the movement is to
encourage women to do more than mere
housechores.
- The movement got promoted from
different parts of the world as they
promoted educations for women, made
legal reforms and the right to work and
ending the veiling of women.
THE IMPACT OF THE MOVEMENT
IN MALAYSIA
The All Women 's Action Society is an independent
feminist non-profit organisation that works towards
supporting survivors of gender-based violence
(Photo: AWAM)
• EDUCATION:
When the movement started, Malay women
became educators and joined women’s
organisations. Chinese women involved
in the movement more politically. And
Indian women joined the Indian
independance led by a figure named
Chandra Subha Bose, who used to serve
in the Indian National Army.
• NATIONALIST
-Women starts to be more involve in
national and political matters. They
have become ghe catalysts for the -
change against the provincial rule. -
-Some oragnisation are heavily
depended on women to increase the
numbers of members tfor a good
demonstration.
-A party was made as the chief
gathers for votes however no women
were appointed to be in leadership
thus the social change has not
changed.
-Some women got expelled from an
orginasation as theiir actions were
considered foible for pushing gender
equality and greater representation
for women.
-The movement has become more
aggressive as activist are being more
proactive as the desire for women’s
rights and equality, more
specifically equal rights regardless
of race, creed and sex. However the
activist are bannedbt the British
Colonial Government in 1948.
• LABOUR AWAKENINGS:
-The movement strikes throughout the
ecountry before and after World War II,
it intensifies when the protests
against sexual harrassment started in
1939.
-In post-independance, the movement
was active during that period.
-Women and those who supports the
movement uses multiple ways to promote
the movement such as, producing
special booklets, passing the
resolutions of the demanded equal pay,
demanded the goverment to recognised
‘International Women’s Day.
-Chinese women were recognise as they
worked hard as industrial workers at
the time.
-However the activism waned in post-
industrialisation especially Malay
women and rural women working at the
Free Trading Zone.
-The mainstream was tightly controlled
and limited by the partiachal and
authoritarian state society.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
• There is an increasing crimes of assult
towards women as the country developeded.
• Domestic violence,incest,sexual
harrassment arose as the country continues
to grow and advance.
Women's Strike for Peace and Equality, New
York City, Aug. 26, 1970. Eugene Gordon—The
New York Historical Society
• Workshops and exhibitions that relates to
the issue attracts thousands and got
media’s attention as well.
• During the 1980s the movement began to be
active once again.
• Bringin new styles of leadership to
women’s group, not arranged in order
hierarchically, a fresh democratic outlook
as well as new ways of thinking.
• Many ways and steps to put on emphasis not
on welfare or crisis assistance but to be
more proactive in the movement such as
social awareness about social inequality
and discrimination.
• For those who are more inclusive and non-
religious manage to bring women from
different regions and background to work
together and volunteer.
• They have dealt with relationships
involving Syariah (Muslim women) and
brought together women to promote gender
equality which also got men to be
associate members of the organisation.
• They provided research and evidence to set
up groups such as “Persatuan Ibu Tunggal”
taking women’s issue within the Islamic
framework as well.
• The effort was paid off after 10 years of
hardwork before it actually becoming on of
the written laws.
REFORMATION
• This planted the idea that women should be
involved with the politics and campaign.
• Focusing solely on social reforms to
advance the cause of women.
• Several issues were brought up and no
opposition from any Muslim women’s group
to the agenda for change and reformation.
LABOUR
MOV6.5E3 MENT
Learning Unit 11
WHAT IS
POLITICS OF
THE LEFT
- Political scientists have observed that
ideologies of political parties can mapped
along single left.
- Politics of the Left are political positions or
activities that accept or support social
equality, often in oppositiontp social
hierarchy.
- ‘Left Wing’ referred to communism, socialism,
the civil rights movement, anti-war
movements, and some environmental
movements.
7/1/20XX Pitch de
eck title 2
THE TRADITIONAL MA
01 04
Establishment of formal schools – impetus Many newspa
of new ideas from West and development published suc
of the world. Peranakan, Al
02 05
Abdullah Munshi questioned Malay This developm
Sultan’s authority- did not show any effort among the ne
to help the Malay
03 Pitch de
Singapore opened Malaya to outside
world and became center of publication.
7/1/20XX
ALAY 3
aper and magazines had been
ch as Bintang Timor, Jawi
l-Imam.
ments created awareness
ew Malay elite.
eck title
7/1/20XX
BEGINNINGS OF THE
LEFT IN MALAYA
The Malays
Backward condition and need to be uplift in line with changing in
Malaya.
The Indian
Facing poverty in estates with low income, need for better living conditions.
The Chinese
Engulfed with the nationalism movement in China but some (also
the Indian elites) regarded Malaya as their homeland and
demanded a fair share in Malaya.
Pitch deck title 4
THE LEFT DURING
OCCUP
Beggining
Released all KMM’s leaders but only after the
Japanese had dissolved KMM.
Next
The Japanese also did not have any intention to
give independence.
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G THE JAPANESE
PATION
Third
On other hand, the idea of independence never
faded away from ex-KMM leader ‘s goal.
Forth
Owing to this, Ibrahim Yaacob and his other
friends ostensibly cooperated with the Japanese
and in same time support the MCP movements
against the Japanese.
eck title 5
THE FORMATION OF L
End of the war The emplo
brought hardship to interested i
the living condition their busin
in Malaya. their p
7/1/20XX Pitch de
LABOUR MOVEMENTS
oyers more Between 1945 -
in restoring 1948 : 425 unions
nesses and
profits. formed with
290000 members.
eck title 6
BREAKING UP THE LA
ABOUR MOVEMENT
CRONO
British authority Trade u
Britain took several Societies O
measures to counter and Ban
Left Movement and
labour opposition to Ordinance
Federation of Malaya impo
7/1/20XX Pitch de
OLOGY
unions Final
Ordinance Emergency declared
nishment after three estate
e were re-
osed. managers were shot
dead in Perak.
eck title
8
THE F
Many left parties declared PMFTU and sev
illegal – brought the right wing unions declared
parties to dominate Malayan
194
politics – UMNO and MCA
followed by MIC.
7/1/20XX Pitch de
FLOW
veral state trade Malay members of API joined
d illegal on May the MCP and formed the 10th
48 Regiment, Malayan National
Liberation Army.
eck title 9
LEARNING
UNIT 12:
SECRET
SOCIETIES:
WHAT IS SECRET
SOCIETIES?
A group of Freemasons in ceremonial
dress, 1902.
Rare Book and Special Collections
Division/Library of Congress,
Washington, D.C.
Definitions:
• Any of a large range of
membership organizations or
associations that utilize secret
initiations or other rituals and
whose members often employ unique
oaths, grips (handshakes), or
other signs of recognition
(Britannica, T. Editors of
Encyclopaedia (2021, March 24)).
• Typically groups who are hidden
away from non-members, especially
the public.
• Not all secret societies are
linked to crimes such as the
Mafia in Italy, Freemasons,
Yakuza, the Black dragon Society
from Japan.
• It has been a world phenomenon
for the longest time and still
active until now.
INVOLVEMENT
The three highest ranking bosses of the
family – the Godfather in the centre – pose
for a portrait during a traditional dinner at
a restaurant in Kabukicho, Tokyo – 2009
(Anton Kuster,2009)
• This kind of society is treated an
exclusive to specific kind of people.
• They are the ones who shared similar
objectives and interests and have a
special bond with the members of the
society.
• They have their own “code” as a way to
communicate with each other.
• What about in Malaysia? There’s no
avoiding the fact that there are also
secret society in our country.
• From what we’ve taught throughout our
education, we learnt that there’s
“Kongsi”, a Chinese secret organisation
within Malaysia whose conflict became a
part of the civil war in Perak and
Selangor.
• Their conflict revolves around the
controlling of the tin mines which
later solved by the British came with
Pangkor Treaty.
ORIGIN OF THE
SECRET SOCIETY
• The groups’ names are used to relate
with overseas organizations.
• For example “Kongsi” is from the
Chinese word ‘gongsi’ roughly
translating to the meaning of
“brohterhood”.
THE ORIGIN OF KONGSI
• Had root from China agaisnt the
Imperial Dynasty.
• To defend their own clan when they
imigrate to Malaya.
• Blood oath will be taken as those who
want to be a part of the organisation .
• They do their activities mainly at the
temple as their objectives are to help
the immigrated Chinese in Malaya.
• The leader, Lim Hua Chiam gave the
members shelter and money to Singkeh
under his leadership.
• Mostly are businessmen and only
interest in Malaya’s economu helping
the Chinese immigrants financial
support, and supporting political
rebellion in China.
• In Sarawak however, J.Brooke retaliated
and attack them which brought the end
of the Kongsi organisation there.
There’s effort trying to establish
their branch however the effort was
futile.
CONFLICT
• Their initial principles of
mutual assistance and bonding
eventually turned into
impressions of violence and
disorders.
For example, the British
Government arrested several
Kongsi members in effort to
reduce the fighing however
couldn’t eliminate them entirely,
while in Sarawak, the Brooke
government impose on penalty for
involving in a Secret Society.
REASONS FOR EMERGENCE
• Due to no organisation could
protect and look after
important affairs and need
protection from the
criminals as the crime rate
is high in the past.
• For example, the biggest
clash between groups
happened which led to a riot
in the end.
SECRET SOCIETY
ALONG THE YEARS
• The british brought the
culture to Malaya which
include the Secret Society.
• This has led the existance
of gangsters like “Botak
Chin (Wong See Chin)” to
emerge and cause acts of
violence and robberies in
Malaya.
• Surely enough that is not
just it as there are more
who are involved in the
secret societies.
• Secret societies now are
associated most with various
high degree crimes such as
murder, kidnapping, extortion,
loanshark and etc.
• Each group has their own
unique identity and some of
them have insignia and even
rankings.
• Now the societies have
organisation of their own
with a godfather leading them
and with subordinates who are
heads of the brancha and
“abang long” or “taiko” as
their subordinates.
RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND
UNDERGROUND YOUTH BANDS
• The heresy or cult arose whose
beliefs differ from the true
teachings and spread it to others
who might believe and see them as
a prophet or a messenger from god.
They went as far as assassinate
those who does not agree with
them.
• The undergroup youth bands are
consist of people who calls
themselves as “Punks”
• Their members can be as young as
a primary school kid and as old
as a 40 years old person.
• They express their ideas and
feelings through music, art and
fanzines and have their own
beliefs and this includes the in-
your-face attitude, rebellion,
some post-hippie idealism and
anti-society fashion statement.
IN TRODUCTION
THE STUDENT MOVEMENT WAS A
NEW SOCIAL FORCE TO BRING THE
AWARENESS AND STRUGGLE ON
THE POLITICS, ECONOMICAL SOCIAL
CHANGE
EXPOSITION OF THEIR LEARNING
AND CONDITION OF PEOPLE’S LIVES
THAT ENCOURAGED STUDENTS TO
CHAMPION LOCAL AND
INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
CONSISTS OF YOUNG, FRESH AND
ENERGETIC STUDENTS PRESSURE
GROUPS TO OVERSEE THE
GOVERNMENT’S ROLE AND ITS
POLICY
STUDENT MOVEMENTS IS
NURTURED IN EVERY COUNTRY
Learning Unit 13
MALAYSIA
STUDENT
MOVEMENT
THE F ORMATIVE Y
EAR
STUDENT MOVEMENT IN
MALAYSIA CAN BE TRACED BACK
TO INFLUENCE OF ISLAMIC
MOVEMENTS IN MIDDLE EAST
AND SOUTH ASIA
FOREIGN STUDENTS AND THE
REFORM INFLUENCE OF PAN
ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS LEAD
MALAY STUDENTS TO ORGANIZED
THEMSELVES IN STUDENT
ORGANIZATIONS.
FOR EXAMPLE, MALAY AND Learning Unit 13
INDONESIAN STUDENTS FORMED
SEVERAL WELFARE AND ISLAMIC MALAYSIA
ASSOCIATIONS SUCH AS JAMI’AH STUDENT
AL-KHAIRIAH (EGYPT), TALABAH MOVEMENT
INDONESIA MALAYA ASSOCIATION
(SAUDI ARABIA) AND INDONESIA-
MALAYA ASSOCIATION (INDIA).
INDO NESIA INFLUENCE
THE INDONESIA’S INFLUENCE
UPON MALAY STUDENT
MOVEMENT WAS QUITE
PROFOUND -1930
BOOK AND MAGAZINES
IMPORTED FROM INDONESIA AS
READING MATERIAL TO COLLEGE
STUDENTS IN SULTAN IDRIS
TRAINING COLLEGE (SITC)
THEREFORE, EMBEDDED
INDONESIAN NATIONALIST IDEAS
AMONG THE SITC STUDENTS
Learning Unit 13
MALAYSIA
STUDENT
MOVEMENT
THE SITC
SITC- PRODUCED MANY
NATIONALIST STUDENTS SUCH AS
IBRAHIM YA’AKUB
IBRAHIM RECEIVED LOTS OF THEREFORE,
INFLUENCE FROM THE STUDENT EMBEDDED
MOVEMENTS AND NATIONALIST INDONESIAN
NATIONALIST IDEAS
MOVEMENT OF INDONESIA AMONG THE SITC
STUDENTS
THE SUMPAH PEMUDA INDONESIA
BECOME ENCOURAGEMENT FOR THE FORMATION OF
IBRAHIM TO ORGANIZE THE ORGANIZATION LED TO
STUDENTS MOVEMENT IN SITC
EMERGING OF
IBRAHIM SUPPORTED THE IDEA OF KESATUAN MELAYU
“INDONESIA RAYA” AND WANTED MUDA (KMM) BECAME
TO UNITS STUDENTS IN UNDEFIED NEW VEHICLE FOR THE
ORGANIZATION YOUNG MALAY TO
STRUGGLE AGAINST
THIS IDEA BEGAN TO MATERIALIZE THE BRITISH BUT LATER
BY FORMATION OF YOUNG WAS BANNED BY THE
JAPANESE AS WELL.
STUDENT’S ALLIANCE (IKATAN
PEMUDA PELAJAR) AND
PENINSULAR BORNEO STUDENTS
ALLIANCE (IKATAN PELAJAR
SEMENANJUNG BORNEO)
LEADING THE
STUDENTS
MOVEMENT IN 1960S
THE STUDENT ACTIVISM IN
UNIVERSITI MALAYA
THRIVED IN 1960S AND
EARLY 1970S
ONE OF KEY STUDENT Learning Unit 13
LEADERS WAS SYED HAMID
ALI WHO WAS UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
MALAYA STUDENTS’ UNION STUDENT
MOVEMENT
(UMSU), GENERAL-
SECRETARY (1967-1969)
BEFORE HE WAS ELECTED
PRESIDENT (1969-1970)
TERM
3 BADASS PROTEST
ORGANIZED BY
MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS IN 1970S
UITM DEMONSTRATION OF
1974 : HIJACKING A TRAIN TO
TAKE OVER THE UNIVERSITY
TASEK UTARA DEMO OF 1974
THE DEMOLISHMENT OF
RAKYAT’S HOUSE (FEAT. A
YOUNG HISHAMUDDIN RAIS)
BALING DEMONSTRATION
OF 1975 : FIGHTING FOR THE
RIGHTS OF THOSE IN
HUNGER
2022