430 · Boletes of Eastern North America Xerocomus sclerotiorum A. E. Bessette, M. E. Smith, A. R. Bessette & H. Hitchcock, nom. prov. Common name(s): Whitey’s Bolete Overview: The term sclerotiorum refers to the hidden, irregularly shaped orange sclerotia that this colorful bolete forms in leaf litter and soil. The common name honors Dr. Harold “Whitey” Hitchcock, who first collected it. All parts of this mushroom stain orange with KOH. Cap: 4–10 cm wide, hemispheric at first, becoming convex to broadly convex at maturity, margin bright yellow, often persistent, incurved at first, with a narrow band of sterile tissue; surface dry, dull or somewhat shiny, smooth or nearly so, pinkish red to rose red or purplish red, sometimes with olive tints, becoming dull rose pink to brownish pink with age, slowly staining blackish blue when bruised; flesh pale yellow, sometimes with a pinkish tinge under the cuticle, staining blue when exposed, sometimes weakly and erratically; odor not distinctive; taste acidic. Pores and tubes: bright yellow at first, becoming dull yellow then brownish yellow at maturity, staining blue then slowly dull brown when bruised, slightly depressed near the stalk in age; tubes 6–15 mm deep. Stalk: enlarged downward or nearly equal, solid; surface dry, yellow at the apex, red on the lower portion, with conspicuous red to reddish-brown punctae over a yellow ground color, staining dark blue and then dull brown Xerocomus sclerotiorum (B)
Xerocomus · 431 when handled or bruised, often with white basal mycelium and yellowish rhizomorphs, longitudinally striate, sometimes reticulate only at the very apex; flesh brighter and deeper yellow than the cap flesh, reddish brown around larval tunnels, staining blue green, sometimes slowly and erratically. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups on sandy soil or on pincushion moss in woods with mixed scarlet, chestnut, and white oaks; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: reported from New England south to Florida and west to Texas, distribution limits yet to be determined; occasional. Spore print: olive brown. Microscopic features: spores (12)14–16(18) × 4–6 µm, subfusoid to fusiform, smooth, hyaline to pale brownish yellow. Edibility: unknown. Lookalikes: Boletus rubissimus A. H. Sm. (not illustrated) also has a pinkish-red to rose-red cap with a bright-yellow margin and a similarly colored stalk, but it has much smaller spores, 9–11 × 3–4.5 µm. Hortiboletus rubellus (p. 225) has reddish-orange flesh in the lower portion of its stalk, tubes that split lengthwise when torn, and smaller spores, 10–13 × 4–5 µm. Boletus rubricitrinus (p. 145) has a similarly colored cap without a bright-yellow margin, a more yellow longitudinally striate stalk streaked with red, and different macrochemical test reactions.
433 Undescribed Bolete Species Pending Publication The photographs here illustrate species of boletes that at the time of publication of this book had not yet been fully described and published. Some are very distinctive and may be recognized from a photograph alone; however, a few brief comments are included, providing additional information. UB-1: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in North Carolina; growing on a lawn under oaks; cap brick red to brownish; stalk yellowish at the apex, red below; all parts immediately stain blue when bruised; odor and taste are not distinctive. UB-1
434 · Boletes of Eastern North America UB-2: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in northeastern Georgia; growing in a roadside grassy area with mixed oaks and pines; similar to Caloboletus peckii (p. 182) but differing by having a more rose-pink to rose-red cap that does not fade to brownish rose or dull brown from the disc outward and much finer reticulation; collection number ARB1268. UB-2 UB-3
Undescribed Bolete Species · 435 UB-3: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in southeastern Georgia; growing on the ground under pines or in mixed oak and pine woods; note the long stalk and the copious white basal mycelium; collection number ARB1297. UB-4: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in a mixed broadleaf parkland in West Virginia in July; the olivaceous yellow-brown caps are distinctive. UB-4
436 · Boletes of Eastern North America UB-5: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia; growing on the ground in broadleaf or mixed woods; closely resembles Hemileccinum subglabripes (p. 220) but differs in having a more velvety reddish-purple cap with a whitish bloom; may be either uncommon or perhaps mistaken as a form of H. subglabripes. UB-5 UB-6
Undescribed Bolete Species · 437 UB-6: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in West Virginia at multiple sites; growing on the ground with hickory; cap cinnamon brown to golden brown, somewhat velvety, at times developing cracks on the disc; pores yellow, unchanging when bruised; flesh pale yellow, unchanging when exposed; stalk yellow, with or without a dull reddish zone on the midportion of mature specimens, finely reticulate on upper half or more, reticulation yellow or red in the area where there is red on the stalk. UB-7: Boletus sp. nov. Collected in mixed oak and hickory woods in West Virginia in August; distinctive blue staining on all parts when cut or bruised. UB-7
438 · Boletes of Eastern North America UB-8: Suillus sp. nov. Collected under pines or in mixed oak and pine woods in southeastern Georgia and Florida; very similar to Suillus cothurnatus (p. 328) and Suillus salmonicolor (p. 348), but much more robust and with flesh that tastes unpleasant to rather disgusting; collection number ARB1378. UB-8
Appendixes Glossary Recommended Resources References Index to Common Names Index to Scientific Names Photograph Credits
441 APPENDIX A Chemical Reagents and Bolete Identification Chemical reagents are used as tools in the identification and classification of boletes. Two macroscopically similar species may be differentiated by their reactions to a chemical reagent. For example, Boletus ferrugineus (p. 105) and Boletus subtomentosus var. subtomentosus (p. 165) can be difficult to separate macroscopically. However, you can quickly distinguish the two species from each other by adding a drop of ammonium hydroxide, or ordinary household ammonia, to their cap surfaces. The cap surface of Boletus ferrugineus displays a fleeting but vivid blue or blue-green reaction that turns reddish brown, whereas the cap surface of Boletus subtomentosus var. subtomentosus immediately stains reddish brown when ammonia is applied. We have experimented using a variety of objects and techniques for applying macrochemical reagents to mushrooms, such as toothpicks, paper towels, glass and plastic droppers, metal probes, and forceps. Regarding technique, some individuals apply a very small amount of reagent, whereas others apply a copious amount. All of these methods can produce accurate results some of the time, but they are inconsistent. Using a cotton-tipped swab is easy and provides consistently accurate results. This is especially important when trying to observe a “flash” or fleeting chemical reaction. The application of too much reagent can obscure this response, sometimes obliterating rapidly changing color sequences. To use a cotton-tipped swab, dip it into the reagent and apply it to the mushroom tissue with minimum pressure. Use a new, clean swab every time you are testing tissue to prevent contamination of your reagent. Reagents should be fresh, not outdated. Although they will keep for several weeks or sometimes for months, periodic testing of the reagents using bolete tissues with known macrochemical reactions is strongly recommended. Reagents should be stored at room temperature, preferably in plastic bottles. They may also be kept in clear glass bottles for several weeks or more, but they should not be stored longer than this. Some reagents, especially KOH, can react with glass to form silicates and may no longer produce accurate macrochemical test results. Several factors can affect macrochemical test results: color variations on a single specimen, the age of the mushroom, whether the tissue is parasitized or not, if the specimen has been refrigerated, and moisture content. Best results are obtained when using recently collected, fresh, unrefrigerated mushrooms with dry surfaces. If macrochemical testing is done on refrigerated boletes, allow the specimens to warm to room temperature before testing them. In addition, some chemicals are used in microscopic work for bolete identification. They are used to rehydrate dried specimens; as a mounting medium in slide preparation; for identifying some species based on the appearance of their spores, hyphae, and cystidia; and for noting the specific staining reactions of other microscopic structures.
442 · Appendix A The chemical reagents listed here are used for both macrochemical testing of bolete tissues and microscopic study. NH4OH = ammonium hydroxide: 3–14 percent aqueous solution or household ammonia without added soap. Ammonium hydroxide is also used as a mounting medium for microscopic work. It is ideal for use with dried material that has been rehydrated in a 70–95 percent ethyl alcohol solution. FeSO4 = iron sulfate: 10 percent aqueous solution KOH = potassium hydroxide: 5–14 percent aqueous solution. Potassium hydroxide is also used as a mounting medium for fresh and dried specimens. Unless otherwise stated, spore colors reported in the “Microscopic Features” section of each description are based on their appearance when mounted in potassium hydroxide. Melzer’s reagent: Melzer’s reagent is a special solution of iodine (0.5 g), potassium iodide (1.5 g), chloral hydrate (20 g), and water (20 ml). It is an important reagent used for identifying some mushroom species based on Boletus huronensis with chemical reagents
Appendix B · 443 the appearance of their spores, hyphae, cystidia, and other microscopic structures. These structures sometimes stain specific colors when mounted in Melzer’s reagent. If they stain bluish gray to bluish black, they are described as amyloid; those that stain reddish brown are dextrinoid; and those structures that stain yellow or remain colorless are inamyloid. Lactophenol Cotton Blue: This blue dye is a mixture of lactic acid, phenol, and cotton blue. It is used as a mounting fluid and stain and is useful because it stains cytoplasm pale blue and hyphal wall structures and ornamentation a darker blue. Phloxine: Phloxine is a red-colored dye used for microscopic examination, especially of hyphae. It is useful because it stains cytoplasm red and thus makes other contrasting structures, such as cystidia, much easier to differentiate. Many other chemical reagents are useful for microscopic examination of bolete tissues but are beyond the scope of this work. We have decided not to include macrochemical reactions for most of the species in this book owing to striking inconsistencies in the literature, variable results in our own testing, and difficulties arising from the subjective nature of color interpretation. For some species, we have provided macrochemical test reactions that are reliable, valid, and specifically diagnostic. APPENDIX B Microscopic Examination of Boletes Microscopic structures are commonly used to differentiate genera and species when macroscopic characteristics are not enough for a positive identification. Many mycological papers and books, especially technical monographs, use identification keys based on microscopic features such as cystidia, basidia, clamp connections, and hyphae. An in-depth discussion of microscopic structures and evaluation techniques is beyond the scope of this book. We have, however, included the following information for those interested. A good-quality microscope is required to do microscopy. At minimum, you need to have a microscope that has a substage condenser, a built-in light source, and good-quality lenses: at least three objective lenses, 10×, 40×, and an oil-immersion 100× as well as one or two ocular lenses (eyepieces). An ocular micrometer is also required to make accurate measurements of microscopic features. Some ocular lenses have an ocular micrometer already inserted; others do not, and it must be bought separately. Because the magnification of each combination of lenses (ocular plus objective) is different, the ocular micrometer needs to be calibrated using a tiny glass ruler known as a stage
444 · Appendix B micrometer. Most microscope dealers as well as college and university biology departments have stage micrometers. The folks in these places are usually more than willing to help with this calibration process. Spores used in microscopic evaluation can be obtained from three sources: a spore print, fresh boletes, or dried boletes. • If you are using a spore print as your source, scrape off a minute sample with a razor or knife blade. Mix it into a small drop of water or another mounting medium such as KOH, and carefully place a coverslip over the mixture. Gently apply pressure on the coverslip using a pencil eraser to distribute the spores and remove air bubbles and excess fluid. • If you are using fresh material, remove a small portion of the tubes, place it in your mounting medium of choice, add the coverslip, and gently apply pressure as noted earlier. • When you are using dried boletes as your source of spores, allow a small piece of the pore surface to soak and soften in the mounting medium for two or three minutes before adding the coverslip and applying pressure as directed. Before placing pieces of dried material into a mounting medium, you can soak them in wetting agents, such as 70–95 percent ethyl alcohol, so that hyphae and other structures absorb water and regain their original appearance. Also, some microscopic structures, such as cystidia and hyphae, may be easier to see if dyes such as phloxine are used (see appendix A, “Chemical Reagents and Bolete Identification,” p. 441). Once the coverslip is in place, your slide is ready for use. Place a drop of immersion oil on the coverslip and carefully lower the 100× objective lens into the oil. Fine-focus the image, adjust the lighting, and examine the spores, cystidia, hyphae, and other structures you are interested in. It is helpful to have a basic understanding of the organization of the fruitbody for doing microscopic study. Boletes are composed of specific tissues that provide critical information and clues that help lead to a positive identification. The following features are commonly examined, beginning with the cap and working downward to the stalk. To start, the inner portion of a bolete (cap and stalk) is the trama, commonly referred to as the context or flesh. • Cap: The pileipellis (cuticle or skin) is the outermost region of the cap and can consist of a single layer or as many as three layers. The layer directly beneath the cap cuticle is the pileus trama. Beneath that layer is the tube tissue, known as the hymenophore or hymenophoral trama. It supports a thin layer composed of the reproductive cells (the basidia and basidiospores). This layer is called the hymenium. • Stalk: The outer layer of the stalk is called the cuticle, or the stipitipellis. Like the cap’s cuticle, it can consist of a single layer or as many as three layers. The inner portion of the stalk, its context or flesh, is called the stipe trama.
Appendix C · 445 Additional microscopic structures mentioned in some of the descriptions in this book are defined in the glossary. For a more in-depth explanation about microscopic features, refer to How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus III: Microscopic Features by David Largent, David Johnson, and Roy Watling (1977). This valuable reference describes laboratory techniques, equipment and materials, calibration of the microscope, planes of sectioning, rehydration of dried materials, microscopic structures, and much more. APPENDIX C Collecting, Cooking, and Preserving Boletes Gold and silver and dresses may be trusted to a messenger, but not a boletus, because he will eat it on the way. —Marcus Valerius Martialis, Epigrams Edibility of Boletes There are several outstanding edible boletes, including the King Bolete (Boletus edulis, p. 101). It is the most sought-after wild mushroom anywhere it occurs and has a host of regional names that are commonly used, including “Cep” in France, “Porcini” in Italy, “Steinpilz” in Germany, and “Penny Bun” in England. Although the King Bolete is the best-known and most-prized bolete, several other lesser-known species are also excellent. However, not all boletes are good edibles. Many are of mediocre quality or bitter tasting and unpalatable. A few are somewhat poisonous, and the edibility of others is still unknown. In the collection of any wild mushrooms for the table, it is well to adhere to the following rules. 1. Be certain of correct identification, and know that a species collected is an established edible. 2. Collect edible mushrooms only in places that are uncontaminated from industrial waste or agricultural chemicals, including lawn pesticides. Mushrooms are known to accumulate soil toxins such as heavy metals, so do not gather any along busy roadways if you plan to eat them. 3. Consume only specimens that are fresh, and avoid any that have mold spots or severe damage from insect infestation. 4. When trying a species for the first time, test your personal tolerance by eating only a small amount. Mushroom allergies are not uncommon. 5. Thorough cooking is recommended. It makes mushrooms more digestible and improves the flavor. Heat also destroys toxins that are present in some mushrooms— morels, for instance—and has the added benefit of killing any “overlooked” insects/ larvae. Although this statement is true, it is also important to emphasize that many mushroom toxins, including the most deadly ones, cannot be destroyed by heat.
446 · Appendix C Boletes in the Kitchen Preparation of boletes for consumption begins when they are collected in the field. Trim away the soil on the stalk base, and remove any needles or debris on the cap with a small brush such as a small paint brush. More refined cleaning can be done in the kitchen by removing stubborn dirt with a moist paper towel. Cut away blemishes and localized insect damage. Larval tunnels that are typically most evident in the stalk base become less concentrated toward the apex. The degree of minor insect-damage removal is largely a matter of personal choice and aesthetics. Some individuals experience an adverse dermatological reaction from handling certain species of Suillus. Others experience gastric distress from ingesting mature tubes or the cuticle slime layer of viscid or glutinous caps. However, species of Suillus are generally considered safe for eating, and, although often scorned by connoisseurs, some are actually good when properly prepared. In preparing species that have a glutinous coating, peel and discard the cap cuticle. Also remove the tube layer on older specimens because it becomes slimy when cooked. The tubes can be dried and ground into a flavorful seasoning powder for use in soups and sauces. Preserving Boletes At times, nature will provide an overabundance of edible boletes. Few things are more thrilling to a mushroom hunter than finding a large flush of pristine edible boletes. Depending on the age and moisture content, fresh specimens will keep in the refrigerator for two or three days. When you have more than can be consumed when fresh, any surplus can be preserved in several ways. By far the preferred method for keeping and storing boletes is to dry them. It is a simple and efficient way to enjoy boletes long after they are no longer available fresh. Drying also concentrates the flavors, and many aficionados actually prefer them dried and reconstituted. The best way to dry boletes is to slice them thinly and place the slices on trays in a commercial food dryer, preferably one that has a thermostat control. Drying at 105 degrees is about the right temperature, but this is not absolute. It is better to dry them more slowly over a longer period than to have the temperature too hot, which will cook the mushrooms. It is also possible, though less reliable, to dry them on screens or racks in an oven at a very low temperature. In arid conditions, it is even possible to dry boletes in the sun if they aren’t too water-logged to begin with. Once the boletes are dry and brittle, store them in air-tight glass jars. Once they are dried, it is a good idea to put them in the freezer for approximately two weeks to ensure that any remaining insect eggs or larvae or both are killed. Properly dried boletes will keep for months or even years. To reconstitute them, soak them in lukewarm water or wine for fifteen to twenty minutes and then drain and save the liquid for later use. Dried mushrooms can be directly added to soups and broth without reconstituting. Freezing is another suitable method for preserving boletes. Although they can be frozen raw, it is preferable to cook them first. Sliced or quartered boletes sautéed in butter or olive oil can be divided into serving-size portions and put into freezer containers or bags. Be sure to label and date the container or bag because frozen mushrooms are
Appendix C · 447 difficult to identify. These frozen boletes will keep for three or four months. Bolete duxelles also make handy flavor packets when frozen in ice-cube trays. To prepare duxelles, chop the boletes finely, sauté with garlic or other seasoning until little moisture remains, and then pack the mixture into ice-cube trays. Once frozen, the cubes can be transferred to freezer containers or bags. They are excellent for adding to soups and other dishes. Although it is possible to freeze raw boletes whole, this method of preserving them works best if the specimens are young and firm. Pickling or marinating boletes in oil and spices is popular, but, again, this method works best with young specimens. Numerous variations and recipes can be found on the Internet. Pickled boletes will keep for several weeks in the refrigerator, although they are so delicious that you will likely consume them much sooner than that. Bolete Schnapps Dried specimens of some flavorful boletes, such as Boletus edulis (p. 101) and Boletus separans (p. 153), can be added to vodka or other neutral spirits to enhance their flavor, although this recommendation is not intended as a method of preserving boletes. After a week or more of “curing,” the resulting infusion is ready to consume. Adding dried boletes to dry white wine is another possibility worth experimenting with. In the Dolomite region of northern Italy, a superb popular grape-based brandy called Grappa is often flavored to great advantage with Porcini (Boletus edulis). Porcini Grappa
448 · Appendix D APPENDIX D Common Tree Associates of Eastern Boletes Ash, Fraxinus species Black, Fraxinus nigra Carolina, Fraxinus caroliniana Green, Fraxinus pennsylvanica White, Fraxinus americana Aspen, Populus species Big-toothed, Populus grandidentata Cottonwood, Populus deltoides Quakinq, Populus tremuloides Beech, Fagus species American, Fagus grandifolia Birch, Betula species Dwarf, Betula glandulosa Gray, Betula populifolia Paper, Betula papyrifera River, Betula nigra Yellow, Betula alleghaniensis Chestnut, Castanea and Aesculus species American, Castanea dentata Horsechestnut, Aaesculus hippocastanum Fir, Abies species Balsam, Abies balsamea Hemlock, Tsuga species Carolina, Tsuga caroliniana Eastern, Tsuga canadensis Hickory, Carya species Bitternut, Carya cordiformis Mockernut, Carya tomentosa Pecan, Carya illinoensis Pignut, Carya glabra Sand, Carya pallida Shagbark, Carya ovata Shellbark, Carya laciniosa Water, Carya aquatica Hornbeam, Carpinus species American, Carpinus caroliniana Larch, Larix species Eastern, Larix laricina European, Larix decidua Oak, Quercus species Bear, Quercus ilicifolia Black, Quercus velutina Blackjack, Quercus marilandica Bluejack, Quercus incana Chestnut, Quercus prinus Chinkapin, Quercus muehlenbergii Laurel, Quercus laurifolia Live, Quercus virginiana Northern red, Quercus rubra Post, Quercus stellata Shingle, Quercus imbricaria Southern red, Quercus falcata Turkey, Quercus laevis White, Quercus alba Pine, Pinus species Eastern white, Pinus strobus Jack, Pinus banksiana Longleaf, Pinus palustris Pitch, Pinus rigida Pond, Pinus serotina Red, Pinus resinosa Sand, Pinus clausa Scots, Pinus sylvestris Shortleaf, Pinus echinata Slash, Pinus elliottii Table mountain, Pinus pungens Virginia, Pinus virginiana Spruce, Picea species Black, Picea mariana Norway, Picea abies Red, Picea rubens White, Picea glauca
449 Glossary acrid: producing a burning sensation in the mouth amyloid: staining grayish to blue black in Melzer’s reagent anastomosing: fusing to form a network angular: having multiple angles, not rounded annular zone: a partially formed ring composed of partial-veil remnants, also called a ring zone apex: the uppermost portion of the stalk apical: pertaining to the apex apical pore: a small opening or thin area in the wall at the apex of a spore; also known as a germ pore appressed: flattened onto the surface appressed-fibrillose: having fibrils that are flattened onto the surface appressed-tomentose: having a thick coating of hairs that are flattened onto the surface aquamarine: pale greenish blue aqueous: containing water astringent: drying and puckering bacillate: rod-shaped basal: located at the base of the stalk base: the lowest portion of the stalk basidia: typically club-shaped cells on which basidiospores are formed basidiospores: spores formed on basidia bay: reddish brown or chestnut color beige: a light yellowish brown beveled: having a slanted edge bloom: a dull, thin coating that is typically whitish bolete: a fleshy-pored mushroom boletinoid: having elongated and radially arranged pores brick red: brownish red to dull brownish orange red broadleaf: referring to any non-conebearing deciduous tree or shrub bulbous: having a bulb-like base buff: pale yellow brown to pale grayish brown burgundy: a dark reddish purple burgundy red: a dark purplish red button: immature and typically rounded stage caespitose: occurring in clusters with stalk bases fused or nearly so cap: the upper part of the bolete fruitbody that supports the tubes carmine: rose red to dull rose red cartilaginous: tough and breaking with a snap when bent far enough caulocystidia: cystidia found on the stalk central: located at the center chambered: divided into distinctly separate spaces chamois: medium to grayish yellow cheilocystidia: cystidia found on the outer edge of the tubes cinnamon: reddish brown clade: a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor clamp connection: a microscopic semicircular bridge-like structure that connects two adjoining cells in some boletes
450 · Glossary clavate: club-shaped clavate-mucronate: club-shaped with a short, sharp point cleft: a split-like division concentric: having rings or zones within one another in a series concolorous: having the same colors, colored like conical: more or less cone-shaped conifer: a cone-bearing tree with needle-like leaves, such as spruce, fir, hemlock, or pine convex: curved or rounded coral red: a reddish or pinkish shade of orange corrugated: coarsely ridged or wrinkled cottony-membranous: having a soft, cotton-like membrane cottony-scaly: having soft, cotton-like scales coverslip: a thin, flat piece of glass used for microscopy crimson: deep purplish red cuticle: the outermost layers of a bolete’s cap cuticular: referring to the cuticle cutis: a type of cuticle with cells arranged more or less parallel to the surface cylindric(al): somewhat cylinder-like, with nearly parallel sides cylindric-subclavate: cylinder-like and slightly club-shaped cystidia: sterile cells that project between and usually beyond the basidia cystidioid: resembling cystidia decurrent: descending or running down the stalk decurved: bent downward depressed: sunken dextrinoid: staining orange to orange brown, pinkish red to dark red, or reddish brown in Melzer’s reagent dichotomous: divided into two parts disc: the central area of the surface of the cap divergent: turning outward from a middle line drab: a dull light brown duff: decaying plant matter on the ground in a forest eccentric: away from the center ecological: pertaining to the relationship between an organism and its environment ectomycorrhiza: a type of mycorrhiza characterized by fungal cells growing around the roots and between the outer root cells but not penetrating the cells ectomycorrhizal: pertaining to an ectomycorrhiza ellipsoid(al): resembling an elongated oval with similarly curved ends ellipsoid-cylindric: resembling an elongated oval with somewhat parallel sides ellipsoid-fusoid: mostly spindle-shaped but somewhat ellipsoidal ellipsoid-oblong: resembling an elongated oval that is longer than wide and with somewhat flattened ends elongate-ellipsoidal: having an extended oval with similarly curved ends elongate-fusoid: having an extended spindle shape elongate-ovoid: egg-shaped and somewhat extended encrusted: covered with a hard layer that gives a roughened appearance epithet: the descriptive portion of a species name; the second part of a Latin binomial scientific name equal: having the same thickness over the entire length evanescent: slightly developed and soon disappearing even: stopping at the tube layer, not projecting as a band of sterile tissue
Glossary · 451 exudate: a discharged substance exude: to come out slowly in drops fascicle: a small bundle fenugreek: a Eurasian plant with aromatic seeds used as a seasoning, especially in curry FeSO4: iron sulfate, usually a 10 percent concentration in water fiber: a hair-like structure present on the cap or stalk of some boletes fibril: a tiny fiber fibrillose: composed of fibrils fibrillose-punctate: composed of fibrils and tiny points, dots, scales, or spots fibrillose-scaly: with tiny scales composed of appressed fibrils fibrous-membranous: having a membrane composed of fibers fissure: a deep crack or cleft flesh: the inner tissue of a fruitbody flexuous: bent alternately in opposite directions floccose: tufted like a cotton ball floccose-powdery: resembling a powder-covered cotton ball floccose-scaly: having scales that are tufted like a cotton ball fruitbody: the fleshy reproductive structure of a fungus commonly called a mushroom (or, in this work, a bolete) fulvous: reddish cinnamon, colored like a red fox fuscous: dark brownish gray to brownish black or purplish brownish black fusiform: spindle-shaped and narrowed at both ends fusiform-ellipsoid(al): more or less ellipsoidal and spindle-shaped fusoid: somewhat spindle-shaped fusoid-ampullaceous: swollen and somewhat spindle-shaped fusoid-subventricose: slightly enlarged in the middle and somewhat spindle-shaped fusoid-ventricose: enlarged in the middle and somewhat spindle-shaped garnet red: a deep or dark red gelatinous: composed of a jelly-like substance genus (pl. genera): taxonomic grouping of closely related species geotropic: a directional growth pattern in response to gravity gill: blade-like structure located on the underside of some mushrooms’ caps glabrous: bald, lacking hairs or scales globose: more or less round gluten: a sticky, glue-like substance glutinous: having gluten granular: composed of tiny grains granular-scaly: having scales composed of tiny grains granulose: composed of tiny grains gregarious: closely scattered over a small area habitat: the environment in which a species occurs hazel: a light brown to strong yellowish brown hemispheric(al): shaped like half of a sphere host: the organism on or in which a parasitic fungus lives or a plant partner in a mycorrhizal relationship hyaline: transparent, clear and nearly colorless hymenial cystidia: cystidia that occur on the inner surface or edge of the tubes, typically very similar among most boletes hymenium: the spore-bearing layer hymenophoral trama: sterile tissue supporting the hymenium hymenophore: tube tissue, also known as “hymenophoral trama” hyphae: thread-like filaments of fungal cells hyphal: pertaining to hyphae
452 · Glossary hyphal trama: a type of supporting tissue between basidia inamyloid: unchanging or pale yellow in Melzer’s reagent; neither amyloid nor dextrinoid incurved: bent inward toward the stalk indigo: very dark blue to almost violet inequilateral: having unequal sides inrolled: bent inward toward the stalk and upward intervenose: having veins on the surface that extend various distances ITS: internal transcribed spacer, one of the most widely sequenced DNA regions of fungi KOH: potassium hydroxide, usually made up in a 3–5 percent concentration in water lacerate(d): appearing as if torn lacerate-reticulate: covered with a netlike pattern and appearing torn lacunose: covered with elongated pits or indentations lageniform: flask-shaped, having the shape of a Florence flask, or gourd-shaped lamellate: having gills lanceolate: longer than wide, tapered, and pointed lateral: attached to the margin of the cap lignicolous: growing on wood lilac: a pale shade of violet or light purple lilaceous: having lilac coloration lobed: having rounded divisions longitudinal(ly): oriented along the vertical axis of the stalk lubricous: smooth and slippery macrochemical: relating to the use of a chemical reagent to observe reactions of bolete tissues without the use of a microscope macroscopic: observable without the use of a microscope magenta: purplish red mahogany: dark reddish brown margin: the edge of a cap maroon: dark brownish red median: located in the middle medicinal: unpalatable, disagreeable Melzer’s reagent: a solution used for testing color reactions of spores or tissues; see p. 442 in appendix A for the formula membranous: having a membrane mercaptan: also known as methanethiol, a harmless but pungent-smelling gas that has been described as having the stench of rotting cabbages or smelly socks microscopic: of a size requiring a microscope to be seen clearly mixed woods: a mixture of trees containing both broadleaf and conifers monotypic: pertaining to a single type morphological: pertaining to the shape of an organism mottled: colored with streaks or blotches of different shades mottling: pattern of different shades or colors mycelium: a mass of hyphae, typically hidden in the substrate mycorrhiza: a mutually beneficial relationship with a tree or other plant mycorrhizal: having a mycorrhiza or mutually beneficial relationship with a tree or other plant NH4OH: ammonium hydroxide; used to test color reactions on bolete tissues and sometimes used as a mounting fluid nondivergent: remaining parallel, not turning outward from a middle line nonmycorrhizal: not forming a mycorrhizal relationship with a host plant obclavate: the reverse of club-shaped oblong: longer than wide and with somewhat flattened ends
Glossary · 453 oblong-ellipsoid(al): longer than wide and resembling an elongated oval with similarly curved ends obtuse: rounded or blunt ochraceous: pale brownish orange yellow ocher: brownish orange yellow olivaceous: having olive tints opaque: dull, not shiny ornamentation: spines, warts, ridges, grooves, or other markings oval: egg-shaped, with the larger end at the base ovate: shaped like an egg ovoid: somewhat egg-shaped pallid: having a pale or whitish appearance parasitic: living on or in another organism and deriving nourishment from it partial veil: a layer of fungal tissue that covers the pore surface of some immature boletes phylogenetic tree: a branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species piedmont: an area of land formed or lying at the foot of a mountain range pileipellis: the outermost layer of cap tissue, also called a cuticle pileus trama: the supporting tissue of the cap located between the cuticle and the spore-bearing layer of cells pith: soft tissue that often disappears plane: more or less flat pleurocystidia: cystidia found along the inner surface of the tubes polypore(s): a common name for fibrous to woody fungi that typically grow on wood and have tubes with pores pores: the open ends of the tubes of a bolete or polypore poroid: resembling pores or composed of pores pruina: powdery particles, flakes, or dots pruinose: appearing finely powdered pruinose-scurfy: appearing powdered and roughened by tiny particles or flakes pruinosity: a coating of powdery particles, flakes, or dots pseudoamyloid: reacting strongly and actively to the iodine in Melzer’s reagent by staining a deep purplish brown pseudoreticulate: having a false reticulum usually formed by anastomosing ridges pseudoreticulation: false reticulation pseudoreticulum: a false reticulum that is usually formed by anastomosing ridges pseudorhiza: a root-like extension of the stalk pulverulent: somewhat powdery pulvinate: cushion-shaped, slightly convex punctae: tiny points, dots, scales, or spots punctate: marked with tiny points, dots, scales, or spots pungent: sharp or irritating radial(ly): pointed away from a common central point, like the spokes of a wheel range: geographical distribution of a species resinous dots: sticky and varnish-like spots on the surface of the stalk resupinate: reclining on the substrate and facing outward reticulate(d): covered with a net-like pattern of ridges reticulation: a pattern or arrangement of interlacing lines resembling a net reticulum: see reticulation retipolide(s): chemical compound(s) unique to species of the genus Retiboletus
454 · Glossary rhubarb red: pinkish red to crimson red ring: a portion of the partial veil that remains attached to the stalk after the veil ruptures ring zone: remnants of a partial veil that resemble a ring; also called an annular zone riparian: relating to the banks of a natural course of water saprotroph: an organism that obtains nourishment from dead organic matter saprotrophic: obtaining nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter scabers: small, stiff, granular projections on the surface of the stalks of some boletes; a distinctive feature of the genera Leccinellum and Leccinum scale: an erect, flattened, or recurved projection or torn portion of the cap or stalk surface scaly-punctate: composed of scales and tiny points, dots, or spots scarlet: vivid red with an orange tinge sclerotia: hard, dormant structures of variable shape and size that give rise to fruitbodies; composed of hyphae, usually with a dark outer rind scurfy: roughened by tiny particles or flakes scurfy punctae: scales, dots, points, or spots roughened by tiny particles or flakes scurfy-punctate: having a combination of tiny particles or flakes and scales, dots, points, or spots septa: microscopic crosswalls of hyphae septate: having microscopic crosswalls sheathing: to enclose with a cover layer sinuously: of a wavy or winding form slimy-viscid: glue-like and sticky solitary: occurring singly spore: a microscopic reproductive cell with the ability to germinate and form hyphae spore print: a deposit of spores from the bolete tubes that is made on a piece of paper, plastic, or glass stalk: the structure that arises from the substrate and supports a bolete’s cap sterile: not involved with reproduction sterile margin: tissue not directly involved with the reproductive process stipe trama: the inner tissue, or portion, of a stalk stipitipellis: the outer tissue layer of a stalk, also called the cuticle striate: having parallel or longitudinal lines striations: minute parallel or longitudinal lines or furrows stuffed: containing a soft tissue that usually disappears with age and leaves a hollow space subcylindrical: somewhat cylinder-like subdecurrent: extending slightly down the stalk subellipsoid(al): somewhat elliptic subfusiform: nearly spindle-shaped subfusoid: somewhat spindle-shaped, tapered slightly at both ends subfusoid-ellipsoid: somewhat spindle-shaped and resembling an elongated oval subglobose: nearly round sublongitudinal: oriented somewhat along the longest axis suboblong: slightly longer than wide and having somewhat flattened ends substrate: the material on or in which an organism grows subtomentose: coated with a more or less thick, matted covering of hairs subventricose: somewhat swollen in the middle and tapered in both directions
Glossary · 455 subviscid: slightly sticky or tacky suede-like: having a soft, downy surface superior: located near the top symbionts: organisms living together in a state of symbiosis tawny: dull yellowish brown taxon (pl. taxa): unit having position and rank, such as a species or genus terrestrial: growing on the ground tomentose: coated with a thick, matted covering of hairs trama: sterile supporting tissue trichodermium: a cuticle with the distal portion of the filiform elements of equal length and arranged perpendicularly to the surface truncate(d): appearing cut off at the end tubes: narrow, parallel, spore-producing cylinders on the undersurface of a bolete’s or polypore’s cap tube trama: the sterile supporting tissue of the tubes umbo: a pointed or rounded elevation at the center of the cap umbonate: having an umbo undulating: having a wavy or uneven surface universal veil: a layer of tissue that completely encloses immature stages of some fruitbodies veil: a layer of fungal tissue that covers all or part of some immature boletes; see also partial veil and universal veil ventricose: swollen in the middle and tapered in both directions vinaceous: pinkish red to pale purplish red violaceous: having a bright bluish-purple color viscid: sticky or tacky viscidity: the condition of being sticky or tacky
457 References and Recommended Resources References Bessette, A. E., and O. K. Miller. 2000. Boletus rainisii. In North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms, 145. Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, NY. Bessette, A. E., W. C. Roody, and A. R. Bessette. 2000. North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms. Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, NY. 400 pp. Both, E. E. 1993. The Boletes of North America: A Compendium. Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, NY. 436 pp. Brundrett, M. C., and B. Kendrick. 1987. The Relationship between the Ash-tree Bolete (Boletinellus merulioides) and an Aphid Parasitic on Ash Tree Roots. Symbiosis 3:315–320. Den Bakker, H. C., and M. E. Noordeloos. 2005. A Revision of European Species of Leccinum Gray and Notes on Extralimital Species. Persoonia 18:511–587. Gelardi, M., A. Vizzini, and G. Simonini. 2014. Cyanoboletus. Index Fungorum 176. At http://www.indexfungorum.org. Kendrick, B. 2000. The Fifth Kingdom. Focus Publishing, Newburyport, MA. 373 pp. Kuo, M., and A. S. Methven. 2014. Mushrooms of the Midwest. Univ. of Illinois Press, Champaign. 427 pp. Largent, D. L., D. Johnson, and R. Watling. 1977. How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus III: Microscopic Features. Mad River Press, Eureka, CA. 148 pp. Nuhn, M. E., M. Binder, A. Taylor, R. E. Halling, and D. S. Hibbett. 2013. Phylogenetic Overview of the Boletineae. Fungal Biology 117:479–511. Osmundson, T. W., and R. E. Halling. 2010. Tylopilus oradivensis sp. nov.: A Newly Described Member of the Tylopilus balloui Complex from Costa Rica. Mycotaxon 113:475–483. Siegel, N., C. F. Schwarz, and J. L. Frank. 2014. [As “rainisii.”] Index Fungorum 179 (1). At http://www.indexfungorum.org. Snell, W. H., and E. A. Dick. 1970. The Boleti of Northeastern North America. Cramer, Lehre, Germany. 115 pp. Stamets, P. 2005. Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA. 343 pp. Vizzini, A., G. Simonini, and M. Gelardi. 2014. Exsudoporus. Index Fungorum 183. At http://www.indexfungorum.org. Wu, G., B. Feng, J. Xu, X-T. Zhu, Y-C. Li, N-K. Zeng, Md. H. Hosen, and Z. L. Yang. 2014. Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Redefine Seven Major Clades and Reveal 22 New Generic Clades in the Fungal Family Boletaceae. Fungal Diversity 67:1–23.
458 · References and Recommended Resources Recommended Resources Books and Articles Arora, D., and J. L. Frank. 2014. Clarifying the Butter Boletes: A New Genus, Butyriboletus, Is Established to Accommodate Boletus Sect. Appendiculati, and Six New Species Are Described. Mycologia 106 (3): 464–480. Bessette, A. E., A. R. Bessette, M. E. Nuhn, and R. E. Halling. In press. Lanmaoa roseocrispans, a New Bolete Species from Florida. North American Fungi. Calzada Dominguez, A. 2007. Guia de los BOLETOS de ESPAÑA y PORTUGAL. Náyade Editorial, Medina del Campo (Valladolid), Spain. 407 pp. Coker, W. C., and A. H. Beers. 1943. The Boletaceae of North Carolina. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 218 pp. Cotter, H. V., and O. K. Miller Jr. 1985. Sclerotia of Boletinellus merulioides in Nature. Mycologia 77:927–931. Den Bakker, H. C., G. C. Zuccarello, Th. W. Kuyper, and M. E. Noordeloos. 2004. Evolution and Host Specificity in the Ectomycorrhizal Genus Leccinum. New Phytologist 163:201–215. Dentinger, B. T. M., J. F. Ammirati, E. E. Both, D. E. Desjardin, R. E. Halling, T. W. Henkel, P-A. Moreau, E. Nagasawa, K. Soytong, A. F. Taylor, R. Watling, J-M. Moncalvo, and D. J. McLaughlin. 2010. Molecular Phylogenetics of Porcini Mushrooms (Boletus section Boletus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57:1276–1292. Gelardi, M., G. Simonini, E. Ercole, and A. Vizzini. 2014. Alessioporus and Pulchroboletus (Boletaceae, Boletineae), Two Novel Genera for Xerocomus ichnusanus and X. roseoalbidus from the European Mediterranean Basin: Molecular and Morphological Evidence. Mycologia 106 (6): 1168–1187. Grand, L. F., and A. H. Smith. 1971. A Previously Unrecognized Southern species of Boletus. Mycologia 63:114–117. Grund, D. W., and K. A. Harrison. 1976. Nova Scotian Boletes. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany. 283 pp. Halling, R. E. 1983. Boletes Described by Charles C. Frost. Mycologia 75:70–92. Halling, R. E., A. R. Bessette, and A. E. Bessette. 2015. Aureoboletus innixus. Index Fungorum 258. At http://www.indexfungorum.org. Halling, R. E., N. Fechner, M. Nuhn, T. Osmundson, K. Soytong, D. A. M. Binder, and D. Hibbett. 2015. Evolutionary Relationships of Heimioporus and Boletellus (Boletales), with an Emphasis on Australian Taxa Including New Species and New Combinations in Aureoboletus, Hemileccinum, and Xerocomus. Australian Systematic Botany 28:1–22. Halling, R. E., M. E. Nuhn, N. A. Fechner, T. W. Osmundson, K. Soytong, D. Arora, D. S. Hibbett, and M. Binder. 2012. Sutorius: A New Genus for Boletus eximius. Mycologia 104 (4): 951–961. Kibby, G. 2012. British Boletes with Keys to Species. The author, London. 79 pp. Klofac, W. 2010. The Genus Aureoboletus, a World-wide survey. A Contribution to a Monographic Treatment. Österreichische Mykologische Gesellschaft (Osterr. Z. Pilzk.) 19:133–174.
References and Recommended Resources · 459 Korhonen, M. 1995. New Boletoid Fungi in the Genus Leccinum from Fennoscandia. Karstenia 35:53–66. Korhonen, M., J. Hyvönen, and T. Ahti. 1993. Suillus grevillei and S. clintonianus (Gomphidiaceae), Two Boletoid Fungi Associated with Larix. Karstenia 33:1–9. Kretzer, A., Y. Li, T. Szaro, and T. D. Bruns. 1996. Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences from 38 Recognized Species of Suillus sensu lato: Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Implications. Mycologia 88 (5): 776–785. Kuan, Z., W. Gang, and Z. L. Yang. 2014. A New Genus, Rubroboletus, to Accommodate Boletus sinicus and Its Allies. Phytotaxa 188 (2): 61–77. Kuo, M., A. S. Methven, A. M. Minnis, and R. E. Halling. 2013. Studies of American Macrofungi 1. Validation of Lactarius rubidus comb. nov. and Leccinellum quercophilum sp. nov. Mycotaxon 124:323–332. Lamoureux, Y., and J. Després. 1997. Champignons du Québec Tome 1 Les Bolets. Cercle des mycologues de Montréal, Montreal. 115 pp. Lannoy, G., and A. Estades. 1995. Monographie des Leccinum d’Europe. La Roche-surForon, France, Federation Mycologique Dauphine-Savoie, 229 pp. Li, Y-C., B. Ortiz-Santana, N-K. Zeng, B. Feng, and Z. L. Yang. 2014. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Genus Veloporphyrellus. Mycologia 106 (2): 291–306. Murrill, W. A. 1948. Florida Boletes. Lloydia 11:21–35. Ortiz-Santana, B., A. E. Bessette, and O. L. McConnell. In press. A New Bolete Species from North Carolina. Mycotaxon. Ortiz-Santana, B., and E. E. Both. 2011. A Preliminary Survey of the Genus Buchwaldoboletus. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 40:1–14. Palm, M. E., and E. L. Stewart. 1984. Suillus neoalbidipes: A New Species for Suillus albidipes. Mycologia 76 (3): 433–438. Peck, C. H. 1889. The Boleti of the United States. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 2 (8): 73–166. Roody, W. C. 2003. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. 522 pp. Singer, R. 1945a. The Boletineae of Florida with Notes on Extralimital Species. I. The Strobilomycetaceae. Farlowia 2:97–141. . 1945b. The Boletineae of Florida with Notes on Extralimital Species. II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae). Farlowia 2:223–303. . 1945c. New Boletaceae from Florida (a Preliminary Communication). Mycologia 37:797–799. . 1947. The Boletineae of Florida with Notes on Extralimital Species. III. American Midland Naturalist 37:1–135. Singer, R., J. Garcia, and L. D. Gomez. 1990. The Boletineae of Mexico and Central America I and II. Cramer, Berlin. 73 pp. . 1991. The Boletineae of Mexico and Central America III. Cramer, Berlin. 128 pp. . 1992. The Boletineae of Mexico and Central America IV. Cramer, Berlin. 62 pp. Singer, R., and R. Williams. 1992. Some Boletes from Florida. Mycologia 84:724–728. Smith, A. H., and H. D. Thiers. 1964. A Contribution toward a Monograph of North American Species of Suillus. The authors, Ann Arbor, MI. 116 pp.
460 · References and Recommended Resources . 1971. The Boletes of Michigan. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 428 pp. Snell, W. H., and E. A. Dick. 1957. A Glossary of Mycology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA. 181 pp. Šutara, J. 2000. Xerocomus sensu lato in the Light of the Present State of Knowledge. Czech Mycology 60 (1): 29–62. Treu, R. 1993. Studies on Boletus Section Luridi. Mycotaxon 47:367–377. Vizzini, A. 2014. Imleria. Index Fungorum 147. At http://www.indexfungorum.org. Watling, R., and A. E. Hills. 2005. British Fungus Flora: Agrics and Boleti 1/Boletes and Their Allies. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. 172 pp. Weber, N. S., and A. H. Smith. 1985. A Field Guide to Southern Mushrooms. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 280 pp. Williams, R. S. 1980. A Key to Some Boletes of the Deep South. McIlvainea 4 (2): 40–46. Wolfe, C. B. 1979. Austroboletus and Tylopilus Subgenus Porphyrellus with Emphasis on North American Taxa. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany. 148 pp. . 1987. Studies in the Genus Xanthoconium (Boletaceae). I. New Species and a New Combination. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:2142–2146. Zhao, K., G. Wu, R. E. Halling, and Z. L. Yang. 2015. Three New Combinations of Butyriboletus (Boletaceae). Phytotaxa 234 (1): 51–62. Magazines and Journals FUNGI Magazine: www.fungimag.com. Mushroom: The Journal of Wild Mushrooming: www.mushroomthejournal.com. Field Mycology, a publication of the British Mycological Society: http://www.britmy colsoc.org.uk/society/publications/journals/field-mycology. McIlvainea: Journal of American Amateur Mycology: http://www.namyco.org/mcil vainea.php. Websites MushroomExpert.com: www.mushroomexpert.com. Mushroom Observer: mushroomobserver.org. European Boletes: boletales.com. Index Fungorum: www.indexfungorum.org. Dr. Roy Halling, New York Botanical Garden Boletineae Surveys and Revisions: www .nybg.org/science/scientist_profile.php?id_scientist=6.
461 Index to Common Names Abruptly Bulbous Sand Bolete, 84 Acidic Golden-pored Bolete, 60 American Slippery Jack, 319 Appalachian Yellow-brown Bolete, 367 Ashtray Bolete, 261 Ash Tree Bolete, 82 Aspen Bolete, 251 Aspen Scaber Stalk, 251 Baggy-veiled Suillus, 328 Bay Bolete, 227 Bearded Bolete, 323 Beveled-cap Bolete, 371 Billie’s Bolete, 95 Birch Bolete, 265 Bitter Beech Bolete, 186 Bitter Bolete, 375 Black Velvet Bolete, 366 Blue-staining Slippery Jack, 360 Booted Suillus, 328 Boreal Bolete, 332 Both’s Bolete, 172 Brick-red Conifer Scaber Stalk, 274 Brown and Yellow Bolete, 165 Brown Birch Bolete, 265 Burnt Orange Bolete, 374 Butterball, 333 Cep, 101 Chalk-white Bolete, 86 Chestnut Bolete, 209 Chicken-fat Suillus, 319 Chrome-footed Bolete, 217 Clustered Brown Bolete, 62 Common Scaber Stalk, 265 Conical Shaggy-capped Bolete, 407 Corrugated Bolete, 421 Dark Bolete, 389 Double-veiled Bolete, 282 False Black Velvet Bolete, 369 Flaming Gold Bolete, 291 Foxy Bolete, 274 Fragrant Bolete, 346 Frost’s Bolete, 205 Gertrude’s Bolete, 108 Ghost Bolete, 248 Gilled Bolete, 286 Golden-pored Bolete, 60 Graceful Bolete, 70 Granulated Slippery Jack, 333 Gray Bolete, 297 Half Yellow Powdery Bolete, 174 Hollow-stalked Larch Suillus, 326 Hollow-stemmed Tamarack Jack, 326 Horton’s Bolete, 421 King Bolete, 101 Larch Bolete, 132 Larch Suillus, 335 Lilac Bolete, 153 Lilac-brown Bolete, 364 Little Bitter Bolete, 384 Lurid Bolete, 312 Mahogany Bolete, 115 Noble Bolete, 121 Old Man of the Woods, 309 Ornate-stalked Bolete, 300 Painted Bolete, 356 Painted Suillus, 356 Pale Bitter Bolete, 391 Pale Rose Bolete, 129 Pale Violet Bitter Bolete, 402 Pallid Bolete, 131 Parasitic Bolete, 288 Parchment Bitter Bolete, 382 Patriotic Bolete, 133 Peck’s Bolete, 182 Peppery Bolete, 195 Piedmont Bolete, 189 Pineapple Bolete, 76 Pine Cone Bolete, 309 Pine-loving King Bolete, 137 Poor Man’s Slippery Jack, 360 Porcini, 101 Powdery Sulphur Bolete, 295 Purple-red Bolete, 198 Ravenel’s Bolete, 295 Red and Olive Velvet-cap, 117 Red and Yellow Bolete, 74 Red Bog Bolete, 132 Red-cracked Bolete, 416 Reddish-brown Bitter Bolete, 395 Red Gyroporus, 213 Red-mouth Bolete, 315 Red-speckled Bolete, 428 Roody’s Bolete, 141
462 · Index to Common Names Rosy Brick-red Bolete, 143 Rosy-footed Hemlock Bolete, 192 Rosy-footed Oak Bolete, 191 Roxanna’s Bolete, 67 Russell’s Bolete, 207 Rusty Iron Bolete, 105 Sand-loving Leccinum, 274 Scarlet-stemmed Bolete, 186 Sensitive Bolete, 150 Shaggy-stalked Bolete, 219 Short-stalked Suillus, 325 Short-stemmed Slippery Jack, 325 Showy Bolete, 155 Showy Orange Bolete, 90 Showy Reddish Brown Bolete, 181 Slender Red-pored Bolete, 277 Slim Jack, 336 Slippery Jack, 342 Slippery Jill, 348 Snell’s Bolete, 267 Snell’s Leccinum, 267 Sour-cap Suillus, 318 Spicy Suillus, 346 Staining Blue Bolete, 211 Steinpilz, 101 Suede Bolete, 165 Tamarack Jack, 335 Two-toned Bolete, 74 Variable Brown-net Bolete, 400 Variable-stalk Bolete, 167 Violet-gray Bolete, 388 White Birch Bolete, 248 White Bog Bolete, 248 White Coarsely-ribbed Bolete, 71 White-stemmed Bolete, 344 White Suillus, 345 Whitey’s Bolete, 430 Wormy Bolete, 169 Wrinkled Leccinum, 262 Yellow-cracked Bolete, 165 Yellowfoot Bolete, 217
463 Index to Scientific Names Each general genus name is set in boldface small capital letters, with bold page numbers. Current binomial names for principal species described and illustrated in this book are set in regular (nonitalic) type face, with bold page numbers. Synonyms, partially described species, and cross-references are shown in italic type face, with lightface page numbers. abruptibulbus, Boletus, 84 acidus, Suillus, 318 acidus var. intermedius, Suillus, 318 aeruginascens, Fuscoboletinus, 361 aeruginascens, Suillus, 361 affine, Xanthoconium, 227, 409, 412 affine var. affine, Xanthoconium, 409 affine var. maculosus, Xanthoconium, 409 affine var. reticulatum, Xanthoconium, 409 affinis, Boletus, 409 albellum, Leccinellum, 238, 249 albellum, Leccinum, 238 albidipes, Suillus, 344 albisulphureus, Boletus, 86, 414 albisulphureus, Gyroporus, 86 alboater, Boletus, 366 alboater, Porphyrellus, 366 alboater, Tylopilus, 366, 370, 379 Alessioporus, 55 alutaceus, Boletus, 67, 87, 165 alutaceus, Xerocomus, 87 americanus, Boletus, 319 americanus, Suillus, 319 americanus var. americanus, Boletus, 319 americanus var. reticulipes, Boletus, 319 americanus var. reticulipes, Suillus, 319 ananas, Boletellus, 76 ananas, Boletus, 76 appalachiensis, Tylopilus, 367 arenicola, Leccinum, 274 atkinsonianus, Boletus, 289 atkinsonianus, Ceriomyces, 289 atkinsonianus, Pulveroboletus, 289 atkinsonii, Boletus, 89, 168 atratus, Tylopilus, 366 atronicotianus, Tylopilus, 366, 369 atrostipitatum, Leccinum, 271 aurantiacum, Leccinum, 274 aurantiacum var. vulpinum, Leccinum, 274 aurantiosplendens, Boletus, 90, 93, 292 aureissimus, Ceriomyces, 92 aureissimus var. aureissimus, Boletus, 91, 92, 95, 294, 301 aureissimus var. castaneus, Ceriomyces, 93, 95 Aureoboletus, 57 auriflammeus, Boletus, 291 auriflammeus, Pulveroboletus, 91, 291 301 auripes, Boletus, 93, 94 auripes var. aureissimus, Boletus, 92 auriporus, Aureoboletus, 60, 62, 85 auriporus, Boletus, 60 Austroboletus, 68 badia, Imleria, 65, 227 badiceps, Boletus, 371 badiceps, Tylopilus, 371, 377, 381, 401 badius, Boletus, 227 badius, Xerocomus, 227 balloui, Boletus, 374 balloui, Rubinoboletus, 374 balloui, Tylopilus, 374 balloui var. fuscatus, Boletus, 374 ballouii, Gyrodon, 374 Baorangia, 72 betula, Austroboletus, 219 betula, Frostiella, 219 betula, Heimiella, 208, 219 betula, Heimioporus, 219 bicolor, Baorangia, 74, 129, 142, 149, 151, 183, 231, 234, 235 bicolor, Boletus, 74, 229 bicoloroides, Boletus, 75
464 · Index to Scientific Names bicolor var. borealis, Boletus, 229 bicolor var. subreticulatus, Boletus, 74 billieae, Boletus, 95 Boletellus, 76 Boletinellus, 81 boletinoides, Phylloporus, 285 Boletus, 83 borealis, Lanmaoa, 97, 107, 229 Bothia, 171 bovinus, Boletus, 321 bovinus, Suillus, 321, 334, 344 bovinus var. viridocaerulescens, Suillus, 321 bresadolae var. bresadolae, Suillus, 323 bresadolae var. flavogriseus, Suillus, 323 brevipes, Boletus, 325 brevipes, Rostkovites, 325 brevipes, Suillus, 325, 343, 344 brevipes var. subgracilis, Suillus, 325 brunneus, Butyriboletus, 57, 156, 181 Buchwaldoboletus, 173 Butyriboletus, 180 caespitosus, Boletus, 62 Caloboletus, 185 calopus, Boletus, 186 calopus, Caloboletus, 186, 191, 193 calopus var. frustosus, Boletus, 186 campestris, Boletus, 223 campestris, Hortiboletus, 160, 223, 225 carminipes, Boletus, 231 carminipes, Lanmaoa, 231 carminiporus, Boletus, 97, 107, 303, 314 castanella, Bothia, 172 castanellus, Boletinus, 172 castanellus, Suillus, 172 castanellus, Xerocomus, 172 castaneus, Boletus, 209 castaneus, Gyroporus, 70, 209, 214 castaneus f. purpurinus, Boletus, 213 cavipes, Boletinus, 326 cavipes, Boletus, 326 cavipes, Suillus, 133, 326 Chalciporus, 193 chalybaeum, Leccinum, 245, 254, 266 chattoogaense, Xanthoconium, 410 chippewaensis, Boletus, 98, 102 chromapes, Boletus, 217 chromapes, Harrya, 217 chromapes, Leccinum, 217 chromapes, Tylopilus, 217 chrysenteroides, Boletellus, 78, 80, 81, 417 chrysenteroides, Boletus, 78 chrysenteron, Boletus, 416 chrysenteron, Xerocomellus, 79, 106, 165, 416, 419 chrysenteron, Xerocomus, 416 citrinovirens, Boletus, 105 clintonianus, Suillus, 335 confusus, Strobilomyces, 307, 309 conica var. conica, Fistulinella, 407 conica var. reticulata, Fistulinella, 407 conicus, Mucilopilus, 407 conicus, Tylopilus, 407 conicus, Veloporphyrellus, 407 cothurnatus, Suillus, 328, 348, 438 crocipodium, Leccinellum, 240 242, 244, 263 curtisii, Boletus, 294 curtisii, Pulveroboletus, 294 cyaneotinctus, Porphyrellus, 396 cyaneotinctus, Tylopilus, 396 cyanescens, Boletus, 211 cyanescens, Gyroporus, 211, 213 cyanescens var. cyanescens, Gyroporus, 211 cyanescens var. violaceotinctus, Gyroporus, 211 Cyanoboletus, 200 decipiens, Boletinus, 330 decipiens, Boletus, 330 decipiens, Suillus, 173, 330, 341, 357 discolor, Boletus, 277 dryophilus, Strobilomyces, 307, 309 dupainii, Boletus, 302 dupainii, Rubroboletus, 302 dupainii, Suillellus, 302 durhamensis, Boletus, 99, 399 edulis, Boletus, 98, 99, 111, 101, 122, 123, 138, 153, 158, 168, 376, 409 edulis f. pinicola, Boletus, 137 edulis ssp. subcaerulescens, Boletus, 157 erythropus f. michiganensis, Boletus, 277 erythropus ssp. discolor, Boletus, 277 eximium, Leccinum, 364 eximius, Boletus, 364 eximius, Sutorius, 364 eximius, Tylopilus, 364 Exsudoporus, 202 fagicola, Boletus, 161, 170 fairchildianus, Boletus, 104, 144, 146 felleus, Boletus, 375 felleus, Tylopilus, 102, 168, 375, 385, 395, 399, 401 felleus var. minor, Boletus, 375
Index to Scientific Names · 465 felleus var. minor, Tylopilus, 375 felleus var. uliginosus, Tylopilus, 375 ferrugineus, Boletus, 105, 165, 377, 417 ferrugineus, Tylopilus, 372, 377, 381 ferrugineus, Xerocomus, 105 ferrugineus subsp. vinaceogriseus, Tylopilus, 377 firmus, Boletus, 189 firmus, Caloboletus, 189 flammans, Boletus, 97, 107, 305, 314 flavidus, Suillus, 336 flavissimus, Boletus, 57 flavostipitatum, Leccinum, 270 floccopus, Strobilomyces, 309 flocculosipes, Boletellus, 78 floridanus, Boletus, 204 floridanus, Exsudoporus, 204, 206 floridanus, Suillellus, 204 foliiporus, Phylloporus, 286 fraternus, Boletus, 225 Frostiella, 206 frostii, Boletus, 205 frostii, Exsudoporus, 204, 205 frostii ssp. floridanus, Boletus, 204 frustosus, Boletus, 186 fumosipes, Porphyrellus, 396 fumosipes, Tylopilus, 396 gentilis, Aureoboletus, 60 gertrudiae, Boletus, 108, 122 glabellus, Boletus, 227 glandulosus, Boletinus, 332 glandulosus, Fuscoboletinus, 332 glandulosus, Suillus, 332, 352, 354 glutinopallens, Leccinum, 247, 249 gracilis, Porphyrellus, 70 gracilis, Tylopilus, 70 gracilis var. flavipes, Austroboletus, 70 gracilis var. gracilis, Austroboletus, 70 210, 214 gracilis var. pulcherripes, Austroboletus, 70 granulatus, Boletus, 333 granulatus, Suillus, 322, 325, 333, 344 granulatus subsp. leptopus, Suillus, 333 granulatus subsp. snellii, Suillus, 333 grevillei, Suillus, 323, 335, 343 grevillei var. clintonianus, Suillus, 335 grisellus, Boletinus, 338 grisellus, Fuscoboletinus, 338 grisellus, Suillus, 338 griseocarneus, Tylopilus, 379 griseonigrum, Leccinum, 270 griseum, Leccinellum, 240, 242, 244, 263 griseum, Leccinum, 242 griseus, Retiboletus, 297, 301 griseus, Xerocomus, 297 griseus ssp. pinicaribaeae, Boletus, 297 griseus var. fuscus, Retiboletus, 298 griseus var. griseus, Boletus, 297 Gyroporus, 208 harrisonii, Boletus, 223, 225 Harrya, 215 Heimioporus, 217 hemichrysus, Boletus, 174 hemichrysus, Buchwaldoboletus, 174, 178 hemichrysus, Pulveroboletus, 174 hemichrysus f. sphaerocephalus, Boletus, 179 Hemileccinum, 220 hemixanthus, Xerocomus, 125, 423 hirtellus, Boletus, 340 hirtellus, Suillus, 318, 330, 340 holopus, Boletus, 248 holopus, Leccinum, 238, 248, 248 holopus var. americanum, Leccinum, 248 holopus var. holopus, Leccinum, 248 Hortibolitus, 221 hortonii, Boletus, 421 hortonii, Xerocomus, 221, 421 huronensis, Boletus, 99, 102, 110, 421 hypocarycinus, Boletus, 310 hypocarycinus, Suillellus, 278, 310, 313 hypoxanthus, Boletus, 422 hypoxanthus, Xerocomus, 125, 422 illudens, Boletus, 426 illudens, Xerocomus, 426 Imleria, 226 indecisus, Boletus, 380 indecisus, Tylopilus, 376, 380, 399 indecisus var. subpunctipes, Tylopilus, 380 inedulis, Boletus, 191 inedulis, Caloboletus, 171, 187, 189, 191, 193 inedulis, Ceriomyces, 191 innixus, Aureoboletus, 60, 62, 67 innixus, Boletus, 62 innixus, Pulveroboletus, 62 insigne, Leccinum, 251, 257, 258, 272, 275, 374 insolens, Leccinum 253 insolens var. brunneo-maculatum, Leccinum, 253 insolens var. insolens, Leccinum, 253
466 · Index to Scientific Names intermedius, Boletellus, 419 intermedius, Suillus, 318 intermedius, Tylopilus, 131, 382, 386, 392, 393 intermedius, Xerocomellus, 79, 81, 417, 419 lactifluus, Suillus, 333 Lanmaoa, 228 laricinus, Fuscoboletinus, 361 laricinus, Suillus, 361 Leccinellum, 236 Leccinum, 245 leucomycelinus, Phylloporus, 286, 287 lignicola, Boletus, 177 lignicola, Buchwaldoboletus, 175, 177, 179 lignicola, Pulveroboletus, 177 longicurvipes, Boletus, 112 luridellus, Boletus, 114 luridiformis, Boletus, 277 luridiformis, Neoboletus, 277, 311, 313, 316 luridiformis ssp. discolor, Boletus, 277 luridus, Boletus, 312 luridus, Suillellus, 278, 312, 314 luteum, Leccinum, 256 luteus, Boletus, 342 luteus, Suillus, 336, 342 mahogonicolor, Boletus, 115, 127 melleoluteus, Boletus, 91, 296 merulioides, Boletinellus, 82, 280 merulioides, Gyrodon, 82 miniato-olivaceus, Boletus, 117, 134, 151 miniato-olivaceus var. sensibilis, Boletus, 150 miniato-olivaceus var. subluridus, Boletus, 314 miniatopallescens, Boletus, 119, 151 minor, Boletus, 384 minor, Tylopilus, 384 montaltoense, Xanthoconium, 368, 414 morrisii, Boletus, 428 morrisii, Xerocomus, 428 nebulosus, Tylopilus, 389 neoalbidipes, Suillus, 322, 326, 334, 344 Neoboletus, 275 nigrescens, Leccinum, 240 nobilis, Boletus, 89, 109, 121, 123, 168 nobilissimus, Boletus, 122, 123, 168, 290 nueschii, Suillus, 323 ochraceoluteus, Boletus, 125, 423 oliveisporus, Boletus, 116, 127, 202 oliveisporus, Ceriomyces, 127 ornatipes, Boletus, 300 ornatipes, Retiboletus, 93, 292, 300 oxydabile, Leccinum, 265 pallidoroseus, Boletus, 75, 129, 151 pallidus, Boletus, 131, 383 paluster, Boletinellus, 132 paluster, Boletinus, 132 paluster, Boletus, 132 327 paluster, Fuscoboletinus, 132 paluster, Suillus, 132 Paragyrodon, 280 parasiticus, Boletus, 288 parasiticus, Pseudoboletus, 288 parasiticus, Xerocomus, 288 patrioticus, Boletus, 133 peckii, Boletus, 182 peckii, Butyriboletus, 182 peckii, Caloboletus, 182, 434 peralbidus, Boletus, 386 peralbidus, Tylopilus, 215, 382, 383, 386, 392, 393 peralbidus var. rhodoconius, Tylopilus, 392 phaeocyanescens, Gyroporus, 211, 212 Phylloporus, 283 piceinum, Leccinum, 274 pictiformis, Boletellus, 78 pictiformis, Suillellus, 78 pictus, Boletinus, 356 pictus, Boletus, 356 pictus, Suillus, 356 piedmontensis, Boletus, 189 pinicola, Boletus, 137 pinophilus, Boletus, 137 pinorigidus, Suillus, 348 piperatoides, Chalciporus, 196 piperatus, Boletus, 195 piperatus, Chalciporus, 195 placidus, Boletus, 345 placidus, Suillus, 345 placidus f. placidus, Suillus, 345 plumbeoviolaceus, Boletus, 388 plumbeoviolaceus, Tylopilus, 364, 388, 403, 405 porosus, Boletus, 326 porphyrosporus, Porphyrellus, 389 porphyrosporus, Tylopilus, 389, 397 potteri, Leccinum, 252 projectellus, Aureoboletus, 64, 227 projectellus, Boletellus, 64 projectellus, Boletus, 64 projectellus, Ceriomyces, 64 proximus, Boletinellus, 82 proximus, Suillus, 335 pseudoboletinus, Xerocomus, 423 Pseudoboletus, 287 pseudochrysenteroides, Boletellus, 79, 80, 419 pseudogranulatus, Suillus, 325 pseudoinsigne, Leccinum, 257, 374
Index to Scientific Names · 467 pseudo-olivaceus, Boletus, 135 pseudopeckii, Boletus, 181 pseudopinophilus, Boletus, 102, 137, 158 pseudorubinellus, Boletus, 196 pseudorubinellus, Chalciporus, 196, 199, 200 pseudoscaber, Boletus, 389 pseudoscaber, Porphyrellus, 389 pseudoscaber, Tylopilus, 389 pseudoscaber ssp. cyaneotinctus, Porphyrellus, 396 pseudosensibilis, Boletus, 233 pseudosensibilis, Lanmaoa, 114, 233 pseudoseparans, Boletus, 153 pseudosulphureus, Boletus, 279 pseudosulphureus, Neoboletus, 57, 279 pseudosulphureus var. pallidus, Boletus, 279 Pulveroboletus, 288 pulverulentus, Boletus, 202 pulverulentus, Cyanoboletus, 127, 202 punctipes, Boletus, 346 punctipes, Suillus, 346, 358, 361 purpureofuscus, Boletus, 412 purpureorubellus, Boletus, 139 purpureum, Xanthoconium, 153, 410, 412 purpurinus, Gyroporus, 70, 210, 213 quercophilum, Leccinellum, 240, 242, 244, 263 rainisiae, Xerocomellus, xiv ravenelii, Boletus, 295 ravenelii, Pulveroboletus, 295 ravenelii, Suillus, 295 Retiboletus, 296 retipes, Retiboletus, 301 rhoadsiae, Boletus, 391 rhoadsiae, Gyroporus, 391 rhoadsiae, Tylopilus, 72, 86, 382, 383, 386, 391, 393 rhodoconius, Tylopilus, 386, 392, 392 rhodosanguineus, Boletus, 304 rhodosanguineus, Rubroboletus, 107, 304 rhodoxanthus, Phylloporus, 286, 286 rhodoxanthus, Xerocomus, 286 rhodoxanthus ssp. foliiporus, Phylloporus, 286 robustus, Boletus, 362 roodyi, Boletus, 141 roseipes, Boletus, 192 roseipes, Caloboletus, 187, 189, 191, 192 roseocrispans, Lanmaoa, 235 roseofractum, Leccinum, 265 roseolateritius, Boletus, 143 roseopurpureus, Boletus, 184 roseopurpureus, Butyriboletus, 155, 156, 184 roseoscabrum, Leccinum, 259 rotundifoliae, Leccinum, 265 roxanae, Aureoboletus, 67, 88 roxanae, Boletus, 67 roxanae, Ceriomyces, 67 roxanae, Xerocomus, 67 roxanae var. auricolor, Boletus, 67 rubelloides, Baorangia, 74 rubellus, Boletus, 225 rubellus, Hortiboletus, 140, 159, 160, 223, 225, 431 rubellus, Xerocomellus, 225 rubellus, Xerocomus, 225 rubellus subsp. bicolor, Boletus, 74 rubinellus, Boletus, 198 rubinellus, Chalciporus, 196, 197, 198, 200 rubinellus, Suillus, 198 Rubinoboletus, 374 rubissimus, Boletus, 142, 155, 156, 185, 431 rubricitrinus, Boletus, 104, 116, 145, 431 rubricitrinus, Ceriomyces, 145 rubricitrinus var. fairchildianus, Boletus, 104 rubriflavus, Alessioporus, 56, 182, 280 rubritubifer, Boletus, 199 rubritubifer, Chalciporus, 197, 199, 199 Rubroboletus, 301 rubrobrunneus, Tylopilus, 395, 403 rubroflammeus, Boletus, 107 rubropunctum, Leccinum, 261, 428 rubropunctus, Boletus, 261 rufocinnamomeus, Boletus, 146, 163 rufomaculatus, Boletus, 75, 148 rugosiceps, Boletus, 262 rugosiceps, Krombholzia, 262 rugosiceps, Krombholziella, 262 rugosiceps, Leccinum, 240, 242, 244, 257, 262, 422 russellii, Boletellus, 207 russellii, Boletus, 207 russellii, Frostiella, 65, 207, 219 salmonicolor, Suillus, 328, 348, 438 satanas var. americanus, Boletus, 189 scabrum, Leccinum, 245, 246, 260, 265 sclerotiorum, Xerocomus, 430 sensibilis, Boletus, 75, 118, 120, 129, 150, 233 sensibilis var. subviscidus, Boletus, 150
468 · Index to Scientific Names separans, Boletus, 109, 153 412 separans, Xanthoconium, 153 serotinus, Boletus, 349 serotinus, Fuscoboletinus, 349 serotinus, Suillus, 349, 362 sibiricus, Suillus, 320 sinuspaulianus, Fuscoboletinus, 351 sinuspaulianus, Suillus, 332, 351, 354 snellii, Krombholziella, 267 snellii, Leccinum, 267 270 sordidus, Boletus, 396 sordidus, Porphyrellus, 396 sordidus, Tylopilus, 390, 396 spadiceus, Boletus, 105 spadiceus, Xerocomus, 105 spadiceus var. furcatus, Boletus, 105 spadiceus var. gracilis, Boletus, 105 spadiceus var. rufobrunneus, Boletus, 105 speciosus, Boletus, 155, 182, 185 speciosus, Ceriomyces, 155 speciosus var. brunneus, Boletus, 181 spectabilis, Boletinus, 353 spectabilis, Boletus, 353 spectabilis, Fuscoboletinus, 353 spectabilis, Suillus, 353 sphaerocephalus, Boletus, 179 sphaerocephalus, Buchwaldoboletus, 175, 178, 179, 279 sphaerosporus, Boletus, 282 sphaerosporus, Gyrodon, 282 sphaerosporus, Paragyrodon, 282 sphaerosporus, Suillus, 282 spraguei, Boletus, 356 spraguei, Suillus, 330, 356 squarrosoides, Boletinus, 172 stramineum, Xanthoconium, 86, 413 stramineus, Boletus, 413 strobilaceus, Strobilomyces, 307, 309 Strobilomyces, 305 subalbellus, Gyroporus, 215, 414 subalbellus, Suillus, 215 subalutaceus, Suillus, 318 subaureus, Boletus, 358 subaureus, Suillus, 320, 347, 358 subcaerulescens, Boletus, 99, 102, 138, 157 subclavatipes subsp. inedulis, Boletus, 191 subdepauperatus, Boletus, 417 subflavidus, Austroboletus, 71, 219 subflavidus, Porphyrellus, 71 subflavidus, Tylopilus, 71 subfraternus, Boletellus, 159 subfraternus, Boletus, 159, 223, 225 subglabripes, Boletus, 220 subglabripes, Hemileccinum, 113, 220, 261, 422, 436 subglabripes, Leccinum, 220 subgranulosum, Leccinum, 263 subgraveolens, Boletus, 161, 170 subleucophaeum, Krombholziella, 269 subleucophaeum, Leccinum, 266, 267, 269 subluridellus, Boletus, 147, 163, 314, 316 subluridus, Boletus, 314 subluridus, Suillellus, 97, 107, 163, 313, 314 subluteus, Suillus, 348 subpunctipes, Boletus, 380 subpunctipes, Tylopilus, 380 subsensibilis, Boletus, 114 subsensibilis, Ceriomyces, 114 subtestaceum, Leccinum, 272 subtomentosus, Ceriomyces, 165 subtomentosus, Xerocomus, 165 subtomentosus var. perplexus, Boletus, 165 subtomentosus var. subtomentosus, Boletus, 106, 165, 417 subvelutipes, Boletus, 315 subvelutipes, Suillellus, 127, 163, 278, 313, 315 Suillellus, 309 Suillus, 316 sulphureus, Boletus, 279 sulphureus, Buchwaldoboletus, 179 sulphureus, Phlebopus, 179 Sutorius, 362 tabacinus, Boletus, 398 tabacinus, Ceriomyces, 398 tabacinus, Tylopilus, 100, 381, 398 tabacinus var. amarus, Tylopilus, 398 tabacinus var. dubius, Tylopilus, 398 tenax, Boletus, 426 tenax, Xerocomus, 426 testaceoscabrum, Leccinum, 271 tomentosus, Boletus, 360 tomentosus, Suillus, 318, 347, 358, 360 tomentosus var. discolor, Suillus, 360 truncatus, Boletus, 417 truncatus, Xerocomellus, 417 Tylopilus, 364 umbonatus, Suillus, 336 umbrinisquamosus, Gyroporus, 211, 213 umbrosus, Porphyrellus, 396 umbrosus, Tylopilus, 396 variipes, Boletus, 89, 122, 167 variipes var. fagicola, Boletus, 167 variipes var. variipes, Boletus, 167
Index to Scientific Names · 469 variobrunneus, Tylopilus, 376, 400 Veloporphyrellus, 405 vermiculosoides, Boletus, 100, 136, 161, 169 vermiculosus, Boletus, 100, 136, 161, 169, 170 versipelle, Leccinum, 252, 271 violatinctus, Tylopilus, 388, 395, 402, 405 viscidocorrugis, Boletus, 112 viscidus, Fuscoboletinus, 361 viscidus, Suillus, 339, 350, 361 vulpina, Krombholziella, 274 vulpinum, Leccinum, 252, 274 vulpinus, Boletus, 274 weaverae, Suillus, 350 weberi, Boletus, 171 williamsii, Tylopilus, 405 Xanthoconium, 407 Xerocomellus, 414 Xerocomus, 420
PHOTO CREDITS Except for the following, all photographs were taken by the authors. Bill Bakaitis Boletus huronensis with chemical reagents Harley Barnhart Buchwaldoboletus sphaerocephalus, Chalciporus rubritubifer Dan Guravich Boletus aurantiosplendens, Boletus fairchildianus (C), Pulveroboletus curtisii (A), Tylopilus balloui (A), Tylopilus indecisus Roy Halling Boletus aureissimus var. aureissimus Mike Hopping Boletellus pseudochrysenteroides, Boletus harrisonii, Buchwaldoboletus lignicola (B) Josh Hutchins Frostiella russellii (A) Josh Kielsmeier-Cook Paragyrodon sphaerosporus (A, B) Michael Kuo Leccinellum quercophilum (B) Renée LeBeuf Boletus atkinsonii (A, B), Leccinum luteum (B), Suillus spectabilis (B), Suillus tomentosus (C), Owen McConnell Boletellus ananas (A), Boletus durhamensis, Butyriboletus peckii, Pulveroboletus curtisii (B), Rubroboletus dupainii, Veloporphyrellus conicus (B), Xerocomus illudens/tenax complex (C) New York Botanical Garden Dr. Roy E. Halling John Plischke III Boletus huronensis (B), Boletus nobilissimus, Leccinum luteum (A), Suillus tomentosus (B), Tylopilus rubrobrunneus (A) Noah Siegel Boletus pallidoroseus (B), Gyroporus purpurinus, Lanmaoa carminipes (A), Pulveroboletus curtisii (C) Eva Skific Chalciporus pseudorubinellus Mary Smiley Tylopilus williamsii (A, B, C) Walt Sturgeon Suillus grisellus (A), Suillus spectabilis (A), UB-1 Greg Thorn Suillus sinuspaulianus (A, B) The 3 Foragers Leccinum insigne (A) Andrus Voitk Suillus bresadolae var. flavogriseus Robert Williams Xerocomus hypoxanthus Bill Yule Lanmaoa carminipes (B)
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Alan E. Bessette is a professional mycologist and distinguished professor emeritus of biology at Utica College of Syracuse University. He has published numerous papers in the field of mycology and has authored or coauthored more than twenty books, including Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America (1992), Mushrooms of Northeastern North America (Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996), Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2007), Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Identification Guide to the Genus Lactarius (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2009), and most recently Ascomycete Fungi of North America: A Mushroom Reference Guide (2014). Alan served as a consultant for the New York State Poison Control Center and was the scientific adviser to the Mid-York Mycological Society for more than twenty years. He has been the principal mycologist at national and regional forays and was the recipient of the Mycological Foray Service Award in 1987 and of the North American Mycological Association Award for Contributions to Amateur Mycology in 1992. William C. Roody has been studying and photographing fungi since 1975. He recently retired as a wildlife-diversity field biologist for the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources in Elkins, West Virginia. He has authored or coauthored several books, including North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000), Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians (2003), Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2007), Macrofungi Associated with Oaks of Eastern North America (2008), Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2012), and most recently Tricholomas of North America: A Mushroom Field Guide (2013). Bill has taught workshops and lectured at numerous national and regional mycological forays, and he was the recipient of the North American Mycological Association Award for Contributions to Amateur Mycology in 2000. Arleen R. Bessette is a mycologist and botanical photographer. She has published several papers in the field of mycology and has authored or coauthored more than fifteen books, including North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2000), Mushrooms of Cape Cod and the National Seashore (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2001), The Rainbow beneath My Feet: A Mushroom Dyer’s Field Guide (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2001), Waxcap Mushrooms of Eastern North America (Syracuse Univ. Press, 2012), Tricholomas of North America: A Mushroom Field Guide (2013), and most recently Ascomycete Fungi of North America: A Mushroom Reference Guide (2014). Arleen has won several awards in the North American Mycological Association’s annual photo competition, including top honors in both the documentary and the pictorial divisions. She presents programs and workshops on mycology, dyeing with mushrooms, and the culinary aspects of mycophagy both regionally and nationally.