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Google Maps on Phone
1. On your Android phone or tablet, open the Google Maps app.
2. Search for a place or tap it on the map.
3. In the bottom left, tap Directions. If you touch and hold the button instead, you’ll
start navigation and can skip steps 4-6.
4. Optional: To add additional destinations, go to the top right and tap More and All About Cloud
then Add stop. You can add up to 9 stops. When you are finished, tap Done.
5. Choose one of the following:
• Driving:
• Transit:
• Walking:
• Rides:
• Cycling:
6. If other routes are available, they will be shown in gray on the map. To follow an
alternate route, tap the gray line.
7. To start navigation, tap Start Start. If you see searching for GPS, your phone is
trying to get a GPS signal. For example, you might be in or near a tunnel, parking
garage, or other location where there’s no GPS signal.
8. To stop or cancel navigation, go to the bottom left and tap Close Close.
Places Option
After selecting anyplace in
google maps we can start
navigation by selecting the
Directions option, Save that
place, Search Nearby places
to that location, send that
place to your phone (in case
of desktop usage) and we
can also share the location
via URL.
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Google Coordinates
After selecting anyplace in google maps we can start navigation by selecting the
Directions option, Save that place, Search Nearby places to that location, send that
place to your phone (in case of desktop usage) and we can also share the location via
URL.
1. Open the Google maps and locate my
house on maps by clicking or manually
locate my house using the nearest
landmark.
2. Click on location it will show me a
dialogue box in the bottom with address
and coordinates 24.818294, 67.070234
3. Share these coordinates to anyone to
locate a place on the entire planet.
Details on Maps
In google maps there are several other useful information about that place is available
at the bottom of the left pane like address, website, phone number, working hours,
photos, etc. We can also contribute to this content by adding photos or “Suggest an
edit” option. If we scroll down a little more, we can see a public review option along
with the 5-star rating system which describes the place more in detail. We can also
add our review as per our experience.
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Let’s Review
1. A network, in computing, is a group of two or more devices that can communicate.
2. Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement,
connecting various nodes (sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
3. LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of the network designed to operate
over the area they cover.
4. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2), and Wi-Fi Protected
Access 3 (WPA3) are three security protocols and security certification programs
developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks.
5. Intellectual property includes intangible creations of the human intellect.
6. Personal data, also known as personal information, personally identifying
information (PII), or Sensitive Personal Information (SPI) is any information relating
to identifying a person.
7. Intellectual property includes copyright, patents, trademarks, industrial design rights,
plant variety rights etc.
8. Google Drive allows users to store files on their servers, synchronize files across
devices, and share files.
9. Google Translate is a free multilingual machine translation service developed by
Google, to translate text
10. Google Maps is a web-based service that provides detailed information about
geographical regions and sites around the world.
My Notes!
103
Presentation Design Do’s
and Dont’s
Do’s
1. Your information, design and style should be based on what your
audience will understand and respond to
2. Use minimal text and more images. Images increase retention by
42%
3. Use a single color in your selected palette to emphasize
important points in your text
4. Titles should be at least 28 to 48 points, bulleted text or body
copy at least 24 points. Only use caps in headlines and section
titles, not in paragraphs
Dont’s
1. Don’t use pixelated, blurry, or tiny images
2. Don’t tell your data when you can show it; Visualize your data
wherever possible
3. Use too many graphics; they can distract the audience from your
content
4. Using too many borders, boxes, lines, arrows, and spaces can be
distracting
Presenting Your Ideas
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Manage content creation without investing too much effort on content layout and
formatting.
2. Insert, edit and format content via storyline feature.
3. Organize content in sequential order.
4. Add a title to Sway.
5. Add content such as text, images and videos to Sway from local drive or web.
6. Preview sway.
7. Change the style of Sway.
8. Share Sway with teacher and peers.
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Knowledge Creative Global
Learner Constructor Communicator Collaborator
1a 1c 1d 3c 6a 6b 6d 7b
The City School 2021-2022
4.1. What is Sway?
Sway is a new app from Microsoft Office that makes it
easy to create and share interactive reports, personal
stories, presentations, and more. Start by adding
your text and pictures, search for and import relevant
do the rest. With Sway, you’re no longer limited to S
content from other sources, and then watch Sway
picking a pre-designed template that makes your
presentations look like everyone else’s, and you
don’t have to have any design skills to transform and
showcase information in modern, interactive, and attention-getting ways.
With Sway, there’s no need to spend lots of time on formatting. Its built-in design
engine takes care of making your creation look its best. If the initial design doesn’t
quite match your taste or mood, you can easily apply another — or fully customize
your layout to make it your own.
It’s super easy to share your finished Sways. Family, friends, classmates, and co-
workers can see your creations on the Web without signing up, signing in, or
downloading anything. And you can change the privacy settings for any Sway
whenever you want more control over what you share.
4.2. What Can I Create with Sway?
Whether it’s a report, a
presentation, a newsletter,
a personal story, a photo
album, or a visual trip report,
there’s virtually no limit
on what you can express Reports Presentation
creatively with Sway.
Newsletter Stories
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4.3. Getting Started with MS Sway
Sign-in to Start Creating
1. To get started with Sway,
2. Visit sway.office.com in any Presenting Your Ideas
browser and then click Sign in
on the top menu bar.
3. When prompted, enter the
email address you want to use
with Sway.
4. You can use your free Microsoft
Account (Hotmail, Outlook.com)
or any organizational account
given to you by your work or school.
5. If you don’t already have an account, visit www.microsoft.com/account to sign up
for free.
Create
On the My Sways page that opens
after you’ve signed in, click or tap
Create New to start creating your
first Sway.
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Get to Know Your Storyline
The Storyline is where you type,
insert, edit, and format the content
that tells your story. Content is
arranged in sequential order by
adding cards, each of which holds
the type of content you want —
such as text, images, videos, and
even Office documents. The order
of cards can be rearranged at any
time to suit your needs.
Give Your Sway a Title
Click the Title your Sway placeholder
text shown in the first card on the
Storyline, and then type a short but
meaningful description of what your
Sway is all about. When you later share
your finished Sway, this title will be the
first thing that others will see.
Add Images and Text to Sway
To add content to your Sway, such as text,
images, or videos, click or tap the + icon
at the bottom of any existing card. You
can also drag and drop text and images
right onto your Storyline. (Don’t hesitate
to experiment — you can change the
order of your content at any time and
customize each card the way you want.)
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Add Content to Your Sway
You can easily search for and add
additional content to your Sway, such as
an image that is stored on your computer
or mobile device. Sway can also search the Presenting Your Ideas
Web for the most relevant content, such
as videos, and add it to your Sway. On the
menu bar, click Insert, select your preferred
content source from the menu, and then
enter any search keyword or phrase into
the Search Sources box.
Preview Your Sway
You can preview your work in progress at
any time by clicking the Design tab. When
you preview your Sway, you can see how it
will appear to others when you later decide
to share it. To fully experience your Sway,
click the Play button on the top menu bar. To
return to your Storyline when you’re done
previewing your Sway, click the Storyline
tab.
S
Sway or PowerPoint?
PowerPoint is primarlity used for presenting charts and graphs and when a dedicated
person is presenting the content. Sway is preferred choice of tool when information is simply
consumed by the end user without a live presentation
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Let’s Review
1. MS Sway allows to create and share interactive reports, presentations,
personal stories, newsletters and much more.
2. Storyline is where you type, insert, edit and format the content.
3. Title of your Sway is the first thing others see when you share your Sway.
4. Content is arranged in sequential order by adding cards.
5. To add content to your Sway, such as text, images, or videos, click or tap
the + icon at the bottom of any existing card.
6. The Design tab allows you to view your work in progress at any time.
7. The Play button on the top to full experience your sway.
My Notes!
110
Why You Should Learn
to Code?
Future Demand
According to Code.org, 71% of all new STEM (jobs are in
computing. Learning how to code will give your child a
head start in the real world.
Creativity skill
When children learn how to code they do not only
consume digital media and technology but create it.
Communication skill
Learning how to code improves logical
communication and strengths in both verbal and
written skills.
Coding is fun
By coding, children can develop their own games,
website, apps and much more. They actually build their
own dreams and desires!
Programming the
Computer-Python
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Process and convert an algorithm into a flowchart.
2. Create solution steps using pseudo-codes.
3. Understand the concept of a computer program.
4. Understand that the program interacts with hardware.
5. Familiarize with Python programming language and user interface of Python IDLE
6. Work with basic commands of python such as print, input, comments, and
calculation with numbers, list and delete
7. Understand and work with conditional and looping structures in Python
8. Create robust programs by using functions in Python
9. Create shapes and graphics through programming
10. Create dynamic programs through user actions and event handling
11. Debug program by identifying logical and syntax errors
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Computational Creative
Learner Thinker Communicator
1a 1d 5c 5d 6d
The City School 2021-2022
5.1. Overview
Computer programming is a way of giving
computers instructions about what they should
do next. These instructions are known as code,
and computer programmers write code to solve
problems or perform a task.
The end goal is to create something: that could
mean anything from a web page, or a piece of
software, or even just a pretty picture. That’s
why computer programming is often described
as a mix of art and science; it’s technical and
analytical, yet creative at the same time.
5.2. Flowcharts and Algorithms
Algorithms and flowcharts are two different tools used for creating new programs,
especially in computer programming. An algorithm is a step-by-step analysis of the
process, while a flowchart explains the steps of a program in a graphical way.
Algorithms
To write a logical step-by-step method to solve Making a PB&J Sandwich
the problem is called an algorithm. In other undo the twist tie
get out two slices of bread
words, an algorithm is a procedure for solving get out two slices of bread
place them on a plate
problems. In order to solve a mathematical or open the jelly jar
scoop them out with a knife
computer problem, this is the first step of the spread jelly on one slice
wipe off the knife
open the peanut butter jar
procedure. An algorithm includes calculations, scoop some out with a knife
spread peanut butter on the other
reasoning and data processing. Algorithms can set the knife down
pickup each of the slices
keep the dry sides on the outside
be presented by natural languages, pseudocode put the slices together
place the sandwich back down
and flowcharts, etc. pick the knife back up again
cut the sandwich into two halves
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Flow Charts
A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process.
The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting
the boxes with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or
managing a process or program in various fields.
Flow Chart Symbols
Terminal
The rounded rectangles, or terminal points,
indicate the flowchart’s starting and ending
points.
Flow Lines
The default flow is left to right and top to bottom
(the same way you read English). To save time
arrowheads are often only drawn when the flow
lines go contrary the normal.
Input/Output
The parallelograms designate input or output
operations.
Process
The rectangle depicts a process such as a
mathematical computation, or a variable
assignment.
Decision
The diamond is used to represent the true/false
statement being tested in a decision symbol.
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Example
Start
Read
temperature Programming the Computer-Python
temperature<32
Print Print
Below freezing Above freezing
End
5.3. Pseudocode
Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of
the operating principle of a computer program or Pseucode Example
other algorithm. It uses the structural conventions BEGIN
of a normal programming language but is intended input hours
input rate
for human reading rather than machine reading. pay=hours*rate
Pseudocode typically omits details that are essential print pay
for machine understanding of the algorithm, such END
as variable declarations, system specific code etc.
In simple words, Pseudocode is a precise form of an
algorithm without unnecessary steps of vocabulary/
words.
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5.4. What is a Program {Code}
In computing, a program is a specific set of
ordered operations for a computer to perform.
In the modern computer that John von Neumann
outlined in 1945, the program contains a one-at-a-
time sequence of instructions that the computer
follows.
How a Program Interacts with Hardware
Hardware is a term we use to describe the electronics and mechanical parts of the
computer. To be able to use it, we need programs, the software. A computer program
is a list of instructions stored as a file on a storage device. If this program is embedded
inside a hardware device it is called firmware.
When we run the program, the computer reads the list of commands or instructions
and does what the program tells it to do.
5.5. Getting Started with Python
Python is a high-level programming language
designed to be easy to read and simple to implement.
It is open-source, which means it is free to use, even
for commercial applications. Python can run on Mac,
Windows, and Unix systems.
Python is considered a scripting language, like Ruby
or Perl and is often used for creating Web applications
and dynamic Web content.
Programming Language v/s Scripting Language
Programming languages work with full-length code and are capable of running
independently while a scripting language generally runs on small chunks of code and needs
embedding into parent programs.
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There are tens of thousands of famous python websites on the internet, few of them
are listed:
Uber Reddit Dropbox Google Programming the Computer-Python
Spotify Netflix Pinterest Amazon
Python IDLE
Python is a Programming language is popular because of its easy syntax. We will
start writing some code in PYTHON IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning
Environment).
File menu: it is for basic operations like opening, saving and printing programs.
Shell menu: it is to reset the environment
Debug menu: it is to check your program from any errors
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Writing your First Program in Python
1. Open File menu and select New File or press Ctrl+N.
2. Type print (“My first program in Python”).
3. Open File menu and save the program or press Ctrl+S.
4. Run the program from the Run menu or press Ctrl+F5.
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Python Indentations
Indentation refers to the spaces at the Indentation Example
beginning of a code line. Where in other
programming languages the indentation in if 5 > 2
code is for readability only, the indentation print (”Five is
greater than two”)
in Python is very important. Python uses
indentation to indicate a block of code. Programming the Computer-Python
5.6. Variables and Data Types “a” “hello”
A variable is nothing but a name given
to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate.
A variable is a container of data in a
computer’s memory where the computer stores 4 2.5
the different types of data and this could be
numeric or text. To create and access these
Variable (data containers) we name them so
we can call them in our program where it is
necessary.
Data can be of any type like text, numbers,
integers, etc. A variable can store values only in one
data type either it could be numeric or string. Python
has no command for declaring a variable.
Numeric data type: This data type is used to hold Comments in Python
numeric values like integers, or Float like decimal
#this is comment
numbers.
String data type: The string is a sequence of print(”hello world”)
characters like a simple text “Hello World”.
Python supports Unicode characters. Generally,
strings are represented by either single or double-
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quotes. In Python variables are created the moment we assign a value to it. Unlike
other programming languages, Python has no command for declaring a variable. A
variable is created the moment we first assign a value to it.
Example
Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, car_
name, total_volume). Rules for Python variables:
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores(A-z,
0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three different variables)
Assign Value to Multiple Variables
Python allows us to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
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Output Variables
The Python print statement is often used to output variables. To combine both text
and a variable, Python uses the + character:
We can also use the + character to add a variable to another variable: Programming the Computer-Python
5.7. Comments
Python has the ability to add comments for
the purpose of in-code documentation. In Comments in Python
other words, comments are just a dead piece
#this is comment
of code which can be used for our references
only. Comments start with a #, and Python will print(”hello world”)
render the rest of the line as a comment.
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5.8. Python Numbers
There are three numeric types in Python:
• Integer: also known as int, is a whole number,
positive or negative, without decimals, of Python Numbers
unlimited length. x=1 #int
• float: also known as floating point number, is a y=2.8 #float
number, positive or negative, containing one or z=1j #complex
more decimals.
• complex: are written with a “j” as the imaginary
part
Variables of numeric types are created when we assign a value to them. To verify the
type of any object in Python, use the type() function. A sample code that determines
type is shown below:
Type Conversion
We can convert from one type to another with the int()and float() methods. A
sample code is shown below:
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5.9. Calculation with Numbers
We can also use Python to do any kind of calculation: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, etc. The rules that we have learned in Microsoft Excel for the use
of parentheses apply here, too.
For example, let’s suppose that we want to display the term percentage of a student
for a subject by using averages in exam marks and course work. Multiplications and
divisions are calculated before additions and subtractions. This means that 4+2*5 gives Programming the Computer-Python
you 14 and not 30. Use parentheses to prioritize the sequence of calculations. For this
example, we will also look into the user interaction using INPUT feature of python to
take data from the user end.
Sample Code
#calculate the percentage of a subject
subject=(input(“enter the subject name: “))
exam= float(input(“enter the marks obtained in exam”))
CW=float(input(“enter the marks obtained in coursework”))
percentage=(exam+CW)/2
print(“The average percentage of: “, subject,”:”,percentage)
1. In this example, the first line is having a comment
2. In the 2nd line, we have declared a variable named subject with user input to
take subject name form user.
3. In the 3rd line, we have declared a variable name exam while setting its data type to
float.
4. In the 3rd line, we have declared a variable for course work with the name of CW
while setting its data type to float.
5. In the 5th line, we declare the variable name Percentage while setting its value to a
mathematical calculation of exam+cw divided by 2 to get the average percentage
of the subject.
6. In the 6th line, we have printed the string value along with the values of the
subject variable and percentage variable.
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5.10. LIST in Python
In Python, you can store your data into variables,
but you can also put them in lists. A list is just an
ordered collection of items which can be of any data Checkpoint
type. Creating a list is as simple as putting different Algorithms can be presented by natural
languages, pseudocode and flowcharts
comma-separated values between square brackets. Hardware is a term we use to describe
the electronics and mechanical parts of
Each element of a list is assigned a value by using an the computer.
Comments are used for the purpose of
index. in-code documentation.
An example of a list could be:
NewList=[10,20,30,”Samsung”]
To call a list element is very easy as calling a cell reference in excel:
print(NewList[3]). By this code, pythons output will be Samsung, as the count in
the list starts from 0.
Deleting an Item from List
Del command is used to delete a list element as mentioned in the example below
Adding an Item to the List
To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method
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5.11. Conditional Statements in Python
Conditional statement is a set of rules performed if a certain condition is met.
IF Statement
IF statement is a programming conditional statement that, if proved true, performs a
function or displays information. An if statement in python is written by using the IF
keyword. The sample code below shows the if statement in python. Programming the Computer-Python
Sample Code
# This program compares two numbers
using if
a = 33
b = 200
# if block
if b > a:
print(“b is greater than a”)
In this example, we use two variables, a and b, which are used as part of the if
statement to test whether b is greater than a. As a is 33, and b is 200, we know that
200 is greater than 33, and so we print to screen that “b is greater than a”.
Indentation is necessary; if we do not use the indentation as mentioned in example,
python will give an error.
ELIF Statement
The ELIF keyword is Python’s way of saying if the previous conditions were not true,
then try this condition. The sample code below demonstrates Elif statement.
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Sample Code
# This program compares two numbers
using elif
a = 33
b = 200
# if block
if b > a:
print(“b is greater than a”)
# elif block
elif b = = a:
print(“a and b are equal”)
In this example a is equal to b, so the first condition is not true, but the elif condition is
true, so we print to screen that “a and b are equal”.
Else Statement
The else keyword catches anything which isn’t caught by the preceding conditions. The
sample code below shows else statement.
Sample Code
# This program compares two numbers using else
statements
a = 33
b = 200
# if block
if b > a:
print(“b is greater than a”)
# elif block
elif b == a:
print(“a and b are equal”)
# else block
else
print(“a is greater than b”)
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In this example a is greater than b, so the first condition is not true, also the elif
condition is not true, so we go to the else condition and print to screen that “a is
greater than b”. We can also use the else without using elif.
5.12. Loops in Python
A For loop is used for repeating over a sequence (that is either a list or a string). This
is less like the FOR keyword in other programming languages and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.
For example, we have a list of students and we want to display the student with the Programming the Computer-Python
highest marks without using the max() function:
Sample Code
# This defines a list of student marks
stdMarks = [70, 80, 92.5, 60.2]
# This variable keeps track of the max marks
maxMarks = 0
# for loop block
for i in range(0,4):
if stdMarks[i] > maxMarks:
maxMarks = stdMarks[i]
# Prints highest student marks
print(“highest marks are: “, maxMarks)
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1. In the 1st line of this code, we have created a list StdMrks with four values stored
in it.
2. In the 2nd line, we have declared a variable name MaxMarks with an integer value
of 0.
3. In the 3rd line, we use for loop while declaring another variable i with the range of
four.
4. This means this loop will run 4 times. Every time FOR loop runs, it will increase the
value of the i variable.
5. In the 4th line, we have set a condition to check that if StdMrks[i] variable is
greater than MaxMrks (declared 0 in 2nd line) variable then change the value of
MaxMarks[i] to StdMrks value. (StdMrks[i] variable is going to change its
value every time the loop runs and change the index of StdMrks. This process is
also known as unary increment). Using indention is compulsory or python will not
consider the For loop elements and give an error.
6. In the 5th line, MaxMrks is setting its value equal to the current value of StdMarks
only if the condition in the previous line is true.
7. In the 6th line, we have just printed the value of MaxMrks along with a string
sentence.
5.13. Functions in Python
In Python, a function is a group of related
statements that perform a specific task.
Functions help break our program into smaller
and modular chunks. As our program
grows larger and larger, functions make it
more organized and manageable.
Furthermore, it avoids repetition and makes
code reusable. Function names cannot
have spaces in between. Instead of spaces use
_ underscore to connect the words.
In Python, a function is defined using the def keyword and for executing the function
we can use the function name along with parentheses ().
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Sample Code-1
The sample code below demonstrates how functions are used in python:
# This declares the function
called my_function()
def my_function():
print(“Hello from a
function”)
# Calling the function Programming the Computer-Python
my_function()
1. Keyword def marks the start of function header.
2. A function name to uniquely identify it. Function naming follows the same rules of
writing identifiers in Python.
3. Parameters (arguments) through which we pass values to a function. They are
optional.
4. A colon (:) to mark the end of function header.
5. The last line executes the function, we can call or use the function in our code
wherever it is needed.
Sample Code-2
# This declares the function
called print_name()
def print_name():
print(“Enter your name”)
yourName=input()
print(“Hi ”+yourName)
# Calling the function
print_name()
Sample Code-3
We have already experienced this code earlier but now we have converted the same
into a function and now it can be recalled and reused whenever required in the
program.
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# This declares the function called my_function()
def getMarks():
Subject=(input(“Enter the subject name:”))
Exam=float(input(“Enter the marks obtained in the Exam:”))
CW=float(input(“Enter the marks obtained in the course work:”))
Percentage= (Exam+CW)/2
print(“The Average Percentage of”, Subject,”:”, Percentage)
# Calling the function
getMarks()
5.14. Error Handling in Python
A software bug is a coding error that causes an
unexpected defect in a computer program. In
other words, if a program does not perform as Checkpoint
intended, it is most likely because of a bug.
A list is just an ordered collection of
There are bugs in software due to unclear or items which can be of any data type.
constantly changing requirements, software IF statement is a programming
complexity, programming errors, timelines, conditional statement that, if proved
true, performs a function or displays
errors in bug tracking, communication gap, information.
documentation errors, deviation from standards
etc.
There are two types of errors/bug in
python or any other programming
language.
Syntax Error: errors in typing the
commands and variables. Syntax
errors will be automatically detected
by the Python IDLE and will show
you the error in a dialogue box with a
suggested solution or the line number
where the mistake has been done:
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Logical Error: a logical mistake while designing the program which occurs due to the
improper planning of the program flow. Logical errors can be avoided by working on a
Data Flow Diagram (DFD), one practice of DFD is also a flowchart which is an extract
of the algorithm. Mentioned below are the few areas which can be used to avoid
logical errors in your program:
Form a hypothesis or two before looking at code.
• Resolve syntax errors.
• Start the debugger. Programming the Computer-Python
• Identify key variables or conditions.
• Step to your suspicious code.
• Look at the relevant variables.
• Predict what the suspicious line should do.
• Compare your expectations with reality.
• Think about your logic.
5.15. Creating Graphics with Python
The Canvas widget supplies graphics facilities for Tkinter. Among these graphical
objects are lines, circles, images, and even other widgets. With this widget, it’s possible
to draw graphs and plots, create graphics editors, and implement various kinds of
custom widgets and for using those we need to call/import the library of Tkinter so we
can use these functions.
Example-Creating Line
We will draw our first example, drawing a line.
The method create_line(coords, options) is used to draw a straight line. The
coordinates “coords” are given as four integer numbers: x1, y1, x2, y2 this means that
the line goes from the point (x1, y1) to the point (x2, y2).
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from tkinter import*
master=Tk()
canvas_width=80
canvas_height=40
w=Canvas(master, width=canvas_
width,height=canvas_height)
w.pack()
y=int(canvas_height/2)
w.create_line(0,y,canvas_width,y,fill=”#476042”)
mainloop()
Sample Code-Creating Rectangle
For creating rectangles, we have the method create_rectangle(coords, options).
Coords are again defined by two points, but this time the first one is the top left point
and the bottom right point of the rectangle.
from tkinter import*
master=Tk()
w=Canvas(master, width=200, height=100)
w.pack()
w.create_
rectangle(50,20,150,80,fill=”#470642”)
w.create_rectangle(65,35,135,65,fill=”yellow”)
w.create_line(0,0,50,20,fill=”#470642”,width=3)
w.create_line(0,100,50,80,fill=”#470642”,width=3)
w.create_line(150,20,200,0,fill=”#470642”,width=3)
w.create_line(150,80,200,100,fill=”#470642”,width=3)
mainloop()
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The following image with the coordinates will simplify the understanding of the
application of create_lines and create_rectangle in our previous example. Programming the Computer-Python
Sample Code-Creating Oval
We can create an oval on a canvas c with the method id = C.create_oval (x0,
y0, x1, y1, option, ... ) This method returns the object ID of the new oval
object on the canvas C. The following script draws a circle around the point (50,50)
with the radius 100:
from tkinter import*
canvas_width=190
canvas_height=150
As per Code.org, there are over
master=Tk()
500,000 openings for
w=Canvas(master, width=canvas_width, computing jobs in the USA.
height=canvas_height)
w.pack()
w.create_oval(50,50,100,100)
mainloop()
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5.16. Event Handling in Python
Events in python are more likely we have in other programming languages. They also
execute at any specific action/signal occurred for i.e. hovering a mouse at a certain
point, clicks of the mouse either right click or left click and so on.
A Tkinter application runs most of its time inside an event loop, which is entered via the
mainloop method. It waits for events to happen. Events can be key presses or mouse
operations by the user.
Tkinter provides a mechanism to let the programmer deal with events. For each
widget, it’s possible to bind Python functions and methods to an event.
widget.bind(event, handler) If the defined event occurs in the widget, the handler
function is called with an event object, describing the event.
Sample Code-1
from tkinter import*
def hello (event):
print(“Single click, Button-1”)
def quit(event):
print(“Double click, so let’s
stop”)
import sys;sys.exit()
widget=Button(None,text=’Mouse
Clicks’)
widget.pack()
widget.bind(‘<Button-1>’,hello)
widget.bind(‘<Double-1>’,quit)
widget.mainloop()
In this program, the event will be triggered by clicking on the Tkinter widget window. If
we click once it will say “Single Click, Button-1” as defined in string values and
if we double click it will say “Double click, so let’s stop as defined in a string
value.
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Sample Code-2
Let’s have another simple example, which shows how to use the motion event, i.e. if the
mouse is moved inside of a widget:
from tkinter import*
def motion(event):
print(“Mouse position:(%s %s)” % (event.x,event.y))
return Programming the Computer-Python
master=Tk()
whatever_you_do=”Expect the best, Prepare for the worst.\n
Mohammad Ali jinnah”
msg=Message(master,text=whatever you do)
msg.config(bg=’lightgreen’,font=(‘times’,24,’italic’))
msg.bind(‘<Motion>’,motion)
msg.pack()
mainloop()
Every time we move the mouse in the Message widget, the position of the mouse
pointer will be printed. When we leave this widget, the function motion() is not called
anymore.
Color Codes in Python
Basic colour list plot for python. There are more colours which can be used with basic
words like forest green or lime etc.
gray olive blue
brown green purple
orange cyan red
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Let’s Review
1. Algorithms can be presented by natural languages, pseudocode and flowcharts, etc.
2. A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process.
3. Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a
computer program or other algorithm
4. A program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform
5. Python is a high-level programming language designed to be easy to read and
simple to implement.
6. Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.
7. A variable is a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate.
8. A list is just an ordered collection of items.
9. For loop is used for repeating over a sequence.
10. Conditional statement is a set of rules performed if a certain condition is met.
11. A function is a group of related statements that perform a specific task.
12. A software bug is a coding error that causes an unexpected defect in a computer
program.
13. Syntax errors in typing the commands and variables.
14. A logical mistake while designing the program which occurs due to the improper
planning of the program flow is called logical error.
My Notes!!
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Importance of
STEM Education
S T E M
Science Technology Engineering Mathematics
Did you know, STEM workers earn 26 percent
MORE than those without a STEM background
Projected Job Growth Projected Job Openings
Computer
17% STEM Employment occupation 1,083,800
Non-STEM Employment
Engineers 510,900
9.8% STEM related 167,600
mgmt
Life and physical 150,900
science technicians
STEM related sales 118,400
Robotics
Student Learning Outcomes
After going through this chapter, students will be able to:
1. Familiarize with robotics and understand its importance
2. Familiarize with Edison robot and its working
3. Understand the EdPy App interface and create an online account
4. Understand Edison drive function with EdPy
5. Creating a square and circle using Edison
6. Work with loops and conditional structures in EdPy
7. Familiarize with obstacle detection programs in Edison
8. Familiarize with clap control drive and line tracking sensors in Edison
ISTE Student Standard Coverage
Empowered Innovative Computational Creative
Learner Designer Thinkiner Communicator
1a 1d 4d 5c 5d 6d
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6.1. What is Robotics
Robotics is a branch of engineering that
involves the conception, design, manufacture,
and operation of robots. This field overlaps
with electronics, computer science, artificial </>
intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and
bioengineering.
Whenever the word ROBOTICS is used, we think
of a machine which would have metal arms, legs,
bionic eyes and the robotic voice. This machine is
called a humanoid or android. Robotics is all about automation of any process or task.
A robot can contain numerous electronic or non-electronic parts like motors, battery,
chassis, wirings, sensors, computer boards for programming etc.
Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person
to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. In the story, Asimov
suggested three principles to guide the behaviour of robots and smart machines.
Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics, as they are
called, have survived to the present:
• Robots must never harm human beings.
• Robots must follow instructions from
humans without violating rule 1.
• Robots must protect themselves without
violating the other rules
Why Robotics is Important?
Robots make our life easier and much safer Robots can do tasks which are dangerous
for humans like bomb diffusion, security guard, and Mars rover etc. Besides these
dangerous tasks, robots can perform tasks which humans are not good at such as:
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Safety: safety is the most obvious advantage of utilizing robotics.
Heavy machinery, machinery that runs at high temperatures,
and sharp objects can easily injure a human being. By delegating
dangerous tasks to a robot, we can avoid human accidents.
Speed, consistency & Production: robots don’t get distracted or
need to take breaks. They don’t request vacation time or ask to
leave an hour early. A robot will never feel stressed out and start
running slower. They also don’t need to be invited to employee
meetings or training session. Robots can work all the time, and this
speeds up production. Robots never need to divide their attention
between a multitude of things. Their work is never contingent on
the work of other people. They won’t have unexpected emergencies, and they won’t
need to be relocated to complete a different time-sensitive task. They’re always there,
and they’re doing what they’re supposed to do. Automation is typically far more reliable
than human labour.
Perfection & Accuracy: robots will always deliver quality. Since they’re
programmed for precise, repetitive motion, they’re less likely to make
mistakes. In some ways, robots are simultaneously an employee and a
quality control system. A lack of quirks and preferences, combined with
the eliminated possibility of human error and the outcomes are more accurate than
the humans.
Job Creation: robots don’t take jobs away. They merely change the
jobs that exist. Robots need people for monitoring and supervision. The
more robots we need, the more people we’ll need to build those robots.
By training your employees to work with robots, you’re giving them a
reason to stay motivated in their position with your company. They’ll be
there for the advancements and they’ll have the unique opportunity to develop a new
set of tech or engineering-related skills.
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Robotics Industry
Robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in almost every industry, from healthcare
and manufacturing to defence and education.
Here is the list of the organizations working on robotics as life essentials:
Sphero: Sphero invented a now world-famous appenabled
robotic ball, which is used in classrooms all over the world Robotics
to teach through play. In addition to the original ball, other
products include the Sphero 2.0 and the Sphero Mini as well
as app-enabled racing robots named Ollie and Darkside. The
company’s Sphero Edu app is a hub for programming its
robots and more.
GITA: from the Piaggio Group that brought you the Vespa
scooter comes Piaggio Fast Forward; a robotics company
dedicated to creating lightweight mobility solutions for
people and goods. The company’s flagship robot, Gita, is a
mobile carrier that follows people around and carries up to
45 pounds. Gita can be used to carry everything from heavy
books between classes to groceries.
MOXI: Diligent’s AI-enabled robots are designed to work
with people in everyday environments. The company’s
autonomous “Moxi” robot can be left alone to perform
time-consuming logistical tasks in hospitals like setting up
patient rooms and restocking supply rooms. Capable of
navigating hospital hallways and other tight spaces, Moxi
is even imbued with “social intelligence” that’s conveyed
through its head movements and LED eyes.
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Anybots: Equipped with a speaker, camera and video
screen, Anybots robots serve as remote avatars that are
controlled through a browser-based interface and connect
to the Web over Wi-Fi. Say you’re in Chicago and you want
to also be in Taiwan. Your robot — which has a built-in
guidance system, live video streaming capabilities and is steered with the arrow keys
on your computer’s keyboard — can act as a stand-in.
ATLAS: Boston Dynamics makes a host of different
robots that have human- and animal-like dexterity. A
few examples: There’s SpotMini, “a nimble robot that
handles objects, climbs stairs, and will operate in offices,
homes and outdoors”; Atlas, a “dynamic humanoid” that
“uses balance and whole-body skills to achieve two-
handed mobile manipulation”; and WildCat, a speedy
quadruped that “uses a galloping gait much like a dog or horse and leans into turns to
maintain traction and balance.”
HV-100: According to Harvest, its HV-100 model was the
world’s “first fully autonomous robot that works alongside
people in unmodified industrial environments.” Today, more
than 30 of them serve major agricultural players across
the U.S. to help increase productivity, efficiency and plant
quality. Harvest’s robots lessen the load when it comes to
manual labour so their human counterparts can focus on
other facets of the growing process.
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6.2. Getting Started with Edison
Edison robots are a complete STEAM teaching resource designed to bring coding
to life. Edison is an expandable robotics system, which works with any LEGO brick
compatible building system, the robots can be used as the programmable base for an
incredible assortment of engineering and STEM projects. Edison can be programmed
through 4 platforms:
• Barcodes and Remote Control Robotics
• EdBlock – Graphical Language
• EdScratch – Scratch Language interface
• EdPy – Python Programming Interface
Edison is equipped with all the sensors,
outputs and motors needed to introduce you to the amazing world of robotics.
Edison’s creator, Brenton O’Brien says that: a robot is a machine that can behave
autonomously which is also a simple definition of robotics.
Robotics wouldn’t be possible without electronics.
Your Edison robot has electronics which you
can see through the transparent top. There are
resistors, capacitors, transistors, motors and more.
The most important electronic part is Edison’s
microcontroller (MCU). The microcontroller is like
Edison’s brain. It’s where all the robot’s thinking happens. Edison’s microcontroller
is very similar to the processor chip inside a computer, only much smaller. Just like
a processor chip in a computer, Edison’s microcontroller contains programs. These
programs are what allow Edison to ‘think’ and make decisions.
Edison’s sensors, buttons and switches
Edison robot is LEGO brick compatible on four of its sides, has a removable skid and
two removable wheels and includes a range of built-in sensors. Familiarity with your
robot will allow you to create an incredible range of robotics and coding projects.
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To use Edison, you’re going to need to know where all of Edison’s sensors are
located and become familiar with the robot’s three buttons.
Default settings of Edison’s three buttons:
• Record button 1 press = download program 3
presses = scan barcode
• Stop button 1 press = stop program
• Play button 1 press = run program
Turn the Edison robot over to see where the
power switch, removable skid, and line tracking
sensor are located on the bottom. Edison’s line
tracking sensor is made up of two parts: a red LED
light and a light sensor. The line tracking sensor
also reads special barcodes that activate pre-
installed programs.
Meet Edison
EdPy is Edison’s text-based programming
application. The robot is controlled by a program, which contains the instructions
and rules governing the robot’s behaviour. Any program you create in EdPy must
be downloaded to Edison before the robot can perform the
actions. The program can be changed only in the EdPy platform
and in such cases, you will need to download the new program
to the robot again. To connect Edison with the computer to
download the program you create with EdPy, you need the
EdComm cable which is Edison’s special cable. The EdComm
cable is used to download programs to Edison. It connects into
the headphone/audio Socket/jack on your computer or tablet
or phone or any other computing device which contains an
audio jack and a working web browser to access EdPy app.
Note: Before you begin programming with EdPy you MUST make sure that your computer
volume is MAX and it is important that ALL sound enhancements are disabled. This includes
Altec Lansing enhancements, Realtek audio enhancements, Beats audio, Spatial sound, and
all equalizers. Edison will fail to program if this is not done.
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6.3. Introduction to EdPy
EdPy app is one the web-based programming interface to program Edison. EdPy is a
text-based programming language based on Python. Python gives more flexibility to
your programs and offers more precise control of your robot. EdPy application can be
Robotics
accessed online and without any installation on your computer or tablet.
To access EdPy app. visit https://www.edpyapp.com/
EdPy Interface
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Programming area: this is where you type the Python code to control the Edison robot.
Documentation: in this window, you can search the documentation about Python
functions that can be used in EdPy. Here you can find explanations of all the available
commands including example code.
Recently opened: this window contains a list of recently opened programs. Clicking on
these will re-open the program in the programming area.
Examples: this window contains a list of example programs which you can select and
open in the programming area. The example programs explain how to use common
functions of the Edison robot, including some to the functions students encountered
with the barcode programs.
Check code: when the ‘Check Code’ button is clicked, the code in the programming
area is checked for errors. If errors are detected, a message will appear in the
‘Compiler Output’ window at the bottom of the screen providing details on the errors.
Program: When the ‘Program’ button is clicked, the current program is downloaded to
the Edison robot. Make sure the Edison robot is ready for the code by connecting the
cable, turning the volume up to full and pressing Edison’s round button one time.
Compiler Output: when EdPy translates the written code into commands readable
by the Edison robot, this is called ‘compiling the code.’ If errors are detected when you
click ‘Check Code,’ they will be displayed in the compiler output section. If there are no
errors detected, this section will display a message which reads: ‘There are no errors in
your code.’
Line help: the line help is a guide to use while programming which shows users what
each of the Python commands do. When you select a line of code in the programming
area with your mouse cursor, the ‘line help’ window will display a plain-English
description of the command being highlighted by your cursor. This description is a
‘translation’ of the Python code into English.
Setup code: All Edison programs must contain the setup code that you see every time
you open the EdPy app.
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Creating Online EdPy Account
Using the online EdPy programming environment you can save your work online and
have access to your projects from any browser. All you need to do is to create an
account and log in. The online EdPy programming environment can be used with or
without an account. Without an account, you don’t have the option to save a project so
Robotics
that you can work on it later.
Click on Menu and select Click on Create Account. Enter details and click
login. on Create Account &
Login to proceed.
6.4. Starting to Code in EdPy
It is highly recommended to work on EdPy
while logged into your account so all
the work will be available/save for your
convenience.
The programming area in EdPy has
numbered lines. All Edison programs must
contain the setup code which is included
in lines 1 to 11. When you start a new program, you should start typing on line 13. When
you finish writing you should check the program for errors with the Check Code button.
If the program has any errors, they appear in the Compiler Output area.
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Sample Code
The following program will turn on the left LED of the robot for 10 seconds.
#-------------Setup----------------
import Ed Checkpoint
Ed.EdisonVersion = Ed.V2
Ed.DistanceUnits = Ed.CM Robotics is important due to its safety,
Ed.Tempo = Ed.TEMPO_MEDIUM speed, accuracy and consistency
#--------Your code below----------- Edison robots are a complete STEAM
Ed.LeftLed(Ed.ON) teaching resource designed to bring
Ed.TimeWait(10, Ed.TIME_SECONDS) coding to life.
Edison robot has a removable skid and
two removable wheels and includes a
range of built-in sensors.
There is no need to enter the mentioned below code and it will be available always
whenever you start a new program, however you can customize the parameters as
per your requirement.
Import Ed is a predefined code to import the library of Edison functions in python.
Ed.EdisonVersion = Ed.V2 is the code to define the version of Edison we are using
which is Version 2.
Ed.DistanceUnits = Ed.CM is the code to define the unit of measurements to drive
the Edison.
Ed.Tempo = Ed.TEMPO_MEDIUM is the code to define the music/sound pace.
After this line #-------Your code below --------- enter the code to work on Edison.
Ed.LeftLed(Ed.ON) is to turn on the left LED of Edison
Ed.TimeWait(10, Ed.TIME_SECONDS) is the code where we have defined the interval
between the LED to turn on.
EdPy works on python and will work with the same rules use for Python like case
sensitivity and indentation, therefore you need to be very careful entering the code
according to Python style.
6.5. Edison Drive Function in EdPy
The Edison robot has two motors that allow it to perform a handful of movements.
With its two motors, the robot can move forwards and backwards and also spin both
left and right. To move your Edison robot you use the drive function, which has three
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parameters: direction, speed and distance. The constant Ed.DistanceUnits that is
set in the Setup code controls the measurement of distance. There are three distance
units: centimetres, written as Ed.CM, inches, written as Ed.INCH and time, written as
Ed.TIME.
Ed.Drive Direction Parameters
Ed.FORWARD: Edison drives forwards. Robotics
Ed.BACKWARD: Edison drives backwards.
Ed.FORWARD_RIGHT: Edison uses one wheel to turn forwards right (clockwise).
Ed.BACKWARD_RIGHT: Edison uses one wheel to turn backwards right (counter-
clockwise).
Ed.FORWARD_LEFT: Edison uses one wheel to turn forwards left (counter-clockwise).
Ed.BACKWARD_LEFT: Edison uses one wheel to turn backwards left (clockwise).
Ed.SPIN_RIGHT: Edison spins on the spot to the right (clockwise).
Ed.SPIN_LEFT: Edison spins on the spot to the left (counter-clockwise).
Ed.STOP: Stops Edison immediately.
Sample Code • While entering the code you will
#-------------Setup---------------- observe that a code hint menu will
import Ed appear, from which we can select the
Ed.EdisonVersion = Ed.V2
Ed.DistanceUnits = Ed.CM entire code by pressing tab and there
Ed.Tempo = Ed.TEMPO_MEDIUM would be no need to type the whole
#--------Your code below----------- code. Using the code hint menu will
Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_4, 9)
help you program the code in less
Sample Code time and above all, there will be less
chance for syntax errors.
#-------------Setup----------------
import Ed • Check the code from Check Code
Ed.EdisonVersion = Ed.V2 button from the right top corner.
Ed.DistanceUnits = Ed.CM • Click on Program Edison button right
Ed.Tempo = Ed.TEMPO_MEDIUM
#--------Your code below----------- top corner.
Ed.Drive(Ed.BACKWARD, Ed.SPEED_3, 7) • Make sure the Edison is connected to
your computer’s headphone jack via
the EdComm Cable. Make sure your
computer’s volume at maximum and
all sound enhancements are disabled.
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Always remember that while using the Ed.FORWARD and Ed.BACKWARD command, the
Distance parameter works as the number of steps(cm/inch) Edison has to move.
Whereas, while using Ed.FORWARD_RIGHT, Ed.FORWARD_LEFT, Ed.SPIN_RIGHT,
Ed.SPIN_LEFT, the Distance parameter works as the angle at which Edison has to turn.
This means that a code like Ed.Drive(Ed.SPIN_LEFT, Ed.SPEED_5, 90) will make
the Edison robot turn 90 degrees counterclockwise.
Sample Code-Creating a Square with Edison
#-------------Setup---------------- Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_6,
import Ed
Ed.EdisonVersion = Ed.V2 20):This code will drive Edison forward
Ed.DistanceUnits = Ed.CM to 20cm at the speed of 6.
Ed.Tempo = Ed.TEMPO_MEDIUM
#--------Your code below----------- Ed.Drive(Ed.SPIN_LEFT, Ed.SPEED_6,
Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_6, 20) 90): This code will rotate the Edison to 90
Ed.Drive(Ed.SPIN_LEFT, Ed.SPEED_6, 90) degrees at the speed of 6.
Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_6, 20)
Ed.Drive(Ed.SPIN_LEFT, Ed.SPEED_6, 90)
Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_6, 20)
Ed.Drive(Ed.SPIN_LEFT, Ed.SPEED_6, 90)
Ed.Drive(Ed.FORWARD, Ed.SPEED_6, 20)
6.6. Variables in Edison
A Python variable is a reserved memory location to store values. In other words,
a variable in a python program gives data to the computer for processing. Most
important function to use the variable is to have flexibility in the program, rather than
entering data directly into a program, we use variables to represent the data. Then,
when the program is executed, the variables are replaced with real data.
150
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