Self- Discovery: Project Work
As a group, make a plan to participate in a rally held on some special days;
Children’s Day, International Woman’s Day, Anti Drug Day, etc. Make notes of
major events held to mark the day in your diary. Then write a story about your
participation and share it with the class.
Unit Review
In this unit, we have learnt that:
• Unuseful or harmful social practices are called social problems.
• Social problems can be local, culture-specific, regional, and national.
• Poverty, drug addiction, conflict, etc. are national problems.
• Social problems can be solved by people’s participation.
• Local governmental and non-governmental organizations can play a vital role in
solving social problems.
• Historically, attempts have been made to solve social problems through reforms.
Test Your Knowledge
A. Offer very short answer to the following problems.
1. Which social problem is indicated by the given
figure?
2. What do you mean by the Satee system?
3. What is the work of ECO Himal ?
4. Write the full form of INSEC.
5. Which INGO does the logo alongside belong to?
6. What does the CWIN do?
7. Who abolished slavery system by law in Nepal?
8. What type of traditional and cultural practices should be eliminated from the
society ? Write in a sentence.
9. Draw the logo of ILO.
10. What is Chhaupadi system?
11. What do you mean by brothel?
12. Who is the founder of the Maiti Nepal?
13. Name any two social problems.
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B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. 'Gender inequality is a complex social problem in our country.' Elaborate the
statement.
2. What should be the role of educated people like us to end all forms of social evils
and problems from our society? Mention any four roles.
3. 'Since social problems are generated socially, they are to be tackled socially.'
Justify.
4. What are the causes of social problems? Write with solutions.
5. Mention contributions in points made by any two social organizations working
to prevent girl-trafficking in Nepal.
6. "Self realization is the surest weapon to eradicate all kinds of social problems
and evils." Justify the statement with suitable examples.
7. There must be Aama Samuha in your area. Write about its activities.
8. Superstition can be taken as a social problem. Justify this with reasons.
9. Write any four reforms brought by Muluki Ain.
10. State the roles of each of the following organizations:
a) INSEC b) CWIN
c) Maiti Nepal d) Nepal Red Cross Society
11. Write any four differences between NGOs and INGOs.
12. Make a list of eight national and international organizations that are involved in
social reforms in Nepal.
13. Write any four region –based social evils and explain any one of them.
14. Prepare a news article for a daily newspaper highlighting the necessity of the
role of local organizations in social reforms.
15. Prepare a dialogue between two friends about the solution to the problem of
conflict that may occur in the society.
102 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
5Unit
Civic Life
In this unit, we will learn about:
• Meaning, definition, and important functions of constitution
• Introduction to constitutions of Nepal practised in various periods
• Features of the present constitution of Nepal
• Introduction to Constituent Assembly
• Fundamental rights and duties of people
• Meaning, roles, and functions of the Civil Society
• Concepts of diversity, pluralism, and social harmony
• Meaning and importance of good governance
• Concepts of law and order
• Importance of national issues
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Lesson Introduction to
Constitution
5.1
Pre-reading Activity
Over the years, you must have heard a lot about "constitution." Recently, Nepal got
its new constitution. Get into a group and make a list of its salient features.
Reading
Constitution is the fundamental law of
a nation. Constitution is different from
other laws, acts, and rules, although the
latter are derived from the constitution.
A country’s constitution contains
provisions to form the government, run
administration, and formulate laws. There
are different forms of government in the
world such as autocratic, democratic,
republican, presidential, monarchical,
military, unicameral, bicameral and so
on. Each nation’s constitution explains what form of government it will have and how
the government, judiciary, and legislature should function. In this sense, the constitution
is a written political document and supreme law of the country. Every country has its
own constitution and one country’s constitution may differ from another’s. The following
factors may influence the nature of constitution
a) Political system b) Religion, culture and tradition
c) Trade, commerce and industry d) Natural resources
e) Geographical structure and location f) Size of the nation
g) Size and nature of population h) Sometimes, the will of a person or a group
of powerful persons
On the basis of these elements, a nation follows either unitary, bicameral, federal, central,
autocratic, democratic, monarchical, or republican government. A democratic constitution
must reflect people’s will because people are the source of sovereign power. Therefore,
people’s participation in drafting the constitution is important.
Most of the constitutions of the world are in written form. However, the United Kingdom,
one of the oldest democracies in the world, does not have a written constitution. The
United Kingdom follows constitutional monarchy. In the absence of a written constitution,
it follows tradition, morality, ethics, and democratic norms to run the government. For the
104 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
first time a written constitution was introduced in the USA in 1787. The Constitution of
the United States is still in existence and functioning. It is the shortest constitution (32
articles) in the world. In contrast, India has the longest constitution in the world; it has
altogether 357 articles.
What does a constitution do?
As it is already stated, constitution is the fundamental law of a nation. Its main aim is the
separation of power between the legislature, executive, and judiciary so that they function
independently. The delimitation of power of government, parliament and judiciary is
another important function of the constitution. It guarantees the right of people, guides
the government and sets the procedure for administration in a country. The function
of constitution is to maintain law and order, fulfil the needs of the people and ensure
justice. Similarly, constitution sets boundaries and limitations to people, government
personnel and agencies. Therefore, it is the duty of every person to respect and abide by
the constitution.
A good constitution has the following features:
a) Clarity: Every word, clause, sentence, and article of a constitution should have a clear
meaning. The language of the constitution should not be ambiguous. It should mean
the same thing to everyone. Otherwise, there will be a danger of misusing power as
powerful persons can interpret the constitution to serve their own interest.
b) Guarantee of fundamental rights: Fundamental rights are directly related to people,
their daily lives, and personal development. So, there must be a provision for
fundamental rights of people to ensure freedom, human rights, and human dignity.
The constitution must have a provision to protect fundamental rights of the people.
c) Separation of power: If a person or agency exercises all the power of the state, there
is always a danger of autocracy and misuse of power. Most constitutions ensure
separation of power by providing a system of check and balance between three
important bodies– the executive, judiciary, and parliament. For example, an excessive
power of the executive body (the government) can be controlled by the parliament.
d) General scope: A constitution should have the general scope and objective to include
all kinds of people, structures of the state, government system, and different political
ideologies.
e) Changeability: A constitution should have the scope of change according to the
changing situation of the country, people’s will, and international situation.
f) Provision of constitutional remedy: If someone is deprived of fundamental rights,
there must be a remedial provision so that people can enjoy the fundamental rights
guaranteed by the constitution.
g) Independent judiciary: Judicial body should be free from any kind of pressure,
political ideology, and a person’s will. Otherwise, it cannot function properly. It
should have the trust of people and respect of the state. Similarly, there must be a
provision for appeal in the higher court of law against the decision made by the
lower court of law.
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Glossary
unicameral : system of government with one house or body of representatives
bi-cameral : system of government with two houses or bodies of representatives
judiciary : system of justice, courts
legislature : parliament responsible for making laws
articles : chapters in the constitution
In-class Activity
In the lesson, you have read some features of a good constitution. Discuss in a group
and explain why a good constitution should have the provision of constitutional
remedy.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is a constitution? Why should we abide by the constitution?
2. Differentiate between law and act.
3. "Constitution is the fundamental law of a nation." Explain the statement in brief.
4. What is the relationship between the structure of government, political system
and the constitution of a country?
5. "Constitution should reflect the will of the people." Why?
6. The United Kingdom, one of the oldest democracies in the world, has no written
constitution. How do you think the government and state function there?
7. What are the factors that affect the constitution of a country? Are such factors
applicable to our country? If so, how?
B. Offer long answer to the following question.
1. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the features of a good
constitution.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Study the profiles of any two countries; gather information related to the form of
government, judiciary, and the legislature. Present your findings to the class. You
may find information on the web, books, or booklets. Take your teacher’s help to
locate information, if needed.
106 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson Constitutional
Development in Nepal
5.2
Pre-reading Activity
Get into small groups. Identify at least five unwanted behaviour that you and your
friends often indulge in class or in the school premises. You want to reform your
behaviour by setting up a code of conduct that everyone is required to follow. Draw a
table with two columns. In one column write the unwanted behaviour, and in the next
write possible rules that should not be violated. Display the code in the classroom for
everyone to see and observe.
Reading
The history of constitutional development in Nepal is not very long. Sixty-seven years
after the introduction of written constitution in the United States in 1787 AD, the first ever
written law Muluki Ain (Civil Code) was introduced in Nepal in 1910 BS. It was mainly
based on scriptures with some modern provisons such as penal provision. However, the
Muluki Ain was conservative and undemocratic. The next major effort at constitutional
development was initiated in 1947 AD by Padma Shamsher Rana, a liberal prime minister,
who appointed a Constitutional Reform Committee to draft the first constitution. The
committee formulated the constitution named "The Government of Nepal Constitution
Act, 1948." It could not come into force because Padma Shumsher resigned from the post
before implementing the constitution. From 1948 to 2006 AD, six constitutions came into
practice in Nepal with various amendments. It means that constitutions were frequently
changed in Nepal along with the change in the political system. Finally, Nepal has got its
constitution written through the Constituent Assembly. If we go back to the history of the
constitution, many countries have frequently drafted and changed their constitution. For
example, Venezuela, Haiti and Thailand changed their constitution 27, 20 and 19 times
respectively.
Time and again, Nepali people have expressed their desire for the democratic constitution
through different political movements and insurgencies. Although different constitutions
have been issued due to people’s movements, they were mostly drafted without the direct
involvement of the people. People’s movements for democracy show that constitutions
issued in the past failed to reflect people’s will. For the development, democracy, human
rights and good governance, there must be a democratic constitution that reflects people’s
wishes and aspirations.
The following is the brief introduction to constitutions of Nepal:
Government of Nepal Constitution Act, 2004 (1948 AD)
It was drafted during the reign of Padma Shamsher, in 2004 BS, which laid out the
framework for a parliamentary system with a bicameral legislative body. However, all the
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members of one house and the majority of the other were to be nominated by the prime
minister. The prime minister also had power to reject any bill or measure that the legislature
might pass. Other provisions of the constitution were the mention of fundamental rights
with duties, provison for a national assembly, Bhardari Shava (Assembly of Courtiers),
rural, municipal and district Panchyat system; provison of the Auditor General, Registry
Council (Public Service Commission), etc. Its proclamation date was set for Baishakh 1,
2005 BS but it was not implemented.
Weak aspect
• Separation of power not adopted
• Provision of formation and dissolution of the council of ministers by Shree 3, no
provision of head of the state, and the role of the king
Interim Government of Nepal Act 2007 (1951 AD)
The interim constitution, named Interim Government of Nepal Act 1951, had given the
executive, legislative, and judicial powers to the King. Voting rights for the adults, the
provision of the House of Representatives, General Assembly, and a bicameral legislature
were some of the features of this constitution. As per this constitution, the Council of
Ministers was responsible to the House of Representatives. It also had the provision for
constitutional bodies such as the Public Service Commission, the Election Commission,
the Auditor General, and the Attorney General. It had the provision for fundamental
rights and an independent judiciary.
Weak aspect
• The king could form and dissolve the council of ministers.
• Separation of power not adopted
• Though there was no provision of amendment, the king amended it from time to
time.
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal was promulgated in 2015. This constitution
had made provision for a bicameral system of government. That is, there were two bodies-
the General Assembly and the House of Representatives. The Council of Ministers was
held accountable to the House of Representatives. The constitution guaranteed the rights
of adult franchise and made provision for the balance of power between the legislature,
executive, and judiciary. A general election was held, as per the constitution, in which
B. P. Koirala became the first elected prime minister of Nepal.
Weak aspect
• The parliament had the provision of making the fundamental rights invalid.
• Though there was mention of constitutional monarchy, there was provision of active
role of the king in the constitution.
• Though constitution was considered the main law, there was no provision of
changing the law related to the heir to the throne.
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Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2019
In 2017 BS, King Mahendra dismissed the elected government of Nepal. He issued this
constitution in 2019 BS and established the Panchayat System. Although the constitution
provided a unicameral legislature, the Rastriya (National) Panchayat, it had no meaningful
authority. The constitution consolidated the King’s power and legitimized his action of
2017. The constitution had the following features:
• Limited fundamental rights with duties
• A Council of Ministers nominated by the King
• The Cabinet of Ministers was responsible to the King.
• Provision of the Supreme Court
• Prohibition on political parties
This constitution was amended three times (14th Magh 2023, 20th Mangsir 2032, and 1st
Paush 2037). Only the third amendment introduced the provision of electing the members
of the legislature.
Weak aspect
• Provision of the government being accountable to the king not accountable to the
people
• There was provision of partylessness in the preamble (First amendment).
• There was provision of King's command to see the suit again not considering the
supreme court as the last court.
Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047
This constitution was introduced after the people’s
movement of 2046 and the subsequent restoration of
democracy. According to this constitution, the sovereign
power was vested in the people. The constitution had the
following features:
• Sovereignty inherent in the people
• Provision of the fundamental human rights
• Adult franchise (voting rights)
• Multiparty democratic system
• Parliamentary system of government
• Independent executive, legislative and judiciary
• Constitutional monarchy
• Provision of the constitutional council
• Provision of constitutional bodies such as Election Commission, Public Service
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 109
Commission, Attorney General, Auditor General
• Rule of law
• Some special privileges to the King and royal family such as exemption from tax
Weak aspect
• There was no provision of referendum though it was a democratic constitution.
• Though there was inclusion of various assumptions of constitutional monarchy, there
was provision of use of self-conscience by the king due to lack of clarity.
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063
The 19-day long People’s Movement II (2062/2063) restored political rights of people seized
by the king; it also brought a drastic change in the political system. A new constitution
was needed in the country. As a result, it was drafted in 2063 as an Interim Constitution
of Nepal. It was the first constitution promulgated by the representatives of people.
This constitution provided many fundamental rights to the people. It had some special
features. Some of them are as follows:
• The sovereignty and the state authority of Nepal vested in the Nepali people
• Declaration of Nepal as a secular state
• Competitive multiparty democratic system of government
• Independent judiciary and unicameral legislature
• Executive power vested in the Council of Ministers
• Equal status for all languages
• Provision of the Election of Constituent Assembly
• Provision of the constitutional bodies including Human Rights Commission
• Appointment of Chief of Army Staff, Ambassadors, and the Chief Justice by the
Council of Ministers
The constitution had 25 parts, 167 articles, and 4 annexes.
Constitution of Nepal 2072
The constitution of Nepal, 2072 is taken as a successful draft in converting the aspiration of
the second mass movement 2062/63 and '10 year-long' armed conflict into peace process.
Witnessing multiple constitutions in the last 65 years, this is the first constitution that has
been promulgated through the Constituent Assembly on Ashwin 3, 2072 B.S.
Features of the present constitution
• Provision of amendment as per the requirements
• Guarantee to end discrimination based on region, class, gender, caste and language
• Adopted the system of separation of power and check and balance
• Nepal has been accepted as a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-religious and
multi-linguistic nation
110 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
• Guarantee of federalism and democratic republic
The following timeline shows the constitutional development in Nepal:
Constitutional Development in Nepal
2004 - 2072 BS
Events
Government of Nepal Constitution Act, 2004 BS
Interim Government of Nepal Act, 2007 BS
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015 BS
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2019 BS
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 BS
Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 BS
Constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070
Time (in BS) Scale 1 cm = 10 years
conservative : Glossary
adult franchise :
legitimize : not open; traditional
vested : voting right for the adults
to make an action legal
inherent; embodied
In-class Activity
As you must have realized, making rules is not enough. You also want to see that
rules are followed. Because of this, violation of rules entails penalty or punishment.
Now, write down the codes you have proposed in the Pre-reading Section. Discuss
each rule and suggest a possible penalty or punishment for violating each rule.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 111
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is civil code? Write a short note on the first civil code of Nepal.
2. How have people expressed their desire for democratic rule in Nepal?
3. Why could the Government of Nepal Constitution Act, 2004 not come into force?
4. ‘The cabinet is responsible towards the parliament’ was written in the
Constitution of Nepal 2015 B.S. What is its meaning?
5. To what extent is the Constitution of Nepal more democratic than previous
constitutions of Nepal ?
6. What changes did the People’s Movement II (2062/63) bring in Nepal?
7. Show the timeline of the constitutional development in Nepal.
8. Nepal has drafted the seventh constitution within a span of 65 years whereas the
United States has been following the same constitution drafted 230 years ago.
What are some of the reasons for the continuation of the same constitution in the
United States and frequent changes of constitution in Nepal?
B. Offer long answer to the following questions.
1. Write down the salient features of the constitutions Nepal has practised till date.
2. Describe in detail about the features of the constitution of Nepal 2072.
3. Show in a table the strong and weak aspects of all the constitutions Nepal has
practised till date.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
All the Nepalese people contributed to the People’s Movement II (2062/2063)
and some of them sacrificed their lives for the nation. Collect names and photos
of some martyrs and display in your school. Make sure to include biographical
information of each martyr as well.
112 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson
5.3 Constituent Assembly
Pre-reading Activity
The issue of framing the constitution through the Constituent Assembly emerged
in Nepal after the second mass movement of 2062/063. What might be the reasons?
Discuss in the class.
Reading
Sagar Oli, a class ix student, enquired about the method or process of constitution drafting.
He found that electing the Constituent Assembly to draft constitution is an important
development. He got the following information from the frequently asked questions
(FAQs) in the authorized website and other reference materials.
What is the Constituent Assembly ?
The Constituent Assembly is the forum
for drafting a constitution. It can also be
considered as the assembly of the citizens
to draft a constitution. The Constituent
Assembly is the assembly of the people's
representatives elected by the people to draft
a new constitution according to the popular
will. This is the product of democratic
revolution. It is considered to be a democratic
practice as there is people's participation in this method. It makes possible for people of
all walks of life to be represented equally. Hence, it is an inclusive and democratic practice
of drafting the constitution.
Why was there need of the Constituent Assembly in Nepal?
The Constituent Assembly in Nepal was formed in order to draft the constitution by
people themselves and institutionalize democratic rule. This method is a good method to
institutionalize sovereignty of the people and to make the citizens have more rights. It is
easy to ascertain proportional representation in all the organs of the state.
Why do people have more trust in the constitution drafted by the Constituent
Assembly?
Inclusive system of its drafting is the chief factor to create more popularity, success and
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 113
people's trust in the Constituent Assembly. There is more participation and inclusiveness
of people in the process of the Constituent Assembly. There is proportional representation
of population composition, regionality, caste, language, gender. There are various
approval processes in practice to provide validity to the draft of the constitution.
How was the Constituent Assembly formed in Nepal ?
There was the provision of the formation of the Constituent Assembly in Nepal according
to the following mixed election system:
a. There was the provision of representation of 240 elected members, one person from
every constituency according to the first past the post election system (FPTP).
b. There was the provision of 335 elected members considering the whole nation as
a single constituency cast votes to political parties according to the proportional
election system.
c. There was the provision of 26 members nominated by the council of ministers from
among distinguished personalities making important contributions in the national
life and the aborigines and tribes that could not be represented from both election
systems.
d. There was the provision of formation of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal with 601
members along with all the members mentioned above.
What was the provision for making the Constituent Assembly of Nepal
inclusive ?
There was an effort to make the Constituent Assembly inclusive according to the following
bases of representation:
a. There was the provision of representation on the basis of gender, geography and
population to select the candidates for first past the post election system.
b. There was the provision of at least 50% representation of female candidates from
every class/region in the election according to the proportional election system.
c. There was the provision of at least one third women members among the total
members in both systems.
d. There was constitutional provision for considering representation of underprivileged
groups, poor people, farmers, labours and differently able people while the political
parties prepared the list of candidates according to the proportional election system.
For how long was the Constituent Assembly of Nepal formed?
There was the provision of four-year tenure from the date of the first meeting of the
Constituent Assembly. But there was the provision of extension of 6 months if the
constitution could not be drafted in case there was the declaration of emergency in the
nation.
114 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Glossary
draft : a version of final document, such as constitution
sovereignty : supreme power
ascertain : find out
constituency : the particular area in an election from where people cast
their vote
first past the post (FPTP) : the system in an election in which the candidate with the
highest number of votes is declared as a winner
validity : trustworthiness
underprivileged : having fewer advantages
In-class Activity
Find out the nations in the world where the constitutions have been drafted
through the Constituent Assembly.
Exercise
B. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Define the Constituent Assembly. Write the reasons behind the failure of the
first Constituent Assembly.
2. Write major outcomes of the second Constituent Assembly.
3. Write the reasons behind the necessity of the Constituent Assembly in Nepal.
4. How were members elected in the first and the second Constituent Assembly?
Explain.
5. WhatweretheprovisionsmadetomaketheConstituentAssemblymoreinclusive?
Explain.
6. Write down the merits and demerits of the constitution made through the
Constituent Assembly.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
Draft a dialogue between two friends explaining the promulgation of the constitution
in Nepal through the Constituent Assembly.
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Lesson
5.4 Fundamental Rights
Pre-reading Activity
As you know, the constitution guarantees some rights to citizens. They are called
fundamental rights. But, can we just enjoy our rights? For example, since we have
rights to expression, can we just speak, say, and publish whatever we want? How
should we exercise our rights?
Reading g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
The fundamental rights are the basic rights provided to the
citizens of the nation to have a respectable and meaningful
life. Fundamental rights are identified in the constitution
and are limited within the nation. They are not universal as
the human rights. The provision of the fundamental rights
may vary according to country's constitutional provisions.
The universal declaration of political, economic, social
and cultural commitments now have been recognized as
fundamental rights.
The Constitution of Nepal has guaranteed many g]kfn ;/sf/
more fundamental rights of people than the previous
constitutions. The following are the fundamental rights sfgg' , Gofo tyf ;;+ bLo Joj:yf dGqfno
secured by the Constitution of Nepal:
Right to live with dignity
Every person shall have the right to live with dignity. No law shall be made for capital
punishment.
Right to freedom
According to this provision, every person has the right to live with dignity. It has guaranteed
the freedom of opinion and expression; to assemble peacefully and without arms; form
political parties or organisations; form unions and associations; move and reside in any
part of Nepal; and practise any profession, or to take up any occupation, industry, or trade.
There is no provision for capital punishment in the constitution. There shall not be any
gender discrimination regarding remuneration for the same work and social security. There
shall be equal parental property to all children without any gender discrimination.
Right to equality
All citizens are equal before the law. No discrimination will be made on grounds of
religion, race, sex, caste, tribe, origin, language, or ideologies.
116 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Right to communication
No publication and broadcasting or printing of any news item, editorial, article, writings
or other readings, audio-visual materials, by any means including electronic publication,
broadcasting and press, will be prohibited. Any news articles or documents that hamper
the national integration or any other usual condition will not be allowed to be published.
No means of communication including the press, electronic broadcasting and telephone
shall be obstructed except in accordance with the law.
Right to justice
No person shall be detained without being informed of the ground for such an arrest.
Every person who is arrested shall be produced before a judicial authority within a period
of twenty-four hours, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the time and place
of arrest. The person who is arrested shall have the right to consult a legal practitioner of
his/her choice and be defended from the time of arrest. The consultations held with the
legal practitioner and the advice given thereon shall remain confidential.
Right to victim of crime
The victim of crime shall have the right to be informed about the investigation and
proceedings of the case regarding his/her victimization. The victim of crime shall have
the right to social rehabilitation and justice with compensation as provided for by law.
Right against torture
No person in detention shall be subjected to physical or mental torture, or be treated in
a cruel, inhuman or degrading manner. Any such act in accordance with the clause shall
be punishable by law and a victim of such an act shall have the right to compensation as
provided for by law.
Right against preventive detention
No person shall be held under preventive detention unless there is sufficient ground to
believe that there exists an immediate threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of Nepal or public peace and order. Family member or class relative of the person in
preventive detention shall have to be immediately informed about his/her condition as
provided for by law. If an official is found to have held any person under preventive
detention against the law and with malicious intention, such person shall be entitled for
compensation as per the law.
Right against untouchability and discrimination
No person shall be treated with any kind of untouchability or discrimination in any private
or public place on grounds of caste, ethnicity, origin, community, occupation, or physical
condition. No person belonging to a particular caste or ethnicity shall be prevented from
buying an object or getting services or facilities in the process of production of such objects
or in the distribution or delivery of services, or no such objects shall be sold to, or facilities
or services distributed or delivered to persons belonging to a particular caste or ethnicity
only. There shall not be any racial discrimination in the workplace by indulging or not
indulging in untouchability. All forms of untouchability or discrimination contrary to this
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 117
provision shall be punishable by law as a serious social crime, and the victim of such an
act shall have the right to compensation as provided for by law.
Right to property
Every citizen has the right to acquire, own, sell and otherwise dispose of the property but
the state can take private property with compensation for public and national interest in
accordance with law. The state also may impose tax on property and income of a person
according to the norms of progressive tax.
Right to religion
Every person has the right to profess, practise and preserve his/her own religion as
handed down to him/her from ancient times having due regard to the social and cultural
traditional practices.
Right to information
Every citizen shall have the right to demand or obtain information on any matters of
his/her own or of public importance. Nothing shall be deemed to compel any person to
provide information about which confidentiality is to be maintained according to law.
Right to privacy
Except in circumstances provided by law, privacy in relation to the person, and their
residence, property, documents, records, statistics and correspondence, and their
reputation are inviolable.
Right against exploitation
Every person shall have the right against exploitation. No person shall be subjected to any
kind to exploitation on the basis of religion, custom, tradition, culture, practices or any
other bases. No person shall be subjected to human trafficking or bonded labour or forced
labour, and such an act shall be punishable by law.
Right to clean environment
Every person shall have the right to live in a healthy and clean environment. The victim of
environmental pollution and degradation shall have the right to be compensated by the
pollutant as provided by law.
Right to education
• Every citizen shall have the right to access to basic education.
• Every citizen shall have the right to compulsory and free basic education up to the
secondary level.
• The physically impaired and financially poor citizens shall have the right to free
higher education.
• The visually impaired person shall have the right to free education in braille script.
• Every Nepali community living in Nepal shall have the right to acquire education
in its mother tongue up to the secondary level, and the right to open and run school
and educational institutions as provided for by law.
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Glossary
descent : ancestry; parentage
liable : applicable
prohibit : ban
acquire : obtain
compensation : pay for the damage
reproductive : related to giving birth to a child
nurture : raise a child; upbringing
In-class Activity
Take a 10 minutes’ break. Visit your school library. Flip through several issues
of a newspaper and find a case of “violation of fundamental rights” reported by
the newspaper. Then, taking the case as an example, discuss what can be done to
ensure people’s rights.
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. What are fundamental rights? Explain.
2. Write down the features of the fundamental rights.
3. How many fundamental rights are there in the present constitution? Which parts
and articles in the present constitution, speak about the fundamental rights?
4. What provision is made to protect various languages of Nepal? Write with
examples.
5. What is the importance of ‘right to social justice’ in Nepali society?
6. What are the five types of freedom guaranteed by the present constitution of Nepal?
7. Do you think some important fundamental rights are not included in the
constitution? What could they be?
8. What do you mean by right to justice?
9. What sort of provision has been made in the present constitution about right to property.
10. How has the right to education of the visually impaired persons been addressed?
11. "Fundamental rights keep on changing as per the necessity." Justify the statement.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
1. Write any nine fundamental rights and explain any three of them.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
In a small group of 3-5 students, interview some intellectuals and legal
professionals asking them, “What would happen if fundamental rights were
suspended?” Gather their opinions and present your findings to the class.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 119
Lesson Fundamental Rights
5.5 and Civil Duties
Pre-reading Activity
We often emphasize upon our rights. But to exercise our rights, we also need to fulfil
our duties. Get in a group of 4-5 students and make a list of rights that you want to
enjoy at school. Then, think of the duties you have to fulfil to enjoy those rights. For
example, you have a right to enjoy clean environment at school but also think of tasks
you have to perform to ensure cleanliness.
Reading
The rest of the fundamental rights are explained in this lesson.
Right to language and culture
Every person and community shall have the right to use their language. Every person and
community shall have the right to participate in the cultural life of its community. Each
Nepali living in a community shall have the right to preserve and promote its language,
script, culture, cultural civilization and heritage.
Right to employment
Every citizen shall have the right to employment. Terms and conditions of employment
and unemployment benefits shall be as per the federal law. Every citizen shall have the
right to choose employment.
Right regarding labour
Every employee and worker shall have the right to proper work practice. Every worker
shall have the right of appropriate remuneration, facilities and contribution - based social
security. The employee and workers have the right to form trade unions, to organise
themselves and to perform collective bargaining for the protection of their interest in
accordance with law.
Right to health care
Every citizen shall have the right to seek basic health care services from the state and no
citizen shall be deprived of emergency health care. Every person shall have the right to be
informed about his/her health condition with regard to health care services. Every citizen
shall have the right to access to clean water and hygiene.
Right to food
Every citizen shall have the right to food. Every citizen shall have the right to be protected
from a state of starvation, resulting from lack of food stuffs. Every citizen shall have the
right to food sovereignty as provided for in law.
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Right to housing
Every citizen shall have the right to appropriate housing. No citizen shall be evicted from
the housing owned by him/her, or encroached on the housing, except in accordance with
law.
Right of women
Every woman shall have equal right to lineage without any gender discrimination. Every
woman shall have right to safe motherhood and reproductive health. There shall not
be any physical, mental, sexual or psychological or any other kind of violence against
women, or any kind of oppression based on religious, social and cultural tradition, and
other practices. Such an act shall be punishable by law and the victim shall have the right
to be compensated as per the law.
Right of child
Every child shall have the right to his/her identity with the family name, and birth
registration. Every child shall have the right to education, health care nurturing,
appropriate upbringing, sports, recreation and overall personality development from
family and the state. Every child shall have the right to formative child development,
and child participation. No child shall be employed in factories, mines, or in any other
hazardous work. No child shall be subjected to child marriage, illegal trafficking,
kidnapping, or being held hostage.
Right of the Dalits
Dalits shall have the right to participate in all agencies of the state based on the principle
of proportional inclusion. There shall be special legal provision of empowerment,
representation and participation of the Dalit community for employment in other areas
also including the public service. Provisions of free education with scholarships shall be
made for the Dalit students from the primary to higher level of education as provided for
in law. Special provision shall be made in law for the Dalits to pursue higher education in
technical and professional subjects. In order to provide health care and social security to
the Dalit community, special arrangements shall be made in accordance with law. The Dalit
community shall have the right to use, preserve and develop their traditional occupation,
knowledge, skill and technology. The state shall give priority to modern profession of
the Dalits in relation to their traditional occupation, by providing them with necessary
skill and resources. The state shall, according to law, provide land to the landless Dalits
for one time and make housing arrangements for the Dalits who do not have housing of
their own.
Right of elderly citizens
Elderly citizens shall have the right to special protection and social security from the state.
Right to social justice
Socially backward women, Dalits, Adibasi, Adibasi Janajati, Madhesi, Tharu minority
groups, persons with disability, marginalized groups, Muslims, backward classes, gender
and sexually minority groups, youths, peasants, laborers, the oppressed and the citizens
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 121
of backward regions, and economically poor Khas Arya shall have the right of inclusion.
Citizens who are economically very poor and communities on the verge of extinction
shall have the right to special opportunity and facilities in the areas of education,
health, housing, employment, food and social security, for their protection, progress,
empowerment and development. People with physical impairment shall have the right
to a dignified way of life and equal access to social services and facilities, along with their
diverse identity. Each peasant shall have the right to access to land as provided for in
law for agricultural purposes, along with the right to choose and preserve traditionally
adopted and used endemic seeds and agricultural species. The families of martyrs who
sacrificed their lives in the people's movements, armed conflicts and revolutions for a
democratic progressive change in Nepal, the families of those who disappeared, persons
who fought for democracy, victims of conflict and the displaced, persons who were
physically maimed, the wounded and the victims, shall have the right with priority, as
provided for by law, to education, health, employment, housing and social security, with
justice and appropriate respect.
Right to social security
Economically poor, physically incapacitated and helpless persons, helpless single women,
persons with physical impairment, children, persons who cannot look after themselves
and the citizens who belong to communities that are on the verge of extinction, shall have
the right to social security as provided for by law.
Right of consumers
Each consumer shall have the right to quality food stuffs and services. A person who has
suffered from sub-standard object or service shall have the right to be compensated as
provided for by law.
Right against exile
No citizen shall be exiled.
Right to constitutional remedy
There shall be right to constitutional remedy pursuant to the articles 133 or 144 in course
of implementation of rights granted in this part.
Citizens of a nation enjoy their rights. However, they must also fulfil their duties towards
the nation. A good citizen always has duties to the nation. A citizen of a nation should
fulfil the following duties:
Moral duty
To respect the nation, mother, father, teacher,
and other elder persons and to obey them, etc.
are the moral duties of a person. Life of a citizen
should be pious, blameless, and idealistic so
that other people also try to follow his or her
behaviour. Love to all human beings and no
hatred toward any one are the universally
accepted virtues of a good citizen.
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Legal duty
It is the duty of every person to abide by all the laws, rules and regulations of the
nation. Violation of laws is punishable.
Civil duty
A citizen’s civil duties are as follows:
Service to the nation: Every person should contribute to the nation according
to their own capacity and position. Progress and prosperity of every individual
is based on the development and peace of the nation. Executive, legislature and
judiciary should be responsible to the country and people for the betterment of
the nation.
Obedience to the laws of the nation: Every country has certain laws, rules and
regulations for the management, control and governance of the nation. It is the
duty of the citizens to obey, respect, and follow such laws.
Paying taxes: The main source of the revenue of the state is tax. Such an income
is utilized for the development, administration, and other purposes. So the
government has to impose some kind of a tax system on commodities, services,
trade and commerce. The system may be direct or indirect. It is the duty of the
people to pay the tax imposed by the state.
Voting : Adult franchise is a fundamental right, and it is equally important to use
the right properly. To cast a vote means to elect some person for some position
of the country. So every person should utilize the voting right for the good of the
nation.
To voice for truth and justice: It is said that to bear injustice is more of a criminal
act than committing a crime. So, it is every person’s duty to raise voice in favour
of justice. Everyone must protest against injustice, exploitation, encroachment of
the country’s borders, violation of laws, and fundamental rights.
4. Social duty:
A citizen's social duties are as follows:
• to follow our social norms, values and tradition
• to take part in festivals, social rituals and inspire other to take part
• to take part in the preservation and promotion of religions places, temples,
churches, mosques, etc.
• to take part in the sanitation programme of the surroundings
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 123
• to discourage social evils, social problems, superstitious beliefs, etc.
• to help maintain religious tolerance and social harmony
Glossary
prosperity : progress; affluence
exploitation
encroachment : to use others mentally and physically for one's own benefit
preamble : affecting or using up too much of somebody’s time, rights,
personal life, etc.
: introduction; preliminary statement
In-class Activity
Read the following passage, which is the preamble of the present constitution.
Write any six commitments of the preamble for democracy, sovereignty of people
and nationality.
We, the people of Nepal, in exercise of the sovereign powers inherent in us,
embracing the sovereign right of the people and the right to autonomy and self-
rule, by maintaining Nepal's independence, sovereignty, geographical integrity,
national unity, freedom and dignity.
Remembering the glorious history of historical peoples' movements and armed
struggles time and again and the sacrifice made by people for national interest,
democracy, progressive changes and recognizing the martyrs, the disappeared
citizens and the victims.
Embracing multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and diverse geographical
specificities, by ending discriminations relating to class, caste, region, language,
religion and gender discrimination including all forms of racial untouchability,
in order to protect and promote unity in diversity, social and cultural solidarity,
tolerance and harmonious attitudes, we also express our determination to create
an egalitarian society on the basis of the principles of proportional inclusion and
participation, to ensure equitable economy, prosperity and social justice.
Expressing commitment to create the bases of socialism by adopting democratic
norms and values, including peoples' competitive multi-party democratic
governance system, civil liberty, fundamental rights, human rights, adult franchise,
periodic elections, complete press freedom and an independent, impartial and
competent judiciary, and the concept of rule of law.
Now, therefore, in order to fulfill the aspirations for perpetual peace, good
governance, development and prosperity through the medium of federal
democratic republican system of governance, hereby promulgate this constitution
through the Constituent Assembly.
124 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What do you mean by 'Right to language and culture'?
2. What provision has been made in the present constitution to the Dalits?
3. What rights are elderly people entitled to? What is the significance of these
rights?
4. Write differences between moral duty and legal duty.
5. ‘Right to constitutional remedy’ holds an important position among the
fundamental rights. Why? Give reasons.
6. What are duties? Write about civil duties.
7. 'Rights and duties are related to each other.' Justify the statement.
8. What are some fundamental rights against discrimination incorporated in the
constitution?
9. What do you mean by positive discrimination? Highlight some instances of
positive discrimination provided by the present constitution.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
Write an editorial highlighting the major points of 'Right to Social Justice'.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Some persons or communities have been deprived of their constitutional rights
because of different reasons. Find such cases and send a letter to a newspaper for
publication so that the affected party will have a chance of remedy.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 125
Lesson
5.6 Right to Information
Pre-reading Activity
Freedom of Information (FOI) can be defined as the right to access information
held by public bodies. It is an integral part of the fundamental right to freedom of
expression, as recognized by Resolution 59 of the UN General Assembly adopted in
1946, as well as by Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948),
which states that the fundamental right of freedom of expression encompasses the
freedom "to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and
regardless of frontiers".
UN News
Now, discuss in the class the importance of information.
Reading
Information: Our right
Good governance and the basis of development
Right to information the foundation of democracy
citizen's right to ask for information
public agency should always be ready.
Urmila Dhakal heard and saw above mentioned
information broadcast and published for public
notice. She studied in the previous lesson that right to
information has been enshrined in the constitution of
Nepal as a fundamental right. Therefore, she had the
desire of learning more about right to information.
Thus, she made a group in the class. That group had
an interaction with the teacher of Social Studies.
Rabindra Oli clarified when he was asked about the meaning of information by Yasub
Bimali.
Information means written material or information related to the decision or activities of
public importance or edited material from the public agency.
126 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
He described the right to information in the following ways:
"The right to information is the right to get information about the documents of public
importance in public agencies or study of activities of that agency or observation."
Similarly, to get the verified specimen of any material or to ask for or to get information
related to the information kept in any device is the right to information.
Urmila asked, "Sir, what are public agency and public importance?"
The teacher clarified that the following are the public agencies:
Public agencies
(a) agencies under constitution (offices)
(b) agencies established by acts, rules and regulations
(c) agencies formed by the Nepal government
(d) organized institution or academy providing public service
(e) political party or organization registered according to law
(f) organized institution running under the full or partial ownership or control or grant
of the government of Nepal
(g) non–government organizations running with the money from Nepal government or
foreign country or international organization
Public importance means concern of many people. These are all the things from planning
and implementation to the decisions of areas like paths, pipes, bridges, schools, hospitals,
etc.
Swadhin Rai asked how right to information makes democracy a strong and accountable
ruling system. The teacher clarified his curiosity in the following way:
If the citizens themselves become active and aware of the duty to get or ask for
information, democracy can become strong and dynamic. It makes the government
activities transparent. Transparency is the foundation of democracy. Transparency can
be maintained in a country through the right to information. There is a lot of importance
of transparency for good governance. The people must be able to exercise the right to
information to make the governance transparent and responsible. In addition to it the
following aspects can be proved if the right to information can be implemented/effectively:
(a) It can prove that the people are sovereign.
(b) It makes public decision process and decisions effective.
(c) It mitigates abuse of authority, financial misappropriation and lack of discipline.
(d) It reduces all kinds of corruption.
(e) It brings effectiveness in providing public services.
(f) It increases public participation in governing system.
(g) It promotes the rule of law.
(h) It discourages rumors. It creates a situation where people will not follow truthlessness
when they know the truth.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 127
(i) It provides energy to various types of civil education and reinforces the democratic
ruling system.
Urmila Dhakal asked again what kinds of subjects come under the right to information
and what kinds of information cannot be communicated. The teacher clarified in the class
through a table.
Rights under the "right to Subjects not under "right to information"
information"
– Notice to make serious disturbance to Nepal's
– to see and check work, sovereignty, integrity, national security, public
documents and records law and order or international relation
– to take note of – Notice to directly affect investigation, inquiry
documents or records, to and charge of crime
take the part of extract,
to take certified copy – Notice to affect seriously economic, commercial
and monetary benefit or intellectual property
– to take the certified preservation or banking or commercial
specimen of any objects confidentiality
or goods
– Notice to directly affect various castes or good
– to provide information relationship between communities
in the form of print,
diskette, pen drive, tape, - Notice to create danger to personal
video cassette or any confidentiality and individual's life, property,
electrical form health and safety
The teacher asked "Do you know how to exercise right to information?" Thereafter, the
teacher described when he knew that the students did not know about it.
The person seeking information must write an application to the information officer.
While writing an application, which information is asked for is important. If the question
is not clear, the answer will not be clear.
Suyabi asked, "Sir, what is the fee to be paid to ask for information related to the right to
information?"
The teacher replied:
There is no fee if you observe or inspect notice record, documents in any office or workplace
for the first half an hour. Thereafter, it takes 50 rupees per hour for an individual. There is
no fee to observe public library or the place available free of cost publicly. There is fee in
the following conditions.
(a) It costs Rs. 5 for the information in more than 10 pages in A4 size paper. Information
is given freely up to 10 pages and thereafter Rs. 5 per page fee will be charged.
(b) For information provided in diskettes, CD and other digital form of technology,
Rs. 50 fee per diskette will be charged.
All the students became happy with the discussion on the right to information.
128 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
accountable Glossary
mitigate
rumour : responsible
reinforce : to make less severe
diskette : opinion or statement without authority
: strengthen
: floppy disk
In-class Activity
How far do you think the Nepalese are aware about the right to information?
Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is information? How does the the constitution of Nepal define right to
information?
2. What are the issues that come under right to information?
3. What are the issues that do not come under right to information? Make a list of
three issues.
4. What are public agencies? Make a list of these agencies in Nepal.
B. Offer long answer to the following questions.
1. Prepare an editorial for a daily newspaper highlighting the positive impacts
made by the system of right to information in government agencies and
community.
2. What are the tasks to be done to make 'Right to Information' more effective?
Write a letter to the chief of 'National Information Commission' including your
views.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
There might be someone in your community working in one of the public agencies.
What activities have been carried out by the agency to make different tasks more
transparent? Prepare a short report based on the information given by him/her.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 129
Lesson Good Governance
5.7
Pre-reading Activity
Read the section of Good Governance Act 2064 and discuss the questions that
follow.
According to the Good Governance Act of 2064 B.S., administration will
function as per the following principles:
• Equality and inclusiveness
• Rule of law
• Guarantee of human rights
• Transparency, objectivity, accountability, and honesty
• Impartiality and neutrality of administrative mechanism
• Popular participation and optimum utilization of local resources
In spite of the Act, we are yet to achieve Good Governance as implied in the
principles. Now, divide the class into six groups. Each group discusses one principle.
In the group discussion, decide whether the principle has been implemented; find
out what each principle means; suggest ways to implement these principles. Share
your ideas to the class.
Reading
Good governance is the contemporary
concept that was used in practice after
1990s. Today throughout the world
the necessity of good governance is
increasing rapidly. Good governance
is the ability of the government to
honestly and justly administer the
state, the private sector, and the civil
society activities that affect people’s
everyday life. Good governance
requires government to create a just society based on the principles of inclusiveness, liberty,
equality, and cooperation. This is the way sovereign citizens can make the governing
body transparent and accountable. Good governance equally needs self-discipline and
integrity of those in power. In a democratic nation, it is the duty of the government to
provide fast, easy, and affordable services to the people.
130 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
A responsible government always thinks about people’s concerns. Without good
governance, we cannot think about an accountable and responsible government and
the rule of law. For effective good governance, individuals, the civil society, political
leaders, intellectuals, non-government organizations, and the policy makers are equally
responsible. In UN's publication 'Good Government Practice for the Protection of Human
Rights', good governance has been clarified in the following ways:
Strengthening
Democratic
Institutions
Improving
Service
Delivery
Combating Good
Corruption Governance
Human The Rule of
Rights and Law
Development
Rights
The Constitution of Nepal 2072 has adopted the concept of good governance as the
directive principle and the policy of the state. Good governance includes the adaptation
of a political system. It follows the universally accepted fundamental human rights.
It also accepts the sovereign authority and power of the people. Moreover, the nation
ensures the rule of law, social justice, and equality. Independent judiciary, transparent and
accountable government, and responsible political parties are important requirements for
good governance.
Good governance should have the following features:
a) People’s participation in government, politics, and development
b) Accountable, transparent, and responsible government and its bodies
c) Decentralization of decision making power to local levels
d) State and government under the rule of law
e) Able to create responsible citizens
f) Open, up to date and transparent public audit system
g) Enhance a gender equity
h) Guarantee of human rights
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Elements of Good Governancei) Civilized society with democratic culture
j) Sustainable and environment friendly development
k) Corruption-free society
l) Able civil society
m) Right to information and speech
n) Multiparty democratic ruling system
Functions of good governance
a) To create responsible citizens, state, and political parties
b) To maintain the rule of law, peace, and security in the country
c) To ensure a responsible and stable government
d) To achieve sustainable and balanced development in the country
e) To increase people’s participation in politics, government, development, and
decision making
f) To fulfil the basic needs of people
g) To appreciate right person and institution; to discourage and punish dishonest
person and institution
Important elements of good governance
Participation
Validity
Righteousness
Decentralization
Right of minority
Right use of power
Right to information
Civil society
Honesty
Guarantee of human rights
Transparency
Rule of law
Accountability
132 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Challenges of good governance
• Lack of education and awareness among people
• Rampant corruption, nepotism and favouritism
• Lack of result-oriented administration
• Lack of visionary, farsighted and result oriented plans, policies, and strategies
• Unhealthy competition in politics, political parties and leadership
• Impunity, disorder, and political interference in every sector of life
• External interference and dependency on foreign countries
• Lack of ethics and accountability
• Weak laws, rules and regulations
Need of good governance in Nepal
At present, Nepal is facing different problems such as political instability, corruption
and conflicts. It is obvious that there is a lack of good governance. Slow and ineffective
administration is another problem. Imbalance of wealth distribution, disparity in
development among regions, and high level of corruption are other problems facing the
nation. Therefore, Nepal needs good governance to develop and improve the quality of
people’s lives. Only through good governance, we can maintain peace, security and the
rule of law.
Glossary
integrity : honesty; following moral values
directive principles : guiding principles
nepotism : favouring relatives, kiths and kins
interference : to impose ideas in a way that hinders independent operation
In-class Activity
To make sure that we have good governance, each organization or institution,
including your own school, should follow some principles of administration.
Discuss and formulate at least five principles that your school can follow to ensure
good governance to impart quality education to its students.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 133
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is good governance? Who are major stakeholders of good governance?
2. What are the features of good governance?
3. What does good governance require to create a just society? Explain.
4. What does a responsible government always think about? Write a few points.
5. What is the importance of good governance in Nepal? Write in a paragraph.
6. What are some of the major challenges of good governance in Nepal?
7. What specific provisions has the present constitution made regarding good
governance?
8. How can sovereign citizens make the governing body more transparent and
effective?
9. Make a list of any five organizations that are working in the field of good
governance in Nepal.
B. Offer long answer to the following questions.
1. Explain the elements of good governance.
2. Write a letter to the government of Nepal asking it to maintain good governance
in the country.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Transparency International and the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse
of Authority (CIAA) work to ensure good governance in Nepal. Find out the
objectives and functions of these organizations and report to the class.
134 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson Rule of Law
5.8
Pre-reading Activity
Duhaime's Law Dictionary defines rule of law as "that individuals, persons or
government shall submit to, obey and be regulated by law, and no arbitrary action
by an individual or a group of individuals." Now discuss the definition in the class.
Reading
Rule of law is the supremacy or the absolute status of constitution in the administration
of the country. Under the rule of law, people are declared equal in the eyes of the
government. This means that the judicial system of the country is not biased towards any
race, caste, religion, colour or gender. Instead, the same security and justice offered to one
citizen is offered to all. The main principle of rule of law is that all citizens regardless of
status are expected to follow and abide by the regulations set out by the constitution. No
one can stand above the constitution as long as a rule of law is in place.
The modern existence of Rule of Law was emphasized upon by Professor A. B. Dicey. He
declared that the following were the most vital necessity of the prevalence of rule of law
in any country:
• The supremacy of law: Law must be at the top of the country’s administration and it
must lie above all citizens of the country, including government officials and people
of higher social status. There should be no autocratic motives or any tyrannical
judgements. Until and unless it is mentioned in the law of the country, no one should
be authorized to give punishment to others.
• Equality in front of law: The law of the country must give adequate security to people
of all walks of life. In addition, the punishment given to offenders of the constitution
cannot be different for two people if their crimes are the same. Social status and
wealth should mean nothing when someone is brought to a court of justice.
• Constitution as the main law: Any country with a written constitution must
implement that constitution as its supreme law. Every law must go in accordance
with the country’s constitution.
Requirements for the rule of law
• Separation of power and balance
• Limited role of the government
• Good governance
• Independent and able judiciary
• Transparency and accountability
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 135
• Democracy and human rights
• Periodic election
• Address of equality and equity
Importance of rule of law
• Through strengthening of justice, it helps bring murder, theft, corruption, and many
other crimes to an end.
• It also provides social justice to marginalized communities. It further promotes
equality.
• Every citizen is given the right to administration.
• It ensures lasting peace and stability in the country.
• It maintains the supremacy of law.
• It establishes democratic and accountable government.
• It guarantees free judiciary and media.
Obstacles in the implementation of rule of law
• Corruption within the government and abuse of authority
• Citizens actively seek their rights but neglect their duties.
• Bringing very small or easy cases before a court without attempting to resolve it
• Lack of inclusiveness and accessibility of courts to people of rural areas and
marginalized ethnic groups
• There is no implementation of all the verdicts in favour of rule of law given by the
supreme court.
• There is a trend of explaining laws according to personal interest.
• Not paying attention to finding legal solutions to the problems: Social, cultural
dimensions of problems
• Lack of mechanism to give stability to every policy, law and organisation
Ways of strengthening rule of law
To implement rule of law, it is necessary for both the citizens and government officials
to be diplomatic, to be tolerant and always abide by the regulations of the constitution.
Everyone must be encouraged to follow the law of the country and maintain a positive
attitude towards the gradual progress of the nation. The following measures can be
applied to strengthen the rule of law in our country:
• The control of corruption should not be limited to setting out guidelines for others
to follow and should rather be expanded to encouraging youths to be vocal against
abuse of authority.
• All citizens should be reminded that they cannot claim their rights without fulfilling
their duties.
• The law of the country should not be misinterpreted and instead be clarified according
to its true meaning.
• Social problems should be solved using alternative methods instead of seeking the
help of courts.
136 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
• The laws of the country should be drafted according to the opinion of the people.
• All the agencies should follow and implement verdicts given by judicial agencies
including courts.
• There should be formulation of inclusive laws.
• The goal needs to be set preparing a long-term clear and permanent road map on the
basis of policies, rules and regulations and investigation.
Glossary
tyrannical : using power in a cruel and unfair way
road map : a plan for achieving a goal
In-class Activity
According to the United Nations, the rule of law refers to a "principle of governance
in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the state
itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced and
independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human
rights norms and standards." Now, does the definition of the UN imply to your
country? Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Why is the constitution regarded as the main law of the nation?
2. Define rule of law. What are its features?
3. How can we implement the rule of law? Explain.
4. Write a situation that can emerge in absence of rule of law.
5. How is it possible to tell if the rule of law prevails in a given country?
6. What are the obstacles in the implementation of the rule of law? Explain.
7. Why is it said "Government by law, not by men" in a nation where the rule of
law exists?
B. Offer long answer to the following question.
Draft a dialogue between two friends explaining the ways of strengthening the rule
of law.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 137
Lesson Democratic Norms
5.9
Pre-reading Activity
Democracy, based on the rule of law, is ultimately a means to achieve international
peace and security, economic and social progress and development, and respect for
human rights - the three pillars of the United Nations mission as set forth in the
charter of the UN.
Now, discuss the three major factors of democratic norms as mentioned above.
Reading
In democracy the government is accountable to the people. There is representational
ruling system. Elected representatives are active in the direction of fulfilling the needs
and expectations of the general people. People's rights are preserved by the constitution
and laws. On the basis of those norms and values, the following democratic norms are
discussed below:
People's participation in governance
People's participation is essential in democratic governance. There is a government of
elected representatives by the people. There should be periodic election with the regular
people's participation in governance. Such elections must be free, fair and impartial.
Supremacy of law
Supremacy of law is expected in democracy. It is assumed that the ruling system must be
by the law not by an individual. As law is all in all, use of their rights and the following
duties according to laws is considered to be democratic norms.
Protection of fundamental rights
Democratic ruling norms are to reflect people's aspirations, use and protection of people's
fundamental rights. Fundamental rights mentioned in the constitution must be respected.
We should implement them without putting any obstacle to their use. If their violation
takes place, they must be protected and provided with remedy.
138 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Pluralism
Everyone does not have the same thoughts, concepts and viewpoints. There may be
diversity of thoughts in democracy but such diversity must be accepted. Loktantra must
assimilate pluralism in thoughts, customs and culture. Pluralism has included diversity
of thoughts as an indispensable component of the ruling system.
Respect for minority
Generally, there is the rule of majority in democracy. The majority has the authority
to rule. Minority's role is to control possible arbitrary rule of the majority. Where the
minority is respected the majority is responsible and disciplined. Therefore, the minority
has the freedom of criticizing the decisions of the majority.
Inclusive ruling system
Inclusive rule means the rule with the inclusion and representatives of all the castes,
religions, languages, regions, colours and disabilities. Feeling of getting included in the
ruling system of democracy (Loktantra) is the democratic norms and values. Democratic
norms is the adoption of positive discrimination, right to social justice, nation's
responsibility and adoption of inclusive system by policy directive principles.
Aware civil society
If the civil society is aware, then only democracy and democratic norms can be
institutionalized in a country. Democracy makes people have all the rights. For this, there
should be the civil society that can utilize the rights properly. With the awareness and
civics and moral education there will be development of democratic norms in civil society.
Good governance
In democratic ruling system the citizens have the right to get information about the
government activities as they are. The people must be informed as the government
knows the reaction of the people to their activities through their expression of thoughts.
Good governance is established in the condition when accountable rule and transparent
working system are followed. Good governance is possible only through democratic
norms.
Expression and press freedom
Freedom of thought and expression helps in establishing democratic norms and values. It
is civil right to get informed about political, social, economic and cultural activities. The
citizens form the characters and behaviours according to its effect on the nation, problems
and their solutions.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 139
pluralism Glossary
minority : a state of society in which multicultural, multiethnic and multi
arbitrary lingual groups are confined to develop common civilization
: less in number
: done without any reason
In-class Activity
Which democratic norms do you think is most undermined in the present context
of Nepal? Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Introduce democratic norms. Write any two aspects of democratic norms.
2. What is democratic system of governance? Explain.
3. Why should we respect the fundamental rights prescribed in the constitution?
4. How does democratic norm help to institutionalize democracy? Explain.
5. 'People's participation is a must in democratic ruling system'. Justify the
statement.
6. 'Pluralism exists in democracy'. Explain.
7. Why should the voice of minority be respected in a democracy?
8. Describe the role of civil society in democracy.
9. Good governance is possible through democratic norms. Explain.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
1. Explain different aspects of democratic norms.
Self-Discovery Project Work
How have democratic norms been practised in your community? Prepare an
editorial for a daily newspaper.
140 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Lesson
5.10 Role of the Civil Society
Pre-reading Activity
Have you ever done a voluntary social work? If so, what work was it? What did you
do? If you were to work voluntarily, what kind of work would you like to do and
why?
Reading
Civil society is an important social institution. By
its name, we can assume that it is an association
of citizens that works for people, society, and the
nation. It is a watchdog for development, peace,
rule of law and transparency in the country. The
African Development Bank defines civic society
as "The voluntary expression of the interests and
aspirations of citizens organized and united by
common interests, goals, values, or traditions
and mobilized into collective action." A civil society has specific objectives regarding the
betterment of people and the country.
Objectives of the civil society
• To promote efficiency and capacity for the formation of people's lifestyle
• To form the forum to express social values, norms, aspirations, needs and resolution
• To develop and expand participatory system for the alternative measures for
development
• To form a network bound in collective feeling for social objectives
• To adopt the social events explaining the policy matters of the government taking the
right decision in a critical way
Characteristics of civil society
• Civil society is an institution run by the self-disciplined people following the laws of
the country.
• It has a goal of exposing expression of human sensitiveness of the society.
• Civil society is different from politics but it is related to the government.
• It is a group that acts for the welfare of the lowest class and underprivileged group
with their own participation.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 141
• It does not have an aim of making any profit out of its activities.
The civil society of Nepal has played an important role in the equitable allocation
of natural resources. Moreover, the civil society also plays an active role to develop
Nepal into an inclusive society.
According to its objectives, the civil society may have the following roles:
1. It functions regarding human rights.
Civil society raises voice for freedom, dignity, and other fundamental rights of the
people. It creates awareness among people about human rights. It makes sure that
people exercise their civil, legal and political rights. In case of the violation of such
rights, the civil society raises voice for people to restore the rights.
2. It functions regarding democracy, peace and conflict management.
Civil society itself is a democratic institution and hence it contributes to the democratic
process in the country. It raises the voice for democratic system, political rights,
voting rights, right to involve in government, etc. It conducts different programs to
publicize the democratic rights. It compels government to follow democratic norms
and values. It also opposes undemocratic acts.
3. It develops various aspects of good governance and administration.
Good governance and an efficient and accountable administration are the backbone
of development. A responsible government, transparent economic activities, people-
centred and result-oriented administration, etc. are the indispensable parts of good
governance. Civil society works to ensure good governance.
4. It helps in formulating laws of empowerment and participation.
Traditional bad practices, superstitions and blind faith may be present in the society
and sometimes they may be supported by existing laws. In such cases, the civil society
plays the role of a social reformer. It calls for stopping bad practice and formulating
new and suitable laws. For example, different paragraphs of Muluki Ain (civil code)
have been amended, added or removed in recent times due to the pressure of various
civil society groups.
5. It makes politicians, industrialists, traders and other classes of the state accountable
to the people.
6. It expresses the welfare and concerns of the politically, socially and economically
underprivileged people.
7. It helps in developing transparent decentralized and pluralistic viewpoint in
policy formulation.
8. It provides knowledge and skill required for the citizens to help in the government
for development.
9. It helps in guaranteeing economic security, land reform, gender equality and social
rights.
142 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
integrity Glossary
blind faith
transparency : honesty
: belief without a good reason
amend : open practice of governance in which decisions and acts are
made public
: revise; reformulate
In-class Activity
Get into small group of 4-5 students. Choose an area of social concern, such as
good governance, building a just society, promoting democracy, etc. Then, form
a voluntary organization of your own. Write a brief description of the functions,
duties, and responsibilities of the organization.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. Define civil society. How can you say that a civil society is a democratic
institution?
2. Describe the functions of civil society in Nepal.
3. Write down the major objectives of civil society.
4. The role of civil society is important in Nepal. Give reasons.
5. What roles did the civil society play in the process of drafting the constitution?
Explain.
6. “Civil society is the watchdog of our society.” Justify the statement.
7. What type of people should be involved in a civil society? Write any three
features of an individual required to be a member of civil society organizations.
8. How does a civil society ensure good governance? Explain.
9. Write about the negative impacts of a weak civil society in the country.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
1. The civil society plays a great role in social transformation." Explain.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
‘Civil Society Nepal’ is a pioneer organization in Nepal. Study about the
organization gathering information from various sources. Then, prepare a report
on its function and importance.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 143
Lesson Law and Order
5.11
Pre-reading Activity
Although different agencies have shown their due concern and have made
commitment in declaring the schools as zone of peace, the schools are frequently
closed due to different strikes. What might be the reason? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Peace, democracy, and human rights are the basic pre-requisites for development. Law
and order incorporate values of security and harmony together with justice and respect
for the human dignity. Right to life and liberty is the inborn right of every individual.
Right to choose employment as per the law is his/her fundamental right.
Individual and social security means right to pursue occupation or business as per the
law without any obstruction. Security to individuals or public property, to use them
without any interference falls under individual and public security. The misuse of
electronic media and social network creates negative effect on individual and social
security.
Children are the future of the nation. Their right
to education, without any hindrance, must be
preserved. According to the UNESCO, there
are currently 67 million children out of school
throughout the world, and over 40 percent
of them are in conflict-affected countries.
We view educational institution as a non-
violent zone where students are imparted the
significance of education in curing the social
anomalies existing in the society. The school is
a zone of peace and hence it should remain a safe haven for children and where teaching
and learning should continue unhindered in an atmosphere free from fear.
Nepal is a signatory to the conventions on the rights of the child (CRC) and should
therefore, ensure that every child is provided with their basic rights to grow, to learn
and to play in peace. School walls should not be covered with graffiti showing political
slogans. Children should not be involved in politically motivated rallies and protest
programs. They should not be given corporal punishment when they fail to accomplish
the assigned task to them or when they make mistakes. Fear and stress fills children's
hearts with misgivings and makes them doubt their own future. Therefore, they need to
be made free from psychological terror and ensure a feeling of safety.
Today we find many schools getting shut down due to political instability. Frequent shut
down of educational institutions owing to strikes will not only deprive the children of
144 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
education opportunities but also develop irreparable psychological trauma and disorder
among them. Education institutions as a zone of peace and its importance must be
disseminated from central to local level. For this, a central level political consensus is
required. A careful legal arrangement needs to be made for the children. Everyone has
to respect the spirit of schools as zone of peace and ensure that children in the country
are allowed to thrive, grow and be educated in an atmosphere free of violence and terror.
The state should also devise a mechanism that stops political strikes from reaching or
affecting the educational institution. Parents on their part must supervise and provide
strategic guidance on a regular basis to widen their knowledge and understanding about
the significance of education in the present context. Human rights activists, child rights
organizations, parents, children, teachers and social activists should realize the value of
peace zone in education and raise their voice.
Glossary
imparted : given, transmitted
graffiti : pictures or words drawn or painted on a wall, building, etc.
corporal : physical
trauma : mental or physical problems that may remain for a long time
thrive : to grow or develop or prosper
In-class Activity
What activities have been carried out to make your school as a zone of peace ? Ask
your principal and prepare a news for your school's annual bulletin.
Exercise
A. Offer short answer to the following questions.
1. What is law and order? How can we promote law and order in a nation?
2. How can we end impunity in a nation? Write any four ways. Explain.
3. What do you understand by 'School as a zone of Peace'?
4. Why should we avoid child abuse?
5. Write down the role of individual, society, political party, and government to
maintain peace and order in a nation.
6. As a student what suggestions would you like to give the government to make
the school zone of peace completely? Write in points.
7. What negative impacts can take place in child's psychology when schools are
politicized?
8. What kind of curriculum needs to be developed by the CDC to make education
child-centered?
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the importance of law and order
in a nation.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 145
Lesson Pluralism and Unity
in Diversity
5.12
Pre-reading Activity
As a class, conduct a “diversity” survey of your class. Prepare questions to know
about:
• Ethnicity
• Gender
• Region
• Religion
• First language
• Cultural practices
Collect information and make a table based on the categories mentioned above.
Then, find out how diverse your class is. Discuss what you can do to promote
diversity in your school.
Reading
As we know, people of different
ethnic groups who speak
different languages live in Nepal.
They practise their own cultures
and traditions. As a result,
there is diversity. But, there is
also mutual respect among the
people in Nepal. It is our unique
identity. Within a small territory,
a variety of people having
different cultures and traditions,
live with cooperation, mutual
understanding and respect. So
there is social harmony and
religious tolerance. We identify
ourselves first as “Nepali”; our
identity based on language,
culture, caste, ethnicity, religion
come second.
The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has defined Nepal as a country having "multi-ethnic,
multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural characteristics." With common aspirations
of people living in diverse geographical regions, and being committed to and united by
146 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
a bond of allegiance to national independence, territorial integrity, national interest and
prosperity of Nepal, all the Nepalese collectively constitute the nation. Our common
aspirations and unity make us feel one. The constitution says that the Nepalese who are
committed to national independence, integrity, national interest and prosperity of Nepal
collectively constitute the nation.
In recent time, “diversity” has been recognized as an important part of the nation. All
national entities are included at all levels and sectors of the state. People from all walks
of life - Madhesis, Dalits, women, indigenous people, labourers, farmers, disabled,
marginalised groups are recognized as important parts of the nation. The state has taken as
its duty and responsibility to include all the people in the nation. The present constitution
states that “it is the duty of every person to uphold this constitution” because it has
guaranteed equal status to all the people. The constitution has made the provision that
all “citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection
of the laws.” As a result, all existing discriminatory laws, bye-laws, and acts have been
either reformed, amended or eliminated.
The constitution accepts the social diversity of Nepal. Therefore, it is the duty of the
state to maintain social harmony and diversity in the country. In the directive principles
of the state, the article 50 and sub-article 2 of the Constitution, it is stated that "It shall
be the socio-cultural objective of the state to build a civilized and egalitarian society by
ending all forms of discrimination, oppression and injustice based on religion, culture,
cultural practices, customs, traditional practices, or any other grounds; develop socio-
cultural values based on national pride, democracy, people orientation, dignity of labour,
entrepreneurship, discipline, dignity and tolerance, by respecting cultural diversity and
maintaining communal harmony, solidarity and amity."
The constitution has also ensured the rights and duties of the state. Article 51 sub-article 2
states , "Promoting national unity by developing relations of mutual cooperation between
federal units by maintaining mutual understanding, tolerance, and solidarity among
various caste, ethnic, religious, linguistic and cultural groups and communities". As per
the objectives of constitution, there is peace, harmony, tolerance, mutual respect and
understanding among the diverse social units in the country.
The state has also adopted the policy of positive discrimination. According to this policy,
the state works towards uplifting and improving the life of certain groups of people such
as Madhesis, women, Dalits, disabled, backward, and marginalized people. It also has
made special provision to help people displaced during the conflicts.
There is social harmony, religious tolerance and mutual cooperation in the country. Every
community respects the culture, religion, rites and rituals of other communities. Each
community also participates in the feasts and festivals of another community. Similarly,
there is unique relation between religions. For example, the Hindus worship in Buddha
bihars and the Buddhists also worship in Hindu temples. In the eastern part of the country,
the Brahmins and the Kshetris participate in the festivals of the Kirant people; Kirant
people also enjoy the festivals of the Brahmins and the Kshetris. Irrespective of religion
and ethnicity, people participate in each other’s rites and rituals. Similarly, in the Terai, all
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 147
kinds of people participate in Chhat celebration, including Muslims. Nepal also has public
holidays during the festivals of different religious groups and groups of people living in
different regions. Such activities prove that Nepal enjoys social harmony. We are proud
of maintaining the history of non-violence from the ancient period to the present. Our
history has not witnessed any kind of racial war, religious riots and communal tensions.
We value the nation and national identity as the core of diversity. We respect and believe
in these values and maintain social harmony. As a result, Nepal is a country that has
“unity in diversity.”
Our present national anthem also reflects the diversified society we live in.
Sayaun Thunga Phulka Hami Eutai Mala Nepali ;of}+ yª' uf kmn' sf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnL
Sarbabhaum Bhai Phailieka Mechi Mahakali ;fj{efd} eO{ km}lnPsf dr] L dxfsfnL
Prakritika Kotikoti Sampadako Aanchal ks| l[ tsf sf6] L sf6] L ;Dkbfsf] cfFrn
Bir Haruka Ragatale Swatantra Ra Atal jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n
Gyanbhumi, Shantibhumi, Terai Pahad Himal 1fgel" d, zflGte"ld, t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn
Akhanda Yo Pyaro Hamro Matribhumi Nepal cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[el" d gk] fn
Bahul Jati Bhasa, Dharma Sanskriti Chhan Bishal ax'n hflt efiff, wd{ ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn
Agragami Rastra Hamro Jay Jay Nepal cuu| fdL /fi6« xfdf| ] ho ho gk] fn .
identity Glossary
constitute
provision : unique sign of recognition
tolerance : form
marginalized : arrangement
: respect to others’ religion and customs
: those who have been neglected
In-class Activity
In Class IX of a school, the distribution of student population is as follows:
a) caste group – 6
b) linguistic group – 5
c) ethnic group -3
d) religious group – 3
What does the student population say about Nepali community? How can the
school make sure that each individual student feels included in every aspect of
school activities?
148 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
Exercise
A. Offer very short answer to the following questions.
1. Define diversity. What is unity in diversity?
2. What are the elements of social diversity?
3. Write a brief essay on the importance of social diversity in Nepal.
4. What is the duty of the state for the management of a diversified society?
5. What is positive discrimination? Explain.
6. What is the policy of positive discrimination? How has the state taken positive
discrimination for the development of backward communities and groups?
7. Which articles of the present constitution highlight the unity in diversity?
Explain.
8. Write the main theme of our national anthem.
B. Offer a long answer to the following question.
'Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural country."
Explain the statement with examples.
Self- Discovery: Project Work
Make a table in which you mention all ethnic groups and their languages. For this,
consult the Population Census Book published by the Central Bureau of Statistics.
You can find more information at: www.cbs.gov.np
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9 149
Lesson Nationalism and Issues
5.13 of National Concern
Pre-reading Activity
Before you read the lesson, discuss the following questions.
• Who is your favourite national personality?
• What contribution has the person made to the nation?
• Why do you consider the person a national hero?
Reading
Nepal is a nation characterized by common aspirations of people living in diverse
geographical regions and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to
national independence, territorial integrity, national interest and prosperity. This strong
bond constitutes nationality within itself. It's a country where people of different classes,
castes, religions, sexes, regions and languages reside. There is sentimental and mental
determination, dedication and behavioural approach accordingly among these groups.
This is our nationality.
Everyone has an equal role and contribution in building Nepal. All the conscious
citizens of a nation think about nationality, prestige and national development. They
are concerned about important issues such as the independence and freedom of the
country, its sovereignty and integrity. Their focus needs to be concentrated on Nepal and
nationality. In the present context of Nepal, the following are the issues where there is
need of co-existence rather than self-existence.
National integrity
Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-
oriented federal democratic republican state. A disordered and fragile country loses its
identity, sovereignty and respect and turns into a failed state. The nation should give
equal rights to all by preserving and promoting their caste, language, religion and culture.
Every Nepali has equal role and contribution in building Nepal. When the Khas Aryas, the
Magars, the Rais, the Limbus, the Gurungs, the Sherpas, the Newars, the Madhesis and
all other groups march ahead united, then only the country becomes prosperous. That is
why a country should give priority to all castes, languages, sexes, classes and regions in
proportionate way for development and progress. Every citizen should contribute to the
nation from their own respective positions according to their capacity. The relationship
among people, the state and the government, based on mutual understanding, can
maintain peace, security and national integrity. A justifiable distribution of resources
and direct participation of people in development work contribute to national unity and
integrity.
150 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 9
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