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ø¬ıÀ√˙ w˜Ì1 õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˜±1 ’√˜… Œ˝√“¬Û±˝√º w˜Ì ø¬ı˘±¸œ Œ˜±1 ˜ÚÀȬ±Àª ¤˝◊√¬ı±1 ¸≈À˚±· ¬Û±À˘ Ȭ±˝◊√ª±Ú w˜Ì1º
¤˝◊√¬ı±1 Ȭ±˝◊√ª±ÚÕ˘ ’˝√±√ÀȬ± ˝√í˘Õ· Ȭ±˝◊√ª±Ú ¤˝◊√ Ú±˜ÀȬ± ¸‰¬1±‰¬1 Œ√˙-ø¬ıÀ√À˙ Ù≈¬1±-‰¬fl¡± fl¡1± ˜±Ú≈˝√1 ˜≈‡Ó¬
¬ı1Õfl¡ qÚ± Ú±˚±˚˛º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± qÀÚ ˚ø√› ͬ±˝◊√‡Ú1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˝◊√˜±Ú ¤Àfl¡± ·˜ Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±øÂ√À˘“±º ¤øÂ√˚˛±1 Œ˜¬Û‡Ú
‰¬±À˘ Ȭ±˝◊√ª±Ú Œ˚ ¤È¬± ¸1n∏ ¡Zœ¬Û, ˝◊√˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ Ê√Ú± ˚±˚˛º ’ªÀ˙… Œ˜±1 ˆ¬”À·±˘1 :±ÀÚ± ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝◊√ ¸œø˜Ó¬º ˘í1±˝√“Ó¬1
˜≈‡Ó¬ qøÚ øfl¡¬ı± øfl¡ø¬ı ’˘¬Û Ê√±øÚøÂ√À˘“±º ¤˝◊√¬ı±1 ‰¬±fl¡ø11 Ù¬±˘1 ¬Û1± Ó¬±fl¡ Ȭ±˝◊√À¬ÛÕ˘ ¬ı√ø˘ fl¡ø1À˘º ø¸ ’±ø˝√
‰¬±fl¡ø1Ó¬ ˜fl¡1˘ Œ˝√±ª±Ó¬ ’±ø˜› ’±ø˝√¬ıÕ˘ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¬Û±À˘±º ’ªÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ Ȭ±˝◊√À¬Û Δ˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˚±S± ’±1y fl¡ø1 ’±ø˜
1±øÓ¬ õ∂±˚˛ 11 ¬ıÊ√±Ó¬ ¬ı±—·±À˘±1 ¤˚˛±1À¬Û±È«¬ ¬Û±À˘±º ¬ı±e±À˘±11 ¬Û1± 1±øÓ¬ 2.30 ¬ıÊ√±Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ˚±S± ’±1y
fl¡ø1À˘“±º ¬ı±e±À˘±11 ¬Û1± ˝√—fl¡— ¤˚˛±1À¬Û±È«¬ ¬Û±›“ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1 õ∂±˚˛ 6 ‚∞I◊± ¸˜˚˛ ˘±ø·øÂ√˘º

ëëȬ±˝◊√À¬Ûíí Δ˝√ÀÂ√ ëëȬ±˝◊√ª±Úíí ¡Zœ¬Û1 1±Ê√Ò±Úœº ˝√—fl¡„√1 ¬Û1± õ∂±˚˛ ≈√‚∞I◊±1 ˜”1Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ’˝√± ø¬ı˜±Ú‡ÀÚ
ëëȬ±˝◊√À¬Ûíí ¤˚˛±1À¬Û±È«¬Ó¬ ’ªÓ¬1Ì fl¡ø1À˘º ˝√—fl¡„√1 ¬Û1± Ȭ±˝◊√À¬ÛÕ˘ ’˝√± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ Œ˝√ÀÚ± ¸±·1¬Û‘á¬1 ¬Û1±
õ∂±˚˛ 35 Œ˝√Ê√±1 Ù≈¬È¬ ›¬ÛÀ1À1 ’±ø˝√øÂ√À˘“±º ˝√—fl¡—, Ȭ±˝◊√À¬Û ¤˝◊√ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√ ¬ÛÔÀÂ√±ª±Ó¬ ’±˜±1 ø¬ı˜±Ú‡Ú ˜˝√±¸±·11
›¬ÛÀ1ø√ ά◊ø1øÂ√˘º ø¬ı˜±Ú‡ÚÓ¬ ¸—˚≈Mê√ ëŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬ù´ÚÓ¬í ˝◊√˚˛±1 ·øÓ¬À¬ı·, øfl¡˜±Ú ά◊2‰¬Ó¬±Ó¬ ø¬ı˜±Ú‡Ú Δ· ’±ÀÂ√,
øÚø«√©Ü ¶ö±Ú ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ øfl¡˜±Ú ¸˜˚˛ ˘±ø·¬ı
’±ø√ ‡¬ı1À¬ı±1 Œ√‡± ¬Û±˝◊√ ’±øÂ√À˘“±º
’ªÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ øÚø«√©Ü ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ëȬ±˝◊√À¬Û1í ˜±øȬӬ
ø¬ı˜±Ú‡ÀÚ ’ªÓ¬1Ì fl¡ø1À˘ø˝√º ¤˝◊√
ëȬ±˝◊√À¬Ûí1 ¬Û”¬ı«1 Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ ëÙ¬1À˜±Â√±ííº

Œ¸˝◊√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ ¡Zœ¬ÛÀȬ±1
ëŒõ∂øÂ√Àά∞I◊í ø‰¬˚˛±— fl¡±˝◊√ Œ‰¬Àfl¡í ëëNational
Republic of ChinaííÓ¬ 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ
¬Û±øÓ¬øÂ√˘º øfl¡c ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ëȬ±˝◊√ª±Úí ¡Zœ¬ÛÀȬ±
‰¬œÚ Œ√˙1 ¬Û1± ¸•Û”Ì« ø¬ıø26√iß ¬Û‘Ôfl¡
1±Ê√…º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 ëŒõ∂øÂ√Àά∞I◊íÊ√Ú1
Ú±˜ ˝√í˘ñ ëëMa Ying Jeouíí ë똱 ˝◊√—
øÊ√›íí Œ˜¬Û‡ÚÓ¬ Œ√‡±Ó¬ ˚ø√› ¤˝◊√‡Ú

¬Û‘ᬱ 101

¸1n∏ ¡Zœ¬Û ¤È¬± Œ˚Ú ˘±À· √1±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√ ¡Zœ¬Û 1±Ê√…‡Ú ˚Àԩܱ ά±„√1º ¤˚˛±1À¬Û±È«¬Ó¬ ø¬ı˜±Ú‡Ú Ú˜±1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ø¢
¬ıUÀÓ¬± ά±„√1 ά±„√1 ëëŒÙ¬"√1œííº

’±ø˜ ëȬ±˝√ª◊ ±Úí ’±ø˝√ Œ¬Û±ª±1 ø√Ú± ¤˚±˛ 1¬ÛíȬ«Ó¬ Ú±ø˜ ’±ø˜À¬ı±À1 ŒÈ¬ø' ¤‡ÚÕ˘ ’À¬Û鬱 fl¡ø1 ’±øÂ√À˘±º ¤ÀÚ ¸˜˚À˛ Ó¬
ˆ¬œ¯Ì∏ ·øÓ¬À¬ıÀ·À1 ·±Ê√øÚ-ŒÏ¬À1fl¡øÌÀ1 ¬ıÓ¬±˝√-Ò˜≈ ˝≈ √± ¤Ê√±fl¡ ’±ø˝√˘º ’±˜±fl¡ Œ˚Ú ›ˆ¬Ó¬±˝√◊ Œ¬Û˘±˝√À◊ ˝√ ø√¬ıº

Œfl¡±ÀÚ±˜ÀÓ¬ ¬∏C˘œ‡Ú1 ¬Û1± ¬ıd-¬ı±˝√±øÚø‡øÚ ŒÈ¬ø' ¤‡ÚÓ¬ ά◊ͬ±˝◊√ Δ˘ ’±ø˜À¬ı±À1 ¬ıø˝√¬ıÕ˘ Δ˘ÀÂ√±º ‰¬±˘fl¡Ê√ÀÚ
˘í1±˘ø1Õfl¡ Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘1 øͬfl¡Ú± ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ’øÓ¬˜±S± Œ¬ı·Ó¬ ·±Î¬ˇœ ‰¬˘±˝◊√ÀÂ, ’±ø˜ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬ÀȬ± ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√ ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀÓ¬
‰¬±˘fl¡Ê√ÀÚ Δfl¡ÀÂ√ Ȭ±˝◊√Ù≈¬— ’±ø˝√ÀÂ√, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±Õ˘Àfl¡ ˜˝◊√ Ȭ±˝◊√Ù≈¬—ÀÚ± øfl¡ Ê√Ú± Ú±øÂ√À˘“±º ˘í1±˘ø1Õfl¡ Δ· Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘ ¬Û±À˘±Õ·º
Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘‡Ú1 ¸ij≈‡ ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ά±„√1 fl“¡±‰¬1 √Ê«√±À¬ı±1Ó¬ ¬ı·± fl¡±·Ê√ √œ‚˘œ˚˛±Õfl¡ Δfl¡ fl¡±øȬ ’±Í¬± ˘·±˝◊√ ŒÔ±ª± ’±ÀÂ√º ¸ij≈‡1
¬ı±1±G±‡ÚÓ¬ ά±„√1 ά±„√1 øÓ¬øÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ¬ıô¶± ¬Û±ø1 ŒÔ±ª± ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ı±1±G±‡Ú1 ¤È¬± Ù¬±À˘ ά±„√1 Œ¬ı±Î¬« ¤‡ÚÓ¬ ά±„√1 ά±„√1Õfl¡
ø˘ø‡ Ȭ±˝◊√Ù≈¬— ¤˘±È«¬ ø√˚˛± ’±ÀÂ√º ŒÈ¬ø'‡ÀÚÀ1 Δ· Ô±Àfl“¡±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±È¬Ó¬ ¬ÛÔ‰¬±1œ Œ˘±fl¡ Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±øÂ√À˘“±º Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘‡ÚÓ¬
ˆ¬ø1 ø√À˚˛˝◊√ ˘í1±-Œ¬ı±ª±1œ˝√“Ó¬ Œ‰¬øfl¡— fl¡±Î¬◊∞I◊±1Ó¬ ¬ı…ô¶ Δ˝√ Ôfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ˜˝◊√ ›‰¬1ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘1 fl¡˜«fl¡Ó«¬± ¤Ê√Úfl¡ ¸≈øÒ
·˜ ¬Û±À˘±, ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ ‡≈¬ı ¸‚Ú±˝◊√ Ȭ±˝◊√Ù≈¬— Δ˝√ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ô«±» ’øÓ¬˜±S± Œ¬ı·Ó¬ ¬ıÓ¬±˝√ ¬ıíÀ˘, ˘À· ˘À· ·±Ê√øÚ-ŒÏ¬À1fl¡øÚÀ1
¬ı1¯∏≈Ì ˝√˚˛, ¬ı<¬Û±Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ1 ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú±Ò1Ì1 Œ˙±fl¡±¬ı˝√ ≈√‚«È¬Ú± Œ˝√±ª± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√˚˛º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ ¸‚Ú±˝◊√
ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡•Û ˝√˚˛º ’fl¡˘ Ȭ±˝◊√ª±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ˝√˚˛, ¤ÀÚ Ú˝√˚˛º ¤˝◊√ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±·¸˜”À˝√ Ȭ±˝◊√ª±Ú1 ˘À· ˘À· ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ˚˛± Œ√˙
øÙ¬ø˘¬Û±˝◊√ÚÂ√, Ê√±¬Û±Ú, ˜±˘À˚˛øÂ√˚˛± ’±ø√Àfl¡± ¶Û˙« fl¡ø1 ˚±˚˛º

’±ø˜ ’˝√±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ õ∂ÔÀ˜ ≈√ø√Ú ˜±Ú ›˘±˝◊√ Œ¸±˜±˝◊√ Œ√±fl¡±Ú-Œ¬Û±˝√±1, Œ‡±ª± ¬ıd ¬ı±˝√±øÚ ’±ø√1 ‡±-‡¬ı1 fl¡À1“±ÀÓ¬
·˜ ¬Û±À˘± Œ˚ ˜±Ú≈˝√À¬ı±1 ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸˝√Ê√ ¸1˘, ’±1n∏ ˜±Ú≈˝√fl¡ Œ¬ı‰¬ ¸˝√±˚˛ fl¡À1º Œ√±fl¡±Ú-Œ¬Û±˝√±1¸˜”˝√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ¸1˝√¸—‡…fl¡
Œ˘±Àfl¡˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 øÚÊ√1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı…ª˝√±1 fl¡À1º ˝◊√—1±Ê√œ1 ¬ı…ª˝√±1 fl¡˜, Œ¸˝◊√¬ı±À¬ı õ∂Ô˜ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ ’±˜±1 ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
Δ˝√øÂ√˘º øfl¡c fl¡Ô±-¬ıÓ¬1±1 ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±ÚÓ¬ ’¸≈ø¬ıÒ±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά◊æ√ª Œ˝√±ª± ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬ÀȬ± ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ Ó¬»é¬Ì±Ó¬ øÚ˚˛La̱ҜÚ
fl¡ø1 Δ˘ ˚±˚˛º

Œ¸˝◊√¬ı±À¬ı ‡±¬Û ‡±¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı1 Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¸˜˚˛ Ú±˘±ø·øÂ√˘º ˜˝◊√ ’˘¬Û ø√Ú1 øˆ¬Ó¬1ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1À˘“± Œ˚ ˝◊√˚˛±1
˜±Ú≈˝√ø‡øÚ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸˝√Ê√-¸1˘ ’±1n∏ ¸˝√±˚˛fl¡±1œº ¤˝◊√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ’øÓ¬ ¸±Ò±1Ì fl¡Ô± ¤È¬± ά◊Ú≈øfl¡˚˛±¬ı ‡≈øÊ√À“√±, ¤ø√Ú±‡Ú ·Ò”ø˘
¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’fl¡À˘ ¤ÀÚÀ˚˛ ’˘¬Û ›˘±˝◊√ Δ·øÂ√À˘“±º øfl¡Â≈√”√1 Δ· 1±ô¶±1 √±øÓ¬Ó¬ ø¬Û ø‰¬ ’í ¤È¬± Œ√‡± ¬Û±À˘±, Œ¸˝◊√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÚÀ˚˛
Δ1 ’±ÀÂ√± ˜±ÀÔ“±, ¤·1±fl¡œ fl¡˜ ¬ı˚˛¸œ˚˛± ˜ø˝√˘± ¸1n∏ ¸1n∏ ˘í1±-ŒÂ√±ª±˘œ ¤˝√±˘ Δ˘ Œ˜±1 ›‰¬1À1 ¬Û±1 Δ˝√ ˚±¬ıÕ˘ Δ˘ Œ˜±fl¡
˝◊√—1±Ê√œÓ¬ ¸≈øÒÀ˘ñ ë’±¬Û≈øÚ øfl¡¬ı± ¸˝√±˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√ ŒÚøfl¡∑í Œ˜±1 ά◊M√1Õ˘ ’À¬Û鬱 Úfl¡ø1 Œ˜±fl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜±ÀÚ È¬±˝◊√ª±Ú

‡≈‰≈¬1± ¬Û˝◊√‰¬± Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú ά◊ø˘˚˛±˝◊√ ø√À˘º
˜˝◊√ ’¬ı±fl¡ Δ˝√ ˜ø˝√˘±·1±fl¡œ1 ˜≈‡Õ˘
‰¬±˝√◊ øfl¡¬ı± ¤È¬± ¸ø≈ Ò¬ıÕ˘ ˘›À“ Ó¬ ŒÓ¬À‡ÀÓ¬
Œ˜±Õ˘ ‰¬±˝◊√ fl¡íÀ˘ñ ’±À¬Û±Ú±fl¡ Œ√ø‡
’±Ú ͬ±˝◊√1 ˜±Ú≈˝√ Œ˚Ú ˘±ø·ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√
’=˘Ó¬ ’±øÊ√ ’±À¬Û±Ú±fl¡ õ∂Ô˜
Œ√ø‡À“√±, ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ŒÙ¬±Ú fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘
˝√íÀ˘ coins1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±À¬Û±Ú±1
˝√±Ó¬Ó¬ Ú±Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜˝◊√
’±À¬Û±Ú±Õ˘ ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√À“√±, ˘›fl¡º ˜˝◊√
’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ŒÙ¬±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ø¬ı‰¬1± Ú±øÂ√À˘“±,
·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ÒÚ…¬ı±√¸‰” ¬fl¡ ˝√±“ ø˝√À1 ŒÓ¬›1“ ¬Û1±
ø¬ı√±˚˛ ˘íÀ˘±º

¬Û‘ᬱ 102

’±Ú ¤ø√Ú1 fl¡Ô± ëȬ±˝◊√ª±ÚíÕ˘ Œ˚±ª± Œfl¡˝◊√ø√Ú˜±Ú Δ˝√ÀÂ√À˝√ ˜±ÀÔ“±º Ê√±1fl¡±ø˘1 ¸øg˚˛± ¤È¬±Ó¬º ’±ø˜ Ôfl¡± Œ˝√±ÀȬ˘‡Ú1
¸ij≈‡1 Ù≈¬È¬¬Û±ÀÔÀ1 ˜˝◊√ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸˜˚˛ ¤ÀÚÀ˚˛ ’˝√±-Œ˚±ª± fl¡ø1 ’±ÀÂ√±º fl¡˜«¬ı…ô¶ ˜±Ú≈˝√À¬ı±11 ¬ı…ô¶Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ά◊√…˜ ¸“‰¬±Õfl¡À˚˛ ˜Ú
fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛±º Œ√±fl¡-Œ˜±fl¡±ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø˚ÀȬ± ¬ı…ô¶Ó¬±À1 fl¡±˜Õ˘ ›˘±˝◊√ Œ˚±ª± Œ√ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û±›“ ¸øg˚˛± ά◊ˆ¬øÓ¬ ’˝√±1 ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬± Œ¸˝◊√
¤Àfl¡˝◊√ ¬ı…ô¶Ó¬±º ¬ı±Â√ ©ÜÀ¬ÛÊ√Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚ ‰¬±ø1 ø˜øÚȬ1 ’ôLÀ1 ’ôLÀ1 ¬ı±Â√À¬ı±1 ’˝√±-Œ˚±ª± fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡º ·Ò”ø˘ ˜˝◊√ Œ‡±Êfl¡±øϬˇ
Ôfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ’øÓ¬ ά◊√…˜À1 fl¡±˜1 ¬Û1± ’˝√± ˜ø˝√˘± ¤·1±fl¡œ, ø¬ÛgÚÓ¬ fl¡í˘± 1„√1 ˘—À¬Û∞I◊ ›¬Û1Ó¬ √œ‚˘ fl¡í˘± Œfl¡±È¬
øάø„√Ó¬ ë©Ü˘í ¤‡Ú Œ˜ø1˚±˛ ˝√◊ 1±ô¶± ¬Û±1 ˝√í¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı Signal 1 ¬ı±À¬ı Δ1 ’±ÀÂ√º ’±ÚÙ¬±À˘ ˜˝√◊ ŒÓ¬À‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Òfl¡À1± √”Õ11 ¬Û1±1
Œ˜±fl¡ ˜Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¬ı±Â√1 fl¡±1ÀÌ Œfl¡±¬ı±fl¡≈ ø¬ıÕfl¡ 1±ô¶± ¬Û±1 Δ˝√ Œ˜±1 ›‰¬1 ¬Û±À˘ø˝√º ˜˝√◊ ø¬Ûøg Ôfl¡± ’¸˜œ˚±˛ ¸±Ê√-¬Û±1 Œ√ø‡
‚¬ÛÕfl¡ Œ˜±1 ›‰¬1 ‰¬±ø¬Û ’±ø˝√ fl¡íÀ˘ñ ’±À¬Û±Ú±fl¡ ¤˚±˛ ¸±Ê-¬Û±À1À1 ˝√◊˜±Ú ÒÚ≈ œ˚±˛ ˘±ø·ÀÂ√º ˘À· ˘À· Œ˜±Õ˘ ˝√±Ó¬ ¤‡Ú
’±·¬ıϬ±ˇ ˝√◊ fl¡1˜√«Ú fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ˜±fl¡ ¸ø≈ ÒÀ˘ ’±¬Ûø≈ Ú ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú˝√˚˛ Ê√±ÀÚ±∑ Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ˝√±Ó¬‡Ú Òø1À˚˝˛ √◊ fl¡íÀ˘ ˜˝√◊ Ê√Ú±Ó¬
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Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º
˝◊√—1±Ê√œ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı√Â√11 ’±·ø√Ú± ’Ô«±» ø˚ÀȬ± New Years eve ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√˚˛, Œ¸˝◊√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ 101Ó¬ ٬ȃ¬fl¡±

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Address : T6, APR Phase 3, K004, Devarabeesanahalli, BLR - 560103
E-mail : [email protected]

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øȬ˜ÀȬ±1 ŒÚÓ¬‘ Q› ø√øÂ√˘º ¤˝√◊ ˚±S± ¸Ù¬˘ ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏
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ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º

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¬ı±—·±À˘±1 Ù≈¬È¬¬ı˘ flv¡±¬ı
¬Ûø1Sê˜1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝√◊ÀȬ± ’±øÂ√˘ ¤È¬± Œ¸Ãˆ¬±·…¬Û”Ì« ¬ıÂ√1º ˝√◊Î◊¬À1±¬Û ˚±S±1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√À˚˛˝√◊, ŒÓ¬›“ øÓ¬øÚȬ±Õfl¡
¬∏C±À˚˛˘ 1±Î◊¬GÓ¬ Î◊¬M√œÌ« Δ˝√ ¸ij±Úœ˚˛ ¬ı±—·±À˘±1 Ù≈¬È¬¬ı˘ flv¡±¬ıÓ¬ (BFC) õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ Δ˝√øÂ√˘º ø˚ÀȬ±
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Œ‡˘≈Õª Œ˝√±ª±Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ’ø1˝√̱ Œ˚±·±˝√◊øÂ√˘º BFC-1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂±˚˛ Â√±À1 øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÂ√1 ¸˜˚˛ÀÂ√±ª±Ó¬,
ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Œ¬ÛÂ√±√±1œ õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ø√˚˛± Δ˝√øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“ ¸˜¢∂
Œ√˙1 U11, U13, ’±1n∏ U15 ø¬ıˆ¬±·1 Œ‡˘¸˜”˝√Ó¬ Œ˚±·√±Ú
fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’±À¬Û±Ú±À˘±Àfl¡ Ê√±ÀÚÀÚ∑ ˝√◊˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ŒÓ¬›“ øÚÊ√1
˝√±Ó¬ ‡1À‰¬± øÚÀÊ√˝√◊ Î◊¬ø˘˚˛±¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ Δ˝√øÂ√˘!

fl¡Ì«±È¬fl¡ Â√±¬ı-Ê√≈øÚ˚˛í1 øȬ˜
Œ¸˝√◊ø‡Ú ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬, ¬Ûø1Sê˜fl¡ Â√±¬ı Ê√≈øÚ˚˛í1 ŒÚ‰¬ÀÚ˘ È≈¬Ì«±À˜KI◊
2017-18 ’±1n∏ 2018-19 ¬ı¯∏«1 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡Ì«±È¬fl¡fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ
fl¡ø1¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ı±Â√øÚ fl¡1± Δ˝√øÂ√˘º

Œ¶Û˝√◊Ú
¬Ûø1Sê˜1 Ù≈¬È¬¬ı˘1 ¸À¬Û±ÀÚ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Œ¶Û˝√◊ÚÕ˘ Δ˘ Δ·øÂ√˘º
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fl¡ø1 Δ·øÂ√˘º
≈√ˆ¬«±·…¬ı˙Ó¬– ø¬ıù´¬ı…±¬Ûœ Œ˝√±ª± ’øÓ¬˜±1œ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ¶Û˝√◊Ú1 ¤˝√◊ ¸À¬Û±Ú ô¶t Δ˝√ 1í˘ ˚ø√›, fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛1 ¬ı±À¬ı
˝√íÀ˘› Œ¶Û˝√◊ÚÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ø√ÚÀfl¡˝√◊Ȭ±1 ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˝√◊ ŒÓ¬›“1 Ù≈¬È¬¬ı˘1 √é¬Ó¬± Î◊¬ißÓ¬1 fl¡1±Ó¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸˝√±˚˛fl¡ Δ˝√øÂ√˘º

ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ U16 Ȭœ˜
¬Ûø1Sê˜1 ˆ¬±1Ó¬ õ∂Ó¬…±·˜ÀÚ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬ı±À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸≈À˚±·1 ≈√ª±1 ˜≈fl¡ø˘ fl¡ø1À˘º ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ 2021-Ó¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬ U16
Ȭœ˜Ó¬ øÚ˚≈øMê ø√˚˛± ˝√í˘º ¬ıÓ¬«˜±Ú ŒÓ¬›“ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬ ˆ¬±˘Õ˘ ’±ø˝√À˘ ¬Û≈Ú1
Œ¶Û˝√◊ÚÕ˘ Î◊¬ˆ¬øÓ¬ ˚±¬ıº
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Janapriyasaidarshan, seegehalli, kannamangala post, Bangalore-560067
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¬Û‘ᬱ 106

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’±À¬ı√Ú1 ¸Àij±˝√Ú ’±1n∏
˙øMê√fl¡ Δ˘ ¸Àμ˝√ fl¡1±1
Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’ªfl¡±˙ Δ1 Œ˚±ª±1
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Ô±øfl¡¬ı Â√ø¬ıÀ¬ı±À1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬1 ¬ÛȬӬ

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’±˙π¬ı±√ fl¡ø1 Ô±øfl¡¬ı Ó¬1n∏Ì ø‰¬Sø˙äœfl¡º Ó¬1n∏Ì ø‰¬Sø˙äœ1 õ∂Àª˙ ‚øȬ˘ ˜˝√±Ú·1Ó¬, ’‘√˙… Δ˝√ ·í˘ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡
’±ªø1 1‡± Úœ˘± 1„√1 ’±ˆ¬1Ì, ¤fl¡ ¬ıÌ«˝√œÚ ¬ıÊ√±11 Ó¬±ø·√±1 õ∂”√¯∏ÀÌ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’±Î¬ˇ•§1 Úfl¡1±Õfl¡À˚˛ ˜ø‰¬ ø√À˘
’Ó¬œÓ¬1 ¢∂±˜… Ê√œªÚÓ¬ Œ¸Î¬◊Ê√ ’±1n∏ Úœ˘±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡©Ü¬Û”Ì« ø√Ú1±øÊ√1 Œ¸˝◊√ øÚ˜«˘Ó¬±º ø¬ı˙±˘
Úœ˘±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ’‘√˙… Δ˝√ ·í˘ Œõ∂1̱1 Œ¸˝◊√ Œªœº Œ¸˝◊√ Œ√ªœ ’±øÂ√˘ ¤·1±fl¡œ ˜±ÚªœÀ˚˛˝◊√, ›Í¬1 ¬ıÂ√11
¤·1±fl¡œ ¸√… ˚≈ªÓ¬œ, 1±øÓ¬1 ’±g±1Ó¬ Ò¯∏«Ì fl¡ø1 ˝√Ó¬…± fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Œ¬Û˘±˝◊√ ø√˚˛± Δ˝√øÂ√˘ ·ˆ¬œ1 ¬Û±ÚœÓ¬, ˚íÓ¬
ŒÓ¬›“ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ Δ˝√ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘ Œõ∂1̱1 ŒªœÕ˘º ¬ı±ô¶ª ’±1n∏ fl¡äÚ±1 ¤fl¡ ’±(˚«, øfl¡c ø¬ıù´±¸À˚±·… Ê√·Ó¬,
ª±˝◊√ά ¤—·˘ ù´È¬À¬ı±À1 ’Ú≈ˆ¬ª ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√ Ê√·Ó¬‡Ú1 ø¬ı˙±˘Ó¬±1 ’±1n∏ ø¶ö1 ŒÙˬ˜À¬ı±À1 Œ¸˝◊√ Ê√·Ó¬‡Úfl¡
ø√ÀÂ√ ·±yœ˚«, Ó¬±1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ Ú·11 ‘√˙…À¬ı±1 ¬ıU1„√œ ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√ ‘√˙…1 ù´È¬À¬ı±1 ›Ê√ÚÓ¬ Ú±øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±Ò1Ì1
·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬±, øÚ–¸ÀμÀ˝√ Œ¸˚˛± ’±øÂ√˘ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘fl¡ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡À˜1±À˜Ú1 ’øˆ¬Àõ∂Ó¬- ¬ıMê√¬ı…fl¡ øˆ¬Ê≈√Àª˘ ¬ı…?Ú±À1
¸˜‘X fl¡ø1 Ê√øȬ˘ ¬ıMê√¬ı…fl¡ ’Ú≈ˆ¬ª ¸˝√Ê√ fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±˘±º

ø˙ä ¤·1±fl¡œ ¶⁄©Ü±1 ˜ÀÚ±Ê√·Ó¬1 ¸•Û”Ì« ¬ı± ‡øGÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬ı≈ø˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡1±1 ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1± ‡‘©ÜÊ√ij1
’±·1 ¬Û1±˝◊√ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬, ·‘˝√œÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¸ij±øÚÓ¬º ’±Úøfl¡ ‰¬œÚ Œ√˙Ó¬
ø˙ä1 ¬ø¬Ûά◊ø1øȬ [¬Ûø¬ıSÓ¬±]fl¡ ˚ÀÔ©Ü &1n∏Q ø√˚˛± ˝√˚˛º ¤˝◊√ ¬ÛøªSÓ¬±fl¡
Œ˘GÀ¶®¬Û1 ø¬ı˙±˘Ó¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡ø1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øȬfl¡ ˜±Ú≈˝√ ’±1n∏
õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√1 ¤fl¡ ø‰¬1ôLÚ ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø¬ıS ¬ı±Àg±Ú ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±
fl¡1± Δ˝√øÂ√˘, ø˚ ¬ı±Àg±Ú1 ¡Z±1± 1øé¬Ó¬ ˝√í¬ı ø˙ä1 ˜˝√Nº ‡‘©Ü1 Ê√ij1
¬Û“±‰¬˙ ¬ıÂ√1 ¬Û”¬ı«1 ‰¬œÚ± √±˙«øÚfl¡ Ê√Ú ø¬ı—-¤ Δfl¡øÂ√˘ Œ˚ ëŒ˘GÀ¶®¬Û
Â√ø¬ı1 Δ√ø˝√fl¡ ’øô¶Q ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ϭ±˘ ø¶Ûø1‰≈¬Àª˘1
õ∂øÓ¬º ¤˝◊√ Œ˘GÀ¶®¬ÛÀ¬ı±1Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ˜±Úª ˜Ú1 ¸˜Ó¬± 1鬱1 ˙øMê√ºí
뛢≈í Â√ø¬ı‡ÚÓ¬ fl¡±ø˝√Úœ1 ’—· ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û˝◊√ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ Δ˝√ÀÂ√
Œ¬ıÃX √˙«Ú1 õ∂¸—· ’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ¬Û±1¶Ûø1fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡
Ôfl¡± ‘√˙…1 Œ˚±À·À1 ¶Û©ÜÕfl¡ Œfl¡±ª± Δ˝√ÀÂ√ - ’±R±1 õ∂”√¯∏ÀÌ ø˙ä1

„ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¸— ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL ø˙‡1 ¶Û˙« fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ øÚø√À˚˛º 뛢≈í Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1

¬Û‘ᬱ 108

¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Àfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ¤Àfl¡˝◊√ √˙«Úfl¡ ‰¬±¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√ ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤¬ı±1, ø¬ıù´±˚˛Ú1 ¤˝◊√ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜Ó¬, ˚íÓ¬ ¬ıÊ√±11 ’ˆ¬±ªÚœ˚˛

˙øMê√À˚˛ ø˙ä1 ˙øMê√fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±˝3√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ¬ıÊ√±11 ¤˝◊√ ˙øMê√1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸˝√±ª¶ö±Ú fl¡ø1 ø˙ä˝◊√ ’øô¶Q 1鬱1

¬ı±À¬ı ¸˝√Ê√ ¬ÛÔ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú fl¡ø1 ά◊ø˘˚˛±˝◊√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ ¸—fl¡È¬ ’fl¡˘ Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 ˜”˘ fl¡±ø˝√Úœ1 Œ˘‡fl¡ øȬøά 1±˜fl‘¡¯ûÌ1

Ú˝√˚˛, ¸fl¡À˘± ø‰¬ôL±˙œ˘ ¬ı…øMê√Àfl¡˝◊√ ’±˜øÚ fl¡1± ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬ôL±fl¡ ¤È¬± ø¬ı˙±˘ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬӬ ‘√˙…1 ·ˆ¬œ1 Œ¸Ãμ˚«À1

Â√±Ê√œ ¤Ú fl¡1n∏ÀÌ ¤ÀÚ√À1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ Â√ø¬ı‡Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ Δ˝√ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬›“1 Œfl¡ø1˚˛±11 ’±È¬±˝◊√Ó¬Õfl¡

Ê√øȬ˘ Â√ø¬ı ø˝√‰¬±À¬Ûº

fl¡±˜±‡…± Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¸„√1 ø˝√μœ Â√ø¬ı 댈¬±1ífl¡ ¤øȬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ 1+¬Û ø√˚˛± ˜±øȬ ¬ı1Ìœ˚˛± 1—ÀȬ± Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 fl¡±ø˝√Úœ

’±1n∏ ¬ÛȬˆ”¬ø˜1 õ∂±˚˛ øÚ1n∏M√±¬Û ’±1n∏ ø¶öÓ¬±ª¶ö±1 ¸ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√˜±ÀÚ˝◊ ø˜ø˘ Δ·øÂ√˘ Œ˚ Œ¸˝◊√ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ¬Û1± ¬ı±ø˝√1Õ˘

’±ø˝√¬ı Œ‡±Ê√±, ø¬ı˝√±11 Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬Û‰¬¬Û1± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀȬ±1 ¬ıÌ«˝√œÚ Ê√œªÚ1 fl¡Ô± Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 Œ¸˝◊√ õ∂Ò±Ú 1—ÀȬ±Àª

¸≈μ1Õfl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1 ø√øÂ√˘º ø¬ı˝√±1 ˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ˜±1ø¬ÛȬ-&G±·øΫ¬ ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ’Ú≈1±· fl¡±˙…¬Û-õ∂fl¡±˙ Á¬±1

Â√ø¬ıÀ¬ı±À1 ŒÓ¬ÀÚfl≈¡ª± Ò±1̱ ¤øȬÀfl¡˝◊√ ˜±Ú≈˝√1 ˜ÚÓ¬ ¸≈˜≈ª±˝◊√ ø√ø¢º ’Ú≈1±· fl¡±˙…ÀÛ ¤ÀÚ fl¡1±1 ˜”˘ fl¡±1Ì

’±øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬›“1 Â√ø¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú, ’Ô«±» ¬ıø˘Î¬◊ά1 Â√ø¬ıÓ¬ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±˘√À1 õ∂fl¡±˙ ŒÚ±À˝√±ª± ¤‡Ú Ê√·Ó¬, Œ¸˝◊√‡Ú

Ê√·Ó¬fl¡ ’±øª©®±1 fl¡1± Œ‚±¯∏̱À1 ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1 Â√ø¬ı‡Úfl¡ ’˘¬Û ’±·Ó¬œ˚˛± õ∂‰¬±1 ø√ ¬ı…¬ı¸±˚˛1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¸˝√±˚˛

fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1 ’±1n∏ õ∂fl¡±˙ Á¬±1 fl¡±1Ì ’±øÂ√˘ ¸•Û”Ì« 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡º ¸±Ò±1Ì ¬Û≈ø˘‰¬À¬ı±1 ’¬Û1±Òœ1 ˘·Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡À˘›

›¬Û1ª±˘± ¬Û≈ø˘‰¬ ’øÙ¬‰¬±1À¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“1 Â√ø¬ıÓ¬ Δ˝√ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡Ó¬±1 ‰¬1fl¡±1œ õ∂øÓ¬˜”øÓ«¬º ø¬ı˝√±1 ˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ø˝√—¶⁄Ó¬±1

’Ú… Ú±˜ - ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ¬Ûø1fl¡øäÓ¬ õ∂‰¬±1 ‰¬ø˘ Ôfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬1n∏Ì ø‰¬S ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘fl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¸À„√

Œfl¡À˜1±1 ª±˝◊√ά ¤—·˘ ù´È¬À¬ı±À1 õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡ø1 ø√À˘ ø¬ı˝√±11 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬± ¤ÀÚ ¤Àfl¡±‡Ú ·“±› ’±ÀÂ√, ˚í1 ˜±Ú≈˝√À¬ı±1

¸˝√Ê√-¸1˘, ˚±1 Ê√œªÚ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤Àfl¡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ú±˝◊√, ’˘¬Û ¸≈1± ’±1n∏ ’˘¬Û ’±Úμ1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1˝◊√

ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ˙±ôL ’±1n∏ øÚ¸—· ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬˝◊√ ’øÓ¬¬ı±ø˝√Ó¬ fl¡ø1 ø√¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1 øÚÊ√1 ¸œø˜Ó¬

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú1 Ê√œªÚÀȬ± ’±1n∏ Œfl¡v ±Ê√-’±¬Û ù´È¬À¬ı±À1À1 ¸ij‡≈ Õ˘ Δ˘ ’±ø˝√˘ ŒÓ¬›À“ ˘±fl¡1 ‰¬fl¡≈ 1 Œfl¡±È¬1Ó¬ Œ·±È¬ Œ‡±ª±

ø¬ı¯±∏ √ø¬ıμ≈ ’±1n∏ √≈˝√◊ ›Í“ ¬1 ¬ıSêÀ1‡±Ó¬ ˜˝≈ √”Ó¬« 1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˝√À˘› õ∂øÓ¬ø¬ıø•Ó§ ¬ Œ˝√±ª± ’±Úμ õ∂fl¡±˙º Â√ø¬ı‡ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯ˆ∏ ¬±Àª

¬ı…¬ı˝√±1 Œ˝√±ª± Ȭ¬Û ¤—·˘ ù´È¬À¬ı±À1 ’ª˘œ˘±SêÀ˜ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘fl¡1 ¬ı±·Ò±1±1 Â√±¬ıÀȬ'Ȭ ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û øˆ¬Ê≈√Àª˘ ˝√◊—ø·ÀÓ¬À1

õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡ - õ∂fl¡‘ øÓ¬1 ø¬ı˙±˘Ó¬±1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı˘œÚ Δ˝√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝√◊ ˜±Ú˝≈ √Àfl¡˝√◊Ê√Ú1 Ê√œªÚº Ó¬±1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬

¤Àfl¡±Ê√Úœ ¬ıÒ≈ ≈Úœ1 Ê√ij ˝√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ Ê√±øÓ¬1 õ∂Ô˜·1±fl¡œ ŒÂ√±ª±˘œ, ø˚À˚˛ ˝√±˝√◊¶®≈˘ ø˙鬱ôL ¬Û1œé¬±Ó¬ ˆ¬±˘ Ú•1§ ¬˘±ˆ¬

fl¡ø1 ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ¬ıÈ“ ¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝√◊ ¬ıÈ“ ¬±1 Ȭfl¡±À1 ˙UÀ1Àfl¡ ·±“ ›1 ˜±Ú˝≈ √fl¡ Œˆ¬±Ê√-ˆ¬±Ó¬ ‡ª≈ ±˚,˛ ÚÓ¬« fl¡œ1 Ú±‰¬ ‰¬±˚˛

’±1n∏ ¶±ö Úœ˚˛ ¸1≈ ±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ά≈ ¬ı Δ· ¸cø©Ü ’±1n∏ ’±Úμ1 ’Ú… ¤‡Ú Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬1Ì fl¡À1º Œ¸˝√◊ ¬Ûø1À¬ı˙1 ¬Û1± ¬ıÒ≈ Ú≈ œ

’±1n∏ Ó¬±˝√◊1 ¶±§ ˜œ ¤‡Ú ø¬ı˙±˘ Ê√·Ó¬1 ø¬ÛÀÚ ’±·¬ı±ÀϬˇ ’±1n∏ ·±›Ó“ ¬ ¶-§ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ’Ȭ≈ Ȭ 1±ø‡¬ı ø¬ı‰¬¬1± ¬ıÒ≈ Ú≈ œÀ˚˛ ’ø‰¬Ú±øfl¡

‰¬˝√1ÀÓ¬± ¸¬ı˘Ó¬±À1 õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡À1 øÚÊ√1 fl¡F ’±1n∏ ¤È¬± ¸˜˚Ó˛ ¬

√≈À˚±˛ άˆ◊ ¬øÓ¬ ’±À˝√ øÚÊ√1 ·±“ ›Õ˘º ¤fl¡ ª±˝√◊ά ¤—·˘ ŒÙ¬Ë ˜Ó¬

¬ıμœ ·±“ ›1 ˙Ú” … ¬ÛÔ±1, ’±fl¡±˙Ó¬ ¬Ûª≈ ±1 ¸˚” ,« √≈À˚±˛ ’±·¬ı±ÀϬ,ˇ

Œfl¡À˜1±1 ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì Œ˘± ¤—·˘ - ≈√À˚˛±øȬ ‰¬ø1S ’±·ÀÓ¬

ŒÚÀ√‡±Ò1ÀÌ Î¬±„√1 ’±1n∏ ›‡ Δ˝√ ·“±›Õ˘ ’±·¬ı±øϬˇ Ô±Àfl¡º

õ∂Ô˜‡Ú Â√ø¬ıÀ1˝◊√ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘fl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¸À„√

ø¬ı˝√±11 ¤ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ¸“‰¬± Â√ø¬ı ·ˆ¬œ1 ’±ôLø1fl¡Ó¬±À1 Ó≈¬ø˘ Òø1ÀÂ,√

ø˚‡Ú Â√ø¬ı fl¡±˝√±øÚ› ¸¬ı«ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ √˙«fl¡1 ¸ij≈‡Õ˘ ’Ú±1 fl¡Ô±

Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Àfl¡ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡1± Ú±øÂ√˘º Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıd

’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 Ê√ÚÊ√œªÚ1 ˘·Ó¬ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘fl¡1 ¤fl¡ ’±ôLø1fl¡ ¸•§g „ 뛢≈í Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜≈˝√”Ó«¬...
’±ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô± Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ŒÙˬ˜Ó¬, õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ±

¬Û‘ᬱ 109

‰¬ø1S1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬Û±˝◊√ÀÂ√º ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Àfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ·“±ªÕ˘ Δ·

Ó¬±Ó¬ ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±1 ù´≈øȬ— fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√, ŒÓ¬›“ Œ¸˝◊√ ˜±Ú≈˝√¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√1

¤Ê√Ú Δ˝√ fl¡±ø˝√ÚœÀȬ± ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√ ˜±Ú≈˝√ø‡øÚ1 Ê√œªÚΔ˙˘œ1

¬Û1± øÚ–¸‘Ó¬ ’fl‘¡øS˜ ¸1˘Ó¬±À1 ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√ ¸1˘Ó¬±˝◊√ Â√ø¬ı‡Ú1

¬ıMê√¬ı…fl¡ ø√ÀÂ√ ˙øMê√, Œ¸Ãμ˚«fl¡ ø√ÀÂ√ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ø¬ı1˘ ≈√…øÓ¬º

Ú¬ıÂ√1œ˚˛± ¸√… øfl¡À˙±1 ¤øȬ1 ’¬ı…Mê√ ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì ¤·1±fl¡œ

¸≈μ1œ ˚≈ªÓ¬œ1 õ∂øÓ¬, øfl¡À˙±À1 Œ¸˝◊√ ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì1 Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬± ø¬ı‰¬±ø1

¬Û±˚˛ ˚≈ªÓ¬œ1 øõ∂˚˛ 1— &˘¬Ûœ˚˛±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬, øÚÊ√1 ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø1¸1Ó¬

¸g±Ú fl¡À1 &˘¬Ûœ˚˛±1 1˝√¸…, ¤ø√Ú ˚≈ªÓ¬œ &ø‰¬ ˚±˚˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±

Œ·±¬ÛÚ ¸—·Í¬Ú1 ¸√¸… ˝√í¬ıÕ˘ ’±1n∏ ¤ø√Ú Œ¸˝◊√ ˚≈ªÓ¬œ1 ˜‘Ó¬À√˝√

„ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡ Â√±Ê√œ ¤Ú fl¡1n∏Ì fl¡øÙ¬ÚÓ¬ ά◊øͬ ’±À˝√, ‘√˙…1+¬Û1 ά◊»fl‘¡©ÜÓ¬˜ ά◊√±˝√1Ì1 ¸Àij±ø˝√Úœ
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____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Address : 5C- Kanika Apartments, Sankar Nagar Path, Last Gate, Noonmati, Guwahati
E-Mail : [email protected]

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CONTENTS

1. Devi Puja in Assam
Prasanta Chutia :
translation by Dr. Monideepa Das
z The Tradition of Devi Worship in Assam / 113
2. State of the Nation
Sanjit Kumar Bordoloi
z Contemporary Political Landscape of Assam / 117 EDITORIAL
Arjun Bhattacharya BOARD
z Afghanistan : State of Affairs / 122
3. Mindset z Chief Advisor –
Mukesh Sharma Phanindra Kumar
z Awakening the Sleeping Giant / 126 Devchoudhury
4. The IT world
Bimal Kumar Bhattacharya z Chief Editor –
z Understanding Product Engineering Services / 129 Sushanta J. Sarmah
Armaan Saleh
z Navigate Your Path to Success / 136 z Editor –
5. Biotechnology Assamese Section –
Chayanika Sarma Khound Papori Goswami
Translated by : Mukesh Sharma
z Biotechnology Research Development and Ethical Dilemma / 140 z Editor –
6. Of Times Past English Section –
Rasna Baruah Rasna Baruah
z Waste Not, Want Not , Tips from Our Aita /144
Mrs. Vijaylakshmi Kutty z Executive Editor –
z A Sense of Belonging / 147 (Web edition) –
7. The Bangalore Experience Luit Jyoti Sharma
Grisha Sharma
z Assam to Bangalore the Big Move / 149 z Asst. Editor –
Nirmali C Himashree Sharma
z An Evening on MG Road / 151
8. Opinion z Production Coordinator –
Pranjoli Baishya Luit Jyoti Sarmah
z Searching for My Roots in Silicon City / 153
Saptarshi Pathak z Publicity & Advertisement –
z A Look at India’s Silicon City from my Vantage Point / 155 Rajdeep Kar
Mridusmita Saikia Venkat
z Be Your Own Cultural Brand Ambassador / 156 z Betupat Design –
Dr. Farmida Aman Arup Borkotoky
z Hidden Treasures around Bangalore / 157
9. Fiction z Betupaat Painting –
Luvley Dutta Prusty Pareejat Gogoi Phukan
z Death in the time of corona / 160
10. Age of Innocence z DTP & Settings –
Anayah Choudhury Saleh Bubul Bhattacharyya
z Sunday / 165
Mahashree Gautom z Advisors –
z I Find Bliss / 166 Mukesh Sharma,
Aditya Singh Raja Dr. Monideepa Das
z A Visit to Maralwadi Dam in Karnataka / 167 Pranab Jyoti Borah
Vikrant Saikia
z Friends, hobbies and Restrictions / 169 z Chief Patron –
Abhijay Sarmah DC Borkotoky
z Travel During the Pandemic, Mysore Sights / 170 President, Assam
Parthiv Goswami Association Bangalore
z A String of Thoughts / 172
Shreyosi Roy Published by
z A Visit to Chikmagalur : The Birthplace of Indian Coffee / 174 RANJAN GOSWAMI
Amrita Das on behalf of Assam
z Oh Corona When Can I Go Back to School? / 175 Association Bangalore.
11. Sports Corner
Rasna Baruah with inputs from Papori Goswami
z A Star in the Making / 176
Dr. Mriganka Shekhar Chaliha
z India’s Hockey Glory - Past and Present / 177
12. Food for Thought
Debanjab Borthakur
z Our Food Choices and its Impact on the Environment / 181
13. Cinema Review
¬Û‘ᬱAnkan Rajkumar
111
z Haanduk - A Haunting
Glimpse of Quiet Lives Amidst Violence / 183

The Uruli family extends its warmest Durga Puja greetings to all its

E readers. We earnestly hope the divine blessings of the Goddess remain
with all of us.

D True to the spirit of the season, the opening story of this issue delves

into the enlightening history of Devi puja or worship of the female

I form. Revering the female energy is not a new phenomenon, it’s been
practised for centuries across nations.

T Our other stories and thoughts in this issue reflect varied sentiments,

the value of experience and consistency, the courage to dive deep into

O newness, and perhaps the need of the hour – a change in our collective
mindset. A positive mindset, and a conscious shift from ‘let’s not rock

R the boat’, to ‘why not rock the boat if it’s for the better?’ is sure to
bring a sea change in the lives of many, especially a generation that’s
trying to find a foothold in a world outside the safety of home.

I
That’s not all. We have a collage of memories from the young and the

A not-so-young – stories of lives well lived, experiences gathered, and
lessons learned. In our ‘age of innocence’, children have eloquently
put their thoughts and experiences in words. We celebrate young

L Parikram’s football achievements and wish him further glory. We
fervently hope every child receives the opportunity to soar high and
reach for the stars.

Uruli’s aim is to fold everyone in its pages. We’ve touched upon fiction,
politics, sports, travelogues, opinions, food, and cinema. We hope you
find the perfect first article to dip into as you open these pages.

At the end, I must mention that it’s with a sense of déjà vu that I’ve
worked with the Uruli team to bring you this issue. I was part of the
first issue of Uruli and it was like a flight into the unknown. I remember
how hard we worked on that issue. Nothing has changed as far as
effort goes, but now the team’s processes are far more structured. It’s
no wonder Uruli’s publications have been consistently above par
through the years.

Enjoy the read !

¬Û‘ᬱ 112

The Tradition of Devi Worship in Assam

Author : Prasanta Chutia (Assamese)
Translated by : Dr. Monideepa Das

The worship of the female form or energy is not new. On the occasion of Durga puja, we
trace the history of Devi worship in Assam and other regions of the world. The beliefs
seem to have been startlingly similar.

From time immemorial, planet Earth has been regarded as ‘Mother’, the creator and

nurturer of all living beings. This belief has remained unaltered through the ages.

In the Rig Veda, Mother Earth has been praised for blessing us with the goodness and
greatness of the distinct seasons of summer, monsoon, autumn, winter, and spring; and
also for showering us with the gracious and merciful blessings of day and night.

The tradition of honouring and worshipping
Earth as our mother is performed at the
onset of autumn. This season marks the
beginning of new life as it is during this time
of the year that seeds germinate ushering
the beginning of cultivation. In ancient times,
Mother Earth was generally regarded as the
symbol of reproduction.

Worship of Mother Earth was prevalent
across civilizations

Recent excavations have led to the discovery
of stone statues of Mother Earth in many
ancient civilisations. Two stone statues of
Mother Earth dating back to 7000 BC were
discovered in the valley of River Jordan
located in south-west Asia. This testifies to
the fact that people of the Middle Stone Age
(MSA) worshipped Mother Earth.

Before 3000 BC, apart from Earth Goddess
Neen Tu, the maiden deity Innana was
regarded as a goddess from the heavens
above and worshipped by the people of the
Sumerian civilisation. Innana came to be

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regarded as the Goddess of Agriculture and the festival associated with her worship was
observed during the spring season.

In time Innana went on to be worshipped as Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love and Fertility.
Assyrians worshipped her as the Goddess of War, while the Egyptians revered her as Isis,
the most important amongst deities of ancient Egypt representing Mother Earth.

Kubaba, a Hurro-Hittite goddess, was worshipped by the Hittites, an Aryan community
of the Land of Hatti.

The 1500 BC excavations of Harappa and Mohenjodaro demonstrated that prior to their
migration to India, the Aryans had worshipped Agni (God of Fire), Indra (King of Gods),
and Surya (Sun God), instead of Mother Earth. Eventually they began to worship Mother
Earth in the form of a female deity.

Worship of Mother Earth in Assam

Amongst the various ancient ethnic groups of Assam, the Goddess of Creation and
embodiment of strength and power has been worshipped under different names.

z The proto-Australoid community or the people of the Austric or Austro-Asiatic
sub-family are represented by the Austric languages of India, such as, the Munda
or Kol, Santal, Khasi and Jaintia. The people have been mentioned as Sambars,
Nishads and Pulindas in ancient Indian literature. The Mother Goddess revered
by these proto-Australoid communities came to be known as Sabari.

z The Mongolian people of ancient Kamrup were known as the Kirats and their
religion was Kairataj, as mentioned in the Kalika Purana and Yogini Tantra.
Although Lord Shiva was their revered deity, they venerated Mother Nature too.
With the passage of time and with the intermingling of the Mongolians with the
proto-Australoids, Goddess Kiratini, the embodiment of Shakti (strength) became
the revered deity of the Austric people. This ushered in the cult of Shaktism and
Tantrism in ancient Assam and Bangladesh. It spread to the neighbouring countries
of Nepal, Tibet and China too.

Kamakhya Devi Temple

The best example of Shakti worship in Ancient Kamrup is none other than the Kamakhya
Devi Temple. Kamakhya Devi is one of the many names of the mother goddess Durga.
It is believed that after the unnatural and untimely demise of Goddess Sati, the enraged
Lord Shiva, carrying her lifeless form in his arms, began performing the Tandava Nritya,
causing her body parts to land at different parts of the world. The Shaktipeeth Kamakhya
Temple was built on the Nilachal Hills, over the site where Goddess Sati’s genitalia or
reproductive organ is believed to have landed. According to the assumption of Dr.
Banikanta Kakoti, the site where the Kamakhya Temple was constructed was originally
a cremation ground where the Smashaan Devi Kama was worshiped by a hermit.
Eventually, Kama Devi went on to be known as Mahakali and earned several names such
as Chamunda, Kiraati, Haimavati, and Vindhyavasini, depending on the region of worship.
Mahakali was initially worshipped in the cremation grounds and obeisance was offered
to the idol epitomising destruction. Later on, the mode of worship changed, and based
on Tantrism, the demon figure of Mahakali began to be worshipped.

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Before the advent of the Aryans, the non-Aryans used to worship their chosen deity
Goddess Kamakhya in Ancient Pragjyotishpur. In the Kalika Purana, there is mention of
Lord Vishnu telling his son Narakasura that Goddess Lalita Kanta Devi was the revered
deity in the region around the sacred River Karatoya, flowing to the east of the holy
Ganges. Subsequently, Devi Mahamaya took on the form of Maa Kamakhya to become
and remain the venerated deity in the eastern state of Pragjyotishpur.

Goddess Dikkarvasini

Apart from the worship of Goddess Kamakhya, the non-Aryans revered Goddess

Dikkarvasini. She is believed to be another form of Goddess Kamakhya. The tradition of

worshiping Devi Maa in Ancient Kamrup has been mentioned in Yogini Tantra. In this

Purana, Kamrup is referred to as Devikshetra. The worship of Devi Kamakhya was practised

in almost every household in Kamrup; thereby The 1500 BC excavations of
earning the topmost position as Devikshetra among
places of pilgrimage. With the passage of time, the Harappa and Mohenjodaro

non-Aryan Goddess Kamakhya was accepted as the demonstrated that prior to
venerated deity by the Aryans and with the
amalgamation of the Aryans and non-Aryans, Devi their migration to India, the

Kamakhya found place among the other deities in Aryans had worshipped Agni

the Puranas. In the Kalika Purana and Yogini Tantra, (God of Fire), Indra (King of
Goddess Kamakhya has been described as another
form of Goddess Parvati, Lord Shiva’s consort. Gods), and Surya (Sun God),

One goddess, many names instead of Mother Earth.
Eventually they began to
Eventually, the tradition of worshipping Goddess worship Mother Earth in
Durga, Parvati and Kamakhya as a single deity became

prevalent. In the Kalika Purana composed in the 10th the form of a female deity.

century and Yogini Tantra composed in the 12th

century, the significance and greatness of Goddess Kamakhya has been mentioned. There

is an elaborate description of the entire story of how the female organ of Goddess Sati

landed on the Nilachal Hills and thereafter became a stone representation. It is believed

that touching the stone representation of Goddess Sati’s genitalia with reverence ensures

that the devotee is blessed with immortality and will secure a place in Brahmaloka, the

highest part of Kamaloka where refined souls exist in blissful contemplation of Lord Brahma.

On the other hand, in Yogini Tantra, it is said that those who worship Mahamaya
Kamakhya, are rewarded with the blessing of long life and the fulfilment of all their
wishes and desires in this lifetime (Eholoka).

Darrang Rajvansawali

During the Middle Ages, the rulers of Koch-Kamtapur practised Shaktism alongside worship
of Lord Shiva. In the Darrang Rajvansawali, the genealogical tree of the Koch Dynasty of
Darrang, there is mention of King Vishwasingha, father of the Koch King Naranarayana,
sacrificing grasshoppers during the worship of Devi Maa. The Darrang Rajvansawali
mentions King Vishwasingha worshipping the ten-armed (Dashabhooja) idol of Goddess
Durga along with chants while offering sacrifices at the Kamteswari Temple. The priests,

¬Û‘ᬱ 115

in turn, chanted vedic mantras while delivering blessings. The Natt-Bhatt, Gayan-Bayan
performed religious enactments, songs and dances during the worship of the goddess.
The Rajvansawali or family history of the Koch Dynasty describes the incident of King
Naranarayan waking up from a dream and thereafter sacrificing a pair of goats amidst
chants with the intention of appeasing the divine goddess. When King Shukladhwaj
Chilarai, or Bir Chilarai, was imprisoned by the soldiers of the Gauda kingdom, he too
worshipped Goddess Durga in a similar way praying for his release.

In Sadiya and its nearby hilly areas, the worship of Dikkarvasini Devi was performed in
accordance to tribal traditions. The worship, obeisance, servitude, and sacrifice were
offered under the patronage of the Chutia rulers to other forms of Durga Devi, namely
Dikkarvasini and Kesaikhaiti in the Tamreswari Temple of Sadiya. The worship of Kesaikhaiti
was performed by non-Aryan Deuri priests instead of Brahmin priests. The Tambreswari
Temple bears evidence of grim and gory human sacrifices made with the idea of appeasing
the deity. The Kalika Purana and Yogini Tantra have both described Dikkarvasini as
Tikhnakanta and Lalita Kanta.

Ahom age

During the Ahom reign, Swargadeo Gadadhar Singha was the first to promote Shakta-
dharma. He was described by Sir Edward Gait as a patron of Shakta-Hinduism. Gadadhar
Singha was succeeded by his son Swargadeo Rudrasingha, who was a patron of Shakta-
dharma too. However, he worshipped Lord Shiva and Goddess Durga simultaneously.
Because of royal patronage during his reign, Durga Puja celebration was organised for
the first time in the Ahom kingdom and subsequently went on to expand and become
popular. Apart from permitting the making of idols of Devi Maa, Swargadeo Rudrasingha
donated land to facilitate the proper arrangements and worship of Durga Puja. Barraja
Phuleshwari Konwari, the wife of Shivasingha too promoted Shakta-dharma and
encouraged the construction of temples and monasteries.

Birth of Shrimanta Sankardev

In Assam, there was acceptance and prevalence of Shakta-dharma over entire Kamrup,
Kamata and Ahom kingdoms until the birth of Shrimanta Sankardev, the social reformer
and promoter of Ekasarana Dharma. The Baro-Bhuyan family into which Shrimanta
Sankardev was born, and their ancestors, were devotees of Chandi. King Durlav Narayan
had endowed Chandibarak, the ancestor of Shrimanta Sankardev, with the title ‘Devidaas’
because of his devotion towards Devi Ma.

Since the Middle Ages until the commencement of Ekasarana Dharma, worship and
obeisance of Durga Maa was not only widespread but it was also the mainstay in ancient
Assam. Worship of Devi Maa was practised by the Hindus as well as the ethnic tribes of
Assam, albeit under different names and by varying modes of worship. As of now, in
keeping with the other parts of north India, in Assam too, the contemporary mode of
celebration of Durga Puja is gaining increasing popularity.

**********

Monideepa lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

¬Û‘ᬱ 116

Contemporary Political Landscape of Assam

Sanjit Kumar Bordoloi

An overview of politics across Assam. The leaders past and present, or the lack thereof.

I. Centre and State

Walmart President and CEO Doug McMillon made a thought-provoking statement

recently. He said, “India is such a diverse market, it’s not one country in some ways. So
we have to think local and execute locally. It has its own rules and we’ve got to comply
with those rules.” This statement from McMillon grabbed a lot of media attention. It found
its place in Assamese newspapers too. The statement is a reflection of his clear understanding
about the diverse colour of India. It’s a reflection of what we used to read in our school
books, “Unity in diversity is one of the primary characteristics of Indian culture.”

Noted American poet Walt Whitman said, “America is a teeming nation of nations.” On
a similar note, India is also a combination of multiple states. Each state has its own
language, culture and heritage. The tactful way through which RSS-controlled BJP leaders
and the spokespersons seem to be trying to establish a narrative of nationalism taking a
religion-centric ‘One India’ approach is being debated all over. Mughal rule is being referred
to with regular frequency in order to establish the nationalism based on Hindutva –
conveniently ignoring the rich Indian culture, and the
ironical fact that the Mughals
left India 164 years ago!

The Mughals could not
conquer the whole of India in
reality, and their fiefdom was
restricted to the Hindi belt of
Northern India alone. They
could not establish supremacy
in Southern India. Mughals
made a late entry in West
Bengal too. They could not
annex the Northeast including
Assam despite their best efforts

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to do so. These facts have been clearly articulated by many commentators, including
Lord Meghnad Desai through his columns and in his book Rediscovering India. Lord Desai
rightly pointed out, “India is many, not one.”

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Home Minister managed to integrate 562 states,
large and small, and laid the foundation of India. Although India is a 1000-year-old
civilization, its journey as an independent nation began only in 1947. In that context,
everyone can’t be expected to agree to a religion-centric ‘One India’ approach, ignoring
the multi-faceted socio-cultural fabric of the country at large. Sardar Patel, despite having
a soft corner for the RSS, had banned the organization once, yet the Modi-led government
interestingly forked out over Rs. 2,700 crore to make a 597 ft-tall statue of Patel.

íí When Narendra Modi was chief minister of Gujarat, he was very vocal about independence

of the states. He would criticise the Congress-led UPA govt accusing it of disturbing the

independent nature of the states. CM Modi would frequently talk about cooperative

federalism. However, Prime Minister Modi has started

weakening the federal fabric of the system. Extreme

dependence of states on the centre has become clearly

The main pillars of our visible with huge interference in the affairs of the states.
society today are : Axom The Delhi CM’s power was curtailed at the same time.
Xahitya Sabha, AASU, Yuva Article 370 was removed, revoking the special status
granted to Jammu and Kashmir.

Chatra Parishad, the Xatras These are situations affecting state sentiments and if

(Vaishnav monasteries), and this trend continues, it would fuel massive anger among
the states posing serious threat to the integrity of the
Srimanta Sankardev Sangha. country. Historic sites, airports, roads of the state etc.

At present, all these pillars are being handed over to private hands supposedly for

seem to be weakening. the sake of generating revenue. These are some of the
These institutions have triggers fuelling anger among the common people.
been gradually losing love Perhaps to pacify such anger, the government seems to
and trust. have tried to pay some attention to the problems of
Assam of late. For the Bodos in Assam, BTR was brought
in replacing BTAD. Further, an economic package was

also announced. A new accord has been signed in Karbi Anglong as well, followed by an

economic package. Steps have been taken to give a makeover to the historic sites of the

state with a goal of promoting tourism. In reality, how cooperative would cooperative

federalism be? Only time will tell. Further, the intricacies and the sociological fabric of

Assam cannot be compared to that of any other state of India. Our leaders should be

able to apprise the national leadership about this.

II. Current political scenario of Assam

At a recent episode of the talk show Abhimat anchored by Nitumoni Saikia on the
Assamese TV channel Pratidin Times, I said, “When I discuss the opposition today, what
comes to mind is the oft-discussed song Fuloni Mane Bagicha, Bagicha Mane Fuloni.”
The Treasury bench and the Opposition seem to be intertwined somehow! Apparently,
the Assembly has 51 opposition MLAs. Against a total strength of 126, a number of 51

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is not small. Had all these 51 MLAs worked in unison as a responsible Opposition Bench,
the ruling party would have treated them with reverence. Unfortunately, the Opposition
in Assam is split and not a unified force today. If power is divided into multiple fragments,
it naturally weakens.

In that sense, the Opposition camp in Assam could be termed as weak and directionless
today. This is a tough time for the Congress. Of late, 2 MLAs from Congress have joined
BJP. Sushmita Dev in Barak valley has moved to TMC, and perhaps many more will follow
suit. People in Assam have no misconceptions about the capability (?) of Congress leaders
like Pradyut Bordoloi, Ripun Borah, Rakibul Hussain and Bharat Narah. Could anything
fresh be expected from them? The majority of this lot can’t be very vocal against the
present government. The reason being, most of them have acquired enough wealth
during their long stint in power. Understandably, there could be no alternative for them
except sitting tight at this stage.

Gaurav Gogoi or a few others like him could perhaps be an exception. As a parliamentarian,
Gaurav Gogoi has proved himself as a capable politician. His performance as an Opposition
leader raises some expectations from him. Barring one or two exceptions like this, the
Congress party does not have any future. At the national stage too, the same drama is
being repeated. Despite so much turmoil, the party has not yet stopped leaning on the
Gandhi family. Rabindranath Tagore had said, “The country isn’t the earth beneath our
feet, it is the people.” On a similar note, a political party can become powerful only on
the strength of competent members or leaders. Such turmoil in a party like Congress
that has a rich legacy is undoubtedly unfortunate. The Congress needs fresh blood in the
party in order to spring up again. It needs to go through some much-needed reforms.
The steps taken by the Congress leaders to revive the party would be watched closely
in the days ahead.

The AIUDF party led by Ajmal is part of the Opposition just on paper. We cannot harbour
any high expectations from them. Ajmal is a businessman and is hand in glove with
whoever is in power at the state and centre. Have you ever seen this party take a strong
position as Opposition? The party makes some mild noise once in a very rare while. The
MLAs from the party manage to retain their seats by playing the religion card. Recently,
one of their members joined the saffron brigade.

Meanwhile, for the first time, the People’s Party (Raijor Dol) has joined the Opposition
camp in Assembly. And with that a new innings has begun for Opposition leader Akhil
Gogoi. Noticeably, amongst the 51 in the Opposition bench, Akhil Gogoi appears aloof,
lonely and confused. In short, he looks like a fish out of water. He is somewhat trapped
between thinking about the Assembly vs strengthening his party. He has a lot on his
plate and has to handle it single-handedly. No doubt, he has many tough challenges
ahead of him. Can he alone don the hat of a vocal Opposition leader? That is the million-
dollar question. Historically, the Opposition has never been powerful in Assam. Till date,
the media has had to play the role of opposition. For multiple reasons, the media is
confronted with many challenges today. Power of the media houses is waning. Most of
them have lost power to proxy Opposition in the past. This is the unfortunate truth.

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There was a time when many politicians used to make a beeline to seek the blessings
of influential intellectuals like Homen Borgohain, whose writings had a profound influence
on the careers of many political leaders. However, the clout of the editors, intellectuals,
writers, and other influential people in society seems to be evaporating gradually in
comparison to the past. Sanjaya Baru has discussed these very situations in his recent
book India’s Power Elite.

Everyone is aware of the role of the Opposition in a democracy. A ruling party’s
complacency and callousness strengthens in the absence of a strong Opposition. However
a powerful Opposition seems remote in Assam unless a situation arises that demands
extreme opposition. At this stage, conscious citizens and thinkers have a lot of
responsibility and challenges at hand.

III. Where is nationalism headed?

In contemporary times as well as over the last four decades, what we have witnessed
is not nationalism but opportunism. This is not the widespread Assamese nationalism
shown by Sukafa, Naranarayan, Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardeva, Bezbaruah, Jyoti
Prasad, Bishnu Rabha, Bhupen Hazarika or Hemanga Biswas. I have no hesitation in
stating this openly. Nothing could be more unfortunate for our generation. Whether we
talk about the Assam movement, armed struggle, or whatever other movements we
have witnessed over a long period, not a single one ended well. Such failures do not
need any repetition.

Everyone recognizes these mistakes now. Such failed historical snapshots found its place
in the writings of accomplished intellectuals such as Homen Borgohain, Dr Hiren Gohain,
and Hiranya Kumar Bhattacharya, including new generation novelist Monalisha Saikia. All
of our movements and protests failed due to the irrational, myopic and hyper-emotional
nature of things. We haven’t yet fully recovered from the losses incurred on the social
fabric during each long-drawn struggle. We have created a crop of spineless, opportunistic
leaders in the name of nationalism. People in Assam cannot tolerate this nonsense
anymore.

No one has denied the relevance of a regional party in Assam. But where is the appropriate
regional party? Agreed, it is not a cakewalk giving shape to a regional party in a society
as diverse as ours. It demands a dynamic party backed by a strong leader with a
charismatic persona in order to be acceptable by all our communities. Is any such leader
visible today? Not in the least. However, we have to keep trying. The need of the hour
is an alternative political force.

The main pillars of our society today are : Axom Xahitya Sabha, AASU, Yuva Chatra
Parishad, the Xatras (Vaishnav monasteries), and Srimanta Sankardev Sangha. At present,
all these pillars seem to be weakening. These institutions have been gradually losing love
and trust. Our society has become fragmented. Further, post-modern and neo economic
changes have affected our social existence to a large degree. We are gradually becoming
more individualistic. Life and livelihood have taken a very competitive and challenging
turn. We can’t come out of such morass without achieving economic prosperity. We
need a progressive nationalism that is robust, all-inclusive and scientific. Coexistence,

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not conflict, would benefit us. This generation has abandoned irrational nationalism
that’s based on cheap emotions.
IV. Can Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma do it?
As of today, there is no second leader as efficient, astute, experienced and dynamic as
Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma in Assam. Even the enemies of Himanta Biswa Sarma would
accept this fact. He may be disliked, but he cannot be ignored. Everyone has limitations,
obligations and weaknesses. Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma is no exception. However, he has
the power to tide over all of that to steer the state ahead in the right direction. His sense
of urgency from the beginning beckons a lot of hope.
There doesn’t seem to be much of a political challenge for Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma. His
challenge would be in terms of his modus operandi for steering the state. People have
a lot of expectations from him, which is why he has to be an above average performer
on every front. Assam has a powerful government in place now, and the same political
party is in power at the centre. So if not now, when would the state’s long-standing
issues get resolved?
Tail Piece
The political landscape across India started changing ever since Narendra Modi came to
power with an absolute majority in Delhi in 2014. The economic and social scenario
started changing too. We have to accept this fact. The consequences of this change can’t
be ascertained now. However, we should not be naysayers all the time. On many fronts,
favourable changes have become visible. The need for decisive leaders like Modi cannot
be denied. We just need to get rid of some pre-conceived notions and get over some
of the myths and old hangovers as well!

**********

Sanjit lives in Jorhat and and can be reached at [email protected]

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Afghanistan

State of Affairs

Arjun Bhattacharya

A historical insight into India’s neighbourhood in the aftermath of the Taliban’s rise to
power, and what it means for the region.

Life has turned full circle yet again in Afghanistan. It’s baffling to the casual onlooker to

see how in 20 years, America wrested control of Afghanistan from the Taliban, installed
a democratic government, spurred development, re-opened schools and universities,
built roads, hospitals and bridges – in other words, brought a semblance of a modern
civic society, and then gave it all away, almost overnight, back to the Taliban! Leaving in
its wake stranded people in disbelief and dismay at the sudden reversal of events, almost
as if a dam had broken and swept away everything. People hoping for escape by clinging
on to the wheels of departing US military planes and tragically falling from the skies
sums up the desperation of the Afghan people on their impending sense of fate. The
rapid journey of progress, women’s emancipation, and freedom, all to be halted and
reversed with the harsh rule of the Taliban would take it back to medieval days. It’s been
an extraordinary turn of events, but then nothing is ordinary in Afghanistan.

Afghanistan - Forever caught in the crosshairs of travelling armies

Since the days of Alexander (329 BC), Afghanistan, standing as the gateway between
Central Asia and the Indian sub-continent, has found itself perennially caught in the

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eddies of marauding armies in pursuit of conquest and loot. The nation never really had a chance
to settle for any form of lasting tranquillity and peace. Rarely of its own choosing, it has been
drawn into geo-political events, of what is now called the great game – at least for the last two
centuries.

After the conquest by Alexander’s Greek army, Afghanistan was administered by the Seleucid
Empire until it ceded control to Chandragupta (309 BC) to become part of the Mauryan Empire.
This lasted until the heydays of Ashoka the Great, when Buddhism flourished. Many of you would
recall the famed Bamiyan Buddhas who were destroyed by the Taliban during their earlier rule
during circa 1996-2001. Relative prosperity prevailed and the trend continued for the next few
centuries until the early part of the medieval period. The region changed hands from the Mauryans
to the Kushans (the Great Kanishka), followed by the Sassanids and the Shahi kings before being
overrun by the tidal wave of Islamic invasion from west of Asia, namely the Samanids from Iran.

Islam makes inroads in the region

Islam became the major faith replacing the Buddhist, Hindu and Hellenic faiths in the next few
decades. The turn of the tenth century saw the Ghaznavid rulers claim prominence to reach its
pinnacle under Mahmud, who it can be said with a lot of emphasis, was the principal executor
of altering the geo-politics of the region forever, and that included India in no small measure. His
template of running missions to India in search of loot, plunder, slaves and riches were used by
Genghis Khan, Timur and Nadir Shah, and successfully laid the path of Islamic-Turkic rule of the
Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals in India. Territories changed hands, but for most part from the
11th to the 18th century, India’s fate and Afghanistan’s faith were intertwined. There were the
eventual and valiant fight-back by the Marathas (Peshwas) and Sikhs (Ranjit Singh, Hari Singh
Nalwa), but it proved to be too little too late.

Along came the Europeans

The Europeans emerged on the scene and the English didn’t take too much time to take advantage
of the existing fissures to annex large parts of India under their control, and through a series of
manoeuvres (British-Afghan wars), brought Afghanistan under their control through proxy kingdoms
(Shah Shuja Durrani, Dost Mohammed). This was also the time around which the Kohinoor diamond
fell into British hands – it was earlier plundered from Delhi by Nadir Shah from Iran, and it later
made its way to Shah Shuja Durrani, who in turn gave it to Ranjit Singh as protection ransom,
before finally being taken as bounty by the victorious East India Company (Anglo-Maratha war).

The English, wary of the might of the Russian empire in the early 19th century, looked to keep
the Afghan empire as a buffer zone to protect its Indian empire. And this is when the modern
great game began.

Afghan rulers realize their significance, Russia makes inroads

The Afghan rulers, emboldened by their geo-political pre-eminence as a wedge between two great
powers, increasingly began to exercise independence. For the better part of the 20th century and
through both the tumultuous world wars, Afghanistan managed to remain neutral, and carried on
untouched. Under Zahir Shah who became the king in 1933, there was a remarkable semblance
of stability with progress towards a modern state. That lasted for about 40 years until the mid-
70s. With the departure of the British from the region after India’s independence, Russia started

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casting its shadow over Afghanistan, until it culminated in the overthrow of the Afghan monarchy
in a coup by the pro-Soviet General Mohammed Daoud Khan who declared himself president. This
event, very quickly over the next two decades, unleashed a series of uncontrollable events bringing
Afghanistan to its current precipice of degeneration. Daoud Khan was killed soon after by Afghan
communists (1979) who took charge of the country, much to the dislike of certain ethnic leaders
who raised a guerrilla armed resistance called the ‘Mujahideen’ group. Soon after, the Soviets
invaded Afghanistan to support the beleaguered communist government, and America put its
weight behind the Mujahideen giving rise to fighters like Osama Bin Laden.

Soviets leave Afghanistan, Taliban raises its head

The Soviets faced heavy casualties and after years of a botched campaign, withdrew in 1989
leaving behind the Soviet-backed President Najibullah to battle it out with the Mujahideens and
other rebel groups. Eventually, Kabul was overrun by the rebels to form a new government under
President Rabbani in 1992. The incumbent President Najibullah took refuge in the Kabul UN
offices and stayed under its protection for the next four years until the Taliban ran over the
country. President Najibullah was apprehended and hung from a lamp post outside the Afghan
palace as a signal to the world of its intentions. Afghanistan under the Taliban descended into
obscurity, brutality and civil wars. It was briefly noticed during the turn of the century (December
1999) when a hijacked Indian Airlines flight was made to fly to Kandahar as a foil to demand the
release of Kashmiri terrorists from India’s Tihar Jail.

Al Qaeda gains prominence, and the United States appears in the region

Meanwhile, after the quell of the Soviet campaign, Osama Bin Laden built Al Qaeda as a forum
for global jihad against the Soviets and any others who opposed their goal of a pure nation
governed by Islam. This quest eventually led to the 9/11 terror attacks on US soil and forced the
US to attack Afghanistan and vanquish the Al Qaeda. For the next 20 years, the US after dispelling
the Taliban, got into nation building. Easier said than done, as the US to its uneasiness, found that
the Taliban far from being extinguished, had begun to make rapid inroads into the interiors of
Afghanistan, forcing the US to sign an agreement under President Trump at Qatar with the Taliban
and the Afghan Government to affect a withdrawal of US forces and hand over control in totality
to the Afghans and the Taliban.

With the change of government in the US, President Biden accelerated the plan to evacuate by
August 31, 2021. However, in retrospect, the run up to August 31 appeared rushed and ill-planned
and that rapidly descended Afghanistan into a state of non-control and security crisis. The Taliban
took over the country in a matter of days, and the world saw US forces make a hasty retreat
without providing an adequate safety net for civil workers and local Afghans sympathetic to the
US and the government. In addition, billions of military equipment – tanks, helicopters, drones,
rocket launchers, and ammunition – was left unattended to fall into the hands of the Taliban and
fringe elements with ambitious and not-so-noble aspirations.

What does it mean for the region?

The Taliban will have reasons to feel victorious and unshakeable – after all they felled America,
the world’s premier superpower, and relegated them to the same ignominious fate that the British
and Russians underwent in the past. Their radar would be set on imposing their style of law in
the land. Of course Pakistan as the tacit benefactor will want to impose its will as a client state
too. In addition, the Taliban also would have to share the spoils with numerous factions – Pashtuns,

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non-Pashtuns, Haqqanis. They will soon realize that running a guerrilla war and governance are
two different things. In addition, the Taliban must contend with the Afghan rebels led by Amrullah
Saleh (the recently deposed Afghan Vice-President) in the Panjshir region to the north of Kabul,
and the Hazaras to the south of Kandahar. Guns can control people, but without money, a militia
cannot be fed. So new causes would have to be found – it could be jihad as a cause, drug-running,
or even providing shelter to terror outfits like Al Qaeda to run their writ with impunity.

China, Pakistan and Afghanistan slam became the major faith

Then there is China who would not look at replacing the Buddhist, Hindu
Afghanistan only as a conduit to the Arabian and Hellenic faiths in the next
Sea ports in Pakistan and Iran, but also as a few decades. The turn of the
location to set camp in the country for its mineral tenth century saw the Ghaznavid
wealth. We can expect to hear expansion of

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to embrace rulers claim prominence to reach
Afghanistan. China was amongst the first to its pinnacle under Mahmud, who
recognize the Taliban government – so there is it can be said with a lot of
some reasonable credibility in that line of thought.

For Pakistan, their double-sided game of siding emphasis, was the principal

with America on acts of terror and thereby garner executor of altering the geo-
precious funds, and at the same time push its politics of the region forever,
own agenda of securing control over Afghanistan and that included India in no
through the Taliban, seems to have done well so

far. It may up the ante to harness the recent small measure.
events and turn it on India for Kashmir’s cause.

That is where India’s trouble begins – the Taliban may consider it within its cause to provide critical

support by way of manpower and ammunition to fight in Kashmir. The combined Pak-Taliban engine

is likely to look to foment unrest in Kashmir, and that may precipitate to other regions of India. Punjab

and the north-east stay vulnerable as always. With China active in the Galwan front, India will have to

be prepared to contend with twin challenges and cannot afford any slip-up. Caution and firm-footedness

will be needed in equal measure.

For now, Pakistan seems to have control of events. Of course, there’s a chance that the Taliban may
not play everything to script, and it may well turn out to be a pyrrhic victory for Pakistan. Already it
is reeling from the onslaught of Afghan refugees and there may well be a backlash on Pakistan if the
Taliban charts an independent course. By the same token, the militant Sunni Islamic fringe elements
may incite trouble in China’s Xinjian province by lending their cause with the Uighur’s Muslims.

So, for now, the only known truth is that the Americans have withdrawn leaving Afghanistan
under Taliban control with some pockets of resistances in Panjshir. The great game is far from
over. There’s very little intelligence in the public domain on what’s likely to unfold in the near
future. India’s leverage over the Taliban appears very modest. The fate of Taliban and Afghanistan
will have a major bearing on India’s security. India would do well to exercise its levers – political,
diplomatic, economic, and security.

**********

Arjun lives in Bangalore and can be reached at Bangalore reached at [email protected]

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Awakening
the Sleeping Giant

Mukesh Sharma

It’s time to change our mindset. Embrace a mindset of collaboration, honesty, and hard
work. It’s time to use our strengths and combined expertise to help usher in economic
and social prosperity for all. It’s time to wake up.

This was sometime in 2019. Covid’s dark clouds had not stopped people from traveling

yet. I had taken the morning flight from Bangalore to Guwahati and was on my way to
my brother’s house near Gorchuk in the suburbs of Guwahati. The Assamese driver in
the Uber cab looked apprehensive.
“Dada – khub chanda tuli ase, olop digdar hobo pare.”
(Brother – a lot of people are demanding donations from travellers; we might face
some issues).
He was spot on.
We were stopped in many places. The typical modus operandi – two persons would
stand holding a rope across the road. The cars/other vehicles had to stop. Some paid,
some howled and moved on.
I came across one such hold-up entirely manned by children. Right from a few 2–3-year-
olds to 8–10-year-olds. They were a little less abrasive and I guess they just used this as
an opportunity to earn a few free bucks.
That got me thinking.
Is this what we are teaching our children?
To earn free money from unwilling travellers?
We all know about the chanda (donation) culture in Assam, but perhaps what we are
not realizing is its impact on the minds of youngsters. That it is okay to look for easy
money, that it is okay to force unwilling people to shell out an amount for some cause/
festival/program.
I earn my livelihood working as an ‘Executive Coach’ – a nascent industry in India –
where I help people to be more self-aware, to create a mindset that would help them

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achieve their dreams and goals, and be more successful in their careers. I also provide these
services free to certain NGOs. As part of such an assignment, I visited the campus of Agastya
International Foundation (Agastya International Foundation | Bringing Science To India’s Children)
at Kuppam, about 100 km from Bangalore, along with a few other coaches. It is a pretty remote
area. You will be amazed at the work they do. Their motto is to ‘spark curiosity and nurture
creativity in India’. Numerous children from villages across Kuppam visit this campus daily and
learn various facets of science from an early age. Many of these students have gone on to win
awards across the world in many science-related competitions.

The first thought that came to me was, if only our students in Assam could grow up in such an
environment of curiosity and creativity! Why should our children be deprived of such opportunities?
Do we want our children to grow up amidst a culture of chanda, bandh, andolan (protests), and
easy money? Or do we want them to grow up learning values like hard work, self-reliance, and
self-confidence? Whose responsibility is it to provide such an environment to our children?

We must focus on what values and beliefs our children need to be brought up with, what mindset
they should develop, how they would feel more confident and have greater self-esteem. If we
start focusing on this from now, in 10-15 years we will have a generation that will have the power
to transform Assam.

--------

I visited Shillong and Cherrapunji along with my family a few years ago. I hired a Toyota Innova
from a close friend’s travel agency for the entire trip. While the fare was pre-decided, the driver
managed to extract a few thousand rupees from us by using some excuses. Although I was aware,
I paid him anyway keeping in mind my relationship with my friend. I am aware that almost all
travellers in Assam (and perhaps all over the NE) face these kinds of issues.

I once took a cab in the USA from a client’s office to the airport. On the way, the driver came to
know about a massive traffic jam and took a detour to reach the airport. This new route was a
few kilometers longer and the taxi fare came to about 10 USD higher. He refused to accept this
extra money stating that he took the detour on his own.

Tourism can be a huge money maker for Assam. States with far less natural resources are doing
much better than us. If we want to compete with these states, we must bring in a major
differentiator. And one such differentiator can be service. Tourists should speak glowingly about
Assam’s service levels.

Now I had the fortune of meeting and training under Mr. Ron Kaufman, an expert on providing
world-class service. The government of Singapore enlisted Ron’s services in 1991 to play a leading
role in educating and mobilizing the whole nation to build a vibrant service industry. The result?
Almost everyone in Singapore is extremely tourist-friendly and it has changed the perception of
Singapore amongst global customers.

---------- -

Year 2018. One of the Assamese Associations in Bangalore decided to bring a mobile theatre
group (Bhramyoman Theatre) of Assam here, to offer Bangalore residents an opportunity to enjoy
this unique offering of Assam. This would be a huge project involving a lot of planning, finance,
hard-work and time. In a show of strength and support, all the Assamese associations of Bangalore

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came forward to support this initiative and make it a Bangalore show together. This was
unprecedented and highly praiseworthy. The leadership teams of all the associations offered their
unstinted support. This was a watershed moment for the people from Assam residing in Bangalore.
While there was no actual animosity among the groups, there was no major spirit of cooperation
either. It is a matter of great pride that Bangalore can truly boast of an Assamese population that
is cohesive. A society that comes forward to help one of their own whenever there is a need.

This was highly visible during the initial period of the Covid pandemic in 2020. There was a large
group of people from Assam who were either stuck in Bangalore or wanted to return to Assam.
Many had lost their daily income sources and did not even have food for daily consumption.
Members of different Assamese associations came forward and arranged food for such needy
people. Teams worked together to provide financial help, including help from the Assam
government. Volunteers worked with the governments of Assam and Karnataka and many Karnataka
local government bodies arranged special trains to ferry people to Assam.

During the 2nd wave of Covid in May this year, like other cities in India, Bangalore too was ravaged
by the pandemic. There was scarcity of oxygen cylinders, ICU beds, hospital beds, and medicines.
To serve the Assamese community during this emergency, a group of volunteers from Assam
created a group with the intention of supporting one another. There were over 40 volunteers in
this group, who not only supported the local Assamese populace in getting information about
Covid tests, hospital beds, medicines and oxygen cylinders, but also supported people from Assam
in getting similar info. In fact our Munin da (Munindra Bharatee) went one step further and used
his connections to procure over 40 oxygen cylinders and distributed them freely among many
NGOs and health centres. Even we received one such set from him to be used by our populace
should the need arise.

What I have observed over the last two decades in Bangalore is that Assamese people here are
very hard working, helpful, carry a positive mindset and harbour a desire to help people back in
Assam in some way. Almost all the people of Assam, working in different companies, are doing
well in their jobs and are liked by their fellow workers. There is warmth and bonhomie among the
Assamese population irrespective of their caste and religious beliefs.

The point I want to raise here is that people of Assam are in general good at heart, can work hard,
co-exist peacefully with others, and collaborate with others for the greater good. For some reasons,
some known and some unknown, people have forgotten their original characters. We are either
focusing on trivial matters or are stuck on some old issues and refuse to move on. We are too
busy finding fault with one another. My appeal to the people of my beloved state – there is a
beautiful world out there and it can be yours if you put in a little effort. We need a new mindset
– a mindset of collaboration, we need to be more aware of our strengths, and need to act fast
on important issues so that we can usher in economic and social prosperity for all our citizens.
I believe if we can bring in such a revolution, Assam can stake a claim to be one of the top states
in India and fulfil the vision of the Assam government in the process.

There is no time to lose, wake up Assam.

**********

Mukesh lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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Understanding
Product Engineering Services

Bimal Kumar Bhattacharya

Here’s a helpful overview of the product engineering world for those who’ve been trying
to understand it without being a part of it. It’s also an insightful guide for young engineers
in the field, and those who aspire to become a part of it. The article further touches upon
improving the employability of young engineers.

In 1987, when I joined Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), there were just two

streams in the IT industry – hardware and software. Those in software needed to have
reasonably clear concepts about hardware boards, and how to program them. In fact,
many of us became quite proficient in designing basic HW boards too.

Over time, the software industry has largely streamlined into two business groups:

1. IT infrastructure and IT infrastructure services

2. Product Engineering and product engineering services

We all know that India’s major dominance is in services – be it in IT infrastructure or
product engineering. Though the IT infrastructure services segment is a much bigger
(approaching 200 million USD) business, product engineering business is catching up
rapidly (more than 70 million USD).

This article focuses on a few
significant features of the
software industry.

1. Product engineering
services, and the processes
and activities around
product creation

2. Ways to improve
employability of a young
engineer

3. How to script a career in the
industry, even without
coding.

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Phases of Product Development

Generally, when we discuss software engineering or computer science, we mean product
development. The product could be a mobile phone, a Wi-Fi router, a washing machine, various
banking applications, gaming applications etc. A company that helps such a product development
company is said to be offering product engineering services.

Product development can be divided in to the following overlapping phases:
1. Ideation and market analysis
2. Architecture
3. Design and implementation
4. Support and maintenance
5. Source code management and version control
6. Product porting and migration
7. Termination of the product

1. Ideation and market analysis

It could be a completely new product idea or even the major release of an existing product.
In an established organization, the product manager would do a thorough market study,
collect inputs from the marketing and after-sales service team, analyze the changing market
landscape, and then propose the product idea to senior management outlining the possible
budget. The senior management folks may approve it right away, or ask for additional details.
In a startup, the process is much simpler as there won’t be too many departments. Typically,
a minimum viable product is developed during this stage to check for viability, and to check
if the key features are desired or not by potential customers.

2. Architecting phase

In this phase, multiple groups begin their activities.

z The program management group coordinates activities between the various groups and
ensures each group delivers as per their commitment. This is the group that monitors all
the activities at a macro level and keeps track of delivery risks, and schedule changes, if
any. This group keeps the upper management informed about progress of the product.

z Meanwhile, the marketing group would have started exploring the market pulse, followed
by preparation of marketing materials and events.

z The product manager would continue to own the product and must be kept aware of any
planned changes in the features etc.

3. Design and implementation

This is the major engineering phase.

z Business analysts translate requirements to the engineering team, which includes
developers, testers, and documentation staff.

z Developers create a plan for features implementation, designs both at high and low levels,
and write the code. They also test the code.

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z The testing team defines its approach and creates a test plan. This group identifies
requirements, develops test cases, identifies test automation possibilities, and develops
them as needed. Once the development team provides the codes, the testing team executes
the test cases and generates test reports.

z The build and release team ensures that the codes are stable and working. Also, a specific
environment (code base) can be installed if required and demanded. The documentation
team develops the plan for documentation such as release note, installation guide, changes
in user manual, and any supporting documents needed for the after-sales service team.

z All along, the program management team keeps track of the progress and keeps all the
stakeholders, including senior management, informed.

z The product manager ensures that all the key features are developed as per the
specifications defined.

In case of a startup, the founders and all other engineers wear multiple hats. A formal program
management group may not be needed at all.

4. Marketing, and support and maintenance

When a new product is launched, it has to be accepted by both existing and new customers.
This is a marketing activity. The marketing team develops materials that focus on the key
differentiators in the new product. They interact with the existing customer base and explain
how the new product will impact their productivity or ease their existing business etc. The
program management team ensures that there is enough information flow between the various
groups so that no feature gets left out.

Once the new product is released, there is sure to be a spike in the number of tickets raised
by customers. They may be simple queries about installation, usage and bugs that unfortunately
escaped. The support team must allocate enough resources to address these issues. Support
coordinates with the engineering group for any workaround etc., if needed. Future releases
are modified as per the issues raised at this stage.

5. Version control of the released products

Companies like Nokia (in the earlier days), and Samsung launch many phones each year,
whereas companies like Apple release very few. Each launch is associated with a specific
version. Fixes related to any issues raised in the field must be tested in the specific version
before launch. Thus version control and release management play an important role. The two
are overlapping phases, they start as soon as implementation starts and continue as long as
the product lasts.

6. Product porting and migration

Sometimes, you may like your product to move to a new hardware or software platform. For
example, when new mobile chipsets are continuously introduced, to remain competitive, a
phone making company may like to release an older version cased in the new hardware
platform without any noticeable additional features. Similarly, since Windows 11 is soon going
to be available, many software products developed for Windows 10 must be ported to the
new platform. Again, if you have come up with new software, say a firewall management

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solution, you need to provide a migration solution, like automatic configuring to the suitable
configuration.

7. Termination of the product

If a product is not very successful, it can be ignored and everyone will forget about it. Or
suppose you develop a new solution but very few customers want to migrate, they would
rather continue using the older solution. These are valuable customers and can’t be abandoned.
Generally, any enterprise looks for a solution that is sustainable for a long period. So, if you
don’t want your brand to be devalued, you must continue providing support. It could be
limited to fixing field issues and providing workarounds for those bugs that define a time line
– which could be 1 year, or even 5 years from when services will be completely withdrawn.

Employable and Unemployable Engineers

If a fresh engineering graduate is not selected in campus interviews, he/she finds it rather difficult

to find a suitable job. Many youngsters in such a situation get additional training in a relevant

area. If they join training institutes that can attract good employers, they are fortunate. So a fresh

graduate may have to either get trained at an institute, or find some means, in many cases a

When Steve Jobs presented a referral, to get employed. Often in such
cases, remuneration at the beginning

demo of the prototype of the first may be low, but most young engineers
iPhone, everyone was happy and learn quickly and move up the salary
excited. But, after a day, he ladder.
noticed scratches on the plastic
screen of his phone. Commercial Here are a few examples:

z While working at Nokia, Hyderabad
I once met Ravi, a young engineer. He

launch was just six months away. briefly came to work with us to gain
some experience. He was dedicated and
He immediately halted production quite brilliant. When I dug further, I

of the plastic screen and said it discovered that he hadn’t been able to

must be replaced by glass. And get any job so far as he couldn’t take
glass that did not break easily. the campus interviews, since he was
Finally, he found a solution at the unwell and living in his hometown. Soon,
I hired him full time. Today, he is working

Corning Glass factory at an in a large organization in USA.

additional cost of 200 million USD. z A few years ago at Mirafra, a young

graduate Sai came to join us as a referred

candidate. I asked him a few basic questions about a subject he had supposedly worked on.

He couldn’t answer at all. I asked him not to join the group. The next day, he met me again

and requested for a second chance. He assured me that he would put in his best effort and

focus on whatever work was given to him. Soon he learned C programming, understood

microprocessors, and become a key player in the group. Today, he is a valued engineer at

Qualcomm.

z In a similar situation of employment by referral, a lady joined our group. One of our managers
assessed her and found her to be keen to work in any domain but she would not be a good

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coder. Ultimately, she became part of the testing team. And today she too has a rewarding
career at Qualcomm.

z Then there was a case of someone in my wider family circle. He had excelled academically and
then joined IBM. He was most unhappy about his work. IBM is a vast organization and not
everyone gets to work on technically challenging projects. I thought I’d hire him and give him
technically challenging work. But to my surprise, he said he was finding technical work extremely
tiresome and wanted a change. He shifted to technical document writing and is now happily
and successfully leading a team. He brims with joy when he discusses his work.

The downside of frequent job changes

It’s quite common for many engineers to increase their pay packet by jumping jobs every few
years, or sometimes even more frequently. This is not really a sign of a high performer. This
phenomenon is frequently observed among engineers who do not enjoy core functions such as
coding, and are often unable to cope with the demands of the job. They cannot hide their lack of
interest or skills for too long. Unfortunately, once they become the seniors, they would find it
extremely difficult to guide or mentor their juniors. New programming languages, technologies,
frameworks etc. are always developing rapidly. If you love to explore and understand them, you will
have an extremely rewarding career. But, if your heart is not in it, you will face serious difficulties
after 6-7 years of work.

Let’s discuss how best to avoid such situations and improve the employability of every fresh
graduate.

1. The essential qualification an organization looks for while hiring is a reasonably good, hands-
on knowledge of a programming language. So every young engineering job aspirant must pick
up at least one programming language, be it C, Python, C++ etc. If you know the solution, you
must be able to write the program.

How to do this: Practice programming in your language of choice. Algorithms and flow charts
are simple tools, practice using them and develop solutions for small problems. Such practice
will help you immensely when you need to develop solutions for complex problems later.

2. During my days at BARC, one of my colleagues developed a solution-related access control and
the management used the same product for salary accounting too. Although he had tested
the product thoroughly, things didn’t work well in the production environment. After several
months of effort and multiple trips to Hyderabad, he found that the sorting and searching
algorithms was not optimum and was taking too long. Today, organizations look for your
understanding concepts in data structure. So if you want to build a career in embedded
programming, you must know OS concepts and how interprocess and interthread
synchronization and communication happens.

3. In application development, you must focus on mastering at least one framework that is used
for either backend or frontend development. If you know both, you will have a pretty rewarding
career.

Before taking an interview, make sure you know the value of your contribution to whatever
project you claim to have worked on in your resume. Further, an overall understanding of the
complete project is important.

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4. Other than these tips, it is always useful to know some coding standard or guidelines. Try to
hone your skills in some domain for that extra edge –it networking, wireless networking,
Bluetooth, or telecommunication.

How to develop your career if coding is not your forte

If you dislike coding, it will be difficult for you to build a career in IT. In the embedded technologies
area, things are relatively stable. Once you are experienced and acquire a fair amount of knowledge,
things do not change too much. You may still have to pick up the occasional upgrades in OS,
communication protocols and domains. However, in the application front, things are far more
fluid. New programming languages or frameworks become popular every year. For example, your
strength may be Angular JS, but Reactjs may suddenly become the flavor of the season. A Java
backend may suddenly be replaced by Nodejs. Certain cross platform development frameworks
like Sencha Touch are no more in vogue. If you are not passionate or quick about staying up to
date, you will become obsolete in the job market.

A career in the IT industry does not mean coding alone. If you are not keen on coding, you can
still build a rewarding career in other areas.

1. Use your creativity and design skills: If you enjoy creating user interfaces or providing
excellent user experiences with a product, you don’t have to code. Be creative and hone your
skills in blending the perspectives of various users of the product through design. The Industrial
Design Section (IDC) at IIT Mumbai focuses on these aspects and offers courses at many levels.
In Bangalore, the Srishti Institute of Art, Design and Technology, Yelahanka is another renowned
institute in this field.

2. Quality assurance: Here’s a fine example of quality assurance. When Steve Jobs presented a
demo of the prototype of the first iPhone, everyone was happy and excited. But, after a day, he
noticed scratches on the plastic screen of his phone. Commercial launch was just six months away.
He immediately halted production of the plastic screen and said it must be replaced by glass. And
glass that did not break easily. Finally, he found a solution at the Corning Glass factory at an
additional cost of 200 million USD.

3. Testing: This is the perfect area for you if you are keen to find out if the product works under
the boundary conditions that a few users might be using, or if you love to identify the conditions
in which the product might fail. To test the product, you need to understand the domain well, only
then will you know the how and why of it all. A deep understanding will help you define products
that will be most successful in a specific market – thus making you an effective product manager.
In such a role, you will be able to create innovative products for your company. Steve Jobs’ most
important quality was perhaps his ability to identify the right innovative features in his products
and get them developed. Testyantra is a company that focuses only on testing and test automation.

4. Document writer: As the number of products increase exponentially, specialized technical
documentation writers are in high demand. From internal project documents to reporting, compiling
user manuals, release notes, web content etc. – there is a no dearth of work. Taking a technical
documentation course is a smart idea. Important tools are Darwin Information Typing Architecture
(DITA) and Microsoft Writing Style Guide, among many others. Campus hiring for documentation
is rare. So, you must have a portfolio that includes blogs, or other samples of your writing style.

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5. Business analyst: The job of a business analyst is to understand the operating business
and comprehend requirements from the perspective of solving specific business problems.

Analysts next translate
the problems to the
software engineering
team and follow up by
frequent interaction. It is
an analyst’s job to keep
other stakeholders
informed about the
progress. On a larger scale,
business analysts use their
knowledge, backed by
organizational data, to
come up with
transformational changes
in the organization.
Knowledge of data
analytics can be very
helpful. A helpful course is
Entry Certificate in
Business Analysis (ECBA)
from the International
Institute of Business
Analysis (IIBA).

6. Project coordinator: A project manager sets the date for project delivery, defines its schedules
and milestones, identifies resource requirements and is responsible for the complete delivery.
A project coordinator helps the project manager in achieving the targets by taking care of all the
administrative tasks that include: day to day tracking, schedule meetings, escalating issues if
there are any resource, reporting to the project managers and other stakeholders, raising purchase
orders and invoices, bookkeeping etc. Important skills of a project coordinator include
interpersonal skills, data driven reporting through XL, power BI etc.

7. Program management: Programs are related not just with the project but also with operations.
Senior managers are involved with budgeting etc. Project managers architect the complete
show. Strong interpersonal skills, negotiation skills, and ability to ensure smooth operations
are some of the critical skills of this role.

**********

Bimal lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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Navigate Your
Path to Success

Arman Saleh

With over 20 years of experience in the IT world, Arman is well placed to lay out a few
pointers for those aspiring to build a career in IT. He has some well backed ideas for
building and growing the sector in North East India too.

I completed my Bachelor of Engineering (BE) in Electronics and Telecommunications

(E&T) from Assam Engineering College, Guwahati. Those days the academic sessions
would run late and though I was supposed to get my degree in 1997, our results were
announced much later, in February, 1998. Fortunately the sessions in Assam have now
caught up with the rest of the country and students are not troubled by delayed
examinations and delayed results.
Since my degree was in E&T, I naturally wanted to work either in electronics or in
telecom. As luck would have it, I was selected by Reliance Telecom through a campus
interview and I joined work just a couple of months after completing my degree. The
company in that avatar no longer exists today; it used to be a part of the much larger
Reliance Industries, run by the doyen Late Dhirubhai Ambani.

IT beckons and gives too!
Around the same time, Information Technology (IT) was coming up in a big way and the
entire country was getting swept up in the IT fervour. The Y2K problem was looming
large on the horizon and it needed a huge pool of IT talent to thwart the catastrophe.
India stepped up to this challenge by supplying hordes of English-speaking engineering
graduates who could be very easily trained in IT. The industry offered nice, clean, air-
conditioned workspaces in contrast to the more traditional sectors; and a guaranteed
opportunity to travel onsite (usually the US) within two years of starting one’s career.
This led to a mass exodus of India’s engineering workforce to IT. The lure of IT was too
much, and I too eventually left Reliance (and telecom) within 10 months for a job with
Infosys in IT.

IT has been a great catalyst to the development of contemporary India.

z First, it provided jobs to millions of graduates every year;

z Second, it created scores of secondary and tertiary jobs and spawned sub-sectors.
N.R. Narayana Murthy, co-founder of Infosys, once stated that every IT job creates
five downstream jobs in real-estate, catering, hospitality, transportation,
housekeeping, and the like;

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z Third, it gave confidence to our young men and women to travel, to expand their horizons
and to be at par with other young professionals around the world.

With higher-than-average wages compared to the traditional sectors, IT increased the buying
power of the masses which resulted in IT hot-spots like Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune getting
transformed into cities beyond recognition, with mushrooming malls, restaurants, and multiplexes.
The bustling megapolis of today’s Bangalore has very little resemblance to the sleepy old town I
came to work in 22 years ago. It may probably sound clichéd when I say that, “IT made it possible
for the owner of the Merc and the driver of the Merc to shop at the same mall!”

What can get you into IT?
You may be wondering what qualifications one needs to find a job in IT. In my opinion:

z A degree in either engineering or the sciences is adequate. Though most IT companies still
insist on this, graduates, or even students with only secondary education from any other
field, may do equally well in IT if they have a logical bent of mind – provided of course
someone is willing to recruit them. Quite a few do now. One of my first client-IT managers
from Apple Computers had an academic background in humanities, I believe he majored
in History, with a master’s degree in Oil Painting! Having an MBA from a reputed institute
may better your chances or it may make you earn a wee bit higher than your peers at the
early stages of your career.

z The Indian IT sector mostly exports labour. That means the IT workforce in India works for
foreign clients in other countries in North America, Europe or in Asia Pacific. To do this kind
of global work effectively and to gel well with colleagues from across the country, fluency in
English is mandatory as that is the de-facto bridge language. People like me with a vernacular
medium education at school may find it a little daunting at first when injected into the
multicultural, multinational world of IT; but they usually take this in their stride within the
first six months to a year.

What does it take to succeed in IT? What is VUCA? And T-shaped skills?
Well, it is the same qualities that you need to succeed in any other job namely – diligence,
willingness to learn, ability to work well with co-workers, and having basic problem-solving skills.
Technical skills do play a role, but those are easier to pick up and develop along the way. And in
today’s fast changing VUCA (Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous) world, one’s technical
skills are always in a churn. So, an ability to constantly learn is also very important. More and
more, technical skills are becoming ‘T’ shaped; meaning while you need to have depth in one skill
(the vertical leg of the T), you also need to know the other relevant skills broadly (the horizontal
leg of the T) to navigate the complex technological world with ease.

For youngsters who are keen to join the IT sector, my advice would be to:

z Learn one of the hot skills well. By hot skills, I broadly mean cloud, data and analytics, or
mobile application development. Going forward, IT will pivot on these three sectors more
and more than other traditional technologies like ERP.

z English will still be the language of communication; so, fluency in it is a must. It is the global
language of business and young people must make it a point to increase their fluency in it.

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z While knowledge in sectors such as manufacturing, life sciences, retail etc. are not critical at
the entry level, they become a differentiator for later success in IT.

z And the most important qualities are perhaps to always be open to learning, be ready to play
in a team, and learn to be objective in all situations.

Don’t ignore the shifting sands
The current Covid-19 pandemic has thrown the entire world economy into chaos. It has impacted
IT quite a bit too. But even before the start of the pandemic, the sands of IT were already shifting.
I believe the following changes will be seen going forward:

z The world of IT shifted totally to remote working (work from home; work from anywhere)

during the pandemic. And remote working will be here to stay in some shape and form.

Working from office will not return to

pre-pandemic levels anytime soon; or The region already has quite a

probably never. This will have positive few technical and other higher
impacts like reducing greenhouse gases
and cutting down on pollution; but on learning institutions – both public

the flip side, it will lead to de-growth and private – and they are at par
in IT driven commercial real estate,
hospitality, and transportation sectors. with other good institutes in the
country. They should be able to
z With more businesses going digital to supply the required talent if the
counter the pandemic related

setbacks, demand on IT services will IT companies set up shop. And
sky-rocket. This will create additional
jobs in the sector, especially in India. with IT centres opening in the

z For the IT workforce, overseas working region, talent from outside the

opportunities will come down as region would also start flowing in.

customers have become very

comfortable in the past 18 months to working remotely; they will no longer request for

staff to be deployed in their offices. In the pre-pandemic world, India-based staff had to

undertake costly international travel to be in front of the customers. But with the new

rules of engagement, virtual client interactions have become acceptable. This should

turn into an advantage for Indian talent and help even the beginners expand their horizons.

How about building North East India into an IT hub?
People often wonder if North East India can be cultivated as an IT and ITES (IT Enabled Services
like Business Process Outsourcing) hub. When IT fervour was sweeping the country in the early
2000s, this region was not much known to mainland India. The image of Assam - and that of
most of the other six sister states – in the national media was presented as that of an insurgency
infested backward state where normal day-to-day life was not possible. This led to Assam
missing the IT carnival that was rocking most of the other states. But I’m happy to note that
things are changing. Of late, the North East has managed to shake off the old image to a certain
extent. Setting up of IITs and IIMs has opened the region to bright students from across the
country. Curbing of insurgency and development of tourism is drawing visitors to the region
instead of making them shy away, and that is changing the image of the region. Government

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policies to promote the North East are also helping. In my opinion, Assam (and the North East),
can aspire to become an IT/ITES hub. But for this to become a reality; a few things must be
taken care of.

What can the region’s governments do to attract businesses?
z First, IT majors must be willing to set up shop in the region. Large organizations usually look

for a couple of things before deciding on a city as their next centre – availability of basic
infrastructure and availability of talent.

Infrastructure
This would mean the setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), and availability of uninterrupted
power supply and connectivity, among other amenities. The local government of any likely
centre would have to play a major role. It would have to pick the growth of the sector as one
of its main items of agenda and start marketing it outside the state. The current pandemic may
work as a blessing in disguise as it is already proven that work can be done remotely from any
nook and corner of the country; and the perceived inaccessibility of the North East may not be
a problem after all.

Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities like Bhubaneswar, Mangalore, Salem, and Tirunelveli have grown their
IT footprints considerably in the recent past; and our own Guwahati is comparable (or probably
even better) to some of these cities. With the right political motivation and mindset, there
should not be any reason why IT and ITES cannot be set up and nurtured in Guwahati and other
North Eastern cities.

Local talent
The region already has quite a few technical and other higher learning institutions – both
public and private – and they are at par with other good institutes in the country. They should
be able to supply the required talent if the IT companies set up shop. And with IT centres
opening in the region, talent from outside the region would also start flowing in. The
experienced local professionals working now in other parts of the country would also consider
returning to their home state(s).

z Second, local entrepreneurs should step up to the challenge of launching IT startups and
employing local talent. Of late, I have come across quite a few such startups from the region
doing good work and getting recognised globally. But I believe this will be the harder path
to grow the sector in this region. Startups may provide the glitter, but they will not be able
to create the bedrock to grow a sector. Usually, startups thrive once the basic eco-system and
culture is in place to provide the tailwind; and to build the eco-system and culture, you need
the big guns to build the base first.

With the latest advances in technology and the change in mindset in the post-Covid new world,
the IT sector will also undergo a sea change. After the heydays of the early 2000s, I believe we
are at the next inflexion point. It would be nice to see our region and state taking advantage of
this unique opportunity to catapult itself into an IT powerhouse serving the world.

**********

Arman lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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Biotechnology Research
Development and Ethical Dilemma

Author : Chayanika Sarma Khound (Assamese)
Translated by : Mukesh Sharma

After how long can an embryo be called human? Can the donors of a test tube baby be
related? Is it ethical? These and more are the questions that trouble citizens, scientists and
policy makers. The line between ethical and non-ethical is exceedingly fine.

Extraordinary success and development of biotechnology from the mid-twentieth century

has opened up new vistas in the improvement of human civilization. The purpose of
biotechnology is to use various components of animals and plants as raw materials and
produce new products for the benefit of mankind and the environment via technical
methodologies.

The growth of biotechnology began in the early 1960s and today, developments in
biotechnology and genetic engineering encompass areas from farming to animal-cloning.
Discovery of insulin to treat diabetes mellitus, and enzymes to treat blood clots in people
with heart conditions, have brought about a new era in medicine. Biotechnology and genetic
engineering have not just brought about a marked improvement in areas of environmental
science, farming, medicine, and treatment of various diseases, but they have also been
able to provide us with high quality nutritious food and enabled us to lead improved lives.
However, it cannot be denied that the widespread and unnatural use of resources for these
causes have resulted in the loss of social and natural environment.

The time has come to analyse how far the use of biotechnology and genetic engineering is
justified, useful and ethical. And the task of analysing and assessing this dilemma is the
responsibility of everyone – the scientists, politicians, spiritual leaders, economists, and
the general public.

Lack of sufficient knowledge and experience

When one analyses the different pursuits of biotechnology from a moral viewpoint, it does
not reflect any fundamental division between science and society, rather it fails to ascertain
the right answers related to questions on issues like honour, justice, simplicity etc. Quite
often there are contradictory points in policy documents creating confusion and in such a
scenario, scientists or the public are forced to define their own paths and actions. The
main reasons for facing moral questions or issues in the advancement of modern
biotechnology are lack of sufficient knowledge and experience, and inability to ascertain
probable harm to the environment or mankind due to the use of new medical treatments
and medicine, or going against the natural rules of nature etc.

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Accepted rules and regulations

A lot of principles related to ethics have been written, or just accepted, over a period of time. They
reflect human values of the society, what a person living in a society can expect from another human,
or how one should behave with others.

All the institutions while conducting scientific or other experiments must follow certain rules and
regulations – these form the basics of ethics in research. The main objective of scientific research is
to work towards advancement of mankind without harming other animals in the process. So for
each research project, right from the beginning to successful closure, following the required rules is
imperative for the project to be sustainable and beneficial to society. Integrity, simplicity, transparency,
respect for the environment, confidentiality, ethical care of animals, and safety measures for the
humans involved are some of the critical principles governing biotechnology research.

Controversial issues and questions in biotechnology research

Let’s make an attempt to discuss a few controversial issues and questions troubling biotechnology
research.

Cloning

Cloning is a process in which a separate cell or body part is created with the exact same genetic
disposition. There are two types of cloning – reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. In
reproductive cloning, an animal is reproduced as a whole and in therapeutic cloning, a cell, a tissue
or a certain body part is reproduced.

Cloning has been successfully used in medicine in areas such as replacement of skin in a person with
massive burn injuries, removing and replacing damaged cells in a human brain, replacing cells in the
backbone of a paralytic patient, and replacing critical body parts like heart, lungs or kidney. While
there are both benefits and perils of the cloning process, many consider it as unethical and unlawful.
Some of the issues troubling cloning are low success ratio, immaturity of the genetic processes, and
illegal/immoral use of the technology to clone people to serve a privileged section of society. Cloning
can create another person with the exact same genetic disposition. However, genetic disposition
alone does not define the personality of a person. Cloning humans by selective choice of genes can
bring about a big disparity in society. Immortality of these clones can become another reason for a
huge population explosion in future.

Test tube baby and transfer of foetus

In this process, the egg from a mother is artificially fertilized with sperm of a male in a test tube
and once the egg fertilises, the egg is placed back in the mother’s uterus. The first test tube
baby in the world, Louise Brown, was born at Oldham, a town in England, on 25th July 1978 and
in the process created hope for thousands of childless couples in the world. However, a lot of
people, citing morality and safety, strongly protested against such an exercise that goes against
social and traditional norms. There were valid concerns about the source of the male donor and
safety of the extraction and replanting processes along with any unintended side effects.
Significantly, this has almost nullified the age-old tradition of having children only through
wedlock. This created quite a furore in society. For example, in 2001, a French woman gave
birth to a test tube baby where the sperm was donated by her brother. This naturally became a
point of heated debate across the world.

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Stem cell research

Stem cell is a much talked about subject across the world these days. Stem cells are found in all the
key organs of the body and they have the unprecedented ability to create any type of cells and repair
the damaged ones. The scope of stem cell is vast. There are various types of stem cells, for example,
embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and other high quality stem cells collected from
amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds the unborn baby), umbilical cord blood, and adipose tissues
etc. These stem cells have been used for various medical treatment purposes for a long time now.

Stem cell research has opened the doors for separation and development of human cells. This ability
has helped in successfully treating various diseases like diabetes, injury to the spinal cord, Parkinson’s
disease, myocardial infarction etc and has created hope for new treatments.

Scientists have been successful in separating pluripotent cells and transplanting them to the organs
where they are needed. The two major characteristics of pluripotent cells are – self-renewal and
multi-lineage differentiation. Inserted into human cells, they come alive and multiply and develop.
It’s quite astounding.

Embryonic stem cells are extracted from newly developed blastula. During the process of collecting
these stem cells, the embryo gets destroyed. Division of a fertilised egg into 100 cells is called blastula.
Blastula is an early stage of embryonic development. For stem cell research, these blastulas are
collected from the embryo, stored in the labs and manufactured artificially in the labs. This way, a
probable human life gets destroyed. This is the reason why there is a constant debate on whether
embryonic stem cell research is ethical or not.

Guidelines for ethical stem cell research

In 1998, President Bill Clinton constituted a committee named National Bioethics Advisory
Commission to look into various issues of stem cell research. In 2006, ICMR (Indian Council of
Medical Research) published a set of rules and suggestions in the area of biotechnology research
on humans. In 2003, a committee was set up under the aegis of National Academy of Science and
this committee came out with a set of guidelines and suggestions for scientists and the scientific
institutions dealing with embryonic stem cell research. In 2010, some modifications were made
to these guidelines and separate guidelines were issued; research areas were segregated into two
based on whether stem cell research would need a license or not.

However, it has been observed that ethical issues are less discussed when one talks about cord
blood stem cell and adult blood stem cell. Cord blood stem cells are used to treat children and
to replace the bone marrow in blood related illnesses. Adult blood stem cells are found in various
tissues. These can create some special cells as well as show the characteristics of other cells.
For example, Haematopoietic stem cells can produce cells of all the blood types as well as produce
cells of the nervous system, heart cells and liver cells.

Why does cloning and stem cell research generate so much negative publicity?

The main reason that cloning and stem cell research triggers so much negative publicity is that in
both cases, the foetus is destroyed or a lot of foetuses go bad. The issue at hand is, do we treat the
absolute early stage of the embryo as a human or not. As per Thomas Shannon, the foetus in the
human form is developed only after 3 months of creation of the zygote through totipotency. Hence,
we should not treat the early embryo as a human. Although science has not defined a ‘human’,

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how justified is it to treat a group of cells as a human when these cells do not have any important
characteristics of a human life? Perhaps it will not be correct to term stem cell research or test
tube baby as unethical, keeping in mind the wider interests of humans and society. A childless
couple or society – none is impacted negatively by the IVF process.

Similarly, stem cell or embryonic research and application has helped in preventing incurable
diseases or invented new medicines. Such research will help mankind progress and develop far
more in the future.

While analysing various debates from a scientific or moral viewpoint on the usefulness of
biotechnology, there are some common elements visible – for example, minimum loss, the need
for publication of facts, possibility of impractical promises and high hopes, wrong notions about
medical treatments, continuous pressure to use these technologies for treatment by the commercial
organizations connected with handling of diseases etc.

Although both the research or use of human embryonic cell has been a subject of debate for a
long time, research is continuing in the areas of use of human embryos and creation of human
and animal chimera (chimera is an organism or tissue that contains DNA of at least two animals).
Chimeric animals containing human cells, and creating human reproductive cells thru chimeric animals
are some of the most hotly discussed subjects in the ethical and legal discussions. Fundamentally, a
prudent mix of creativity and precaution in the areas of both science and patients would open the
roads to further success. To ensure that we move in the direction of further development, it is
important that we treat stem cell research and medical treatment related to all the dimensions
that are regularly debated as minor difference between the scientific and ethical views.

Artificial womb? Pregnancy in men?

Two other major issues that are at the top of the ethical debates currently are giving birth to a
baby through artificial womb and pregnancy in men. Because of these, the sole rights enjoyed by
women so far to give birth has been taken away and has opened the way for a transgender person
to give birth.

These issues are not localised problems. They are worldwide issues. And the repercussions of
these are also worldwide. Formation of discriminatory and one-sided policies are always weak
and unethical. Technology is always neutral, impartial. Technology is a useful system connected
with the workmanship and success of the human race. Whenever technology is used to arrive at
a certain result, then the ethical questions pop up.

The moral viewpoints of all the new inventions and research of biotechnology would depend on
the related scientific ideology. Secondly, it would also depend on the comparison between the
usefulness of these discoveries for society and possible harm that these can cause. Smart use of
molecular biology to create new species and transferring the genes of one species to another and
successfully changing the species has given rise to some serious thoughts on the role of humans in
safeguarding the natural lifecycle of non-human species.

**********

Chayanika lives in Guwahati and can be reached at [email protected]

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Waste Not, Want Not
Tips from Our Aita*

Rasna Baruah

I’ve picked a few nostalgic pages from my grandmother’s life to evoke memories of
your childhood with your aita! Memories of a time long gone when frugality was a
way of life and pleasures were simple.

Our Aita, Smt. Amiya Rajkumari, left for her heavenly abode in May 2018 at the grand

age of 97. She lived her early life in many small and large towns across Assam, and the
last 50 years of her life in the historic town of Jorhat. We remember Aita as a force to
reckon with. Married at 14, and widowed at around 46, she had ruled her household
with discipline and affection.

Aita was a multifaceted woman, in the true sense of the
word. One article would just not cover her many abilities.
I have centred this piece on a few tips that she lived by.
Over the years we had seen and heard her follow many
conservation and recycling techniques that are now
celebrated in blogs and other articles. Simple ideas but
profoundly effective. I am presenting just five here.

1. Don’t use fresh water to water your plants

Aita was an avid gardener. No small patch for her, she
created and looked after a huge vegetable garden and
a slightly smaller flower garden. She was up at 4 am
each day and watered all her plants before the sun
was up. And where did she source her water from?
Other than a small pond at the end of the garden, her
water source was the previous day’s used water –
water used to wash vegetables, rice and dal. She didn’t
allow anyone to waste a single drop. The water was
carefully stored through the day in various buckets and containers, all quite battered
with use. Since too little water or too much water can both be harmful for plants,
she used a mug of a specific size to water her plants. She followed this rule without
fail. And yes, she got wonderful results.

2. Use leftover fabric and wool to make useful things

Aita did a lot of sewing, knitting, and even weaving at one time. Her weaving skills
were legendary, we still have several mekhela-chadors and rihas in the family. Her

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skills percolated down to her daughters and a little bit to her granddaughters. Can’s
say the same about her sons! Nothing was thrown out. Her sewing machine was well
used. An interesting fact – she bought her sewing machine with her eight-grade
scholarship money and brought it with her to her new home when she got married
in 1935! She used her leftover fabric to sew patchwork cushion covers, kitchen
towels, potholders, and even appliqués that she sewed on bedspreads and tablecloths.
A lot of them are still used. Leftover wool was used to knit colourful patchwork
blankets and lots of other handy items. And yes, she had an incredibly good sense
of colour.
3. Reuse containers instead of buying new ones
Earlier when tinned stuff was more common – milk powder, biscuits, and other
snacks - Aita reused the empty ones like a lot of us Indians still do. But she went a
step further. She painted the tins so the brand names were hidden, and you could
make your own matching sets instead of buying. My aunt still follows that, and her
kitchen is lined with painted tins storing different things. Looks good and adds color
to her shelves. Of course, it helps if you are of an artistic bend of mind.
4. Leave a path for mice
Now this is a funny one, but it worked. Old houses usually have lots of open shelves
and lots of books. Besides everyone’s collection of books, Aita had also published
books that my grandfather wrote so there were book stocks everywhere. And how
did she store them? She packed them in newspapers and placed them on overhead
shelves. And here’s the tip – she left enough space between rows of books for mice
to walk through comfortably! Old sprawling houses always had a few mice and, in
her opinion, if you left space for them, they wouldn’t eat their way through. And
that’s how she kept such large piles of books safe. This tip perhaps doesn’t quite fit
into our apartment lives but I included it to emphasize on the harmony she created

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between the lives of humans and
other species in her home, however
small they might be. Snails and
earthworms fertilized her garden
soil, and although the parrots and
squirrels ate up a lot of the fruit,
they added color and sound to life.
The existing Covid crisis brings
home this fact even better, doesn’t
it? The need for harmonious living
between species.

5. Don’t waste time

Aita’s time-related techniques are
a little tough for weak-willed folks
like us. No TV for her except for
the news once a day. It was the
radio before that. And her resting
time was reserved for reading
newspapers. She saved articles to
read and caught up with her reading
after lunch and a little in the evenings. If a newspaper had an article that she really
liked, she cut it out and stuck it on used exercise books. Aita went to school until the
eighth grade, but she remained an avid learner all her life.Her handwriting was to die
for. She started going to the naamghar regularly quite late in life. And even there,
she didn’t hang around chatting with the other ladies. She left the moment the
prayers were over. Her plants were waiting for their evening water you see. And she
always had some evening task planned!

As you must have gathered by now, she rarely rested. Only when she was over 75, we
saw her nap briefly in the afternoons. And she couldn’t understand why she felt tired!
My tales about Aita can go on. But before concluding, I have to mention that other than
being an expert gardener, a publisher of books, an expert seamstress, knitter, and weaver,
she made delicious pickle, and at the opposite end of the scale, knew enough about
construction, carpentry and house painting for workers to fear her presence. She never
let them waste time or botch up any work.

She was – as my uncle’s friends fearfully referred to her – the lady boss!

(*Aita: Grandmother in Assamese)

This piece is edited from a version published in Ripples, the newsletter of Puttenahalli
Neighbourhood Lake Improvement Trust (PNLIT), July 2020.

**********

Rasna lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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A Sense of Belonging

Vijayalakshmi Kutty

My husband had made the beautiful state of Assam his home and work-place between
1961 and 1980 and I joined him in 1971. We came away with endearing memories of the
people and the place that we forever cherish, and we are still in touch with the wonderful
friends we made.

It’s festive time once again and I delve into my assortment of silk saris. I reflexively pick

one of my favourites - an Assamese Muga; a wedding gift from my husband in early 1971;
its staunch weave having endured the wear and tear of over five decades, its silken sheen
undiminished. A Muga, to me, is symbolic of the inherent qualities of Assam and its people
- resilient, elegantly simple and progressive. Further, a Muga blends in to accommodate
any time or season.

My husband arrived in Guwahati in 1961, a young graduate engineer of 21 years, to join
work in an oil corporate. He comfortably melded with the culture and learnt to speak
Assamese in a workable fashion. I joined him in early 1971 from the heady, contrived
cosmopolitism of Delhi into a milieu that was simple, easy-going, spontaneous, warm and
hospitable. Being Malayalees, we quickly found many commons in the geography and
culture of the two states. The abundant
monsoons, with dark looming clouds,
awakened our senses to the ceaseless patter
of rain that brought with it the verdant bounty
of lush, green paddy fields and luscious flora in
the hills and plains. This was home!

The ancient Assamese custom of offering tamul „ Mrs. Kutty with her young daughters, Assam
paan as a mark of respect and friendship is
reprised in Kerala homes. The areca nut and the
betel leaf are widely cultivated in both states.
The gamusa finds its equivalent in the Kerala
veshti; their versatility as a towel, a waist cloth,
head gear or something to symbolise social
status when bestowed over the shoulder, are
well displayed in both states.

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The two-piece, indigenous, traditional women’s wear of Assam and Kerala find a design-
vibe in the Mekhela Chador and the Mundu Veshti respectively. Though the latter comes in
white or cream cotton weaves with simple borders, the Mekhela Chador is also woven in
silk, with exotic, fabricated, embroidered patterns.

Rice is a staple of both states, but the aromatic Joha remains my favourite and its wafting
whiff still fills my senses. Tea finds common ground in both states; but the best gift for
friends and family back in Kerala was a packet of Assamese tea.

April awakens the New Year in both states. It’s the time for bonding and celebrations.
Rongali Bihu in Assam and Vishu in Kerala are simultaneous felicitations of the good life.

Warm memories are evoked of cool April evenings
around bonfires and the vibrant drum beats and pace
of the iconic Bihu dance followed by a traditional
Assamese feast. I’ve savoured cuisine across the
country, but it is Assamese food that is easy on the
palate, yet flavoursome, and appetising. The tangy
tenga leaves you with an insatiable appetite for more
and more….

My memories of Assam would be totally deficient
without mentioning my endless visits to Kaziranga
National Park. Its vastness and timelessness still
remains overpowering. Even today, when I hear of the
flooding of the park during the rains, I say a silent
prayer for the safety of the magnificent rhinos and
elephants and the beautiful birds and other creatures
that have made the park their home.

„ The Kutty family, Bangalore And this reminiscence would still remain incomplete
if I don’t mention the quality education provided by

the schools at Guwahati and Jorhat, the two towns we lived in, and the salient ambience

they provided for both my daughters, Sumitra and Asha, during their formative years.

And yes, I must mention the delicious pastries, puffs and buns found at Shaikh Brothers at
Pan Bazar in Guwahati. I looked them up in the net and am glad to know they are still doing
brisk business!

The Brahmaputra at Guwahati is best viewed on a late evening, just after the monsoons,
when the swelling waters and the mist that rises from it give it a sense of mysticism and
timelessness. I imagine Bhupen Hazarika’s Mahabahu Brahmaputra, rising and flowing in
cadence from its deep, dark waters.

My granddaughter has staked claim to my Muga sari and I’m happy to pass on my Assamese
heritage to my kin.

**********

Vijaylakshmi Kutty lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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Assam to Bangalore
the Big Move

Grisha Sharma

I cried for the first three periods during my first day at school. I distinctly remember my

teacher comforting me, promising that I would be home soon enough, and that I should

try to make friends while I was there instead of wallowing in angst. Things went uphill

from there, of course, but the nerves that arrive alongside

a major change in my surroundings remain a common “Learning the truth
occurrence. It stands to reason that moving across the
country fresh out of high school stirs up a whole stew of is sometimes too

mixed emotions, especially since more often than not, those much trouble to

3000 kilometres are traversed alone.
In addition to having to fend for yourself after years of comprehend and so
growing up with home cooked food and easy laundry, culture they stick to their
shock usually hits a few days in. The changes range from the
big – the local language and the diverse settled community, preconceived

to the small – greeting strangers with a khaana khaya? – but notions,” Gargi

they undoubtedly require a certain level of acclimatization rightly summarises.
so that it’s dealt with graciously. Nevertheless, sources agree

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that the payoff to this
learning curve is
definitely worth it.
Two students agreed
to share their
experiences in an
interview, excerpts of
which are quoted
below.

“Everything is very
accessible and it’s like
you can be anybody
you want to be here,”
voices Joydeep, a
second year student
at St. Joseph’s College. “I learnt to deal with auto drivers even though I don’t speak
Kannada. After maybe a week, all my classmates understood my accent and I understood
theirs. Everyone I’ve met has been very helpful to me and I’m glad to have come here!”
he continues when asked if he would recommend studying in the city to his friends back
at home. Other than missing his mother’s fish curry, he’s having the time of his life.

Gargi from Jain University says something similar, “Bangalore is a very warm and hospitable
place. It has moulded me to be a much better version of myself. The language and their
culture is pretty colourful and expressive, which I adore and I’ve learnt it from the
everyday tiny experiences or interaction with strangers, acquaintances and mostly auto
drivers and public transport servicemen. This city makes you feel at home, if you know
how to adapt and survive.”

Alas, as exists in every cloud, there are downsides to living in the city as an Assamese
person. People from the different tribes in Assam are ridiculed for their physical features,
food culture, and ethnic attire. Joydeep narrates a sickening incident where his friend
from the Boro tribe was refused taxi service at the airport because ‘she didn’t look
Indian’ and was heckled and called coronavirus!

“Learning the truth is sometimes too much trouble to comprehend and so they stick to
their preconceived notions,” Gargi rightly summarises.

This inherent racism is difficult to bear, especially due to the unfair acts of hate and
prejudice carried out against them, however, hopefully with the rising integration of the
people with their southern company, the situation will get better with time.

In conclusion, Bangalore has been deemed a lovely place to attend for studies, albeit
with the caveat of being thick skinned and being confident in handling yourself.

**********

Grisha lives in Bangalore and can be reached at [email protected]

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