Urban Morphology

URBAN1 2020STEDITION
MORPHOLOGY

ENJOY
THE
RICHNESS
FOR YOUR
BODY AND
SOUL

YOUR GUIDE TO FULFILLING YOUR LIFE
IN PUTRAJAYA

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02 Brief background of Putrajaya
03 The location and places of interest inside
and near Putrajaya
04 The deisgn standards
09 The development of Putrajaya
12 Implementation of tourism policy

CONTENT

01I S S U E

14 Economy Impact
15 Social Impact
16 Environmental impact
17 Improvement of local people income &
infrastructure, opportunity of job creation & investment
18 Implementation and instrument used
19 Carrying capacity problems, local’s participation
20 Analysis of impacts
21 Future planning
23 References

02 URBAN | JUNE 2020

BRIEF
BACKGROUND OF PUTRAJAYA

Putrajaya is the largest integrated urban efforts and also the Government’s efforts to
development project in Malaysia. It alleviate traffic congestion in Kuala Lumpur
combines the development of Government to ensure its continued development as
institutions with accompanying amenities Malaysia’s premier business hub. The idea
and infrastructure and commercial cum for the establishment of Malaysian
residential development. It is planned as Government administrative centre away
the new federal Government from Kuala Lumpur was mooted since
administrative centre of Malaysia. 1993. One of the main rationales for
moving the dministrative centre away from
The creation of Putrajaya marked a new Kuala Lumpur was to ensure a quality
chapter in the development history for the urban living and environment for the new
design team of Malaysia. It was a great administrative centre. The moving of the
challenge to Malaysian professionals to administrative functions of the Federal
embark on a project which represented Government away from the already
Malaysian’s values and culture. The congested capital city of Kuala Lumpur not
planning and development of Putrajaya is only helped to relieve the pressure on
special because it involves mainly the Kuala Lumpur’s over-stretched
Malaysian professional in the planning, infrastructure but also resolved the great
design and construction team. It is the shortage of Government land to cater for
country’s largest urban development increased demand for office space. By
project on a Greenfield site set to be a establishing a new administrative centre at
model city of sustainable development a new site, the opportunities to have a well-
(Siong, 2006). planned urban centre with modern facilities
and technology to enhance Government
Putrajaya was designated as the new efficiency and productivity was boundless
administration seat of the Malaysian (Chin, 2006).
Government following the Government’s
decision to relocate the federal administrative
capital in June 1993 from Kuala Lumpur to
the district of Sepang in Selangor. The
relocation was part of the decentralisation

THE LOCATION AND PLACES OF

INTEREST INSIDE AND NEAR

PUTRAJAYA

Location of Putrajaya from the map Putrajaya is located in Putrajaya’s footing would
Surrounding area of Putrajaya west-central Peninsular be strategically located in
Malaysia and about 25km the middle of the MSC to
The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) from Kuala Lumpur and take advantages of the
20km from Kuala Lumpur MSC’s frontier of
International Airport computer technology and
Sepang in the south the Information Age. The
(Figure 1). Putrajaya is city would share its border
located within the with Cyberjaya, its twin
Multimedia Super Corridor city but with different
(MSC), which is the function: the ‘technopole’
fastest growing region in of the region, in other
Malaysia. MSC word, the Malaysia’s
represents Malaysia’s first version of the famed
technology region ‘Silicon Valley’ of the US.
stretching from KLCC to The MSC project which
KLIA covering a length of was pushed forward from
50km and a width of 1996 is a 15 km by 50 km
15km. This garden region stretched from the
corridor development is Kuala Lumpur City Centre
supported by a high to the Kuala Lumpur
capacity, digital International Airport
telecommunication (KLIA). This massive
infrastructure designed to planned urban area is
meet international subdivided into seven
standards in all aspects areas: (1) KLIA; (2)
relating to capacity, Airport City; (3) Putrajaya;
reliability and pricing on (4) Cyberjaya; (5) Cyber
the western side of Village; (6) Tele-Suburb;
Putrajaya, is Cyberjaya and (7) High-Tech Parks
city, another technology for Research and
township which functions Development
as the links of MSC. The (Vincent, 2010).
latter is equipped with a
broad range of the latest URBAN | 03
technology and
infrastructure (Chin,
2006).

URBAN URBANMORPHOLOGY.COM JUNE 2020

THE
DESIGN
STANDARDS

Since the location of Putrajaya according to the Design LANDSCAPING
was an aged palm oil plantation Guideline:
with undulating landscape, the • 38 percent of the land labelled
planning of Putrajaya emphasizes LAYOUT as green areas
its topographical setting to create • a formal axis punctuated • reforestation and
an ideal natural environment for with nodal features; enhancement of the natural
its residents as a sanctuary of • structuring of the Civic landscape;
pressures and stresses of modern Area into identifiable • promoting local flora as a
living. Following features were precincts; Malaysian landscape identity;
incorporated in the grand scheme • a variety of informal and • creating a network of open
formal activity areas. spaces.

URBAN FORM

• designed to suit
topography, local
climate and cultural norms;
• creation of interesting
cityscape;
• optimization of scenic
panoramic
views and spatial
experiences;
• incorporation of intelligent
buildings and infrastructural
features.
(Except from the Design
Guideline,
from AJM office 2006).

Jane Jacobs once said, “People make
cities, and it is to them, not buildings,
that we must fit our plans."

04 | URBAN MORPHOLOGY

The Detailed Urban Design • GROUP BUILDINGS
Guideline (DUD) of Putrajaya
focuses on the following guiding Group of buildings, structures or
principles based on urban other elements that form via
structure, urban form and urban termination, landmarks when
character. The design brief is viewed from major distances, nodal
prepared on a Precinct basis and points, or are categorized as
outlines character and ambience of landmark buildings in DUD
each development plot. Design documents. The majority of group A
parameters that are used as control buildings will be located on the
includes land use detail, building Core Island and within Precinct 1.
height, skyline, urban rooms, visual
axis and termination, street façade, • GROUP B
building massing,building typology,
pedestrian linkages, open space Buildings that form the ‘street wall’
coverage and street scape The between group A buildings on
planning of the Boulevard in Central Boulevard, buildings of
Putrajaya is inspired by the Champ particular architectural note,
Elysees, Paris. It is 100-meter-wide structures, landmarks, key
and 4.2 kilometre long. The buildings in regional centre and
furniture along the Boulevard other elements.
is predominantly developed from
the traditional ‘tempayan’, the large
ceramic water pot that has an
elegant narrow base and a flaring
full form that tapers to a narrow
opening at the top. Signages with
local craft motif are used. There
is also a hierarchy of identification
signages.

In terms of night lighting, lighting
character is expected to be
achieved through a consistent and
regimented hierarchy of lighting
quality. This is carefully done in the
Core Island Roads, Streets and
Buildings. In Putrajaya, Building
Categorization for Lighting
Purposes is as follows:

05 | URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Ministry of Finance

Putrajaya Corporation Complex Energy Commission
Attorney General's Chamber
• Group C
www.urbanmorphology.com
All remaining buildings, structures and elements that justified
lighting for civic, architectural or commercial reasons. The control
on the level of illumination on the building façade facilitated the
fostering of the city’s image and character via lighting strategies.
Night time ambience is deliberately influenced through the
various implementations of the architectural lighting criteria.
Outdoor space which in the daytime is unpleasantly hot is being
transformed into to be vibrant and fun activity areas to be enjoyed
by residents and visitors alike. Complementing the architecture
and landscaping in Putrajaya are eight (8) distinctive signature
bridges. They only provide communication but also exude
aesthetic appeal and enhance the character of the city.

Complementing the
architecture and landscaping in
Putrajaya are eight (8)
distinctive signature bridges.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY | 06

Issues that required considerations
(quality of life)

By April 1996, it was clearly evident that some aspects of
the Masterplan required further in depth review. The final
report on the review of the Masterplan was produced in
March 1997. Many of the overall concepts and important
features of the original Masterplan were retained and
three (3) issues were raised for improvement.
Among these issues were:

a) Transportation network

Broadly, the highway network concept and hierarchy have
been maintained including the policy assumptions and
design standards adapted for the study. The review
examined the compatibility of external road links with
those inside the Putrajaya boundary, the need of
consistency in road and junction layout, linkages between
main highway network and local access roads and the
requirements for phased development of the network. The
review also proposed a number of privately funded
highways schemes around Putrajaya, including South
Klang Valley Expressway (SKVE), Damansara Puchong
Highway (LDP), North South-Central Expressway Link
(NSCEL) and Dedicated Highway (DH). The preliminary
alignment of the LRT system consisted of two (2) lines
running west-north and east–south directions. Two (2)
major interchanges were proposed at the Boulevards to
permits transfer between lines. The review on
transportation network aimed towards a congestion free,
public transport city.

07 | URBAN • JUNE 2020

b) Earthworks

The project site was highly undulating with levels ranging from as low as below 10m to
as high as 145m. As such, earthworks using cut and fill methods were considered a
necessary component of the development of Putrajaya. The original Masterplan involved
a total of about 44.9M m3 of fill as compared to 17.7M m3 of necessary cut, the
difference of 27M m3 of excess fill was large and prohibitive. Hence, the revised
Masterplan aims to reduce the difference having due consideration of the natural terrain,
thereby minimizing overall costs to an acceptable level.

c) Boulevard

Based on the Original Masterplan, a 2.1 km Boulevard was proposed and covered the
entire length of the mixed development precinct which was located at the southern end
of the island part of the core area. Due to the short length and platform level of RL 25,
only the view of the Boulevard was only visible from the Mixed development precinct
only. To improve the vistas quality and minimize cut and fill, the revised Masterplan
proposed a 4.2 km long boulevard which went right through the middle of the core area.
This was achievable via creation of bridges extending north and south from the
Boulevard to the Government and Recreational precincts respectively. The new
Boulevard would then constitute the Central spine which linked the whole of Core Area
together. By amending the boulevard design, it became an identifiable spatial element
and landmark that could now clearly be viewed from the Prime Minister Office Complex
and the earthworks required would also be reduced.

JUNE 2020 • URBAN | 08

The development of Putrajaya

BY ALINA ALI

The planning and developing of Putrajaya were a phenomenon in its own right. The country
had waited forty years since its establishment (1963-1993) to build a new capital city, and the
government wasted little time to erect its ‘Glorious Prince’- Putrajaya. The location for the
new administrative capital was chosen in July, 1993; the conceptual master plan was
approved by the Cabinets in February, 1994; the master plan was sanctioned in February,
1995 and the ground works started immediately thereafter (Perbadanan Putrajaya, 1999).
After the final site at Perang Besar was chosen in 1993 out of the six considered sites, Tun Dr
Mahathir’s administration quickly formed a consortium to develop the master plan for
Putrajaya. In contrast with the two earlier Mahathir’s mega projects; the Petronas Towers in
Kuala Lumpur City Centre and Kuala Lumpur International Airport which were the results of
international design competitions, this project was to be ‘Made-in-Malaysia’ and ‘Made-by-
Malaysian’, from the planning stages to constructing phases. This multi-disciplinary
consortium, consisted of only Malaysian consultants comprised an engineer firm, Minconsult
Sdn Bhd; a planning firm, Rekarancang Sdn Bhd. (AM), and four architectural firms namely:
(1) AJM Akitek Jurunrancang (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.; (2) BEP Akitek Sdn Bhd.; (3) Hijjas Kasturi
Associates Sdn.; and (4) Perunding Alam Bina Sdn Bhd (PAB).

In the early 1990’s, six (6) sites are considered for the locations for the new administrative
centres. Among the 6 new sites are North West Rawang, Janda Baik/ Bukit Tinggi, North Port
Dickson, Sepang Coast, Kenaboi Plains and Perang Besar. The present Perang Besar site
was selected based on the following factors:

Land acquisition and infrastructure cost
Strategic location within a growth corridor
Good accessibility to major transportation network (rail, highways and ports)
Presence of pristine natural vegetation and land form
Potential for positive externalities to the neighbouring regions
Minimal negative impact to local communities

JUNE 2020 • URBAN | 09

PAGE 10

BY ALINA ALI

By June 1993, the Perang Besar site was finally "WHATEVER GOOD THINGS
selected over the rest of the five (5) locations due WE BUILD, END UP
to its strategic location between KLIA airport and BUILDING US" - JIM ROHN
Kuala Lumpur City, the lower development cost
and its surrounding natural environment.

In February 1994, five alternative concepts with different themes i.e. Garden city, Linear city,
Crescent concept, Suburb and Built with nature were presented to the Government. The Garden City
Concept was short listed and finally selected by the Cabinet a year later in February 1995. The
Vision for the Creation of a new Federal Government Administrative Centre chose a development
theme entitled “City in a Garden- Intelligent City” (Putrajaya 1995). The development components
included Institutional, Administrative, Education, Residential, Commercial, Tourism, Regional,
Diplomat and Conventional centre. Six months later, in August 1995, the Putrajaya project was
officially launched by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. The main
functions of Town Planning are to provide good physical environment, for the promotion of a healthy
and quality urban life. As such, in the urban planning of Putrajaya the following were the prime
considerations (Putrajaya 2006):

Efficient Accessibility to facilities, services and place of work
Integrated Neighborhood and community atmosphere
Close to nature and Urban ecology
Ample Amenities for recreation
Dynamic, lively and economic vitality
A city with identity and character
Conducive Urban Environment for quality & healthy Life-style
Creating the City Image & Character

By April 1996, it was clearly evident that some aspects of the Masterplan required further in-depth review.
The final report on the review of the Masterplan was produced in March 1997. Many of the overall
concepts and important features of the original Masterplan were retained and three (3) issues were raised
for improvement. Among these issues were:

i. Improvement for efficient and flexible transportation network
ii. Minimization of destabilization of the land as well as to reduce cut and fill
iii. Extended boulevard that would have further enhanced the identity of Putrajaya.

Year Events
June 1993
February 1994 Perang Besar site was chosen for the Administrative
Centre
Five alternative concepts with different themes i.e.
Garden City, Linear City, Crescent Concept, Suburb and
Built with nature were proposed

February 1995 Putrajaya Master Plan approved by the Cabinet

August 1995 Official launch of the Putrajaya Project by the PAGE 11
April 1996 Prime Minister
Review of Putrajaya Master Plan undertaken;
October 1996 preservation of natural topography and minimization of
earth cut and fill works

First Construction Commenced

Table 2: Chronology of summarized events – Putrajaya development

PAGE 12 • URBAN MORPHOLOGY

IMPLEMENTATION OF All of these policies have contributed to
TOURISM POLICY the process of urbanization by
establishing new industrial areas in the
Malaysia is an east Asian country rich state of Selangor, Penang and Johor;
in resources and culturally diverse. increasing trade volumes with Asian
For the last three decades, urban growth countries and the United States; and
has been one of the important agenda of increasing foreign investment, especially
economic development for the country. from Singapore, Japan and United States.
Since 1990s, Malaysia has archived an
average economic growth of 4.5%. In the early 1980s, Malaysia had
Meanwhile, urbanization is also 4 major urban cities in developing states
significantly increasing, stimulating which made up more than
upward pressure on energy demand. 50% of the country 's population, i.e.
Klang Valley, Ipoh, Johor Bahru and
The estimated break points coincide Penang. On the opposite, the less-
with 1970s urbanization plan formulated developed states such as Terengganu,
from the New Economic Policy (NEP) and Kedah, Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak
in 1980s, under the Malaysian Industrial have a small percentage of urban
Master Plan (IMP). Both of these dynamic population. The rural-urban migration has
plans have led directly to the movement changed the country's economic base
of people from rural to urban areas at from agriculture to the industrial. Many
those particular breakpoints. This, rural people migrate to urban areas to
indeed, makes a Malaysia's economic search for lucrative jobs and a better
transition from agriculture towards standard of living. It is estimated that by
industrializing economy starting from the 2030, approximately 80% of the total
breakpoints onward. population will live in urban cities. Rapid
urbanization occurred in 1990s, primarily
In this specific time the government due to rural-urban migration activities
has adopted several new policies and along with high intensity of industrial
agreements such as the National development on the Malaysian
Development Policy, Industrial Policy, Peninsula's western coast.
Privatization Policy, Look East Policy
and Japan –Malaysia Economic
Partnership Agreement.

URBAN MORPHOLOGY / 13
JUNE • 2020

PROGRESS OF PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAM,
SOCIAL PROBLEMS

The first problems in Recently, crime rates Next, urban environmental
urban area are, with have increased in transition theory shows
increasing urban Malaysia, threatening the how environmental
population, criminal safety and security of the aspects contribute to
behaviour increases. The community, particularly urban growth at the city
crime rate will rise those in high density level. Cities are
annually by 2.6%. Crime areas. There are crimes generating resources as
problems are also related that targeted women and industrialization takes
to urban areas, due to children and this had place within urban areas.
their environment caused a lot of stress This also leads to higher
which encourages and to the urban residents. levels of air pollution.
urges individuals to The quality of life for a Growing numbers of
commit in criminal activity community in an urban wealthier people are
because of high desires in area is significantly driving demand for
life. Such conditions affected by the absence of energy-intensive products.
create the life that is good crime that greatly However, the citizens may
and breaches the norms of influences the residents' be concerned about the
life. As a result, almost perception of safety and environmental problems
every day people are security, and the absence with the help of
served with displays of of fear. awareness campaigns
crime such as robbery, along with the astringent
theft and murder. environmental regulations.

PAGE 14

ECONOMY IMPACTS

Economic growth is having a All these energy generation
positive, but more elastic effect stations located in urban areas
on CO2 emissions. This relation and coal are imported from China
is statistically significant at the and Australia while fossil fuel
1% that increase in economic sources are from domestic
growth which linked to CO2 resources. This shows that
emissions of 1,0802%. This is Malaysia's new environmentally
not surprising as the nation has friendly environment, electricity
grown well with 4–5% of conservation and trade policies
continuous economic growth cannot reduce the CO2
since 1990s (except in the Asian emissions. Indeed, in Malaysia
financial period) and mainly over the past 2 decades, the
relying on manufacturing and manufacturing sector has needed
industrial activities linked to the more energy sources, and the
agricultural sector (palm oil and government has encouraged
rubber-based industries). This local and foreign investors to
reflected the economic engage in industrialization
performance of Malaysia in a activities, mainly in urban areas.
positive way and at the same This has improved
time increased CO2 emissions industrialization activities along
from energy generation, with high volume of CO2
especially from fossil fuel and emissions and this scenario is
coal consumption, and never left out from the Vision
environmental hazards from the 2020 agenda nation process.
growing number of industrial
estates in Penang (Seberang For Malaysia, economic growth
Prai and Butterworth), Kedah has directly increased energy
(Gurun and Kulim industrial demand and Malaysia 's latest
park), Selangor (Shah Alam, economic agenda is expected to
Petaling Jaya and Klang) and be a high-income country with
Johor (Johor Bahru). high volume of economic growth
by 2020. Therefore, an idea of
The increase in CO2 emissions is reducing energy use in urban
due to the increase in coal and areas is not a good decision for
fossil fuel consumption policymakers because this would
contributing almost have a negative effect on future
80% of energy generation economic performance,
projects in Salahudin Abdul Aziz unemployment and social issues.
(Selangor), Paka (Terengganu), For us, technological innovation
Port Dickson (Negeri Sembilan), implemented in recent urban
Pasir Gudang (Johor), Manjung corridors is the key to solve the
(Perak) and Gelugor (Penang). puzzle which Malaysia is always
surrounded by over the past
three decades.

"TOWERED CITIES PLEASE US THEN, AND
THE BUSY HUM OF MEN" - JOHN MILTON

PAGE 15

SOCIAL IMPACTS

By Afifah Aminurdin

Urban agriculture as a medium for creating social
relationships, especially when it is conducted in the
community in a residential area. Social interaction
and communication and the enrichment of friendly
relations will take place through jointly carried out
urban farming activities. It can also promote a
community that is united and working together to
mobilize the resources available for implementing
activities in urban agriculture (Zaidi et al, 2013).

Another social impact of urban agriculture is the
provision of a medium for learning experiences,
educational programs and opportunities for youth
development. Many of the case studies and agency
reports describe projects which include education
services or opportunities for youth leadership
(Krasny & Doyle, 2002, Ober Allen et al., 2008
Kerton & Sinclair, 2009; Travaline & Hunold, 2010;
Bradley & Galt, 2013).

Previous research indicates that urban green
spaces should be inclusive spaces. They could
potentially be seen as favourable spaces to
stimulate social interaction. Nevertheless, these
days modern community does not have many
intense social interactions with strangers. Most feel
comfortable interacting only within their own social
group and not feel the need to communicate with
other people.

This is consistent with previous research (Lofland,
1998) which concluded that interactions with
unknown individuals are less common than those
with known ones. Many people want to be in those
green spaces and enjoy meeting and seeing other
people, which may lead to feelings of connection
with the place and good community cohesion
(Peters et al., 2010). However, not all people will go
to the green spaces to communicate with others.
Sometimes they just need a room for their own
privacy. These types of people have enjoyed
watching others from afar.

Tsuchiya et al (2015) claims PAGE 16
that urban agriculture plays an
important role in many aspects ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
environmental. First, providing
an alternative to the waste Zaidi et al (2013) reveals that Many of these issues have
disposal problem by making it urban agriculture can also brought negative environmental
to productive resources through improve the habitat and impacts. In Selangor, the trend
composting. Compost can be biodiversity in urban areas to of rapid urban growth has
planted and acts as a natural ensure the resilience of certain emerged dynamically vertically
fertilizer. Next, when recycling species to survive by providing and horizontally. Nevertheless,
water for food production green spaces that consist of a in the global scale of the
purposes, water pollution is variety of plants. Moreover, the climate change research, many
minimised. Other than that, greening of urban agriculture of the related studies can be
rainwater may be stored or indicates that it decreases the identified, and only few spatial
distributed to plant trees harmful effects of erosion, studies were found in the local
through rainwater harvesting for introduces shade and controls context. Long-term downscaling
use in watering, cleaning plants the temperature of the entire of global socio-economic
or livestock, as well as City area to be more scenarios on a city scale is
economically promoting the comfortable and help beautify useful on an urban level as the
use of rainwater. Lastly, by the scenery. discovery can ease local
using recycled materials and decision-makers in developing
recycling such as plastic Nevertheless, the changes local adaptation and mitigation
bottles, empty cans, wooden have also brought policies.
pallets used plastic barrels, environmental issues, which
tires and so on, sustainability is can reduce the amount of
enhanced in terms of vegetated areas and forests,
environmentally friendly increase energy use, result in
in urban areas. high traffic and higher land
prices, and increase
infrastructure costs.

Improvement of local people income & infrastructure,
opportunity of job creation & investment

Due to the urban tourism that As stated by the Department of discussing urbanization in
happened in Putrajaya, it Statistics Malaysia in year 2017, developing countries, given fast in
becomes the largest integrated Putrajaya has recorded the population growth and imbalance
urban development project since second highest median monthly in socio-economic development
Malaysia gained Independence in household income of RM8,275 (Musa, et al., 2016). Many of the
1957. In 2005, Putrajaya has a and takes about 4.8% differ from local people in Putrajaya were
number of population around four years ago. Meanwhile, for the satisfied with their well-being and
60,000 persons who enjoyed with mean income, Putrajaya also give happiness to them. This is
the modern and smart public recorded as the second highest happened because they can have
amenities as well as mean monthly household after a well-balanced especially in a
infrastructures. Putrajaya is very Kuala Lumpur which is about subjective way. For example,
well equipped with good inter and RM11,555 (5.3%). Furthermore, most of them gains different level
intra- transport system (i.e. Putrajaya will be address its of happiness i.e. income gap,
monorail and water taxis), a broad short-term financing needs by a unemployment rates, education,
band width global multimedia combination of new debt issuance transportation and urban safety
communication platform (i.e. 2.5 and asset monetization as well as (Dolan, Peasgood & White, 2008).
to 10 gigabyte fiber-optic digital ensuring the move which will not
network) and Common Utility give bad effect on the impact PAGE 17
Tunney (CUT) for various of growth (Tay, 2018). Putrajaya
services (e.g. smart hospitals and city has a population for about
schools). However, it takes about 80,000 residents and nowadays
38% of the land to be developing the home of 25 Ministries, 51
into a parkland. Now, Putrajaya is Government Offices that provides
one of the largest man made 254,000 job opportunities (Azmi
wetland with a total area of about & Romle, 2015).
200 ha (i.e. used for recreational
activities, scientific and biological Urban environment including the
research). Putrajaya has become big cities is assuming an
a typical development catalyst increasing on the importance in
due to its role as a model city, the global environmental health
nation’s nerve center, a suitable concern due to rapid urbanization
place to live, work and conduct (Zanuzdana, Khan & Kraemer,
businesses as well as engaging in 2013). Government remain as a
outdoor and indoor activities serious dimension of urban
(Musa, et al., 2016). sustainability, especially when

Implementation PAGE 18
and Instrument Used

In general, Putrajaya is actually a modern city planned with
“great respect for the environments”. The city is planned wisely
to embrace about two main themes which are (1) city in a
garden; (2) city as an intelligent place. In 2006, Putrajaya has a
big number of population of 60,000 and it is supported by
modern and smart public amenities as well as infrastructure. It
takes about 38% of the land to be used and developed as
parkland. Moreover, Putrajaya has the largest man-made
wetland totaling about 200 haa which used for recreational
activities, scientific and biological research (Siong, H. C., 2006).
There are four main parties in the implementation of the
Putrajaya projects. The table below shows the main parties in
the implementation Putrajaya project. Two main bodies were
created (i.e. Putrajaya Corporation and Putrajaya Holdings
Company). Both are functioned as local authority and
developers respectively.

Parties Roles and Functions

Putrajaya Develop, Manage and Administer
Corporations Local Authority
Local Planning Authority
Land Administrator

Putrajaya Holdings Main Developer : Construction of GovernmentOffices,
Sdn Bhd commercial areas, residential premises and main
infrastructure

Utility companies Telekom, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), Gas
Malaysia, Gas District Cooling (GDC)

KLCCPB Project manager

Source: Putrajaya Corporation (PjC) 2006

One of the instruments that had been used in Putrajaya in order
to make the urban tourism become more develop is by doing a
‘Safe City Programme’ as being a safety basic in Putrajaya.
This programme is focuses on the crime problem mostly in the
urban areas. The safe city concept had become the most
important part after the crime cases had been increased. The
hesitation problem in many urban areas are causes by the
criminal rate and its increasing rate can cause many negative
impacts in tourism industry such as feeling anxiety and causing
scares among visitors (Anuar, et al., 2012). Safe City
Programme has been launched in worldwide level. UN-Habitat
was responsible in order to create an idea towards this concept
causes by the increasing of crime cases that can cause ruining
many things. There are about three approaches that suggested
by UN-Habitat which are (1) primary prevention strategy i.e.
through designing and physical environment; (2) secondary
prevention strategy i.e. to enhance social behave; (3) formal
preventing strategy i.e. punishment done directly towards the
criminal actors (UN-Habitat, 2009).

PAGE 19 • URBAN MORPHOLOGY

CARRYING
CAPACITY
PROBLEMS,
LOCAL’S
PARTICIPATION

BY HANIS HALIM

Rapid development and expansion of city limits
have either directly or indirectly
which can be affected to the environmental
quality and in turn contribute to the degradation
of the quality of urban life (Johar, F., n.d.).
Putrajaya which located in Klang Valley, can be
considered as the most developed and fastest
growing region in the country with the highest
rate of urban growth. Developments trends in
Klang Valley in term of land use changes have
indicated about 20% loss of green areas
(Ibrahim, et al., 2001). Meanwhile, the green
areas are the important component of the urban
systems because they are actually stabilizing
the ecosystem.

As for local folks who are never set their foot in
Putrajaya are more than welcome to visit the
federal administrative place. About 440 multi-
racial residents of Lembah Pantai were taken on
a tour Putrajaya and among the places that they
visited were Masjid Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin,
Dataran Putra, Monumen Alaf Baru and various
parks. As according to Nong Chik, there is
actually many locals have never been to
Putrajaya before and these can make
opportunities toboost tourism industry and
generating economic return for the locals
(Community, 2012).

PAGE 20 • URBAN MORPHOLOGY

ANALYSIS Notably, for social impact,
OF IMPACTS factors that will take place
through jointly carried out urban
THE BEST SIGHTS TO SEE, AND farming activities are social
PLACES TO PIN ON YOUR BUCKET interaction and communication
LIST and the enrichment of friendly
relations. It also can mobilize
According to the impacts above, the resources available for
for the economic site, Putrajaya implementing activities in urban
can be viewed during 1990, the agriculture by promoting a
nation has increase for about 4- community that is united and
5% of continuous economic working together. Urban green
growth and has been rely on the spaces should be an inclusive
manufacturing and industrial space and can be seen as
activities that related to the favorable spaces to stimulate
agricultural industry only. social interaction.
Furthermore, the economic
performance of Malaysia in a Lastly, for environmental
positive way and at the same impacts, urban
time increased CO2 emissions agriculture plays an important
from energy generation. role in every aspect in order to
Therefore, the plan in reducing make the urban
energy used in urban area places becoming more
cannot be the best decision successful in future. However, it
because these can bring decreases the harmful effects of
negative impact on future erosion, introduces shade and
economic performance, controls the temperature of the
unemployment and social entire City area by doing the
issues. greening of urban agriculture.
The trend of rapid urban
growth has emerged dynamically
vertically and horizontally
especially in Selangor. It can be
useful for an urban level which
easing the local decision-
makers in developing local
adaptation and mitigation
policies if they do the long-term
downscaling of global socio-
economic scenarios on a city
scale.

PAGE 21

FUTURE
PLANNING

Other than being such a modern As according to Vision 2020
urban attraction site, Putrajaya which stated about in achieving
also has coming out a plan of certain economic targets and
doing a master plan named make Malaysia as a powerful
actor in the world economy
A‘Putrajaya Green City 2025 (Mahathir, 1997). Putrajaya has
(PCG2025)’. In tabling the 2010 been explored as a capital of
Malaysian Budget, the Prime a different kind in two related
Minister stated that, to develop contexts. The future is
Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as emphasized in works
pioneer township in Green about Malaysia in total, including
Technology as a showcase families and relatedness, urban
for the development of other life and politics (Oliver, n.d.).
townships. The development The close future is a process of
strategy was basically based on implicating oneself in the ongoing
two underlying concepts which life of the social and material
are (1) Putrajaya as garden city world (Guyer, 2007). The distant
(e.g. sustainable development); future of a plan like Vision 2020,
(2) Putrajaya as intelligent city. set about 30 years to implement
In this master plan, it stated that because it relies more on the
Putrajaya is an integrated land emergent horizons of imagination
use plan that supported by and it is not necessarily
various guidelines and subject connected to the present as well
plans that covering sectors (e.g. as uncertainty. Furthermore, the
transportation, environment, grandest project of Vision 2020 is
utilities, landscape, urban the Multimedia Super Corridor
design, lake use and navigation). (MSC) which many large
This plan has three main governments investments in the
components and quantitative telecommunications infrastructure
environmental targets which are of the MSC’s cities of Putrajaya
low carbon (i.e. reduce green- and Cyberjaya make the area the
house gas (GHG) emission most digitally wired place in the
intensity by 60%), cooler place country (Leplawsky, 2005).
(i.e. reduce peak temperature by However, Vision 2020 imagines
2 degrees Celsius) and 3R (i.e. Malaysia’s fully developed as a
reduce final disposal of solid tangible place.
waste and GHG emission per
waste generation by 50%).

PAGE 22

FUTURE In this new era
PLANNING globalization, the tourism
industry needs to deal with
THE BEST SIGHTS TO SEE, AND the serious problems of
PLACES TO PIN ON YOUR BUCKET health, security and safety
LIST confidence in travelling as
their new priority (Liang,
T.K., 2020). The Malaysian
Association of Tour and
Travel Agents (MATTA) has
urges Putrajaya to
implement health
accreditation in order to
resuscitate the tourism
industry (Business Today,
2020). Because of that, the
travel as well as market
recovery in the next 12
months in future will be
challenging and
unpredictable due to the
global recession along with
travel restrictions resulting
in the industry coming into
a standstill. Significantly,
initiating a health
accreditation mark
programme for the tourism
value chain (i.e. aviation,
hotels, tourism attractions,
retail outlets,
transportation operations,
cruises and food and
beverages outlets) amongst
others as being stated by
the Ministry of Tourism,
Arts and Culture (MOTAC)
and Ministry of Health.

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URBAN | PAGE 24

URBAN // MORPHOLOGY

EDITOR:
YUHA MINHAD (2019705267)

CONTENT CREATOR:
ALINA BINTI ALI (2019314457)
NURUL AFIFAH BINTI AMINURDIN (2019317213)
NUR HANIS HAZIQAH BINTI ABDUL HALIM (2019583739)

HTT 557 DESTINATION, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT