Boletes of Eastern North America

330 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus decipiens (Peck) Kuntze = Boletinus decipiens Berk. & M. A. Curtis = Boletus decipiens Peck Common name(s): none. Overview: The term decipiens means “deceiving,” referring to this species’ close resemblance to other species. The cap surface stains pale gray to greenish gray with KOH, pinkish gray with NH4OH, and slowly pale gray with FeSO4; the flesh stains blue gray with KOH, pinkish to pale raspberry with NH4OH, and slowly pale gray with FeSO4. Cap: 4–9 cm wide, convex to broadly convex when young, becoming nearly plane in age, margin strongly incurved, usually fringed with whitish to yellowish or grayish veil tissue; surface dry, distinctly fibrillose, sometimes with small flattened scales, almost glabrous in places, orangish to dull yellow, tan, or pale reddish brown, staining grayish to blackish, sometimes slowly when bruised; flesh pale yellow to pinkish buff, unchanging or sometimes slowly reddening or darkening when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: orange yellow to yellow, becoming brownish yellow in age, staining brownish when bruised, covered at first by a fibrillose, whitish to yellowish or grayish partial veil that disappears or leaves a thin, fragile ring zone on the upper portion of the stalk; pores angular to irregular, usually elongated and radially arranged; tubes up to 8 mm deep. Stalk: usually enlarged downward and often curved at the base, solid; surface dry, cottony to somewhat velvety or fibrillose, orangish to dull yellow, often bright yellow orange above the ring zone, lacking resinous dots and smears; flesh bright yellow, orange in the base, slowly darkening and developing reddish tints. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under pines or in mixed pine/oak woods, sometimes common among sphagnum mosses; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: New England south to Florida, west to Minnesota; occasional to fairly common. Spore print: pale brown. Microscopic features: spores 9–12 × 3.5–4 µm, cylindrical to subellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline to pale ochraceous. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus hirtellus (p. 340) has tiny appressed fibrils and scales on its cap, lacks a ring or ring zone, and has a glabrous stalk with prominent resinous dots and smears. Suillus spraguei (p. 356) has much redder cap colors when fresh, but faded specimens strongly resemble Suillus decipiens and can at times be very difficult to differentiate.

Suillus glandulosus (A) Suillus glandulosus (B)

332 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus glandulosus (Peck) Singer = Boletinus glandulosus Peck = Fuscoboletinus glandulosus (Peck) Pomerl. & A. H. Sm. Common name(s): Boreal Bolete Overview: The term glandulosus means “resembling glands,” a reference to the dense blackish dots on the tube walls on this bolete’s elongated pores. The cap surface stains red with KOH or NH4OH and bluish with FeSO4. Cap: 3–12 cm wide, convex, becoming nearly plane and sometimes shallowly depressed, margin with a narrow band of sterile tissue, incurved at first, becoming decurved in age, hanging fragments of the partial veil sometimes present; surface glabrous, glutinous when fresh, red to mahogany red, orange chestnut, or reddish brown, often developing black spots and streaks in age; flesh yellow, reddish around larval tunnels, not staining blue when exposed, separated from the tube layer by a brilliant yellow line; odor slightly pungent and unpleasant or not distinctive; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: yellow at first, becoming dull ocher to dull olive yellow or brownish yellow, not staining when bruised but often showing dark-brown spots in age; pores angular to irregular, elongated and radially arranged, sometimes decurrent, covered at first by a gelatinous partial veil that may leave remnants on the cap margin; tubes 4–10mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or tapered downward, sheathed with gluten up to the ring, yellow with reddish dots above the ring, somewhat reticulate at the apex, dark red to chestnut brown or sometimes yellow below, especially near the base, often spotted and streaked with black at maturity, with a thick membranous ring on the upper portion, stalk dark red when young, becoming blackish brown in age; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under conifers, especially balsam fir and hemlock; fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to New England and New York, west to Minnesota; occasional. Spore print: dark reddish brown to purple brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–12 × 3–5 µm, narrowly oblong, smooth, pale brownish ocher. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus sinuspaulianus (p. 351) is nearly identical but lacks a gelatinous veil and has a dry stalk.

Suillus · 333 Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel = Boletus granulatus L. = Suillus granulatus subsp. leptopus Singer = Suillus granulatus subsp. snellii Singer = Suillus lactifluus (With.) A. H. Sm. & Thiers Common name(s): Butterball, Granulated Slippery Jack Overview: The term granulatus means “covered with granules,” a reference to the resinous dots and smears on this bolete’s stalk. The cap surface stains dark olive to olive gray with KOH and bluish gray to olive with NH4OH or FeSO4. Cap: 5–12 cm wide, broadly convex, margin even at all stages; surface viscid to glutinous and often streaked or mottled when fresh, color variable, pale yellow or some shade of tan, brown, cinnamon, or orangish cinnamon; flesh white to pale yellow, not staining blue when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish to pinkish buff at first, soon becoming yellowish, often with pinkish-cinnamon moisture beads on young specimens, staining dull cinnamon in age or when bruised or sometimes unchanging; tubes 4–10 mm deep. Suillus granulatus

334 · Boletes of Eastern North America Stalk: nearly equal, solid; surface dry, whitish when young, becoming yellowish in age, especially at the apex, with conspicuous pinkish-tan to brownish resinous dots and smears; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under pines; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed in eastern North America; fairly common. Spore print: brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–10 × 2.5–3.5 µm, oblong or tapered slightly to the apex, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: edible and regarded as good by some; the cap cuticle and tube layer of older specimens should be peeled and discarded. Lookalikes: Suillus neoalbidipes (p. 344) is similar, but it has a whitish band of sterile tissue on the cap margin and a white stalk that at first lacks conspicuous resinous dots but shows them more obviously with age. Suillus bovinus (p. 321) is also similar but has an ochraceous to rusty-orange cap with a whitish margin, flesh that has a pleasant, fruity odor, and a stalk that lacks resinous dots and smears at any stage. It grows with Scots pine. Suillus grevillei (A)

Suillus · 335 Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer = Suillus clintonianus (Peck) Kuntze = Suillus grevillei var. clintonianus (Peck) Singer = Suillus proximus A. H. Sm. & Thiers Common name(s): Larch Suillus, Tamarack Jack Overview: The specific epithet honors Scottish botanist Robert K. Greville (1794–1866). The cap surface stains dark green to olive black with NH4OH and greenish black with KOH. This distinctive bolete forms a specific mycorrhizal relationship with native American larch as well as with introduced European larch. Cap: 3.5–14 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin incurved at first, sometimes with hanging remnants of partial-veil tissue; surface glabrous, shiny, viscid to glutinous, color variable, orange yellow, dull red, red brown, reddish brown to dark reddish brown or dark chestnut brown; flesh pale orange yellow, staining pinkish brown when bruised, odor acidic metallic or not distinctive; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: yellow when young, darkening to olive yellow or olive brown in age, staining brownish when bruised, attached or depressed at the Suillus grevillei (B)

336 · Boletes of Eastern North America stalk, covered at first by a yellowish and brownish, cottony partial veil with a gelatinous outer coating; tubes 4–12 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or slightly enlarged downward, solid; surface yellow, reticulate and dry above the ring, viscid to glutinous and reddish brown to brown below, often whitish near the base, with a floccose ring on the upper portion that is covered by a gelatinous layer, lacking resinous dots and smears; flesh yellowish, sometimes staining green near the base when exposed. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under larch trees; fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to West Virginia, west to Minnesota; fairly common. Spore print: dull cinnamon brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–10 × 2.5–4.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, pale straw to nearly hyaline. Edibility: edible with a soft texture; young firm buttons are best. Lookalikes: The Slim Jack, Suillus flavidus (Fr.) Presl = Suillus umbonatus E. A. Dick & Snell (not illustrated), reported from eastern Canada and New England west to Minnesota, is a rare species in eastern North America that grows under introduced European larch. It has a viscid to glutinous, dark to pale olive-buff, yellowish to tan or olive-tan cap that is usually umbonate and pale-yellow flesh that stains dingy cinnamon. It has yellowish to olive-yellow pores that stain dingy pinkish cinnamon when bruised and are covered at first by a whitish to brownish, gelatinous partial veil. Its stalk is whitish to pale yellow, with whitish to yellowish resinous dots that darken to pinkish or brownish in age or when handled, and it has a dingy-cinnamon, median to superior, collapsed, band-like ring. Suillus luteus (p. 342) has purple tones on the underside of its ring and grows under pines.

Suillus grisellus (A)

338 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus grisellus (Peck) Kretzer & T. D. Bruns = Boletinus grisellus Peck = Fuscoboletinus grisellus (Peck) Pomerl. & A. H. Sm. Common name(s): none. Overview: The term grisellus means “grayish,” a reference to the colors of the cap, pores, and stalk of this bolete. The cap surface stains pale reddish brown with KOH, pale pink with NH4OH, and bluish gray with FeSO4. The dry or slightly viscid grayish cap with an inrolled margin when young, the whitish to grayish or grayish-brown decurrent pores, and growth under larch trees in wet areas are distinctive features. Cap: 3–8 cm wide, obtuse at first, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane, margin typically with hanging remnants of partial-veil tissue, inrolled when young; surface dry or slightly viscid, covered with tiny flattened hairs or scales, whitish to pale olive or olive gray, sometimes with yellow tints; flesh white to whitish, not staining blue when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: pores circular to angular at first, becoming elongated and radially arranged to somewhat gill-like at maturity; whitish to grayish or grayish brown, decurrent to strongly decurrent, not staining blue when bruised, covered when young by a whitish to grayish and somewhat membranous veil that typically does not form a ring on the stalk; tubes 3–6 mm deep. Suillus grisellus (B)

Suillus · 339 Stalk: nearly equal, solid, margin even; surface dry, glabrous, whitish to grayish or yellowish, with yellow basal mycelium, typically lacking a ring; flesh white near the apex, yellow to bright yellow downward to a reddish-orange base, not staining when exposed. Habitat and season: scattered, in groups, or in small clusters on needle litter or among sphagnum mosses in bogs, fens, and other wet areas under larch trees; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to Pennsylvania, west to Minnesota; rare to uncommon. Spore print: grayish brown to dark brown. Microscopic features: spores 9–14(20) × 4–6(7.5) µm, broadly ellipsoidal to elongate-ellipsoidal, smooth, pale olive gray. Edibility: edible but too uncommon to collect for the table. Lookalikes: Compare with Suillus viscidus (p. 361), which has a variably colored grayish to brown cap and a whitish to grayish pore surface that stains bluish to greenish when bruised. Suillus hirtellus (A)

340 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus hirtellus (Peck) Snell = Boletus hirtellus Peck Common name(s): none. Overview: The term hirtellus means “hairy or shaggy,” a reference to the tiny appressed fibers and scales on this bolete’s cap. The fibrils and scales on the cap as well as the prominent resinous dots and smears are good field identification characters. The cap surface stains reddish brown with KOH and slowly pale grayish with FeSO4 and is negative with NH4OH. Cap: 5–12 cm wide, convex, becoming nearly plane in age, margin incurved when young, fringed with tiny woolly tufts of sterile tissue that disappear at maturity; surface dry to slightly tacky, covered with scattered tufts of reddish, brownish, or grayish fibrils and scales on a yellow ground color, in age glabrous or nearly so, sometimes staining vinaceous brown when handled; flesh pale yellow, unchanging or sometimes staining weakly and erratically blue when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: pale yellow, becoming dull yellow to olive yellow or dingy orange buff in age, unchanging or staining vinaceous brown or more rarely bluish green when bruised, sometimes exuding whitish to pinkish droplets when young; pores slightly elongated and radially arranged at maturity; tubes 3–8 mm deep. Suillus hirtellus (B)

Suillus · 341 Stalk: nearly equal or enlarged downward, often curved, solid; surface dry, glabrous overall, pale yellow, sometimes with reddish tints, especially toward the base, with prominent resinous dots and smears that are yellowish at first and brown or blackish brown in age, often with a white basal mycelium; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under conifers, especially pine, spruce, and balsam fir; summer and fall, also winter in the Deep South. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed throughout eastern North America, though more common in the southern part of its range; occasional to locally common. Spore print: ochraceous brown to dull cinnamon. Microscopic features: spores 7–11(13) × 3–3.5 µm, nearly oblong, smooth, pale ochraceous. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus decipiens (p. 330), which is often found in the same habitat, has a distinctly fibrillose cap, lacks resinous dots on its stalk, and has a fragile ring zone on the upper portion of the stalk. Suillus luteus (A)

342 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel = Boletus luteus L. Common name(s): Slippery Jack Overview: Some consider this species to be one of the better edibles in the genus Suillus. It appears in large numbers under pines in the fall, and it is not difficult to recognize. The viscid to glutinous brown cap, yellow pores, and sheathing, purple-tinged partial veil that leaves a prominent membranous ring on the stalk are distinctive field features. The term luteus means “yellow.” Cap: 5–12 cm wide, rounded when young, convex and becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, often with a low umbo, margin sterile, often with hanging remnants of the partial veil; surface glabrous, viscid to glutinous when fresh, often sticky and shiny when dry, dark reddish brown to cinnamon brown, yellow brown, or ocher; flesh thick in the center, white to pale yellow, not staining blue when cut or bruised; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish to pale yellow when very young, yellow to dark yellow or olive yellow in age, unchanging when bruised, depressed at the Suillus luteus (B)

Suillus · 343 stalk at maturity, covered when young by a white partial veil with purple to dark-purple or grayish-purple tones on the underside; pores small; tubes concolorous with the pores, 4–15 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal, solid; surface white when young, becoming pale yellow at the apex and often developing dingy-purplish or brownish tones toward the base in age, speckled with resinous dots and smears, at least above the ring; typically with a large and flaring or sleeve-like white ring with purple or dark-purple tones on the underside; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under or near pines or, rarely, with spruce; summer and fall, also winter in the southern part of its range. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed throughout eastern North America; common. Spore print: brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–9 × 2.5–3 µm, nearly oblong, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: edible, but cap cuticle and tube layer of mature specimens must be removed. Lookalikes: Suillus grevillei (p. 335) is similar, but it does not have purple tones on the underside of its partial veil, and it grows with larch. Suillus brevipes (p. 325) is similar and often found in the same habitat at the same time, but it lacks a ring or colored resinous dots on the stalk. Suillus neoalbidipes

344 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus neoalbidipes M. E. Palm & E. L. Stewart = Suillus albidipes Peck Common name(s): White-stemmed Bolete Overview: The cap surface stains olivaceous gray with the application of KOH, lilaceous to greenish gray with NH4OH, and slowly pale olivaceous with FeSO4. The term neoalbidipes means “new white foot,” a reference to this bolete’s being a newly described species that supersedes Suillus albidipes Peck. Cap: 4–10 cm wide, obtuse when young, becoming broadly convex in age, margin inrolled at first, with a wide band of sterile tissue; surface viscid to glutinous, glabrous or coated with tiny fibers, color variable, white, pale pinkish cinnamon, dull orange yellow or yellowish tan when young, becoming darker cinnamon to pale brown or yellowish brown with moderate orange-yellow tones, margin typically white on younger specimens; flesh white, becoming pale yellow at maturity; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish at first, becoming yellow at maturity, unchanging when bruised; tubes up to 1 cm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or tapered in either direction, solid; surface dry, white and lacking resinous dots at first, becoming yellowish near the apex and brownish near the base, developing brownish resinous dots and smears in age; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups on sandy soil or among mosses under pines; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota; occasional to locally fairly common. Spore print: yellow brown. Microscopic features: spores 6–10 × 2–3 µm, ellipsoidal to fusiform or somewhat ovate, yellowish. Edibility: edible and good once the gluten is removed. Lookalikes: Suillus bovinus (p. 321) is similar, but it has an ochraceous to rusty-orange cap and a stalk that lacks resinous dots, and it grows with Scots pine. Suillus brevipes (p. 325) has a much darker-brown cap without a white margin and a shorter stalk. Compare with Suillus granulatus (p. 333) also, which has conspicuous resinous dots on the stalk at all stages and is almost always found under white pine.

Suillus · 345 Suillus placidus (Bonord.) Singer = Boletus placidus Bonord. = Suillus placidus f. placidus (Bonord.) Singer Common name(s): White Suillus Overview: This species is the only white Suillus known to occur in eastern North America. It is always found under white pine, with which it forms a host-specific mycorrhizal relationship. The white cap, pinkish-tan resinous dots on the stalk, and association with white pine make this bolete easy to identify. The term placidus means “calm or gentle.” Cap: 3–9 cm wide, obtuse to broadly convex, sometimes nearly plane in age, margin even, inrolled when young; surface viscid, glabrous, white or whitish at first, becoming yellowish in age; flesh white to pale yellow, slowly staining pale vinaceous when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish at first, soon yellowish to pale ocher yellow in age, often beaded with pinkish droplets when moist, unchanging when bruised, evenly attached to the stalk or slightly decurrent; tubes 3–8 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or tapered in either direction, solid or sometimes hollow in age; surface dry, white, becoming yellow at maturity, with conspicuous pinkish-tan resinous dots and smears that become reddish brown or darker in age; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Suillus placidus

346 · Boletes of Eastern North America Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under white pine; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Mississippi; occasional. Spore print: dull cinnamon. Microscopic features: spores 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 µm, nearly oblong, smooth, yellowish. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: none. Suillus punctipes (Peck) Singer = Boletus punctipes Peck Common name(s): Fragrant Bolete, Spicy Suillus Overview: The term punctipes means “dotted foot,” a reference to the resinous dots and smears on this bolete’s stalk. The cap surface stains dull purple with KOH and purplish to brown with NH4OH. Cap: 3–10 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex, margin even; surface viscid, covered with tufts of tiny gray or brown fibrils when young, soon becoming smooth and dull ocher orange; flesh pale yellow to yellow orange, not staining blue when exposed; odor fragrant, spicy or like almond extract; taste not distinctive. Suillus punctipes

Suillus · 347 Pores and tubes: brown when young, becoming orange brown to dark or dingy yellow in age, not staining blue when bruised; tubes 4–8 mm deep. Stalk: equal or enlarged downward, often curved, solid; surface dry, dull orangish brown when young, becoming dull ocher orange to ocher yellow, sometimes with reddish stains at the base, densely covered with brown to dark-brown resinous dots and smears; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under spruce, balsam fir, white pine, and other conifers in forests or bogs; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota; occasional. Spore print: brown. Microscopic features: spores 7.5–12 × 3–4 µm, ellipsoidal to subfusiform, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus subaureus (p. 358) has orangish-yellow pores and flesh that lacks a distinctive odor. Suillus tomentosus (p. 360) has a yellow to orange-yellow, fibrillose-scaly cap that becomes nearly glabrous with age, brownish pores that bruise blue, and flesh that irregularly and sometimes slowly stains blue when exposed. Suillus salmonicolor

348 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus salmonicolor (Frost) Halling = Suillus subluteus (Peck) Snell = Suillus pinorigidus Snell and Dick Common name(s): Slippery Jill Overview: The term salmonicolor means “salmon-colored.” The cap cuticle stains purplish red to dark purple with KOH or NH4OH. The flesh stains dark purplish red with KOH or NH4OH. Cap: 3–10 cm wide, convex to broadly convex, sometimes with a low umbo, margin incurved at first, typically with hanging whitish veil remnants; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid to glutinous when moist, shiny when dry, color variable, yellowish orange to ochraceous salmon or olive brown to cinnamon brown or yellow brown; flesh pale orange yellow to orange, not staining when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: yellow to dingy yellow or yellowish orange to salmon, darkening to brownish in age, not staining when bruised; pores circular to angular, when young covered by a thick, baggy, whitish to grayish partial veil that is rubbery, glutinous on the outer layer, with a thick cottony roll on the base that tears and leaves a ring on the stalk when mature; tubes up to 10 mm deep. Stalk: 2.5–10 cm long, 6–16 mm thick, equal or enlarged downward, whitish to yellowish or orangish, with reddish-brown to dark-brown resinous dot and smears; ring median to superior, collapsed, membranous, band-like, whitish, with a conspicuous flaring lower edge; flesh ochraceous to yellowish, often salmon orange at the base. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under pines; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to Virginia, west to Minnesota and Missouri, specific distribution range yet to be determined; occasional to fairly common. Spore print: cinnamon brown to brown. Microscopic features: spores 6–11 × 2.5–4 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: edible and very good, with a lemony flavor, but the cuticle and partial veil should be removed. Lookalikes: Suillus cothurnatus (p. 328) is smaller overall and has a more southern distribution, a more brownish cap, a thinner veil, and different macrochemical reactions.

Suillus · 349 Suillus serotinus (Frost) Kretzer & T. D. Bruns = Boletus serotinus Frost = Fuscoboletinus serotinus (Frost) A. H. Sm. & Thiers Common name(s): none. Overview: The term serotinus means “late in the season,” a reference to the time of year when this bolete appears. The flesh quickly stains green with FeSO4. When this bolete is wrapped in waxed paper or collected in waxed-paper bags, it leaves conspicuous blue stains on the paper. Cap: 4–12 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane, often with a low umbo; margin incurved at first, usually with attached fragments of the partial veil; surface glutinous to viscid, with a dark reddish-brown layer of gluten that covers the whitish ground color, fading to pale reddish brown or yellow brown in age; flesh white to pale yellow, slowly staining bluish and then purplish gray and finally reddish brown when exposed or sometimes unchanging; odor somewhat pungent or not distinctive; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish, becoming grayish white and then pale reddish brown with age, staining purplish gray and then reddish brown when bruised, typically somewhat decurrent and not depressed at the stalk, covered at first with a cottony-membranous, grayish-white veil; pores angular, Suillus serotinus

350 · Boletes of Eastern North America not elongated and radially arranged or only slightly so; tubes 9–16 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal, solid; surface dry, dingy white and weakly reticulate above the ring, whitish with pinkish-brown to yellowish-brown streaks or blotches below, having a cottony-membranous, grayish-white ring on the upper portion; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups, often among sphagnum mosses in wet areas under larch trees; late summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to New England and New York, west to Minnesota; uncommon. Spore print: purplish brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–12 × 4–5 µm, oblong to subellipsoidal, smooth, brownish. Edibility: edible but too uncommon to gather for the table. Lookalikes: Suillus viscidus (p. 361) is very similar but lacks the dark reddish-brown gluten on the cap, and its flesh stains only bluish green, not purplish gray or reddish brown. Suillus weaverae (A. H. Sm. & Shaffer) Kretzer & T. D. Bruns (not illustrated) is known only from the Great Lakes region. It has a viscid, vinaceous-buff to pinkish-cinnamon cap with a pinkish-gray to vinaceous-brown margin that is often adorned with the hanging remnants of a partial veil. The yellow flesh is unchanging when exposed. The pores are yellowish to ochraceous as well as elongated and radially arranged, and they do not stain when bruised. The stalk is tan and bruises yellow at the base. This species occurs in mixed woods of pine, oak, beech, and poplar. Suillus sinuspaulianus (A)

Suillus · 351 Suillus sinuspaulianus (Pomerl. & A. H. Sm.) E. A. Dick & Snell = Fuscoboletinus sinuspaulianus Pomerl. and A. H. Sm. Common name(s): none. Overview: The term sinuspaulianus refers to Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec, where the type collection of this bolete was found. The key identification features include the chestnut-brown to red-brown cap, angular and radially arranged pores, and association with conifers. Cap: 3–13 cm wide, acutely convex at first, becoming convex to broadly convex and then nearly plane in age, sometimes slightly umbonate, margin incurved at first, with a narrow band of sterile tissue, sometimes with hanging remnants of a partial veil; surface smooth or somewhat wrinkled, obscurely innately fibrillose to glabrous, viscid, chestnut brown or rusty brown to red brown, fading to orange brown with age; flesh soft and watery, dingy orange buff to yellow, unchanging when exposed; odor somewhat mealy; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: yellow, becoming dingy yellow to dull yellow brown at maturity, darkening when bruised, evenly attached to somewhat decurrent, covered by a felt-like, nongelatinous, tufted veil when young; pores large, angular, and radially arranged; tubes yellowish brown, 4–10 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or enlarged in the middle or below, solid; surface dry, lacking resinous dots and smears, reddish brown, dull yellow to yellowish brown and reticulate above the ring, yellow brown to grayish brown with red lines or spots and covered with tiny hairs or scales below the ring; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh, reddish around worm holes and becoming slowly reddish toward the base when exposed. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under conifers, especially pine, spruce, and balsam fir; fall. Suillus sinuspaulianus with Gomphidius (B)

352 · Boletes of Eastern North America Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to New England, west to Minnesota; uncommon. Spore print: chocolate brown to purple brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–10.5(13.2) × 4–4.8 µm, ellipsoidal or narrowly ovate, smooth, pale yellowish brown. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus glandulosus (p. 332) is nearly identical but has a gelatinous veil covering the stalk that causes it to be viscid. Suillus spectabilis (A)

Suillus · 353 Suillus spectabilis (Peck) Kuntze = Boletinus spectabilis (Peck) Murrill = Boletus spectabilis Peck = Fuscoboletinus spectabilis (Peck) Pomerl. & A. H. Sm. Common name(s): none. Overview: The term spectabilis means “spectacular or showy.” The viscid reddish cap covered with flat-brown scales, the gelatinous ring on the stalk, and growth under larch trees are this bolete’s main identifying features. Cap: 4–10 cm wide, convex to nearly plane, with or without an umbo, margin often with attached remnants of the partial veil, at least when young; surface covered with flat, coarse, pinkish-gray to reddish-brown scales or patches, viscid to glutinous beneath the scales, pinkish red to orange red, darkening in age; flesh yellow, slowly staining pinkish and then brown when exposed; odor disagreeable or somewhat pungent; taste astringent or acidic. Pores and tubes: yellow, becoming dull yellowish brown in age, usually staining pinkish when injured, covered by a gelatinous pale-red to yellowish-red partial veil when young; pores angular, elongated, and radially arranged; tubes 6–12 mm deep. Suillus spectabilis (B)

354 · Boletes of Eastern North America Stalk: enlarged downward or nearly equal, solid, with a gelatinous, reddish to reddish-brown ring on the upper portion; surface yellow and smooth above the ring, whitish directly beneath the ring, lower portion with viscid pinkish-red to pinkish-gray fibrils over a yellowish ground color, often whitish at the base; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups among sphagnum mosses in bogs, fens, or other wet areas under larch trees, sometimes on moss-covered tree stumps; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to Pennsylvania and Ohio, west to Minnesota; occasional. Spore print: purplish brown. Microscopic features: spores 9–15 × 4–6.5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, pale yellowish brown. Edibility: edible but too uncommon to consider collecting for the table. Lookalikes: Compare with Suillus glandulosus (p. 332) and Suillus sinuspaulianus (p. 351), both of which are somewhat similar in color but have glabrous caps. Suillus spraguei (A)

Suillus spraguei (B) Suillus spraguei (C)

356 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus spraguei (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Kuntze = Boletinus pictus Peck = Boletus pictus Peck = Boletus spraguei Frost = Suillus pictus (Peck) A. H. Sm. & Thiers Common name(s): Painted Bolete, Painted Suillus Overview: This attractive bolete is restricted to white pine, with which it forms mycorrhiza. The scaly, reddish cap and stalk, the web-like partial veil, and specific association with white pine make it easy to identify. The cap surface stains blackish with KOH, FeSO4, or NH4OH. The flesh stains grayish green to greenish black with FeSO4 and olive to greenish black with KOH or NH4OH. The name Spraguei honors Charles James Sprague (1823–1903), who first collected this species in 1856. Cap: 4–12 cm wide, convex with an incurved margin at first, becoming nearly plane in age, with or without a low umbo, margin fringed with fragments or flaps of whitish partial veil when young; surface dry, cottony-velvety, soon breaking into fibrils and soft, more or less flattened scales to reveal yellow flesh within, red to purplish red or rose red, fading in age to buff or ochraceous; flesh yellow, sometimes staining slightly reddish; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: yellow, becoming dingy yellow to ochraceous in age, staining reddish to brownish when bruised, at times slightly decurrent, covered at first by a whitish, cottony or web-like partial veil; pores large and angular to elongated, radially arranged; tubes 4–8 mm deep, not easily separated from the cap flesh. Stalk: more or less equal, sometimes with a swollen base, solid; surface dry, cottony-scaly, the ornamentation sometimes arranged in concentric bands from the base up to a whitish or grayish cottony, flaring ring near the apex, concolorous with the cap or paler, lacking resinous dots and smears; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered and often gregarious under white pine; spring, summer, and fall. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed throughout eastern North America; common. Spore print: olive brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–12 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: Although the flesh of the Painted Bolete is soft and turns black when cooked, some consider it to be one of the better edibles in the genus. It is very good when dried, crumbled, and added to soups, gravies, casseroles, and meat dishes.

Suillus · 357 Lookalikes: Suillus decipiens (p. 330) has an orangish to dull-yellow, tan, or pale reddish-brown cap. Faded specimens of Suillus spraguei strongly resemble Suillus decipiens and can be difficult to differentiate in the field. Suillus subaureus (A) Suillus subaureus (B)

358 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus subaureus (Peck) Snell = Boletus subaureus Peck Common name(s): none. Overview: This bolete is an unusual species of Suillus because it is not associated exclusively with conifers. The term subaureus means “nearly golden,” in reference to the color of this species’ pores. Cap: 3–14 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin even, incurved to inrolled at first and often remaining so well into maturity; surface with scattered, appressed, scarlet to reddish-brown fibrils over an apricot-orange to yellow ground color, viscid beneath the appressed fibrils, somewhat shiny when dry; flesh yellow, often reddening slightly when cut or bruised, not staining blue or green; odor not distinctive; taste slightly acidic or not distinctive. Pores and tubes: radially arranged, pale yellowish orange, sometimes with clear droplets when young, becoming dull ocher to dingy yellow in age, unchanging when bruised; tubes 3–10 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal, solid; surface viscid or dry, yellow or yellowish, usually with resinous dots and smears that are yellow when young but darken in age and are somewhat raised near the base, apex typically glabrous or pseudoreticulate; flesh yellow, slowly darkening olive brown to brown when exposed. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups in broadleaf woods, especially with birch or oak, and sometimes in conifer or mixed woods under white pine; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota; occasional. Spore print: brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–10 × 2.7–3.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal to subfusiform, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus punctipes (p. 346) has a smooth, dull-yellow to ochraceous or tawny cap, grayish-brown or cinnamon-brown or dull-ocher pores, and pale-yellow flesh with a spicy odor. Suillus tomentosus (p. 360) has a yellow to orange-yellow fibrillose-scaly cap that becomes nearly glabrous with age, brownish pores that bruise blue, and flesh that irregularly and often slowly stains blue when exposed.

Suillus tomentosus (A) Suillus tomentosus (B)

360 · Boletes of Eastern North America Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer = Boletus tomentosus Kauffman = Suillus tomentosus var. discolor A. H. Sm., Thiers, & O. K. Miller Common name(s): Blue-staining Slippery Jack, Poor Man’s Slippery Jack Overview: The fibrillose-scaly, yellowish-orange cap that becomes nearly glabrous in age and brownish pores that bruise blue are distinctive features. The term tomentosus means “covered with matted hairs,” a reference to the cap surface of young specimens. Handling this bolete can sometimes stain fingers dark brown. Cap: 5–12 cm wide, obtuse to convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin even, becoming uplifted and wavy in age; surface dry, conspicuously fibrillose-scaly with grayish fibers and scales when young, becoming nearly glabrous in age, yellow ocher, dark olive yellow, or reddish brown on a yellow to orange-yellow ground color; flesh yellow, erratically and often slowly staining blue when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: brown to vinaceous brown or dingy cinnamon, sometimes beaded with yellowish droplets when young, becoming dingy yellow to olive yellow in age, staining blue when bruised, evenly attached to slightly decurrent; tubes 8–15 mm deep. Suillus tomentosus (C)

Suillus · 361 Stalk: enlarged downward or nearly equal, solid; surface dry or moist, yellow to dull orange yellow with darker-orange to brownish resinous dots and smears; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under conifers; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota; fairly common. Spore print: brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–12 × 3–5 µm, fusoid to elongate-ovoid, smooth, yellowish. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus punctipes (p. 346) has a similarly colored cap and pores, but its flesh has a spicy, fragrant odor, and its pores do not bruise blue. Other similar species of Suillus lack the blue staining reaction of the pore surface. Suillus viscidus (L.) Roussel = Fuscoboletinus aeruginascens (Secr. ex Snell) Pomerl. & A. H. Sm. = Fuscoboletinus laricinus (Berk.) Bessette, Roody, & A. R. Bessette = Fuscoboletinus viscidus (L.) Grund & K. A. Harrison = Suillus aeruginascens Secr. ex Snell = Suillus laricinus (Berk.) Kuntze Suillus viscidus

362 · Boletes of Eastern North America Common name(s): none. Overview: The term viscidus means “sticky or tacky.” The flesh stains reddish brown with NH4OH. This bolete stains waxed paper blue after being wrapped in it for several minutes. Cap: 3–12 cm wide, obtuse at first, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane, margin often with remnant fragments of a partial veil when young, inrolled at first, becoming decurved with a narrow band of sterile tissue; surface glabrous, glutinous to viscid when fresh, gluten colorless, ground color variable from grayish to greenish gray or pale grayish brown to yellow brown or reddish brown, sometimes cracked when dry; flesh white to pale yellow, staining bluish green when exposed, sometimes slowly and weakly; odor somewhat pungent or not distinctive; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish to pale gray, staining bluish or greenish when bruised, sometimes slowly or weakly; pores angular to irregular, covered at first by a whitish to grayish partial veil; tubes 5–10 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or enlarged downward, solid; surface viscid, fibrillose to scurfy, with a membranous, collapsed ring on the upper portion, sometimes broadly reticulate near the apex, whitish to pale brown above the ring, pale grayish to grayish brown or brown below. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups under native larch trees, usually in wet areas; fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, west to Minnesota, also reported from as far south as Mississippi with planted larch; occasional. Spore print: vinaceous brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–12 × 3.5–5 µm, ellipsoidal to subfusiform, smooth, pale yellow brown. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Suillus serotinus (p. 349) is very similar but has dark reddish-brown gluten on the cap, and its exposed flesh sometimes slowly stains bluish, then purplish gray, and finally reddish brown. Genus Su tor ius Halling, Nuhn & N. A. Fechner The genus Sutorius was erected in 2012 to accommodate Boletus robustus, originally and illegitimately named in 1874 by Vermont mycologist Charles C. Frost (1805–1880) and renamed Boletus eximius by Charles H. Peck (1833–1917) in 1887. Since then, it has been reclassified in several additional genera, including Leccinum and Tylopilus. Molecular sequencing determined that it does not belong in any of these genera and that a new genus name was needed. The name Sutorius is Latin for “shoemaker” and honors Frost, who worked as a cobbler. Sutorius is a small genus with presently only two species described worldwide,

Sutorius · 363 one of which occurs in North America. They have a purple-brown to grayish-brown cap; white flesh mottled with grayish, reddish, or brownish lilac; and a stalk that has a dense coating of purple-brown to grayish-brown fine scales. Sutorius eximius (A) Sutorius eximius (B)

364 · Boletes of Eastern North America Sutorius eximius (Peck) Halling, Nuhn & Osmundson = Boletus eximius Peck = Leccinum eximium (Peck) Singer = Tylopilus eximius (Peck) Singer Common name(s): Lilac-brown Bolete Overview: The term eximius means “distinguished or excellent in size or beauty.” This bolete’s key identification features include the purplish-brown to grayish-brown cap, dark purple-brown to chocolate-brown pores that become reddish brown at maturity, and pale purplish-gray stalk that is densely covered with tiny darker purple-brown scales. Cap: 5–12 cm wide, hemispherical to convex at first, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin incurved at first; surface dry, glabrous to finely velvety, purplish brown to grayish brown, often with a whitish bloom when young; flesh whitish to grayish, reddish, or brownish lilac; odor slightly pungent or not distinctive; taste not distinctive or slightly bitter. Pores and tubes: dark purple brown to chocolate brown when young, becoming reddish brown at maturity; tubes 9–22 mm deep, concolorous or paler than the pores. Stalk: stout, nearly equal or sometimes enlarged downward, solid; surface dry, pale purplish gray, densely covered with tiny, darker purple-brown scales; flesh concolorous with the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups under conifers, especially hemlock, or in mixed woods with oak; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to Georgia, west to Minnesota; occasional to locally common. Spore print: pinkish brown. Microscopic features: spores 11–17 × 3.5–5 µm, narrowly subfusoid, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Edibility: not recommended. Although this bolete has been regarded as a safe edible in the past, there are reports that some collections from the Northeast have caused poisonings. Lookalikes: Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus (p. 388) is similar, but it has a smooth stalk and intensely bitter-tasting flesh. Because of the fine scales on its stalk, the Lilac-brown Bolete might be mistaken for a species of Leccinum, a genus that differs by having a yellow-brown spore print. Genus Tylopilus P. K arst. The genus Tylopilus was erected in 1881 to accommodate species formerly classified in two genera, Boletus and Suillus. The name Tylopilus means “bumpy or swollen cap.” Tylopilus species are medium to large terrestrial or, rarely, lignicolous boletes with solid stalks that are often reticulate at least near the apex. Caps

Tylopilus · 365 are dry and glabrous to somewhat velvety. Pores are most often white at first and typically become pinkish to pinkish brown or blackish at maturity. Spore-print colors range from pinkish to vinaceous, pinkish brown, reddish brown, purplish brown, or rusty brown. Tylopilus alboater (A) Tylopilus alboater (B)

366 · Boletes of Eastern North America Tylopilus alboater (Schwein.) Murrill = Boletus alboater Schwein. = Porphyrellus alboater (Schwein.) E. J. Gilbert Common name(s): Black Velvet Bolete Overview: The term alboater means “white and black.” The cap surface stains amber orange with KOH and is negative with FeSO4 or NH4OH. This bolete is easily overlooked because of its dark color. Although most species in the genus Tylopilus have bitter-tasting flesh, the Black Velvet Bolete is an exception. It has mild-tasting flesh and is popular with mushroom hunters. Cap: 3–15 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin often with a narrow band of sterile tissue; surface dry, somewhat velvety, occasionally finely cracked in age, black to dark grayish brown, often covered with a thin whitish bloom when young; flesh dense and firm on young specimens, white or tinged gray, staining pinkish to reddish gray when exposed, eventually blackening; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: white or with a gray tinge when young, becoming dull pinkish brown in age, usually staining reddish and then slowly black when bruised; tubes 5–10 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or enlarged downward, solid; surface dry, concolorous with the cap or paler, especially near the apex, often covered with a thin whitish bloom, not reticulate or only slightly so at the apex; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary to scattered under broadleaf trees, especially oak; late spring, summer, and fall. Distribution and frequency: New England south to Florida, west to Minnesota and Missouri; occasional to locally fairly common. Spore print: pinkish brown. Microscopic features: spores 7–11 × 3.5–5 µm, narrowly oval, smooth, hyaline. Edibility: edible and good, with mild flavor and firm texture when young. Lookalikes: Compare with Tylopilus atronicotianus (p. 369), which is very similar but has a smooth, olive-brown cap and flesh that typically has a musty or disagreeable odor. Tylopilus atratus Both (not illustrated) is known only from western New York. It has a gray-brown to grayish-black cap with a cocoa-brown tinge and a cracked surface even when young. Its flesh is white and unchanging when exposed, and it grows under hemlock.

Tylopilus · 367 Tylopilus appalachiensis Singer Common name(s): Appalachian Yellow-brown Bolete Overview: The term appalachiensis means “Appalachian,” a reference to the mountain range in North Carolina where this bolete was first collected. It is a dense and heavy bolete despite its fairly small stature. The cap surface stains orange with KOH or NH4OH and olive green with FeSO4. The flesh is negative with KOH or NH4OH and stains bluish gray with FeSO4. Cap: 2–9 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane at maturity, margin often with a narrow band of sterile tissue, sometimes upturned in age; surface dry, slightly velvety, sometimes cracked on older specimens, yellow brown over the disc, fading to pale yellow brown to dull tan on the margin or darker brown overall, at times with an orange or grayish tinge; flesh whitish to pale yellow, staining pinkish and then pale brown when exposed; odor not distinctive; taste bitter to intensely bitter, sometimes tardily. Pores and tubes: creamy white at first, becoming pinkish at maturity, staining brown when bruised, depressed at the stalk in age; pores often elongated and radially arranged near the stalk; tubes 3–10 mm deep. Stalk: typically tapered downward or swollen on the lower portion, solid; surface dry, finely velvety to nearly glabrous, usually lacking reticulation but Tylopilus appalachiensis

368 · Boletes of Eastern North America sometimes finely reticulate near the apex, colored like the cap or paler; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups on the ground, often in sandy soil, sometimes along road banks or on mossy bases of stumps, under broadleaf trees, especially oaks; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south along the Appalachians to Georgia, distribution limits yet to be established; uncommon to occasional. Spore print: vinaceous pink. Microscopic features: spores 9–12 × 3–3.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Edibility: unknown. Lookalikes: Xanthoconium montaltoense Wolfe (not illustrated) is similarly colored but with flesh that is unchanging when exposed, white pores that become cream to pale tan at maturity, and a yellow to yellow-ocher or brownish-yellow spore print. Tylopilus atronicotianus (A)

Tylopilus · 369 Tylopilus atronicotianus Both Common name(s): False Black Velvet Bolete Overview: The term atronicotianus means “dark, like nicotine.” This bolete is sometimes collected in very dry weather when few other boletes are found. The cap surface stains blackish brown to reddish black with NH4OH and reddish brown to brown with KOH. Cap: 7.5–20 cm wide, hemispherical at first, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin strongly inrolled when young, becoming decurved, with a narrow band of sterile tissue; surface dry, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat shiny, olive brown, bronze brown, grayish brown, or pale brownish, at times with yellowish tones, darker in age; flesh white, slowly staining pink to pinkish red or reddish vinaceous and then blackish when exposed; odor musty or disagreeable; taste not distinctive or somewhat unpleasant. Pores and tubes: white, slowly becoming vinaceous cinnamon to pale reddish brown, cocoa brown to dark reddish brown and depressed at the stalk in age, bruising dark pinkish cinnamon and then becoming nearly black; tubes 8–22 mm deep, bright brown, staining blackish when cut. Stalk: tapered in either direction, sometimes nearly equal or somewhat bulbous, usually with a whitish pointed root-like base, solid; surface dry, Tylopilus atronicotianus (B)

370 · Boletes of Eastern North America pruinose and delicately coated with blackish hairs, whitish at the apex, vinaceous gray to fuscous or dark brown below, becoming blackish near the base, sometimes finely reticulate only at the apex; flesh grayish to blackish. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups under hemlock and oak or in mixed woods with oak present; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: New England and New York south to North Carolina, distribution limits yet to be established; uncommon. Spore print: reddish brown. Microscopic features: spores 7.5–10.5 × 4–5 µm, narrowly oval, smooth, hyaline in KOH, pale yellow brown in Melzer’s. Edibility: unknown. Lookalikes: Compare with Tylopilus alboater (p. 366), which is very similar but has a blackish cap that lacks brown tones and flesh that lacks a distinctive odor. Tylopilus badiceps (A)

Tylopilus · 371 Tylopilus badiceps (Peck) A. H. Sm. & Thiers = Boletus badiceps Peck Common name(s): Beveled-cap Bolete Overview: The partially folded to beveled or obliquely truncated cap margin, dark-brown to maroon cap, and the violaceous tones on the stalk are distinctive features of this attractive bolete. The cap surface stains amber brown with NH4OH. The stalk and white stalk base instantly stain blackish brown with NH4OH. The term badiceps means “reddish brown to maroon cap.” Cap: 4–8 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex and sometimes depressed at the center in age, margin even, typically beveled to folded or obliquely truncate in age; surface velvety and maroon when young and fresh, soon purplish brown to dark reddish brown, becoming duller and smoother with age; flesh white, unchanging or slowly staining pinkish to brown when exposed; odor sweet like molasses or not distinctive; taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: white, becoming dingy white to brownish, not pinkish, at maturity; often staining brownish when bruised; tubes 7–12 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or enlarged downward, solid; surface dry, colored like the cap but with more pronounced violaceous tones or sometimes violaceous Tylopilus badiceps (B)

372 · Boletes of Eastern North America nearly overall, usually white at the apex and base, at times forming obscure narrow reticulation at the apex; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups in oak woods; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: eastern Canada south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, distribution limits yet to be determined; occasional. Spore print: pinkish brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–11 × 3.5–4.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline to yellowish. Edibility: edible. Lookalikes: Tylopilus ferrugineus (p. 377) is very similar, but it has a reddish-brown cap, its stalk lacks violaceous tones, and the cap margin is not beveled. Tylopilus balloui (A)

Tylopilus balloui (B) Tylopilus balloui (C)

374 · Boletes of Eastern North America Tylopilus balloui (Peck) Singer = Boletus balloui Peck = Boletus balloui var. fuscatus Corner = Gyrodon ballouii (Peck) Snell and Dick Common name(s): Burnt Orange Bolete Overview: Charles H. Peck (1833–1917) named this species in honor of American mycologist W. H. Ballou (1857–1937), who made several collections of this beautiful bolete. The epithet balloui is incorrectly spelled ballouii in most field guides. Tylopilus balloui has recently been transferred to Rubinoboletus balloui (Peck) Heinem. & Rammeloo, as listed in Index Fungorum. We have not accepted this transfer because of the conclusions reached by Todd Osmundson and Roy Halling (2010), which clearly indicate that this taxon is more closely aligned with species of Tylopilus rather than with species of Rubinoboletus. Cap: 5–12 cm wide, convex, becoming nearly plane in age, often irregular, margin even, incurved at first; surface dry, bright orange to bright orange red, fading to dull orange, cinnamon, or tan in age; flesh white, staining pinkish tan to violet brown when exposed; odor not distinctive; taste mild or bitter. Pores and tubes: white to dingy white, becoming tan or slightly pinkish in age, staining brown when bruised; tubes up to 8 mm deep. Stalk: equal or swollen on the lower portion, solid; surface smooth or scurfy, sometimes finely reticulate only at the apex, whitish or tinged yellow to orange, staining brownish when cut or bruised or in age; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups on lawns under trees or in woods, especially near oak, beech, and pine; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: New England south to Florida, west to Ohio and Texas; occasional. Spore print: pale brown to reddish brown. Microscopic features: spores 5–11 × 3–5 µm, ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline to pale brown. Edibility: edible but sometimes bitter. Lookalikes: Some species of Leccinum, including Leccinum insigne (p. 251) and Leccinum pseudoinsigne (p. 257), also have orange caps and white stalks, but they have scabers on their stalks.

Tylopilus · 375 Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. = Boletus felleus Bull. = Boletus felleus var. minor Coker & Beers = Tylopilus felleus var. minor (Coker & Beers) Pilát & Dermek = Tylopilus felleus var. uliginosus A. H. Sm. & Thiers Common name(s): Bitter Bolete Overview: The term felleus is derived from the Latin word fel, meaning “gall” or “bile,” relating to this common bolete’s bitter-tasting flesh. Cap: 5–30 cm wide, rounded to convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin even; surface dry or sometimes viscid when moist, glabrous, pinkish to reddish purple when young, soon becoming some shade of brown with or without purplish tints and finally brown to tan in age; flesh white, unchanging or staining reddish when exposed; odor not distinctive; taste very bitter and astringent. Pores and tubes: white when young, becoming pinkish, vinaceous, or pinkish tan in age, often staining brown when bruised; tubes 1–2 cm deep. Stalk: enlarged downward and typically bulbous, solid; surface dry, brown nearly overall, typically with a white apex and base, often developing olive or olive-brown stains when bruised or with age, with prominent brown reticulation, at least over the upper third; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Tylopilus felleus

376 · Boletes of Eastern North America Habitat and season: solitary or in groups on the ground or on decaying wood under conifers or in mixed woods; summer through winter. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed throughout eastern North America; common. Spore print: pinkish brown to reddish brown. Microscopic features: spores 11–17 × 3–5 µm, subfusoid, smooth, pale brown. Edibility: nonpoisonous but unpalatable for most owing to its very bitter-tasting flesh. Lookalikes: The Bitter Bolete can be mistaken for the delicious and popular King Bolete, Boletus edulis (p. 101), which has a fine, white reticulation on its stalk. Tylopilus indecisus (p. 380) is similar, but it has mild-tasting flesh and less-prominent reticulation on its stalk. Tylopilus variobrunneus (p. 400) is also similar, but it has white reticulation on the upper portion of its stalk, brown reticulation on the lower portion, and mild to slightly bitter-tasting flesh. Tylopilus ferrugineus

Tylopilus · 377 Tylopilus ferrugineus (Frost) Singer = Boletus ferrugineus Frost = Tylopilus ferrugineus subsp. vinaceogriseus Snell, E. A. Dick & Hesler Common name(s): none. Overview: The term ferrugineus means “rust-colored,” in reference to the color of this bolete’s cap and stalk. NH4OH applied to the cap produces a dark-violet to vinaceous flash that becomes reddish brown to blackish brown. The cap stains dark brown to blackish brown with KOH and dark olive green with FeSO4. Cap: 4–12 cm wide, pulvinate, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin incurved at first, often wavy or lobed when mature, sometimes with a narrow band of sterile tissue; surface dry, somewhat velvety, dark brown to reddish brown; flesh white, slowly staining pink and then brownish when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: whitish at first, becoming pale pinkish buff, staining dull brown when bruised, depressed at the stalk in age; tubes 6–12 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal, solid; surface dry, glabrous or reticulate near the apex or on the upper half, dull brown to reddish brown, often whitish near the apex, with white basal mycelium; flesh concolorous with and staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: solitary, scattered, or in groups under oaks; summer and fall. Distribution and frequency: widely distributed throughout eastern North America; occasional. Spore print: pinkish brown. Microscopic features: spores 8–13 × 3–5 µm, subfusoid to ellipsoid, smooth, yellowish. Edibility: edible, if not bitter or astringent. Lookalikes: Tylopilus badiceps (p. 371) is very similar but has a maroon to purplish-brown or dark reddish-brown cap with a beveled to folded margin and violaceous tones on the stalk.

Tylopilus griseocarneus (A) Tylopilus griseocarneus (B)

Tylopilus · 379 Tylopilus griseocarneus Wolfe & Halling Common name(s): none. Overview: The term griseocarneus means “gray flesh.” This bolete’s distinctive features are the dark reddish-brown, dark-gray, or blackish cap; grayish flesh that stains orangish to orange red and finally black when exposed; black pores that becomes gray in age; and a blackish-brown to gray stalk with prominent reticulation. The cap surface stains vinaceous black with KOH. The cap flesh stains vinaceous pink with KOH and is negative with NH4OH or FeSO4. The stalk flesh stains reddish orange with KOH and gray blue with FeSO4 and is negative with NH4OH. Cap: 4–11 cm wide, convex, becoming broadly convex to nearly plane in age, margin even; surface dry, somewhat velvety when young, occasionally cracked in age, color variable, dull reddish brown to brown, dark olive brown, dark gray, brownish gray, or blackish; flesh grayish, staining orangish to orange red and finally black when exposed; odor and taste not distinctive. Pores and tubes: black when young, becoming gray in age, staining grayish orange or darker gray when mature, typically depressed at the stalk; tubes 3–11 mm deep. Stalk: nearly equal or tapered in either direction, solid; typically surface dry, blackish brown to gray, sometimes paler at the apex, prominently reticulate nearly overall or at least on the upper one-third, often with a dark pruinosity; flesh grayish, staining like the cap flesh. Habitat and season: scattered or in groups near or under oak or pine; summer and fall, also winter in the southern part of its range. Distribution and frequency: New England south to Florida, west to Texas, distribution limits yet to be established; uncommon. Spore print: pinkish to pinkish gray. Microscopic features: spores 8–14 × 3–5 µm, fusiform-ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline. Edibility: not recommended, possibly poisonous; reported to cause severe vomiting and profuse perspiration. Lookalikes: Tylopilus alboater (p. 366) is similar, but it has white or whitish pores and lacks prominent reticulation on the stalk.