Europe: Physical
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Europe: Political
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Lesson Physical Structure
of Australia
6.13
Pre-reading Activity
Read the following facts about Australia and at the end add facts of your own.
• As of 2012, Australia had an estimated population of over 22 million people.
• Australia is the world's sixth largest country by area.
• Due to its large size and isolation from the rest of the world, Australia is
sometimes known as the ‘island continent’.
• The largest cities in Australia are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and
Adelaide.
• The name ‘Australia’ comes from the Latin word ‘australis’, meaning southern.
• The indigenous people of Australia are Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait
Islanders.
• The world's largest reef system, the Great Barrier Reef, is found off the north-
eastern coast of Australia.
• Australia has a range of different landscapes, including urban areas, mountain
ranges, deserts and rain forests.
• Australia is home to a variety of unique animals, including the koala, kangaroo,
emu, kookaburra and platypus.
Reading
Australia is at once an island, a country and a continent. It is the smallest continent with
the area of 76,86,850 sq.km. It lies within 114° E to 154° East longitudes and 10° S to 40° S
latitudes. The neighbouring countries of Australia are Indonesia, East Timor and Papua
New Guinea to the North, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-
east and New Zealand to the south-east. It is surrounded by the Indian Ocean in the north
west, the Southern Ocean in the south, and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The Murray
Darling is the major river of Australia which is also used for transportation. Besides these
rivers, there is a vast plain area or the river basin. There are eight territories: Western
Australia, Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria,
Capital Territory, and Tasmania. The main cities are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth,
Adelaide, Hobart, etc. The population pressure is mostly in the mainland and the state
capitals like Sydney, Canberra, Perth, Hobart, etc. Main occupations of Australia are
animal husbandry, industry and tourism.
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Physically Australia is divided into three regions:
1. The Eastern Highlands: This
region stretches from north east
Cape York Peninsula to Tasmania
island in the South. To the east
there extends a long ridge like
feature from north to south. It is
called the Great Dividing Range.
It has been formed as a result of
the deposition of skeletons of tiny
sea animals living in colonies.
Its average height is 900m. To its
South there lies the highest peak
of Australia called Mt. Kosciusko
(2228 m). To its north-south, there
lies the Great Barrier Reef. The
Great Barrier Reef is the world's
largest coral reef system.
2. The Central Lowland: This region is the lowest plain land that lies between the
Eastern Highlands and Western Plateau. It stretches from the Murray Darling
Basin, Australia's largest and important river basin to the Gulf of Carpentaria. This
region also consists of some lakes. One of the most significant landforms in the
central lowland is lake Eyre. As the central lowland receives the least amount of
rain, it contains large deserts.
3. Western Plateau: The western plateau covers approximately two thirds of the
continent. This region is comparatively higher than the central lowland and most
of its parts are flat. Nearly 70% of the western plateau is deserts. The Great Victoria,
Gibson and the Great Sandy are its examples.
Climate and vegetation
The climate of Western Australia is not suitable for human life. There is tropical desert
climate. So, a very few people live there. Tropical monsoon climate is found in the north of
Australia. Temperate grassland is found in the south-east region due to temperate oceanic
climate. These grasslands are called Downs. There is abundant thick and evergreen
forest. South-west Australia experiences the Mediterranean type of climate, which causes
rainfall in the winter. From north to south through the central part, there is a vast area
of grassland. Australia is very rich in wildlife; the kangaroo is a special animal of this
continent. New Zealand is another island nation in the south-east of Australia; it is about
1800 k.m. far from Australia. There is good climate, ideal for human life.
Glossary
reef : a chain of rocks or coral or a ridge of sand at or near the
surface of water
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In-class Activity
Get into small groups and make several flash cards, in which you write a fact
about Australia. Then display the cards to class and share the information. Try
including information not mentioned in the lesson.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What do you call the indigenous people of Australia? Write a short note on them.
2. Describe the physical structure of Australia with examples.
3. Describe the history of Australia with respect to human settlement
4. Although Australia has a long coastal line, there are a few ports and harbours.
Give reasons.
5. Give geographical reasons to the following statements:
a. There are vast grasslands in Australia.
b. Population density of Australia is very uneven.
c. Western Australia receives less amount of rainfall.
d. Rivers are suitable for transportation.
e. Australia exports a large amount of mutton to the world.
6. Why do Australia and Asia have contrastive seasons (nearly opposite)?
7. What are the major climate patterns found in Australia?
8. In an outline map of Australia, locate different geographical areas described in
the lesson.
B. Offer long answer to the following question.
In an outline map of Australia insert the following facts.
River Murray Darling, Darwin, Sydney, the Great Sandy Desert, Pacific Ocean, the
Great Dividing Range, Great Australian Desert, Tasmania Island, Winter Rainfall
Area, Great Barrier Reef, Great Australian Bite, Mt. Kosciusko, New Zealand, Perth,
Queensland, Brisbane
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Undertake a small research project in which you prepare the "Country Profile" of
Australia. Include information related to Australia's history, indigenous people,
arts and literature. You may need to consult books, your teacher and the internet.
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Lesson Social Life and Economic
6.14 Activities in Australia
Pre-reading Activity
Read the overview of Australian economy, taken from The World Factbook. Then,
discuss the questions that follow.
As of 2015, the services sector is the largest part of the Australian economy,
accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of jobs. Australia was comparatively
unaffected by the global financial crisis as the banking system has remained
strong and inflation is under control. Australia has benefited from a dramatic
surge in its terms of trade in recent years, although this trend could reverse or
slow due to falling global commodity prices. Australia is a significant exporter
of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant and diverse natural
resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves
of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A
series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas
Project, will significantly expand the resources sector. Australia is an open market
with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services.
Source: World Factbook
• What is service sector? How does it contribute to Australian economy?
• What kind of economy does Australia have?
• Why is Australia able to attract foreign investment?
Reading
Australia is one of the developed
nations in the world. It is famous for
educational institutions and sheep
herding. Both European whites and
aborigines live in this country. The
aborigines are supposed to have come
about 30,000 years before from the
south-east Asia. Throughout the country,
population distribution is not even. About
80-85 percent people live in the south-east
coast; the remaining population also lives
in other coastal areas. So, the major cities and state capitals are in coastal zones. The main
language is English and a few people speak indigenous languages. Christianity is the
major religion, and a few Buddhists and Muslims also live there. There is compulsory
education up to 16 years of age, and hence 99 percent people are literate.
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Economic activities
Agriculture and Sheep Rearing
Nearly 5% of the total population in Australia are involved in agriculture and animal
rearing. Agriculture and animal rearing is highly developed and mechanized due
to modern scientific system. Wheat grows in large scale in Murray Darling Basin and
temperate grasslands. Here, a large number of cows and sheep are reared in a modern
way. There are also sheep rearing areas in modern way. There are also sheep rearing areas
in western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. That is why milk, wool and meat
is produced in large scale. Australia is the leading producer and exporter of wool in the
world. Fruits grow in abundant quantity in south-west Australia.
Industry and Mining
Australia is very rich in mining. It exports gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, oil, natural gas,
Nickel, Uranium, coal, etc. in large scale. There are many industries around Sydney and
Melbourne. The major export oriented industries are minerals, wool, meat (beef), milk
products, machines, iron ore and wheat.
Gold mine in Australia
Hydroelectricity Production and Tourism
Out of many bigger projects, the Snowy Murray Development Project of Australia is an
important one. Here, the Snowy River has been channelized to Murray Basin to generate
hydroelectricity and for irrigation. Australia produces 950 MW from Murray I and 550
MW electricity from Murray II hydropower projects. The Hydro Project uses the tunnel
of 15 km. at the Great Dividing Range.
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inflation Glossary
mutton
aborigines : a continual increase in the price of goods and services
: the meat of sheep, goat
: members of the native peoples of Australia
In-class Activity
Work in a group. Devise a plan to strengthen Nepal’s trade relations with Australia.
Identify items that Nepal can export to and import from Australia. Explain how
your plan is going to work.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Why is Australia suitable for sheep farming? Give reason.
2. What are the main occupations in Australia? Explain.
3. Describe the importance of the coastal area of Australia in terms of its economy.
4. Locate different mining areas on the map of Australia or in your atlas.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
Mark the following items on the outline map of Australia:
Major state capitals, Great Barrier Reef, gold and iron mines, Murray Darling river,
western plateau, wheat producing areas, coal mines, national parks, grass land, and
densely populated areas
Self- Discovery: Project Work
As a group, find as much information as you can on “Nepal-Australia Cooperation.”
On the basis of what you have learned about Nepal-Australia relationship so far,
present your views on the ways Nepal and Australia take benefits from each
other. You may take the help of your teacher in locating information and forming
your ideas.
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Australia: Physical
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Australia: Political
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Lesson Asia, Europe,
Australia and Nepal
6.15
Pre-reading Activity
As you know, a large number of educated Nepali youths migrate to Australia,
Europe and North America every year. They contribute to Nepali economy by
sending money home. But, it also affects Nepal as trained manpower is leaving the
country. This problem is also known as “brain drain.”
Take a few minutes and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Nepali youths
migrating to foreign countries. Then, put the ideas on the board and share with
friends in the class.
Reading
Geography and climate
Nepal has diverse geographical structures. The topography of Nepal consists of plains,
valleys, gorges, hills, mountains, river basins, etc. Similarly, Nepal also has different
climate patterns, ranging from tropical to tundra type of climate. So, we can say that
Nepal is a mini-world in itself. Nepal is a part of the great Himalayan range. Out of 2400
km expanse of the Himalayan range, about 800 km stretch of the range falls in Nepal.
The Terai is a small part of the Gangetic plain. So topographically, Nepal is an important
country in Asia.
The monsoon climate that affects Nepal also affects South Asia, East Asia and South-East
Asia. Most of the flora and fauna that are found in Asia are also found in Nepal.
Friendly relations
Nepal has friendly relationship with most of the Asian countries. Nepal has social,
religious, historical and geopolitical ties with two neighbouring countries—China and
India. Nepal also enjoys similar relation with other South Asian nations. A large number
of Nepali people work in India, Korea, Malaysia, Japan, and Gulf countries. Nepal has
participated, along with Asian countries, in international workshops/ seminars related
to education, health, environment, democracy. Such programs also focus on women and
children’s welfare, cultural exchange program, and sporting events.
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Nepal has close and friendly relationship with Australia and New Zealand as well.
Although Nepal’s topography and culture hardly resemble those two countries, Nepal has
a very good relationship with Australia and New Zealand. Especially, Nepal has developed
mutual cooperation in various sectors, including education, trade, and commerce. There
are numerous bilateral welfare programs as well. Nepali students receive scholarships to
study in Australia. Many Nepalese live in Australia and New Zealand. Australia has been
assisting us in our efforts at development.
Nepal and Asia
Nepal is situated on the southern lap of the Himalayas in Asia. The Terai of Nepal is a
part of the large plain area of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. The monsoon wind that
affects Nepal's climate impacts a large part of South Asia, South east and East Asia. Due to
diversity in altitude, Nepal has all types of vegetation found in natural vegetation. Nepal
has very good diplomatic, trade and social relations with countries like India, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
Many Nepalese go to work in India, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, Arabian countries. Nepal
has active participation in education, health, infrastructure development, preservation of
natural heritages, cultural exchange, etc. with several other countries in Asia.
Nepal and Europe
Like Nepal, Europe is a geographically diversified continent. Both are in the northern
hemisphere and have similar climate patterns and seasons. The Alps is comparable to
the mountain ranges we have in the Himalayan region. Northern climate of Europe is
similar to the climate found in the Himalayan region. Nepal has friendly relationship with
most of the European countries. Europe is a developed continent and all of the countries
are rich in resources, capital, and technology. As a result, many European nations have
assisted Nepal in different sectors of development. Germany and the United Kingdom
are the major donor countries for Nepal. Similarly, Nepal and the United Kingdom have
the oldest diplomatic relationship. Nepalese work and study in many European countries
like the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, Sweden,
Switzerland, Norway, etc. Nepal imports readymade goods, vehicles, electric goods and
other machinery equipment from Europe whereas it exports herbs, garments, agricultural
products, carpets, curios, handicrafts, etc. to European countries. Every year, many
European tourists visit Nepal to enjoy Nepal’s culture and society, mountaineering, and
trekking.
Nepal and Australia
Australian continent is a single country. Geographically, Australia and Nepal do not
have similarity but have very good economic, educational and trade relations. Every
year several Nepalese students go to study in Australia. A number of Nepalese work in
Australia. Australia has helped Nepal in conservation of forest, rehabilitation of Bhutanese
refugees and good governance. Nepal has good trade relation with Australia. Every year
several Austrialan tourists visit Nepal.
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gorge : Glossary
curio :
a narrow valley between hills
a shop where artistic things are found
In-class Activity
Draw a map of Asia, Europe or Australia and show ten important facts and places
on it. Display the map in class.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Write a brief commentary on the similarity between Nepal, Australia, and
Europe in terms of climate patterns and topography.
2. Divide your class into three groups. Each group discusses one of the following
topics. After the discussion, propose a few areas to strengthen mutual
relationship:
Relationship between Nepal and Europe
Relationship between Nepal and Australia
Relationship between Nepal and Asia
3. Make a list of goods that are exported to European countries from Nepal. What
benefit does Nepal get from international trade?
4. Discuss any bilateral welfare programs between Nepal and Australia.
5. Which European country is the major donor to Nepal? Which are the sectors for
which Nepal receives the fund from this country?
6. Nepali students go to European countries for higher education. Make a list of
such countries. Why are Nepalese students attracted to European education
system?
7. About 30 European countries have formed an organization called European
Union (EU). Introduce it briefly.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Make a two-column table in which you write names of 10 European countries
that have high literacy rate (one column) and names of 10 Asian countries that
have low literacy rate (second column). Then, offer at least five reasons why Asian
countries lag behind in achieving a higher literacy rate.
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Unit Review
In this unit, you have learnt that:
• Imaginatively drawn vertical lines on the earth surface from the North Pole to the
South Pole are called longitudes;
• Similarly, horizontal lines drawn on the earth surface from the East to the West are
called latitudes;
• Longitudes and latitudes are used to locate any place on the earth;
• The standard local time of a place is determined by the location of the place in terms
of longitudes ;
• The longitude of 180 degree is called the International Date Line;
• Nepal has varied topography and diverse land forms such as mountains, plains, and
valleys ;
• Topographically, Nepal can be divided into three regions— the Terai, the Hilly, and
the Himalayan Region;
• Climate is the average atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time;
• Nepal has a diverse climate pattern as she has diverse geography;
• People’s lifestyle is influenced by the geography of a place they live in ;
• From geographical point of view, Nepal has different lifestyles in the Terai, the Hills
and the Himalayas;
• Cartography means the map work that gives a lot of information about a place;
• Scales and symbols are used to express information in a map;
• Asia is the largest continent with an area of 107 million sq. km.
• There is vast amount of bio-diversity in Asia and there are significant variations in
climate;
• Europe is one of the most developed continents with long coastal lines; as a result,
most European countries have access to sea;
• Europe experiences four types of climate—extereme cold (tundra), cold, temperate,
Mediterranean climate;
• Industry, trade, agriculture, and fishing are the main economic activities of Europe;
• Australia is at once an island, a country, and a continent; it is the smallest continent
with an area of 7692208 sq. km;
• The desert tropical climate of Western Australia is not suitable for human settlement;
• Sheep herding, agriculture, industry, and tourism are the main economic activities of
Australia.
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Test Your Knowledge
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions. (for practice only)
1. Give geographical location (latitude and longitude) of Nepal.
2. What is scale?
3. At which angle is the earth inclined on its orbital plane?
4. What is local time?
5. Why do we use a map?
6. What is the Prime Meridian?
7. What do you mean by standard time?
8. Why is Nepal's standard time ahead of the GMT?
9. What is the time difference in 1° longitude?
10. What is steppes? In which continent is it found?
11. Why is the Himalayan region colder than the Terai region of Nepal?
12. List out two differences between latitude and longitude.
13. Name any two landlocked countries each of Asia and Europe.
14. Why is local time not the same in different parts of the world?
15. Which longitude determines the standard time of Nepal?
16. Draw the symbol for :
a. Lake b. Mountain range
17. Who are cartographers?
18. Name two districts that lie in the inner Terai.
19. What percent of total land area lies in the Himalayan region?
20. Write two differences between taiga and tundra.
21. What is a pictogram?
22. How is the equator different from other latitudes?
23. Mention any two factors influencing climate on the earth.
24. Why are times eastward faster than westward?
25. Write the names of two mountain ranges of Asia.
26. What is the altitudinal range of the Hilly region of Nepal?
27. What separates Asia and Africa?
28. Why is Asia called the continent of contrast?
29. What is the rain shadow area? Give an example.
30. What is the junction of Europe and Asia called?
31. Name the highest peak of Australia.
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32. What are the three physical divisions of Europe?
33. Which part of Nepal is affected by winter monsoon?
34. The eastern part of Nepal receives higher rainfall than the western part. Give
reasons.
35. Name any two exports of Australia.
36. Name the grassland found in Australia.
37. Why is the eastern part of Australia densely populated?
38. Which European country is the second largest donor to Nepal?
39. Which is the driest continent?
40. Name any two imports of Europe.
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Write four economic activities of Asian people and explain any two of them.
2. What is the difference in the standard time of Nepal, India and Bangladesh?
Why?
3. Into how many geographical regions is Nepal divided? Describe them in brief.
4. Explain any four types of vegetation found in Nepal.
5. Write a short note on the effects of winter monsoon in Nepal.
6. Europe is rich in natural resources and means. Justify.
7. When the students in Kathmandu (85°E) start their class at 10:00 am, what would
those in Tokyo (140°) be doing?
8. When it's 4 o' clock in the afternoon in 80°E of Chennai, what will be the time in
75°W of New York? Show the calculation.
9. What are the differences between the Himalayan region and the Terai region?
10. Though both lie in the Terai region, Biratnagar is cooler than Dhangadhi. Why?
11. What is monsoon? Write a short note on the impacts of summer monsoon in Nepal.
12. Why are industries and trade more developed in Europe?
13. Write about the climate of Australia.
14. Seasons in Australia are opposite to that of Asia. Why?
15. Make a list of goods that are exported to European countries from Nepal. How
is Nepal benefitted from the international trade?
16. Make a list of European countries where Nepalese students go for their higher
education. Give four reasons why they are attracted to European education
system.
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C. Offer long answer to the following questions.
1. Draw an outline map of Nepal and insert the following:
a. Api Himal b. Madan Bhandari Highway
c. Khaptad National Park d. Barahachhetra
e. Mahakali River f. Cardamom Producing Area
2. Inset the following items in the map of Asia:
a. Arabian Sea b. South Korea
c. Persian Gulf d. Deccan plateau
e. Plain of Ganges f. Gobi Desert
g. Mt. Everest h. Macau
i. Himalayan Mountain Range
3. Insert the following in the map of Europe:
a. Alps Mountain b. River Denube
c. Steppes d. Mediterranean Sea
e. Frankfurt f. Strait of Gibraltar
g. Atlantic Ocean h. Taiga
i. Winter Rain Area Lake
4. Insert the following in the map of Australia:
a. Indian Ocean b. River Avon
c. Woods Lake d. Tropic of Capricorn
e. Cambridge Gulf f. New Castle
g. Victoria State h. Mt. Philip
i. Melbourne
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7Unit
Study of History
In this unit, we will learn about:
• Meaning, sources, and importance of history
• History of Shakya dynasty
• Unification of Nepal
• Causes and consequences of the Anglo-Nepal War
• Role and contribution of warriors during the Anglo-Nepal War
• Rise and fall of the Ranas
• Achievements during the Rana rule
• Industrial revolution and its impacts
• Inspirations from our ancestors
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Lesson Study and Application
7.1 of History
Pre-reading Activity
What do you think is history? Can there be a history of a person? A family history?
Briefly jot down some points about your own family history such as who your
ancestors are, where they came from, how many generations your family has lived in
the place, etc. Share your family history with the class.
Reading
Introduction
History is a record of past human life, human
civilizations, societies, wars, crusades,
treaties, development of language, religion,
and cultures. In this sense, history is the
record of past events. The period of time
before the information was written down or
recorded is known as pre-history. We study
prehistory with the help of art and artifacts,
weapons and tools, coins, statues, houses and
monasteries, legends, folk tales. The recorded history of Nepal dates back to very recent
period. The first ever written material in Nepal is the stone inscription of Changunarayan
which was installed by Manadev (521-563 BS). So Manadev is called the first historical
king of Nepal.
There are numerous origin stories about Nepal. The most commonly accepted one is that
the Kathmandu valley once was a huge lake, which was called Naga Daha. According
to a Buddhist legend, Manjushree came from China and cut Chobhar hill to let the water
drain out. Gradually, the valley emerged in place of water and human settlement began in
the valley of Kathmandu. Similarly, according to Hindu mythology, Lord Krishna made
a gorge in Chobhar and let the water go out. After that the valley became the plain land
and suitable for human settlement.
Objectives
(a) To explore historical sources
(b) To explain the measures of preservation of historical sources
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Method of study
To explain past events, historians need some sources of information or evidence. There
are basically two types of sources that historians rely upon to explain past events:
1. Primary source: This is the first hand source of information, observed directly in the
field or on the spot. This type of information cannot explain the early history.
2. Secondary source: If the information is collected from others’ information or already
collected sources, then it is called secondary source. For example, inscriptions are the
secondary source of information.
Findings
The following findings have been presented after analysing the data obtained after study.
On the basis of the nature of sources and available materials, there are three types of
sources:
1) Written sources: Genealogies, biographies, books, inscriptions (metal, stone), coins,
paper notes, traveller’s diaries, chronicles or Vamsawali, manuscripts, religious books,
treaties, agreements, letters, vouchers, and personal diaries or memoirs are some
examples of written sources.
2) Oral sources: Folk tales, proverbs, folk songs, myths, eulogies (veergatha), and legends
are examples of oral sources.
3) Physical materials: Pictures, paintings, statues, buildings, palaces, temples, bridges,
caves, ponds, water channels, stone spouts, forts, passes, dresses, utensils, jewellery,
debris, cemeteries, and fossils are some examples of physical sources.
The following sources are used frequently in Nepal to explain and substantiate the history
of Nepal.
i) Inscriptions: An inscription is a written document on a metal, a stone, a wooden block
or any other smooth surface. Inscriptions are very useful sources to know the past
events. In Nepal, stone inscriptions (shilalekh) and copper inscriptions (tamrapatras)
are commonly found on the walls of palaces, temples, and public monuments. The
stone inscription of Changunarayan is the oldest inscription in Nepal.
ii) Manuscripts (Pandulipi or hastalikhit grantha): There
are a lot of handwritten documents that are found in
Nepal and in other countries as well. They are very
useful to explain history. Such documents are housed
in libraries and personal collections. Many documents
related to Nepal can be found in the libraries of famous
universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, and Harvard. Such materials are also found
in monasteries and shrines located in Nepal, Tibet, and India.
iii) Travellers’ diaries: Travellers who came to Nepal in the past have written about
what they saw and observed. Such writing can be very useful to know our history.
For instance, a Chinese traveller Huen Tsang came to Nepal during the Lichchhavi
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period. He had written about then-Nepal, Nepali people and administrative process.
Many historians have used Tsang’s diary to explain the Lichchhavi period.
iv) Coins: Coins can give the date of history,
rulers’ names, social and economic condition
of that society. “Manank,”issued during
the reign of King Manadev, is one of the
ancient coins of Nepal. On one side of the
coin, “Manank” is written and on the other
side is inscribed the word “Shree Bhogini.”
Historians believe that Shree Bhogini was the name of the Queen; and the mention of
her name shows that women enjoyed prestigious position in the society during that
time.
v) Chronicles: Chronicles are important sources of historical knowledge of Nepal.
Chronicles record names, classes, castes, people’s social status, and distribution
of population in a particular era of history. The Chronicles of the Gopals (Gopal
Vamsawali), and the chronicle of languages (Bhasa Vamsawali) are important and
famous chronicles of Nepal.
vi) Oral literature: Folk tales, legends, myths, songs, and proverbs are oral literature.
Such literature plays an important role in explaining the past events. Historians make
use of oral traditions in constructing the history of a society, nation, and people. For
example, Indra Jatra and the accompanying story of how Indra, the God, visited the
Kathmandu valley explains not only the importance of the festival but also people’s
beliefs and needs.
vii) Foreign visitors: There are some books, diaries, reports, etc. prepared by foreign
scholars from the ancient period to the modern time. For example, William
Kirkpatrick, Hamilton, Donald Wright, Hudson, etc. have published books about
Nepal, Nepali society and politics.
viii) Government documents: Formal decisions, royal seals, letters, verdicts, treaties,
journals, notices published and recorded in gazettes are also important sources of
history.
ix) Collection in foreign libraries: Some important documents about Nepal are
collected in foreign libraries, and they are valuable sources of Nepali history. For
example, Cambridge and Oxford have some of these documents. Records in Nepal’s
relationship with the East India Company and Great Britain are mostly housed in
these libraries.
x) Thyasfu: It is in Nepal bhasa. Its meaning is a personal diary in which daily events
are written. Such thyasfu written in the medieval period has become the source of
history .
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Accounts of Chinese travellers, for example, have been used to write the history of early
periods such as the Lichchhavi period. Then, during the British-India government, many
Europeans and Indians came to study Nepal. Some of them are William Kirkpatrick,
Sylvian Levy, Bhagawan Lal Indraji, Roni Iro Noli, Donald Wright. Similarly, Nepali
historians have explored the history of Nepal. Baburam Acharya, Mahesh Chandra Regmi,
Hrishikesh Shah, Nayanraj Pant, Rudra Raj Pande, Hemraj Pande, Yogi Naraharinath , Dilli
Raman Regmi, Surya Bikram Gyawali, Dhan Bajra Bajracharya, Lainsingh Wangdel, Satya
Mohan Joshi, etc. are some of the prominent historians who have written about Nepal.
In modern times, universities offer courses in history. The Departments of Archaeology,
History of Tribhuvan University and other institutions are also involved in the study and
exploration of Nepalese history and culture.
The following measures have been recommended for the preservation of historical
sources:
a. documentation of historical sources
b. preservation of historical sources constructing libraries and museums
c. management of security to prevent theft
d. collection of obtained sources from various places
e. nationalisation of sources
f. preparation of electronic files
Conclusion
Inquiry and study of history is a creative activity. History encourages an individual and
makes him energetic. Sources of history are the pride of the nation. Historical sources
have to be preserved and handed over to the future generation.
crusade : Glossary
treaty :
emerge : religious war
inscription : agreement between two or more nations
come out; appear
writing on stones, copper, etc.
In-class Activity
Imagine that you want to write the history of your school. What materials would
you need? What kinds of documents, sources of information, people would you
consult to know about the history of your school?
222 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. What is pre-history?
2. Since when the recorded history of Nepal began?
3. According to a legend, how was the place where we have the Kathmandu valley
now like?
4. How do we know about the Lichchhavi period?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is history? What do you get from the study of history? What is the use of
history in our life?
2. Primary and secondary sources are the major sources of information in the study
of history. What are the differences between these two sources?
3. Give three examples each of written documents, oral sources, and material
sources commonly used in history.
4. If you were a historian, which source would you follow and why?
5. According to the lesson, on what basis is Nepali history prepared? Write with
examples.
6. Family history is called “genealogy,” in which names of family members,
important dates such as marriages, births, and deaths are recorded. With the
help of your parents and grandparents, prepare a genealogy of your own family
and share it with your friends and teachers.
7. Write the names of famous Nepali historians. Also, include the names not
mentioned in this lesson.
C. Offer long answer to the following question.
1. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the major sources of the
history of Nepal.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
a. Choose a place, monument, temple, or a person in your locality. Collect
information about your chosen topic and write a brief history of the place,
monument, or a person.
b. Dr. Harka Gurung was a famous intellectual; he died in a helicopter crash at
Taplejung in 2064. A book, titled Maile Dekheko Nepal (Nepal as I Have Seen)
has recently been published; the book is a collection of his diary. So writing
diary is an important habit. In a similar way, make a diary of your own that
records important public events of a certain period of time.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 223
Lesson Kapilvastu and the History
of the Shakya Dynasty
7.2
Pre-reading Activity
Visit different monasteries and vihars or go through different books and
newspapers and complete the following table:
S.N. Place Information related to the life of
Buddha
1. Lumbini, Nepal
2. Devdaha, Nepal
3. Bodhibrikshya, Gaya, India
4. Sarnath, India
5. Kushinagar, India
Reading
Kosala was an ancient Indian kingdom
presently located in Uttar Pradesh. It had
three major cities: Ayodhya, Saket and
Shravasti. Okkaka, whom Shakyas accept
as their ancestor, used to rule over Saket.
According to legend, Okkaka had five queens
and numerous children. From the eldest
queen Bhatra, four sons and five daughters
were born. When the eldest queen died,
Okkaka married a much younger woman
and made her the main queen. The youngest queen gave birth to a son named Jantu. Not
being able to back down from the words given to his younger queen, he regretfully made
his new son Jantu crown prince and expelled his other four sons. Their sisters were very
unhappy with the decisions and joined their brothers in exile. The princes and princesses
wandered through the forest and finally came to the hermitage of the sage Kapil. The
sage suggested them to live nearby. The princes cleared the forest and established a state
named Kapilvastu.
A few years later, king Okkaka sent his ministers to find his sons and daughters. The king
got the information that they lived in a jungle named 'Sak'. Those two ministers also settled
in Kapilvastu. As the state was totally isolated and there lived people of different tribes
and cultures, they wanted to protect their prestige and continue their lineage. Therefore,
they made the eldest sister Piya, mother, and married the other sisters. When the king
heard this, he spelled "Hey Rajkumar haru ho, timi haru Sakya Chhau, nischaya pani sakya
224 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
chhau" (Oh princes, you all are finished for sure). Since then Kapilvastu was established as
a republic state and the Shakya dynasty originated. This has been mentioned in Buddhist
Scripture Tripitak, Dighnikaya, and Ambasth stories. Hence, king Okkaka was the main
ancestor of the Shakya dynasty. His eldest son Okkamukh (Ulkamukh) became the first
king of Kapilbastu.
The Shakya had a council (Sabha) that was made up of warriors of the tribe respected for
theAirccmoirlditianrgytpooPwaleirlisteorrawtuirsed,othme.wTohredc"oSuhnackiyl aa"lsooriagcitneadteassfraolmawSaokrkcao=uSrat.kkya=Sakiya.
Its meaning is competence, self-respect and powerful.
King Sighahanu succeeded Jayasen. He had a queen named Kanchana. She gave
birth to five sons and a daughter. The eldest son Suddhodhan became the king of the
autonomous state of Kapilvastu. He ruled there about 2600 years back. Suddhodhan
was a very popular king. His eldest wife Mahamayadevi gave birth to Lord Buddha
(Siddhartha Gautam). The younger wife Prajapati Gautami gave birth to a son named
Nanda Kumar and a daughter named Nandakumari. The Shakyas practised endogamy
and polygamy. Suddhodhan's two wives were sisters and his close cousins too. This sort
of arrangement was encouraged because Shakyas were very proud of their clan and
wanted to keep property within their own family. They themselves called noble Khsetriya
of Suryabankshi Ishwaku Kul Gautam Gotra. Suddodhan's aunt was married to Koliya's
king Anjan. Anjan's two daughters Mahamayadevi and Prajapati Gautami were married
to Suddhodhan. Likewise daughter of Saprabuddha (Anjan's son) Yasodhara was married
to Shakya prince Siddartha Gautam. It was said that many miracles occurred as soon
as prince Siddhartha Gautam took birth. The royal seer examined the child and made
predictions that the child would be a fully enlightened Buddha through his new thoughts.
Family Tree of Shakya Kings of Kapilvastu
Okkaka
Okkamukh
Nipurna Chandmukh Singhawahanu Singhoswot
Jaysen
Sighahanu
Suddohhan Suklodan Sakyodan Dhotodan Abhitoden
+Mahamaya
Siddhartha+ Nandkumar Nandkumari
Yasodhara
Rahul
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 225
exile : Glossary
lineage :
autonomous : force to leave a country
seer : direct descent from an ancestor
having the right or power to govern itself
one who predicts the future
In-class Activity
Make a family tree of your lineage and demonstrate it in your class.
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. Who was Okkaka?
2. Why were the four sons of Okkaka exiled?
3. How did Kapilvastu get its name?
4. Who was Siddhartha Gautam?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. How did Shakya dynasty originate? Explain.
2. Why is the Shakya dynasty important in the history of Nepal?
3. Make a family tree of the Shakya dynasty.
4. Write a short biography of Lord Buddha.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
There might be people of different ethnic groups (Brahmins, Chhetris, Rais,
Limbus, Tharus, etc.) living in your locality. Meet the senior citizen of those
communities and find out their lineage.
226 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson The Unification
of Nepal
7.3
Pre-reading Activity
What do you know about Prithivi Narayan Shah? What are some of his contributions
in Nepali history? What do you specially like about him? Make a brief note on “What
I know about P. N. Shah” and share your views with the class.
Reading
During the Malla period, there were many small
states or principalities in Nepal. They often quarrelled
and fought with each other for territory, personal
ego, and other reasons. There was groupism among
them. There were strong and weak states. Palpa,
Malla kingdoms of the Kathmandu valley, and states
from the Karnali region were strong states. Gorkha,
however, was neither a strong nor a weak state. It was
a middle-sized state with the population of 12,000
people. In this condition, Prithivi Narayan Shah, the
then-king of Gorkha, began the unification process. Historians have written it that he
raised a strong army, enrolling one able person from each family of the Gorkha kingdom.
With this army of strongly trained soldiers, Shah began expanding the territories of the
Gorkha kingdom. The unification of Nepal began at a time when the neighbouring states
of Lamjung, Tanahun and Kaski were not in favour of Gorkha. The international situation
was also complex as the East India Company already had strengthened its rule over India
and was in search of routes to Tibet and China for trade. Shah’s unification drive was
not in favour of the East India Company either. In this situation, Prithvi Narayan Shah
pushed the unification process.
First attack in Nuwakot
In 1794 BS, Narabhupal Shah (father of Prithivi Narayan Shah) attacked Nuwakot for the
first time but the Gorkhali troops could not stand against the combined forces of Kantipur
(Kathmandu) and Lalitpur (Patan). Jayant Rana was in-charge of Gorkha troops when
Narabhupal Shah attacked Nuwakot. After the Gorkhali troops lost the war, Jayant Rana
sought asylum from Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur. This defeat humiliated
Narabhupal Shah, and he could not concentrate on administration. Prithvi Narayan Shah
and Mother Queen Chandrapravawati took the responsibilities of the state affairs. Prithvi
Narayan Shah ascended to the throne of Gorkha in 1799 BS at the age of 20. After ascending
to the throne, he made a plan to start the campaign of unification. He sent troops to
attack Nuwakot in 1800 BS under the command of Kaji Biraj Thapa Bakheti. Bakheti was
waiting for a suitable moment. But Prithvi Narayan Shah sent another battalion under the
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 227
leadership of Maheswar Pant, thinking that Biraj Bakheti's delay in attacking Nuwakot
meant he had betrayed Gorkha. Panta’s troops lost the war. Untrained soldiers, lack of
weapons, and unfamiliar geography of Nuwakot were some causes for the defeat.
Despite continued failure, Gorkha knew the importance of winning Nuwakot because of
the following reasons:
a) Nuwakot offered strategic benefits due to its altitude to attack the Kathmandu valley.
b) It was an important trade route between Kantipur and Tibet.
c) It had fertile land which could supply food for a large number of people.
Glossary
asylum : a place of protection
ascend : climb; assume
betray : deceive
strategic : advantageous position (from military perspective)
In-class Activity
Historians have said that after the defeat, Narabhupal Shah was unable to continue
his administrative work as the king of Gorkha. What do you think might have been
the reasons for his inability to continue the work? Discuss and come out with some
of your own reasons.
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. Who was in-charge of Gorkha troops when Narabhupal Shah attacked Nuwakot?
2. Why did Narabhupal Shah give up ruling the Kingdom of Gorkha?
3. When did Prithvi Narayan Shah ascend to the throne of Gorkha?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What was the national and international situation like when Prithivi Narayan
Shah ascended to the Gorkha throne?
2. What were the causes behind the failure of Gorkha against Nuwakot?
3. Why did Gorkha repeatedly attack Nuwakot, despite continued defeat?
4. Why was Nuwakot important for the unification of Nepal?
Self- Discovery: Project Work
There must be an old fort in your locality or near your place. Such forts are also
known as gadi or killa. Visit such a place and make notes of what you see. Then
write briefly about how these forts were used to defend the territory in old days.
228 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson Strategic Problems and
7.4 Army Management
Pre-reading Activity
As you know, to launch a successful campaign for unification, a thorough preparation
for wars and battle is necessary. Think about it and make a list of things required to
successfully launch war against a neighbouring state to annex it. What could Prithvi
Narayan Shah have done to unify the nation?
Reading
After the defeat at Nuwakot, Prithvi Narayan Shah
learned the ground reality and the situation. Similarly,
his pride as a king was wounded. He understood that
without a proper planning it would be difficult to take
over Kantipur, the most important part of his campaign.
Shah knew his actual condition and started to strengthen
his army with training and weapons. He brought arms
and ammunition from Benaras. He increased the number
of soldiers and had them properly trained. He raised war
fund from his people. He also studied the situation of
other states around Gorkha.
Friendship with Baise and Chaubise states
Prithvi Narayan Shah began building an alliance with other states for a successful
unification of Nepal. For this, he sought advice from different people. The legend has it
that when he sought advice of the neighboring States from his maternal uncle Udhyot
Sen, the prince of Palpa, he said, “Lamjung is like a vulture, Gorkha is like a snake and
Nepal is like a frog. The snake can devour the frog only if he can dodge the vulture.”
After consultations, Gorkha signed a treaty of peace with Lamjung. He gave continuity
of friendly relationship of his father with King Hari Shah of Jajarkot, one of the Baise
Rajyas. He had his daughter Bilashkumari married to King Ranabhim Shah of Salyan. He
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 229
signed a treaty with Bhaktapur and promised to grant Sindhupalchok and Palanchok,
if he would capture these states. He already had friendly trade relations with Kantipur.
Now the situation was in his favour. The soldiers were trained and well equipped. Now
he was strong and ready from different aspects of war. Assured that the situation was in
his favor, he attacked Nuwakot in 1801 BS for the second time.
Glossary
alliance : friendship; forming a group
dodge : avoid
legend : a story widely accepted but lacking factual validity
In-class Activity
Madan Pokhara Gaunpalika of Palpa district is a model Gaunpalika of Nepal.
Why is it declared a model Gaunpalika? Study and write some features of the
Gaunpalika. What lesson can be learned from Madan Pokhara? Discuss and make
a report. You can collect information from newspapers, and other electronic media.
Exercise
A. Give very short answer to the following questions.
1. Which state did Gorkha sign the treaty of friendship with?
2. Who married the daughter of Prithvi Narayan Shah?
3. How did Prithvi Narayan Shah raise money for war?
4. What did Prithvi Narayan Shah promise Bhaktapur?
5. When did Prithvi Narayan Shah attack Nuwakot for the second time?
B. Give short answer to the following questions.
1. What did Prithvi Narayan Shah learn from the loss of war with Nuwakot?
2. How did he improve the relation with other states?
3. What was the importance of friendly relation of Gorkha with Bhaktapur?
4. State the relationship between Gorkha and Lamjung.
5. What improvements were made to increase the strength of the Gorkha army?
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Have a depth study of your locality. Find out the development potentials and
the problems. Make a strategy to meet the development goals and minimize the
problems.
230 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson Successful Beginning of
7.5 the Unification Campaign
Pre-reading Activity
The unification process successfully began with the annexation of Nuwakot to Gorkha
Kingdom. Take a few minutes and briefly write why the victory over Nuwakot was
important for Prithivi Narayan Shah’s attempt to annex the Kathmandu valley. Share
your ideas with your friends in the class.
Reading
Victory over Nuwakot
After the defeat he suffered at
Nuwakot, Prithvi Narayan Shah
focused on the internal management
of the army: training, arms and
ammunition, etc. He took advice
from his mother Chandrapravawati
and other important persons from
his state. With thorough preparation,
the Gorkha army became ready
both mentally and physically.
On 14th Asoj 1801 BS, Gorkhali
troops reached Nuwakot disguised as ordinary farmers. At this time, Nuwakot was
administered by Jayanta Rana, the former chief of the Gorkha army. The Ranas knew the
situation and Gorkha’s intention. He went to Kantipur to ask for additional help from the
king, specially additional armed forces. Shankhmani Rana, the son of Jayant Rana, was
the chief administrator at the time. It was the time of Indrajatra in Kantipur, and King
Jayaprakash Malla did not pay much attention to this matter. It was the right opportunity
for Prithvi Narayan Shah, and he suddenly attacked Nuwakot the next day. The Gorkha
army attacked Nuwakot from two sides, Dharampani and the Gerkhu river. Shankhmani
Rana could not resist Gorkha troops, and he was killed in the battle by Dala Mardan Shah,
the brother of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
On the day of war with Nuwakot, Jayant Rana had just arrived home at Belkot. Prithivi
Narayan Shah had sent a letter to Jayanta Rana asking him to support Gorkha as he was
the chief of Gorkha force before the first Gorkha attack to Nuwakot. But Jayanta Rana
rejected the proposal replying: “Though I am yours, now I am bonded to Jaya Prakash
Malla.” Later on, Belkot was annexed to Gorkha, and Jayanta Rana was killed. Some say
he was skinned after death.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 231
Annexation of Nuwakot was the first step. Though the annexed territory was small, it was
an important milestone in the course of unification. The victory encouraged the Gorkhali
troops, enhanced the power of Gorkha state, and conveyed the message to other Baise
and Chaubise states. As Nuwakot was the trade route of Kantipur to Tibet, it also had an
impact on Kantipur’s financial state.
First attack on Kirtipur
After the victory over Nuwakot, other places around
the Kathmandu valley, like Mahadevpokhari, Naldum,
Sankhu, Chanagu were annexed to Gorkha; the borders of
the Kingdom of Gorkha reached up to Dolakha. As per the
previous treaty with Bahaktapur, these places were given to
Bhaktapur. After some time, they were retuned to Kantipur.
This angered the king of Bhaktapur, Ranajit Malla. Other
states of the valley, Patan and Kantipur, understood the
plan of Prithvi Narayan Shah and united against the
unification campaign. Three states of the valley prepared a
joint force to stop Prithvi Narayan Shah from entering the
Kathmandu Valley. Meanwhile, Prithvi Narayan Shah was
highly motivated from his continuous victory in the East.
So, he made a plan to attack Kirtipur, another important point to enter the valley. In 1814
BS, Gorkhali troops attacked Kirtipur for the first time. They were badly defeated in the
war and Kalu Pande, the senior-most member of Prithivi Narayan Shah’s court, lost his
life. He was killed brutally. In this war, the allied forces of Kantipur, Bhaktapur, and Patan
helped Kirtipur. Historians believe that Prithvi Narayan Shah himself narrowly escaped
death as he was spared on principle that a king should not be killed by a soldier.
Then, Prithvi Narayan Shah planned to impose an economic blockade in the Valley to
weaken the power of the states of the valley. He had taken control of the northern route
to Tibet. As a result, there was shortage of essential goods in the valley, including salt, oil,
and clothes. But, without conquering Makawanpur, a complete economic blockade was
impossible.
skinned : Glossary
brutally :
spared : removed the skin
cruelly
not punished
232 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
In-class Activity
Imagine that you were Jayant Rana and you received the letter from P. N. Shah
asking you to support Gorkha as you formerly belonged to the Gorkha army. What
would you have done? Do you support Jayant Rana’s decision? Would you have
decided differently?
Exercise
A. Give very short answer to the following questions.
1. Whom did Prithivi Narayan Shah ask for advice before attacking Nuwakot?
2. When did the Gorkha troops attack Nuwakot?
3. Why did Jaya Prakash Malla not help Nuwakot?
4. What reply did Jayant Rana give Prithivi Narayan Shah?
B. Give short answer to the following questions.
1. Why was Nuwakot the first target of Gorkha as a part of the unification process?
What were the advantages of annexing Nuwakot to Gorkha?
2. Point out some strategies followed by Gorkha to attack Nuwakot, the third time.
3. Compare the conditions of the peace treaty made by Prithvi Narayan Shah with
Lamjung, Bhaktapur and Palpa.
4. Highlight some major events of the 1801 War between Gorkha and Nuwakot.
5. The victory over Nuwakot became the first great step towards building the
greater and modern Nepal. Explain the statement.
6. Prithvi Narayan Shah lost the war with Kirtipur in 1814. What was its major
cause?
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Select a historical or religious shrine, or a palace in your locality. As a historian,
gather as much information as you can by asking elders, intellectuals, caretakers,
about the place. Using the information you have gathered, write a letter to the
editor of a national daily calling for the preservation of the place.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 233
Lesson
7.6 Continuity of Unification
Pre-reading Activity
Find out different articles related to Nuwakot and Gorkha Durbar. Now make
comparison between these Durbars and discuss in the class.
Reading
Victory over Makawanpur
The relationship between Gorkha and Makawanpur was not friendly. Although Prithivi
Narayan Shah was married to the princess of Makawanpur, the relationship was strained
due to the quibble over dowry. Historians believe that Prithivi Narayan Shah wanted
Makawanpur to help him financially with gold and cash so that he could use it to meet the
expense of the growing army. He attacked Makawanpur in 1819 BS. Digbandhan Sen, the
brother-in-law of Prithvi Narayan Shah, fled to Hariharpur Gadhi with his family. Later
on, the troops also claimed this place, and Digbandhan Sen fled to India. He asked for
help from the Sultan of Bengal. Then, a troop was sent by the Sultan of Bengal under the
command of Gurgin Khan to help Digbandhan Sen and Makawanpur. There were about
30,000 soldiers who had no experience about the hilly terrains and local environment. The
Bangali army was defeated by Prithvi Narayan Shah’s troops, and about 1,700 Bengali
soldiers were killed. The Gorkhalis captured about 700 weapons in this war. It was the
event of 1819, Paush 27. Then, Digbandhan Sen was caught and put in jail in Gorkha.
After Makawanpur became a part of Gorkha, Prithivi Narayan Shah could impose
economic blockade to the States of the valley as Makanapur was the main gateway for the
supply of goods in the valley. Furthermore, some parts of the Terai – Bara, Parsa, Sarlahi,
Mahottari, and the eastern parts of the Kathmandu valley – Dhulikhel, Panauti, Banepa,
Nala – were also annexed to Gorkha. Now, the Valley was totally blocked from all sides.
Battle with the Bengali force
On 27 Poush 1819, Digbandhan Sen requested Bengali king Nawab Mirkasim for help to
get Makawanpur returned. He sent hundreds of troops to attack the Gorkhalis under the
commandership of Gurgin Khan. Mirkasim's troops could not do anything in the battle.
They lost a large number of soldiers and weapons. After the Gorkhali troops became
victorious in this battle, they strengthened the blockade of the valley annexing places like
Sanga, Nala, Pharping, Bishankhu, Banepa, etc. in the surroundings of the valley.
234 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Victory over Kirtipur
In 1821 BS, Gorkha attacked Kirtipur for
the second time under the leadership of
Surpratap Shah. Gorkha also lost this
battle, and Surpratap Shah, one of Prithivi
Narayan Shah’s brothers, lost his left eye.
In this war, the people of Kirtipur fought
with bravery and defeated the Gorkhali
troops. Gorkha had to pay a high price for
this war.
After the second defeat, Prithvi Narayan
Shah devised a clever strategy to attack
Kirtipur. So, the Gorkha troops surrounded Kirtipur from all sides for over six months.
The water supply was also cut off. Finally, Kaji Dhanawanta surrendered to Gorkhali
troops as the representative of people of Kirtipur. In this way, in the third attempt, Kirtipur
was defeated and annexed to Gorkha on Chaitra 3, 1822.
During that time Kantipur was facing more problems for daily commodities. The economic
crisis reached its height. Extreme economic hardship, due to the blockade, made the
people of the valley go against their kings. People were, in fact, waiting for Gorkha state
to intervene so that they could lead a normal life.
Victory over Kantipur
Kirtipur had gone to Gorkha state and the
economic condition of the valley was also
worsening. Upon the advice of Christian
missionaries, Jaya Prakash Malla sought
help from the East India Company to
protect his kingdom. In 1824 BS, Captain
Kinlok, with about 2,400 soldiers, left India
to help Kantipur. Prithivi Narayan Shah
studied the situation and sent some troops
to Sindhulimadi, the way to enter the Valley.
While the English troops were climbing the
Hill, Gorkhali soldiers suddenly attacked
them. The East India Company soldiers had no experience about life in the hilly region.
About 1,600 English soldiers were killed and Kinlock fled to save his life. The Gorkhali
got some weapons in this war as well.
Although Jaya Prakash Malla received assistance from East India Company, increased
his army force and spent the entire budget preparing for the war, the situation could not
favour him. The people of Kantipur were against him. In this situation, Prithivi Narayan
Shah surrounded the Kantipur palace on the night of 13 Ashoj, 1825, when the people
were celebrating Indra Jatra. The people ran away from the courtyard. Jaya Prakash
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 235
Malla fought for some time with his army but could not resist much. At last, he scattered
gunpowder in the courtyard of Taleju temple and fled to Lalitpur with some 300 guards.
In this way, Prithvi Narayan Shah got victory over Kantipur. After the victory, he ordered
the people of Kantipur to continue celebrating Indra Jatra and watched it from the same
chair where Jaya Prakash Malla was sitting a few hours ago.
Victory over Patan
Prithvi Narayan Shah sent an envoy to Patan,
advising Tej Narasingh Malla to surrender
to Gorkhali troops. Accordingly, Patan
surrendered to Gorkah on 24 Asoj 1825. Jaya
Prakash Malla and Tej Narasingh Malla fled
to Bhaktapur. Patan was also annexed to the
greater Nepal without any bloodshed.
Victory over Bhaktapur
Prithvi Narayan Shah sent a letter to Ranajit
Malla, the king of Bhaktapur, to repatriate
the kings of Patan and Kantipur. He refused
to do so, thinking that one should not betray
the asylum seekers. He became ready to fight
with Prithvi Narayan Shah. On 29 Kartik 1826,
a troop of army went to Bhaktapur. They
fought fiercely for three days. About 1,700
soldiers were killed and about 500 houses were destroyed. Gorkhali troops encircled the
Palace. At last, Ranajit Malla threw his crown from the window to the Gorkhali troops
and surrendered. In this way, on 1 Mangsir, 1826, Bhaktapur was annexed to Nepal. Jaya
Prakash Malla asked for permission to stay in Pashupati Aryaghat, so he was sent to
Pashupati where he died on 14 Mangsir. Tej Narasingh Malla was put behind the bars,
and Ranajit Malla was sent to Kashi as per his will.
Victory over Eastern Sen states Chaudandi, Mid- Kirant Bijaypur
(BS 1830 and 1831)
As the troops under the commandership of Bansa Raj Pandey and Kehar Sing Basnet got
badly defeated, Prithivi Narayan Shah paid attention to the eastern campaign. As a result
in 1830 BS first mid- Kirant and later Chaudandi was captured. Karna Sen, the king of
Chaudandi ran away from there and reached Bijaypur. In Shrawan 1831 BS Bijaypur was
captured by Gorkha. King Karna Sen and minister Buddhi Karna Rai ran away from there
and reached Sikkim. Thus, the Nepalese troops extended the eastern boarder up to Tista.
236 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
crisis : Glossary
fierce :
quibble : difficult moment
dangerous
dispute
In-class Activity
Before the unification of Nepal, your own locality may have been a part of a small
state. Write a brief report on when and how the state was annexed to greater Nepal.
You may interview elders, your own teachers or consult books on history.
Exercise
B. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. Who was Gurgin Khan?
2. How did Surpratap Shah lose his eye?
3. When did Prithivi Narayan Shah get victory over Kirtipur?
4. Who were the last Malla kings of the Kathmandu valley?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Describe the war-related activities of Gorkha between 1801 to 1819 BS.
2. What was the strategy adopted by Gorkha to annex the Kathmandu valley?
3. Why was it important to annex Makawanpur to get victory over Kantipur? Give
reasons.
4. Why was there enmity between Makawanpur and Gorkha? Why was Prithivi
Narayan Shah not happy with Makwanpur?
5. Describe the second war of Gorkha with Kirtipur.
6. What was unique about the third war with Kirtipur? What made the strategy
finally work?
7. Explain the events of wars and victory of Gorkha over Kirtipur, Patan, and
Bhaktapur.
8. Make a table with the list of names of places annexed and the dates they were
annexed.
9. Make a timeline for the following events:
Victory over Nuwakot 15 Ashoj 1801
Victory over Makawanpur 27 Bhadra 1819
Victory over Kirtipur Chaitra 1823
Victory over Kantipur 13 Ashoj 1825
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 237
Lesson Causes and Consequences
7.7 of the Anglo-Nepal War
Pre-reading Activity
Make comparative study between the present map and the map of Nepal before the
Anglo-Nepal war.
Reading
In the beginning of eighteenth century (1708), the British East India Company was
established. Gradually, the East India Company became a powerful body. The company
got involved in politics and started acting as the agent of British Empire by nineteenth-
century. They had a long experience and were far-sighted and could understand the
situation quickly. The unification of Nepal and its development into a powerful country
was not in the interest of the Company. As a result, Nepal had to fight with the powerful
imperial force, the East India Company. Contrary to the shrewdness and far-sightedness
of the East India Company, Nepali rulers were narrow-minded and busy in internal fights
over power and personal interest. British India wanted to increase territorial control over
Nepal as it was the trade route to Tibet and China. So a war broke out between Nepal and
East India Company. Some of the causes of the Anglo-Nepal war were as follows:
Political cause
Most of the heads of small states, who were defeated
during the unification campaign, had taken asylum
in India and were nurtured by the British India
government. They had hope to regain their thrones
and expected British India to help them. So they were
instigating the British against Nepal. On the other
hand, Bhimsen Thapa, the then prime minister of
Nepal, clearly stood against British imperialism. He
was well-aware about the aim and policy of British
India. He called upon all the South Asian governments
and heads of states to unite and fight against the
British. He tried to build an alliance with the kings
of Panjab, Gwalior, and Maratha to fight against
imperialism. So the British rulers were very aware of
Bhimsen Thapa’s intention. However, other South Asian nations did not pay attention to
Nepal’s plan. It was a good plan to defend the region from the British. And to remove the
obstacle in their effort to expand trades to the north, the British had to fight with Nepal.
238 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Economic cause
The British wanted to expand their trade up to Nepal and sell their goods in Nepali
markets and to open trade routes to Tibet and China. The route to China through Nepal
was shorter than any other route. During the time, Nepal was self-reliant. Nepali trade
and commerce was in good condition; Nepal used to export goods to Tibet, China, and
India. From its revenue, Nepal was able to collect arms and ammunition. The British India
government was well aware of this. They wanted to have control over Nepal, its natural
resources, herbs, timber and fertile land of the Terai.
Cold climate
British had come from the cold climate. The mainland India and its hot climate was not
suitable for the British. So, they were in search of cold places. Darjeeling, Sikkim, Nainital,
and main parts of then Nepal, including Kathmandu and other hilly regions, were suitable
for them. So, they wanted control over those areas.
Immediate cause
To stop Nepal’s progress, the British India government created disputes over Butwal and
Syuraj. Formerly these two states were under the state of Palpa that used to pay land tax
to the Nawab of Awadh. When Palpa was annexed to Nepal, the tax was stopped. The
East India Company claimed these states. English Governor General Lord Hasting sent a
letter of intimidation to Nepal to immediately vacate Butwal and Syuraj. Nepal decided
not to give up these states. Thus, on 15th Kartik 1871 (1st November 1814) Governor
General Lord Hasting declared war against Nepal.
Consequences of the Anglo-Nepal War
Nepal fought for two years. It was the major achievement to resist the mighty force
without adequate modern and powerful weapons. Many Nepalese lost their lives for the
country. At last Nepal had two options, either to sign the treaty or to hand over all the
territories to British India government. So, Nepal became ready to sign the treaty, known
as the Sugauli Treaty on Falgun 20,1872 (March 3, 1816). The envoy of English was Brad
Saw. The terms of the treaty were very unequal and insulting to Nepal. Gajaraj Mishra
signed the treaty on behalf of Nepal. The treaty fixed the Nepali borders from Mechi to
Mahakali. Nepal lost one-third of its total area, including Kumaun, Garhawal, Darjeeling,
and Nainital. The British government of India started to interfere in the internal affairs of
Nepal as well. As a result, Nepali royal court was divided over the treaty. It was one of the
causes for the inception of the Rana rule in Nepal. The terms and conditions of the Sugauli
Treaty were as follows:
1. Nepal had to surrender places beyond Mechi and Mahakali rivers, including plains
of theTerai, which was one-third of its total territory.
2. The East India Company would give two hundred thousand rupees per year to Nepal
as tax of the Terai region.
3. The British government would open its embassy in Kathmandu.
4. Nepal would not recruit Nepali youths in the army other than British and Indian
without the consent of the East India Company.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 239
5. The British India government would recruit Nepali youths in the army.
6. Nepal's unification and expansion campaign came to an end and development of
conspiracy in the palace got the momentum.
Glossary
imperialism : one country controlling another
far-sighted : understanding the future course
territorial : related to land and border
instigate : to cause something bad to happen
In-class Activity
As you read in the lesson, some historians contend that the British wanted Nepal
because of Nepal’s cold climate, very much suitable for them. Do you really believe
that it was one of the causes of war? Or, do you think there might be some other
strong reasons than the climate? Explain your views with reasons.
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. What was the East India Company?
2. When and for what purpose did the English enter India?
3. Why did British India regard the Nepal government as the main enemy and
Nepal as an important place?
4. What type of threat was sent by the British India government to Nepal about
Butwal and Syuraj?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What was Bhimsen Thapa’s plan to protect South Asia from the East India
Company? What does it tell about Bhimsen Thapa?
2. How did the dispute over Butwal and Syuraj become the immediate cause of the
Anglo-Nepal war?
3. What were the results of the Anglo-Nepal war?
4. What were the conditions of the Sugauli Treaty of 1816?
C. Offer a long answer to the following question.
What were the causes of the Anglo-Nepal war? Explain them.
240 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson Contributions of Nepali
7.8 Warriors in the Anglo-Nepal War
Pre-reading Activity
Who do you think is the greatest hero-warrior in Nepalese history? What contribution
do you think the person made? Why do you think the person is the greatest
hero-warrior of Nepal? Share your views with the friends in the class.
Reading
Balabhadra Kunwar and the Battle of Nalapani
Balabhadra Kunwar was the commander of some 600 soldiers,
including women, children and old men who fought at Nalapani.
His duty was to protect the entire Deharadoon and Nalapani,
which is 500 miles away from Deharadoon. Major General
Gillespie and Colonel Maubi led around 3,500 strong East India
Company troops, armed with cannons and other weapons.
One day before the battle began, General Gilllespie sent a letter
to Balabhadra Kunwar urging him to surrender. Kunwar did not
read the letter and told the envoy, “I have no habit to read letters
at night, I will meet Gillespie soon.” Next day, the English troops
attacked Nepali fort. Nepali army also retaliated. General Gillespie
and Lieutenant Ellis were killed. After the death of Gillespie,
English army returned to Deharadoon for additional preparation.
The English troops attacked the fort of Khalanga for the second
time after much preparation under Colonel Maubi. Balabhadra
asked for further help from Kathmandu but the reinforcement did
not arrive. Nepalese soldiers showed uncommon courage. English
troops paid high price as they lost a large number of soldiers, arms
and ammunitions but could not achieve victory. So Gereral Maubi
changed the war strategy.
English troops cut off the water supply to the fort of Khalanga. On 30 November, 1814, not
able to withstand thirst and the stench of corpses, Balabhadra came out with remaining
seventy women and men from the fort with bare swords in their hands. They quenched
their thirst in a nearby river and moved on to protect another fort at Jeetgarh. British army
did not do anything; they just looked at the activities of Nepali army. In this war, the East
India Company was highly impressed by the bravery of Nepali troops. They honored
Nepali bravery with an inscription that reads, “This is inscribed as a tribute and respect
for our gallant adversary Balabhadra, the Commander of the fort and his brave Gurkhas.”
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 241
Bhakti Thapa and the Battle of Deuthal
Before Lamjung was annexed during the unification, Bhakti
Thapa was the army personnel of the king of Lamjung,
Kesharinarayan Shah. Lamjung was annexed to Gorkha in
1838 in the month of Kartik. Then, Thapa joined the Gorkha
troop as a Sardar (commander of a small battalion). During
the Anglo-Nepal war, Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa was
conducting wars on the western side of Nepal, Malaun.
Bhakti Thapa was Amar Singh Thapa’s co-worker. During
this time, Deuthal was seized by English troops. So, most of
the western sides of Nepal became insecure. Bhakti Thapa
went to Deuthal with 2,000 soldiers to reclaim it. They had
only swords, knives, pebbles and catapults. Seventy year
old Bhakti Thapa fought bravely in this war. Suddenly,
a cannon bullet seared his chest, and he attained martyrdom on 16 April 1815. Other
700 personnel lost their lives in this war. Bhakti Thapa showed extraordinary bravery in
this war. Major General David Ochterlony wrapped the dead body of Bhakti Thapa in a
shawl (Dosalla) and handed it over to the Nepalese with respect. So we respect him as a
great warrior.
Amar Singh Thapa
Badakaji Amar Singh Thapa was the son of Bhimsingh.
After the death of his father, he got Marwat (to inherit
father’s post after his death). Amar Singh Thapa got
responsibilities to unite petty states in the Karnali region to
the greater Nepal. He succeeded in annexing various tiny
states and expanding the Nepalese territory up to Satlaj.
During the Anglo-Nepal war, he was leading the Nepali
side in western Nepal. He was stationed at Malaun and
conducting war from there. He was initially against the
war as he thought the situation was not in favor of Nepal.
He failed to convince Bhimsen Thapa, the then prime
minister of Nepal, to postpone the war until Nepal was
fully prepared.
The Anglo-Nepal war was fought between two unequal and incomparable armies. Nepal
had neither adequate weapons nor sufficient number of army personnel. Thapa had only
3000 soldiers. But the East India Company had a large number of soldiers with guns
and cannons. The English always urged Nepalese troops to surrender. The royal court
at Kathmandu also ordered to surrender. Bam Shah surrendered in Kumaun and Bhakti
Thapa was killed in Deuthal. Now, Amar Singh Thapa had only 250 soldiers left. He was
lonely. As the condition got worse, Nepal was forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli. So, at
last he surrendered to Ochterlony on 15 May 1815. This made Amar Singh Thapa very
unhappy and he became an ascetic and went to Gosainkunda. He breathed his last there.
242 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Bam Shah
Bhimsen Thapa sent him to Kumaun as the Chief Administrator (bada hakim), and he was
an able administrator. Bhimsen Thapa and Bam Shah did not have good relationship,
and it was known to General Edward Gardner. So Gardner tried much to persuade Bam
Shah to desert the Nepali side. Historians believe Gardner promised him wealth and
luxurious life in India or in Nepal. Bam Shah rejected all the offers and did not betray the
nation. It shows his patriotism. He was an able administrator; he was tolerant and showed
good management capacity. He conducted the war very systematically. So, the English
were impressed by him. Sometimes, the English would spread rumours about the loss or
surrender of Nepali troops in the war to demoralize him; but he stood on his own.
Ranajor Singh Thapa
There were 500 Nepalese soldiers in the fort of Jaithak across the Mahakali river in course
of the Anglo-Nepal war. The Nepalese army did not leave the fort even when 15 hundred
British soldiers attacked nine times. When the British soldiers used up all the bullets the
Nepalese soldiers came out of the fort and besieged the rivals. Three British commanders
were killed. Historian Princep mentioned that the British got lost towards Nahan after
their failure in Jaithak.
Ranabir Singh Thapa
Ranabir Singh Thapa was the younger brother of Bhimsen Thapa; he is another famous
Nepali warrior. He was sent to Makawanpur in 1871 BS to fight against the British India.
The troops under his leadership fought bravely and defeated the English troops. After
the Sugauli Treaty, he was sent to Palpa as the Chief Administrator and Chief of Kalibaks
and Sabuj battalions. After some time, he turned to spiritualism and became an ascetic; he
assumed the name Abhayananda.
Ujir Singh Thapa
Ujir Singh Thapa was the son of Nayan Singh Thapa and grandson of Amar Singh
Thapa. Nayan Singh Thapa and Bhimsen Thapa were brothers. Ujir Singh was the Chief
Administrator of Palpa. During the Anglo-Nepal war, he fought in Butwal and defeated
the English troops, which was under the leadership of General Wood.
Glossary
tribute : pay homage; offer respect
intimidate : threaten; try to scare
withstand : hold on; not to give up
corpses : dead bodies
sear : pierce; draw a hole through
persuade : convince
demoralize : dishearten; make unhappy
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 243
In-class Activity
Nepal signed the Sugauli Treaty on 15 December 1816 AD. What do you think
about the treaty? Was it justifiable? Discuss in the class. The treaty uses misspelled
names and words. Read the following sentences and try replacing the misspelled
words and expressions: “Maha Rajah Bikram Sah, Rajah of Nipal, Sree Gooroo
Gujraj Misser and Chunder Seekur Opedeea, Maha Rajah Girmaun Jode Bikram
Shah, Bauder Shumsheer Jung, Bootwul Khass, Rapti and the Gunduck, Gunduck
and Coosah, Rivers Mitchee and the Teestah, Gurkah troops, Chiefs and Barahdars,
Muckwaunpoor, Segowlee.”
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. Who was Balabhadra Kunwar?
2. What was Balabhadra's response to the letter sent by the British?
3. How did Bhakti Thapa show his bravery?
4. What made Amar Singh Thapa unhappy?
5. Evaluate Ujir Singh Thapa in a sentence.
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. How did Balabhadra Kunwar fight in Nalapani with the English?
2. How did Nepalese army compare with the army of the East India Company?
3. Why did the English install a stone inscription at Nalapani?
4. What was the contribution of Amar Singh Thapa? Why did he choose to live a
life of an ascetic at the end?
5. What were the policies adopted by East India Company to defeat Nepal during
the Anglo-Nepal war?
6. How did Bam Shah show patriotism in War?
C. Offer a long answer to the following question.
Describe the contributions of Nepali warriors in the Anglo-Nepal War.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Divide the class into small groups of 4 to 5 students. Each group selects a warrior,
not included in the lesson. As a group, research on the person and write a brief
profile. Present your findings to the class.
244 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson The Rise and Fall
7.9 of the Rana Regime
Pre-reading Activity
Make a list of palaces such as the Singha Durbar constructed for the personal use
of the Ranas. Gather as much information as possible about each palace, including
architectural style, design, facilities, and so on. Make a presentation in the class with
photos and other details.
Reading
Death of Prithivi Narayan Shah left Nepal at the hands of
young and immature rulers. Young kings on the throne
and unhealthy competition for power among queens and
courtiers in the palace gave rise to the need for a strong
autocratic ruler. As the British India Government was
interfering in Nepal’s internal affairs, specially after the
demise of Bhimsen Thapa in 1839 AD, the situation turned
much worse. The Rana rule began amid this political
uncertainty.
Some of the major causes of the rise of Rana government are as follows:
1. Disputes among royal family members and unstable politics
After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, his son Pratap Singh Shah ascended to the
throne and died after two years and nine months. Then his son Rana Bahadur Shah
ascended to the throne at the age of two and a half years. Similarly, Girvan Yuddha
Bikram Shah and Rajendra Bikram Shah ascended to the throne at around the same
age. As a result it led to an unhealthy competition among Queens and courtiers for
the possession of power. There was competition to be the regent of those young kings.
These incidents led to an unstable politics in the palace. At that time, the royal palace
was the only centre of politics and administration of the nation.
2. Conspiracies in the palace
There was dispute between the Thapas and the Pandeys, the prominent families in
the royal court, especially between Damodar Pandey and Bhimsen Thapa. The queen
and king used to support the Thapas and the Pandeys according to their will and
need. In this situation, courtiers would go to the extent of murdering rival courtiers.
In a short span of time, Damodar Pandey, Bhimsen Thapa, and Mathbar Singh Thapa
were killed owing to conspiracies and internal power struggle. Mathbar Singh Thapa
was killed on Jestha 6, 1902 B.S. at 11 pm by Junga Bahadur Rana when he was
climbing the stairs at Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square to attend the call made by the
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 245
queen. In fact he was trapped in a conspiracy made by the queen and Junga Bahadur
Rana. After this assassination, queen's favourite Gagan Singh came into power. But,
he was also assassinated at night on 31st Bhadra 1903 B.S. Historians believe that
there was the hand of Junga Bahadur in killing Gagan Singh.
3. The Kot Parva, Bhandarkhal Parva and Alau Parva
a. Kot Parva: The queen became furious at the death of her most trusted person
Gagan Singh. She took advice from Junga Bahadur Rana to find out the real culprit.
At the advice of Junga Bahadur Rana, she ordered all high level courtiers to assemble
at Kot without arms. On the other hand Junga Bahadur had asked his brothers and
his supporters to surround the Kot with arms. After all the courtiers assembled, the
queen asked Junga Bahadur 'who is the killer?'. Junga Bahadur turned to Bir Keshar
Pande. The queen asked Abhiman Singh, the commander-in-chief, to behead Bir Kesar
Pande. But Abhiman Singh turned a deaf ear and tried to escape from there when the
situation was in turmoil. As he was about to leave the Kot, he was attacked and killed
at the gate. The armed soldiers along with Junga Bahadur's brothers entered the Kot
and killed nearly 55 courtiers at the signal of Junga Bahadur. This event that took
place on Ashwin 2, 1903 B.S. is known as Kot event in the history of Nepal. After this
event Junga Bahadur Rana was given the post of commander-in-chief.
b. Bhandarkhal Parva: After Junga Bahadur Rana was brought to power, the queen
asked him to murder prince Surendra. This was just to fulfill her evil desire of making
her son Ranendra the king. Junga Bahadur thought it wrong from every aspect and
hence rejected the queen's proposal. Now she made plan to kill Junga Bahadur.
She gave this task to Birdhowj Basnet. They made a plan to poison Junga Bahadur
and hence he was invited to Bhandarkhal garden to attend a feast organized by the
queen. Junga Bahadur got a hint from pandit Bijayaraj Pandey. As Junga Bahadur
was late to the feast, Birdhwoj Basnet himself went to receive Junga Bahadur. He
met Junga Bahadur on the way. "You are the main planner to kill me," shouted Junga
Bahadur. Immediately, Junga Bahadur took out his sword and beheaded Birdhwoj
Basnet. Junga Bahadur along with his soldiers surrounded Bhandarkhal Garden
and killed nearly 33 enemies. This event which took place on Kartik 12, 1903 where
many Basnets were killed is also known as Basnet Parva. The queen was accused
of organizing the feast and attempting to kill Junga Bahadur. For this act, she was
banished to Kashi. King Rajendra appointed Junga Bahadur the prime minister and
went to Kashi for pilgrimage.
c. Alau Parva: Many courtiers who escaped from Kot Parva went to meet the king
at Kashi. The king sent some troops to Nepal in order to kill Junga Bahadur. Junga
Bahadur's detectives got this secret message. Hence, Junga Bahadur dethroned king
Rajendra and coronated crown prince Surendra as the king on Baisakh 3, 1904 B.S.
King Rajendra along with the supporters staying at Benaras decided to wage a war
agasinst Junga Bahadur. With armed troops he marched towards Nepal. On the
other hand, Junga Bahadur also sent troops under the command of Sanak Singh. In
Shrawan 1904, a fierce battle was fought at Alau near Birjung. King Rajendra was
246 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
badly defeated and was caught by Junga Bahadur's troops as he was about to flee on
an elephant. King Rajendra was arrested and was brought to Bhaktapur as a captive.
After this event Junga Bahadur became the de-facto ruler.
4. Marriage relationship with the royal family
To strengthen his position, Junga Bahadur maintained a close relationship with the
royal family through marriages. He married the sister of Phattejung Shah. Surendra
Bikram Shah married the daughter of Krishna Bahadur, the brother of Junga Bahadur.
Jung Bahadur’s two sons Jagatjung and Jitjung got married to the daughters of
Surendra. Trailokya Bikram Shah married two daughters of Junga Bahadur. Because
of such relationships, Junga Bahadur raised the social prestige of his family. It also
allowed him to keep a close eye on the royal family, by easily obtaining information
about the royal family.
5. External interference in the internal affairs of Nepal
After the Sugauli Treaty the British resident started staying in Kathmandu. Thereafter
there was frequent interference in the internal affairs of Nepal. They started widening
the differences of opinion instigating rival courtiers. They wanted to fulfill their
vested interest by creating internal disorder.
6. Royal seals
The Royal seal of 1906 B.S. gave Junga Bahadur the title of Rana. The Rana family
was made free for any level of crime. With the royal seal of 24 Shrawan 1913, Junga
Bahadur got the post of Shree Teen of Kaski and Lamjung; he rose to the height of
power and he became the most powerful person in the country. Thereafter, no one
could oppose the Ranas. He established the Rana oligarchy and ruled for a long time.
Although the Rana oligarchy was founded with an aim to last for hundreds of years,
it ended in 2007 BS. There are various reasons behind the fall of the Rana rule some
of which are listed below:
Causes of the fall of Rana regime
1. Internal clash within the Rana families
There were internal disputes, clashes, and competitions amongs the members of
Rana family. Whoever became the prime minister broke the rule of succession to keep
the prime ministership and other powerful posts to his own family. Junga Bahadur
had promised his brothers for higher posts including the prime ministership during
the time of Kot, Bhandarkhal and Alau Parva. But he held the post of prime minister
throughout his life. He was unable to appoint his brothers at higher posts as promised.
His brothers were dissatisfied with him. After his death, his sons were made ineligible
for the important posts. Ranodip Singh, Junga Bahadur’s eledest brother, became the
prime minister. Dhir Shumsher, the younger brother, had 17 sons, and they wanted
to seize power. So they assassinated Ranodip Singh in 1942 BS and Bir Shumsher
became the prime minister.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 247
2. Division of Ranas into three classes
The major problem of the Rana family was to decide who was going to become the
prime minister. Similarly, there was lack of moral behavior. Many powerful members
of the Rana family had many wives. As a result, there was a problem of legitimacy.
Chandra Shumsher divided the Ranas into three classes on the basis of the nature
of marriage. He classified the families into A, B, and C classes. The children from
byaite wife (traditionally arranged marriage with Hindu rituals) were put in class ‘A’;
children from lyaite wives (marriages not socially sanctioned) were put in class B and
children from maids were put in class C. A rule was made allowing only members
belonging to A class to succeed to the post of the prime minister. Juddha Shumsher
exiled the C class Ranas from the valley. And many Ranas ousted from the succession
list supported anti-Rana activities.
3. Movement against the Rana rule
From the beginning of Rana rule, voices were raised against it. People did not
accept the Rana rule easily. It was autocratic and not in the favour of people. Minor
oppositions were oppressed. Then, people, belonging to different sectors of life, began
to raise strong voices. During the reign of Chandra Shumsher, organized oppositions
to the regime such as Makai Parva, the library episode, were suppressed. However,
Arya Samaj, Prachanda Gorkha, and Praja Parishad came to oppose the Rana regime
in a more organized way. Similarly, international situation was also not in favour of
the Ranas. India became independent from the British rule. People were becoming
aware of democratic rights. It led to strong anti-Rana movement in Nepal.
4. The role of political parties
With the increasing awareness about democracy and self-rule, the first Nepali political
party was established in 1993 BS. After that, the Nepali Congress and the Nepal
Communist Party appeared in Nepal. They led the movement within and outside
the country. The Indian political parties also supported the democratic movement in
Nepal.
5. The role of King Tribhuvan
In 2007, a revolution broke out all over the country. When the democratic movement
reached its climax, King Tribhuvan left his palace and went to India. This gave
moral support to the people and political parties. A tripartite agreement was made
in India between the King, the Ranas and opposing political parties for establishing
democracy in Nepal. King Tribhuvan returned from India and made the proclamation
of democracy on 7 Falgun 2007. In this way, 104 year long family-based autocratic
Rana government came to an end.
248 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Glossary
regent : ruler assisting the king/queen
conspiracy : plot
milestone : very important stage or event
episode : an event, a situation
legitimacy : legal acceptance
tripartite : of three parties
proclamation : declaration
In-class Activity
Immediately before and after the beginning of the Rana Regime, three important
massacres took place. Kot Parva (Court massacre) was the first through which
Janga Bahadur became the Prime Minister and the chief of Nepalese army. On
17th Kartik 1903 Bhandar khal Parva occurred through which Junga Bahadur Rana
exiled the king and the queen to Benaras. The third was Alau Parva through which
Junga Bahadur Rana charged the king of treason and kept him under house arrest
and his son Surendra was formally declared the king. Discuss the importance of
these events in consolidating the Rana regime in Nepal.
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. When did Junga Bahadur Rana become the Prime Minister of Nepal?
2. What do you mean by the royal seal of 24 Shrawn 1913?
3. Which was the first political party of Nepal?
4. When did the Rana Rule come to an end?
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What was the political situation of Nepal like between the Sugauli Treaty of 1816
BS and the beginning of the Rana rule in 1846 BS?
2. Who do you think is responsibe for the Kot, Bhandarkhal and Alau episodes that
saw massacre of many courtiers? Give reasons.
3. How did the events like Kot Parva, Bhandarkhal Parva and Alau Parva make
Junga Bahadur more powerful?
4. How did Junga Bahadur consolidate his power?
5. Generally, exiled Nepalis used to go to Kashi or Benaras of India. What was the reason?
6. Discuss the causes of the fall of the Rana regime in brief.
7. Why is the Rana rule called “autocratic” and “oligarchy”?
C. Offer long answer to the following questions.
1. Explain the causes of the rise of the Rana regime.
2. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the major causes of the fall of
the Rana regime.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 249
Lesson Achievements of the
Rana Government
7.10
Pre-reading Activity
As you know the Rana rule was the dark age in Nepali history as there was no
freedom, democracy, and the rule of law. But, everything has some good aspects.
What do you think are some of the positive things that happened during the Rana
Regime? Make a list of a few things and then state why you consider them to be
positive achievements.
Reading
The Rana rule was autocratic oligarchy. That is: they ruled without laws and kept the
power within the family. They spent the wealth of nation for their luxurious life and
personal affairs. There were no human rights, social security and the rule of law. People
were denied the basic rights such as education and health; neither did the people have
opportunity to develop their personal capacity. The Ranas did little for the benefits of
the country and people. However, the Rana rule is also remembered for a few reforms.
Most reforms were implemented due to international pressure and to continue their
government. The system of government was wrong. Only the members of the Rana
family and a few other families exercised the government power and held higher posts.
The following are some of the noticeable reforms carried out under the Rana rule:
Social Reforms
There were some bad practices in
Nepal from the ancient period. The
Sati system (widow immolation), the
caste system, superstitions, etc. were
in practice during and before the Rana
rule. The Ranas made some efforts
to abolish few social bad practices;
however, they also encouraged some
other bad practices. Junga Bahadur
introduced the first ever written law
called the Civil Code or Muluki Ain
in 1910 BS during the reign of King
Surendra. He discouraged Sati System
but could not stop it. Bir Shumsher
also discouraged it; however, it was Chandra Shumsher who formally abolished it in 1977
BS. Junga Bahadur established Durbar High School in 1910 BS. But, only the children of
the Rana family were allowed to attend the school. There was slavery system in the society.
250 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
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Social Studies 9
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