Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 151 v. Purvottanasana (Inclined Pose) With a deep inhalation, take your right leg away from your body, in a big backward step. Both your hands should be firmly planted on your mat, your left foot between your hands, head tilted towards the ceiling. vi. Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog Pose) With a deep exhalation, shove your hips and butt up towards the ceiling, forming an upward arch. Your arms should be straight and aligned with your head. vii. Sashtang Dandawat (Forehead, Chest, Knee to Floor Pose) With a deep exhalation, lower your body down till your forehead, chest, knees, hands and feet are touching the mat, your butt tilted up. Take a normal breath in this pose. viii. Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose) With a deep inhalation, slowly snake forward till your head is up, your back arched concave, as much as possible.
152 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 ix. Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog Pose) Exhaling deeply, again push your butt and hips up towards the ceiling as in position 6, arms aligned straight with your head. x. Surya Darshan (Sun Sight Pose) Inhaling deeply, bring your right foot in towards your body, in a big forward step. Both your hands should be planted firmly on your mat, right foot between your hands, head tilted towards the ceiling. xi. Padangusthasana (Hand to Foot Pose) Exhaling deeply, rise up and touch the mat, keeping both your palms in line with your feet, forehead touching your knees. xii. Ardha Chandrasana (Half Moon Pose) Inhaling deeply, raise both your arms above your head and tilt slightly backward.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 153 xiii. Namaskar (Salute) Return to stand facing the sun, both feet touching, palms joined together, in prayer pose. Exercise A. Answer the following questions. 1. Define Yoga. What is ‘Maharshi Patanjali’ famous for? 2. List any five importance of Yoga. 3. Name the eight limbs of Yoga. 4. What do you mean by Asana? What are the common advantages of Asanas? 5. Draw a diagram illustrating Setu-Bandhasana. 6. What precautions should be taken while considering about Halasana? 7. How is Makarasana performed? Explain. 8. What are Ida and Pingala? 9. Write the advantages of Kapalvati, Bhastrika, and Anulom-Bilom. 10. What are the advantages of ‘Surya Namaskar’?
154 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 10 Introduction to Arts, Line Arts and Colour 10.1 Introduction to Arts and Nepali Arts Arts refer to a broad range of human activities that involve creating or expressing emotions, ideas, or beauty through various forms such as painting, sculpture, music, dance, theater, literature, and photography. Art has been an integral part of human culture and civilization, serving as a means of communication, reflection, and self-expression. It is often used to convey powerful messages and evoke emotions, and it can be both a personal and a collective experience. Art is a form of communication that is exhibited as a creative expression as is drawing, singing, dancing, or crafting. Whatever the artist intends his art to mean, this meaning is shaped by the materials and techniques of the art. The forms of an art make use of the ideas and feelings it creates in its viewers. Introduction to Nepali Art Nepali art has a rich and diverse history that spans several centuries and encompasses a wide range of styles and mediums. Some of the most
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 155 notable forms of Nepali art include thangka paintings, woodcarving, metalwork, and pottery. One of the defining features of Nepali art is its close ties to religion and spirituality, with many forms of art serving as a means of expressing and exploring Buddhist and Hindu traditions. Thangka paintings, for example, are intricate works of art that depict various deities and religious figures, and are often used in meditation and religious ceremonies. Another defining feature of Nepali art is its vibrant use of color and intricate patterns, which can be seen in everything from textiles to pottery. Many forms of Nepali art also feature detailed and realistic depictions of natural and cultural elements, such as animals, landscapes, and traditional dress. Additionally, Nepali art often incorporates a sense of playfulness and humor, with many works of art featuring whimsical characters and motifs. Overall, Nepali art is a testament to the creativity and ingenuity of Nepali artists and their ability to blend tradition with innovation to create truly unique and beautiful works of art. Some of the characteristic features of Nepali arts are listed below: 1. Religious and spiritual themes: Many forms of Nepali art are closely tied to religion and spirituality, with depictions of deities, religious figures, and Buddhist and Hindu traditions being common.
156 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 2. Vibrant use of color: Nepali art often features a bold and vibrant use of color, with intricate patterns and designs that reflect the rich cultural heritage of Nepal. 3. Attention to detail: Whether it's in the form of thangka paintings or woodcarvings, Nepali art is known for its meticulous attention to detail, with many works featuring intricate designs and realistic depictions of natural and cultural elements. 4. Playful and whimsical elements: Despite their attention to detail and religious themes, many forms of Nepali art also incorporate a sense of playfulness and humor, with whimsical characters and motifs being a common feature. 5. Variety of mediums: Nepali art encompasses a wide range of mediums, from textiles and pottery to metalwork and sculpture. Each medium has its own unique characteristics and techniques, allowing Nepali artists to express themselves in a variety of ways.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 157 10.2 Basic Rules of Art (Balance, Composition, and Proportion) Balance in Art In drawing art, balance refers to the distribution of visual elements within a composition in a way that creates a sense of equilibrium and harmony. Achieving balance in a drawing means that no single element dominates the composition and that the overall effect is one of stability and coherence. The importance of balance in drawing art lies in its ability to create a sense of order and unity, helping to guide the viewer's eye and create a pleasing visual experience. For example, in a landscape drawing, the artist might use balance to create a sense of harmony between the foreground, middle ground, and background elements. By distributing visual weight evenly across the composition, the artist can create a feeling of stability and balance, drawing the viewer's eye across the scene in a way that feels natural and intuitive. Without balance, the drawing might feel cluttered or chaotic, with no clear focal point or sense of direction. By achieving balance, the artist can create a sense of order andunity that enhances the overall impact of the drawing. Whether it's through the use of symmetry, asymmetry, or other techniques, balance is an essential aspect of drawing art that helps to bring a sense of coherence and beauty to the finished piece.
158 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Composition in Art In drawing art, composition refers to the arrangement of visual elements within a work of art. A well-composed drawing is one in which these elements are organized in a way that creates a sense of balance, harmony, and interest. The importance of composition in drawing art lies in its ability to guide the viewer's eye and create a strong visual impact. For example, in a portrait drawing, the artist might use composition to create a sense of intimacy or distance between the subject and the viewer. By placing the subject in the center of the composition, the artist might create a sense of immediacy and directness, drawing the viewer's eye straight to the subject's face. Alternatively, the artist might use a more asymmetrical composition to create a sense of distance or mystery, drawing the viewer's eye across the composition in a way that encourages them to explore the details of the drawing. In addition to guiding the viewer's eye, composition can also be used to convey mood, emotion, and narrative. By placing certain visual elements in strategic locations within the composition, the artist can create a sense of tension, drama, or tranquility, helping to communicate their intended
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 159 message to the viewer. Overall, composition is an essential aspect of drawing art that helps to bring a sense of structure, unity, and meaning to the finished piece. Proportion in Drawing Proportion in drawing art refers to the relationship between the size and placement of various elements within a composition. When the proportions of the elements in a drawing are accurate, the composition appears balanced and harmonious, and the viewer's eye moves easily across the image. Proper management of proportion is crucial in drawing art because it affects the realism, believability, and aesthetic appeal of the finished piece. To manage proportion in drawing art, it's important to have a solid understanding of the basic principles of human anatomy and perspective. For example, when drawing a figure, the artist must pay close attention to the proportions of the various body parts, ensuring that they are accurately represented in relation to one another. The proportions of the head, torso, limbs, and hands and feet must all be carefully managed to create a figure that appears realistic and believable.
160 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 One technique for managing proportion in drawing art is to use a grid system. The artist can divide their drawing surface into a grid of equally sized squares and use this as a guide for accurately placing and sizing the various elements within the composition. By ensuring that the proportions of the elements within each square are accurate, the artist can create a drawing that is well-proportioned and visually pleasing.Another technique is to use comparative measurement, where the artist uses the size and placement of one element in the composition as a reference point for determining the proportions of the other elements. For example, the artist might use the size and placement of the head to determine the size and placement of the other body parts in a figure drawing. Activity 1 Follow the instructions below that can help you practice proportion in drawing art. Remember, you participate in this activity under the direct supervision of subject teacher. 1. Use reference materials: When learning to draw proportionally, it’s helpful to use reference materials such as photographs, sketches, and anatomical charts to help guide your work. These materials can help you to understand the proportions of different elements and how they relate to one another. 2. Start with basic shapes: Before drawing a detailed figure or object, begin by sketching out basic shapes such as circles, ovals, and rectangles to establish the overall proportions. This can help you to create a more accurate and balanced composition. 3. Use comparative measurement: One of the most effective techniques for managing proportion is to use comparative measurement, where you use the size and placement of one element in the composition as a reference point for determining the proportions of the other elements. 4. Pay attention to negative space: In addition to focusing on the shapes of the elements you are drawing, pay attention to the negative space or the areas between and around the elements. This can help you to create a more accurate and well-proportioned composition. 5. Practise regularly: Proportion is a skill that takes time and pratise to master. Make drawing a regular part of your routine and pratise regularly to improve your ability to manage proportion in your work. Start with simple exercises such as drawing circles, squares, and triangles, and gradually work up to more complex compositions.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 161 10.3 Drawing Pictures Still life with drapery drawing Still life art is a fascinating and rewarding genre of art that offers a wide range of creative possibilities. Whether creating a simple composition of objects or a complex and detailed scene, artists can use still life art to explore a variety of themes and ideas while honing their skills in composition, color, and texture. Still life art is a genre of art that involves creating a composition of objects that are typically inanimate or nonmoving, such as fruit, flowers, utensils, books, and other everyday objects. The objects are arranged in a particular way to create a visually appealing composition, which is then depicted through drawing, painting, or other forms of art. Still life art can be created using a variety of media, including pencils, charcoal, watercolors, oils, and pastels. One of the key features of still life art is its ability to convey a sense of realism and detail. Because the objects being depicted are typically stationary, the artist has more control over the composition and can focus on capturing the intricate details and textures of the objects. This can lead
162 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 to incredibly detailed and lifelike depictions that are both beautiful and engaging. Still life art is also a versatile genre of art that can be used to explore a wide range of themes and concepts. For example, a still life composition of fruit and flowers might be used to explore ideas of abundance and beauty, while a composition of objects that are decaying or broken might be used to explore ideas of mortality and impermanence. Still life art can also be used to explore ideas of light and shadow, color, form, and texture, making it a rich and varied genre of art. Drapery drawing is an important technique in art that can add depth, realism, and interest to a composition. Itrequires a keen eye for detail and an understanding of how fabric behaves, and it can be used to create a wide range of effects and moods in a drawing. It is a technique in art that involves the depiction of fabric or clothing in a realistic and lifelike way. The goal of drapery drawing is to create the illusion of depth, volume, and texture in the fabric, while also conveying a sense of movement and form. This technique is commonly used by artists who want to create realistic and engaging figures and scenes, and it can be created using a variety of media, including pencils, charcoal, watercolors, oils, and pastels. One of the most important aspects of drapery drawing is the ability to capture the folds and creases in the fabric. This involves understanding
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 163 how the fabric would naturally drape and flow based on its weight and the movement of the figure wearing it. By studying and understanding the way fabric behaves in real life, an artist can create a convincing and realistic depiction of fabric in their artwork. Drapery drawing is important in art because it can add a sense of realism and depth to a composition. By capturing the folds, creases, and texture of fabric, an artist can make a drawing feel more lifelike and engaging. Drapery can also help to convey a sense of movement and form, giving a figure a sense of weight and presence within the composition. Activity 2 Read and follow the instructions given below for a creative drapery drawing activity that can be done in the classroom: Materials needed: • Paper • Pencil • Charcoal or soft pastels • An object to drape (such as a scarf, piece of fabric, or clothing) Instructions: 1. Find an object to drape over a chair or table in the classroom. Choose something with interesting folds and texture. 2. Set up your paper and drawing materials on a nearby desk or table. 3. Spend some time observing the object, taking note of its folds, creases, and shadows. 4. Begin sketching the object lightly with your pencil, paying attention to the overall shape and contours. 5. Start to add more detail, using light shading to indicate the folds and creases in the fabric. 6. Once you are happy with your pencil sketch, begin to add shading and texture using charcoal or soft pastels. Pay attention to the direction of the light source and how it affects the shadows and highlights on the fabric. 7. Continue to work on your drawing, refining the details and adding depth and texture. 8. When you are finished, step back and take a look at your work. Does it accurately capture the texture and movement of the fabric? Are there any areas that could use more work? By observing and capturing the unique folds and creases of an object, students can create a drawing that is both realistic and expressive.
164 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Human forms drawings There are several methods for drawing the human form in art. One of the mostcommonisthetraditionalacademicmethod,whichinvolvesbreaking down the body into basic shapes and proportions. Another method is the gestural approach, which focuses on capturing the movement and energy of the human figure through quick, expressive lines. Some artists prefer a more anatomical approach, using their knowledge of human anatomy to create accurate and realistic representations of the body. Some artists may use a more abstract or stylized approach, emphasizing the expressive potential of the human form over anatomical accuracy. Ultimately, the method an artist chooses will depend on their personal style, level of skill, and artistic goals. Human emotions in drawing Human emotions are an important aspect of drawing art, as they can add depth and meaning to a piece. Here are five short paragraphs explaining how to draw human emotions: Facial expressions One of the most effective ways to convey human emotions is through facial expressions. To draw a convincing facial expression, an artist must pay attention to the position and shape of the eyes, eyebrows, mouth, and other features. For example, a smile with raised eyebrows can convey happiness or excitement, while a frown with downturned eyes can convey sadness or disappointment. Body language Another way to convey human emotions is through body language. The position of the body, the placement of the limbs, and the tilt of the head can all communicate different emotions. For example, crossed arms and a downturned head can convey defensiveness or distrust, while an open stance and a lifted chin can convey confidence or pride.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 165 Color choice: The use of color can also be a powerful tool for conveying emotions. Warm colors like red and orange can convey passion or anger, while cool colors like blue and green can convey calmness or sadness. An artist can also use color contrast to draw attention to a particular element, such as a bright red shirt in a sea of neutral tones. Contrast and texture Contrast and texture can also be used to convey emotions. For example, sharp lines and dark shadows can convey anger or aggression, while soft lines and muted tones can convey sadness or contemplation. An artist can also use texture to convey the feeling of an object or surface, such as the rough texture of a rock or the smooth texture of a glass surface. Symbolism Finally, an artist can use symbolism to convey emotions. This can involve using objects or images that are commonly associated with a particular emotion, such as a heart for love or a storm cloud for sadness. An artist can also use symbolism to create a narrative or convey a message, such as a broken mirror to symbolize the idea of shattered dreams or lost opportunities. Happiness Photographs Drawings Sadness Anger Fear
166 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 In conclusion, drawing human emotions is a complex and nuanced skill that requires an understanding of facial expressions, body language, color, contrast, texture, and symbolism. By using these techniques effectively, an artist can create drawings that are emotionally impactful and meaningful to the viewer. Activity 3 Take a simple chart paper and create a series of sketches or drawings depicting different emotional states. Take a list of emotions to choose from, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. Try to work with different techniques, such as facial expressions, body language, color, contrast, texture, and symbolism, to convey the emotions you have chosen. Share your drawings with the class and discuss the choices you made and the impact you wanted to create.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 167 A. Match the followings Still life • Scale Charcoal • Light source Perspective • Depth Proportion • Composition Highlights • Drawing medium B. Answer the following questions. 1. What are some characteristic features of Nepali art? 2. What is the purpose of a still life drawing? 3. How can an artist achieve dark, light, and medium density shadows using pencil lines? 4. How can an artist use shapes in their artwork? 5. What is the role of space in drawing art? 6. How can an artist use contrast to create visual interest in their drawing? 7. What is the goal of drapery drawing? 8. Why is balance important in drawing art? 9. What is the importance of proportion in drawing art? 10. How can an artist use composition to create a visually pleasing artwork? 11. What is the importance of drawing human emotions in art? How is it made ore reaalistic? Exercise
168 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 11 Printmaking, Claywork and Collage Construction 11.1 Carving Carving is a form of art that involves sculpting a piece of material, usually stone, wood, or metal, by removing portions of it using a carving tool such as a chisel, gouge, or rasp. The process of carving requires great skill, patience, and attention to detail, as well as an understanding of the material being used. The end result is a three-dimensional object that can be highly detailed and expressive, with a rich texture and sense of depth. Carving has a long history in the world of art, dating back to ancient times when it was used to create statues, reliefs, and other decorative objects. Throughout the centuries, carving has been used in a wide range of styles and techniques, from classical to abstract, and has been used to create everything from intricate jewelry to large-scale architectural features. Today, carving remains a popular form of art, with artists around the world using it to create unique and beautiful works that showcase their skills and creativity. Whether it's a delicate figurine or a bold sculpture, carving is a timeless art form that continues to inspire and amaze.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 169 Carving on wood Carving on wood is a technique that involves using a variety of cutting tools to shape a piece of wood into a desired form. The first step in the process is to select a suitable piece of wood that is free from knots and other imperfections. Once the wood has been chosen, the artist will typically create a rough outline of the final design on the wood using a pencil or other marking tool. From there, the artist will begin to shape the wood by removing material with a variety of cutting tools, such as chisels, gouges, and knives. The carving process typically begins with the use of a roughing-out tool, such as a hatchet or adze, to remove large areas of wood and establish the basic shape of the design. From there, the artist will use a variety of smaller chisels and gouges to refine the details and create the desired texture and finish. Sandpaper and other finishing tools may also be used to smooth the surface of the wood and create a polished finish. Throughout the carving process, the artist must maintain a steady hand and work carefully and methodically to ensure that the final result is precise, detailed, and visually appealing.
170 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Activity 1 Lets enjoy with wood carving in the classroom, here are some step-by-step instructions to get you started: Materials Needed: • A block of wood (preferably a soft wood like basswood) • Carving tools (such as chisels, gouges, and knives) • Sandpaper (various grits, from rough to fine) • Safety gloves and goggles Instructions: 1. Start by selecting a block of wood that is free from knots and other imperfections. A piece of basswood is a good choice, as it is a soft wood that is easy to carve. 2. Create a rough outline of your design on the wood using a pencil or other marking tool. 3. Begin carving the wood using a roughing-out tool, such as a hatchet or adze, to remove large areas of wood and establish the basic shape of the design. 4. Gradually switch to smaller chisels and gouges to refine the details and create the desired texture and finish. 5. Once you have carved the wood into the desired shape, use sandpaper of various grits to smooth the surface and create a polished finish. 6. Take breaks regularly to prevent hand fatigue and stretch your hands, fingers, and wrists to avoid injuries. 7. Wear safety gloves and goggles to protect your hands and eyes while carving. 8. Remember to work carefully and methodically to ensure that the final result is precise, detailed, and visually appealing. 9. Enjoy the process and take pride in your finished wood carving piece! Note: Make sure to follow all safety guidelines and use caution when handling carving tools. As you are a beginner, it may be helpful to seek guidance from an experienced woodcarver or woodworking instructor with the help of your teacher or school administration.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 171 Carving on rock Carving on rock, also known as stone carving, is a process that involves using various hand tools to remove material from a stone or rock surface to create a desired three-dimensional form. The first step in the process is to select the appropriate type of rock for the project, such as marble, granite, or limestone. Once the rock has been chosen, the artist will typically create a rough outline of the final design on the surface using a pencil or other marking tool. The carving process involves the use of several specialized hand tools, including chisels, hammers, and rasps. The artist will use a combination of these tools to chip away at the surface of the rock, gradually shaping it into the desired form. The process requires great skill, as the artist must work carefully and methodically to avoid damaging the rock or making mistakes that cannot be corrected. Once the carving is complete, the artist may use sandpaper or other finishing tools to smooth the surface of the rock and create a polished finish. Stone carving is a challenging but rewarding art form that requires patience, skill, and an eye for detail. Mount Rushmore with the sculpted heads of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln (left to right)
172 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Carving on soil Carving on soil, also known as sand sculpting, is a form of art that involves creating large-scale sculptures from compacted sand or soil. The process begins by selecting a suitable site, typically a beach or other sandy area, and identifying a section of soil that can be used to create the sculpture. The soil is then compacted using a variety of tools, such as shovels, rakes, and tampers, to create a solid base for the sculpture. Once the base has been established, the artist will typically create a rough outline of the design using a variety of marking tools, such as stakes, strings, and spray paint. From there, the artist will begin to shape the soil using a variety of hand tools, such as shovels, trowels, and scrapers, to create the desired form and texture. Sand sculpting requires a great deal of skill, as the artist must work quickly and accurately to avoid collapse or damage to the sculpture. Activity 2 While sand sculpting is typically done outdoors, there are still some ways to practise carving on soil inside the classroom. You can use a sandbox or a large container filled with sand or soil as a substitute for an outdoor sandy area. Once you have your sand or soil in place, you can follow the same steps as you would for outdoor sand sculpting. You will still need a variety of hand tools, marking tools, and waterto create your sculpture. Remember to work carefully and patiently to avoid damaging the sculpture, and take breaks regularly to prevent hand fatigue. Carving on soil inside the classroom can be a fun and creative way to explore a different form of art and develop your carving skills.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 173 11.2 Making simple sculpture with mud/clay In sculpture art, mud is a term that refers to a wide range of materials including soils, clay and plaster or a combination of them. Sculpting with mud is an ancient art form that has been practiced for thousands of years. Many cultures around the world have used mud as a medium for their sculptures, from the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas to the tribes of Africa and Asia. Even today, mud sculptures can be found in many parts of the world, from India and Pakistan to Mexico and Peru. One of the main advantages of sculpting with mud is that it is a readily available and affordable material. Unlike other art forms that require expensive tools and materials, mud is easily accessible and can be found in most parts of the world. Additionally, mud has a unique texture and malleability that makes it ideal for sculpting a wide variety of shapes and forms. Another benefit of sculpting with mud is that it is a very forgiving medium. Unlike wood or stone, which can be difficult to carve and may require precise measurements and techniques, mud is very pliable and can be easily molded and shaped. This makes it an ideal material for beginners or those who are new to the art of sculpture. However, there are also some challenges to working with mud. One of the main drawbacks is that mud sculptures can be fragile and may not last as long as sculptures made from other materials. Additionally, mud sculptures can be vulnerable to water damage and may need to be sealed or protected to prevent them from breaking down over time.
174 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Despite these challenges, sculpting with mud remains a popular and enduring art form. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced artist, working with mud can be a rewarding and satisfying way to express your creativity and explore the world of sculpture. 11.3 Collage Sculpture (By using various materials available at local level) It is possible to create a collage sculpture using locally available materials around us. A collage sculpture is a type of mixed-media sculpture that combines various materials to create a unique piece of art. The materials used can be anything from paper and fabric to natural objects such as branches, leaves, and stones. The key is to use our creativity and imagination to combine the materials in a way that is visually interesting and meaningful. To create a collage sculpture, start by gathering a variety of materials that we can use in our sculpture. Look around our environment and consider what objects or materials are available to us. This could include things like sticks, shells, pebbles, leaves, or even discarded materials such as old newspapers or cardboard boxes. Once we have our materials, start to experiment with different combinations and arrangements. We can use glue or wire to attach the materials together and create a structure that holds its shape. We can also add color and texture by painting or coloring some of the materials or adding additional elements such as fabric or ribbon. The beauty of collage sculpture is that it allows us to incorporate materials that have personal or cultural significance. We can create a sculpture that
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 175 tells a story or reflects our personal interests and experiences. This makes collage sculpture a highly adaptable and inclusive art form that can be created by anyone, regardless of their artistic background or training. Activity 3 Collect clean but unused materials around you at home and school and make a sculpture of your own preference. Show your creation in the classsroom and provide feedback to each-others. Exercise A. Tick the best option: 1. Which type of wood is commonly used for carving sculptures? a. Oak b. Pine c. Mahogany d. Maple 2. Which type of rock is commonly used for carving sculptures? a. Granite b. Marble c. Limestone d. Sandstone 3. What is one of the advantages of sculpting with mud? a. Mud sculptures are very durable b. Mud is an expensive material c. Mud is a difficult material to work with d. Mud has a unique texture and malleability 4. What is a challenge of working with mud as a sculpting material? a. Mud sculptures are very durable b. Mud sculptures can be vulnerable to water damage c. Mud is a difficult material to work with d. Mud is an expensive material 5. Which tool is commonly used for carving wood sculptures? a. Chisel b. Hammer c. Screwdriver d. Wrench 6. Which culture used mud as a medium for sculptures? a. European b. African c. Asian d. North American
176 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 7. What is a benefit of working with soil as a sculpting material? a. Soil is a very durable material b. Soil is easy to carve and shape c. Soil is an expensive material d. Soil is difficult to work with 8. What is a challenge of working with rock as a sculpting material? a. Rock sculptures are very fragile b. Rock is a difficult material to carve c. Rock is a cheap material to work with d. Rock sculptures are not visually interesting 9. Which type of sculpture involves combining various materials to create a unique piece of art? a. Woodcarving b. Stone carving c. Mud sculpture d. Collage sculpture 10. What is a benefit of collage sculpture? a. It allows you to incorporate materials with personal significance b. It is a very expensive form of art c. It requires no creativity or imagination d. It can only be created by experienced artists. B. Answer the following questions. 1. What are some of the tools used in the carving process for wood? 2. What is the first step in the carving process for rock? 3. Where is the best place to practice sand sculpting? 4. What type of soil is preferred for sand sculpting? 5. What safety equipment should be worn when practicing wood carving? 6. What are some advantages of using mud as a medium for sculpture? 7. Why is sculpting with mud considered a forgiving medium? 8. What are some challenges of working with mud as a sculpting material? 9. How can we make collage sculpture? Explain briefly.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 177 12 Singing and Playing Musical Instruments 12.1 Introduction to Music and the Importance of Music in Human Life Music is an integral part of human life and has been present in almost all cultures throughout history. It is a form of art that uses sound and rhythm to express emotions, ideas, and stories. Music has numerous benefits for human life, both in terms of physical and mental health. One of the essential roles of music is its ability to evoke emotions and create a sense of connection and community. Music can bring people together, inspire feelings of joy, love, and happiness, and help people cope with difficult times. It is also a form of self-expression, allowing individuals to convey their innermost thoughts and feelings. Music has also been shown to have numerous physical benefits. Listening to music can lower stress levels, reduce anxiety and depression, improve sleep quality, and even boost the immune system. Additionally, playing a musical instrument can improve hand-eye coordination, memory, and cognitive function. Thus, music plays an essential role in human life, providing a means of selfexpression, creating a sense of community, and promoting physical and mental
178 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 well-being. Its significance can be seen in its universality, as it is present in almost every culture around the world, and its ability to transcend language and cultural barriers to bring people together. Terminologies of music a. Saptak "Saptak"is a fundamental conceptintheEasternmusic system, specifically in the Nepali/Eastern classical music tradition. It refers to the seven-note musical scale used in Nepali/Eastern classical music, which is similar to the Western major scale but has some notable differences. Each note in the Saptak is given a specific name and serves a unique purpose in the melody. The first note of the scale is known as "That" or "Sa" and serves as the tonic or the reference point for all other notes in the scale. The second note is known as "Re," the third note is "Ga," the fourth note is "Ma," the fifth note is "Pa," the sixth note is "Dha," and the seventh note is "Ni." These notes are arranged in ascending order, and the eighth note is the same as the first note, but an octave higher. The Saptak is an essential component of Nepali/Eastern classical music, and musicians use it as a basis for improvisation and composition. Each note in the scale has a specific character and mood, and musicians use various combinations of notes to create melodies that express different emotions andmoods.Additionally,the Saptakis alsousedas a framework for teaching and learning music, with students gradually learning the various nuances and intricacies of each note and their relationships to one another. b. That "That" is a fundamental note in the Eastern music system, specifically in the Nepali/Eastern classical music tradition. It serves as the reference point for all other notes in the scale and acts as a tonic, providing a sense of stability and anchoring the melody. In Nepali/Eastern classical music, "That" is the first note of the seven-note scale (known as "Saptak") and is considered the most important note. It is believed to have a spiritual significance, representing the ultimate reality or the universe itself. Therefore, the practice of music is considered a form of worship in Nepali/Eastern culture.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 179 There are several types of "That" in Nepali/Eastern classical music, each with a distinct character and mood. Here are some of the most common ones: 1. Bilawal That: This is the most basic and popular "That" in Nepali/ Eastern classical music.Itis associated with a cheerful and optimistic mood and is often used as a starting point for beginners. 2. Khamaj That: This "That" is associated with a romantic and sensual mood and is often used in love songs and semi-classical compositions. 3. Bhairav That: This "That"is associated with a serious and meditative mood and is often used in devotional and spiritual compositions. 4. Todi That: This "That" is associated with a melancholic and introspective mood and is often used in compositions that express deep emotions. 5. Marwa That: This "That" is associated with a peaceful and contemplative mood and is often used in compositions that evoke a sense of tranquility and serenity. Each of these "Thats" has a unique set of notes and intervals that define its character and mood. Musicians often use these "Thats" as a basis for improvisation and composition, exploring the nuances and variations within each one. Activity 1 Title : Create your own musical instrument Objective: To use your imagination and creativity to design and build your own musical instrument. Materials needed: Recyclable materials (e.g., cardboard boxes, plastic bottles, paper towel rolls, rubber bands, etc.), scissors, tape, glue, markers or paint. Instructions: 1. Think about what kind of instrument you would like to create. What sounds do you want yourinstrument to make? Will it be a percussion, string or wind instrument?
180 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 2. Use the materials provided to design and build your instrument. Be creative and think outside the box. You can combine different materials to create a unique sound. 3. Work independently or in pairs to build your instruments. If you're working in pairs, make sure you communicate and collaborate with each other. 4. Once you have completed your instrument, practice playing it and experiment with different sounds. You can also share yourinstrument with the class and explain how you built it and what inspired you. c. Scale In music, a scale is a sequence of notes arranged in ascending or descending order, typically spanning an octave. Scales are the building blocks of melodies, harmonies, and chords in Western and Eastern music systems. Scales are defined by the specific intervals between each note, which create a unique sound and mood. For example, a major scale consists of the intervals: whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half, while a minor scale has the intervals: whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole. In Western music, scales are used to create melodies and harmonies that follow a particular key signature. Each key signature has a specific set of notes that belong to it, and musicians use these notes to create a sense of harmony and cohesion in a piece of music. Similarly, in Eastern music systems like Indian classical music, scales like the Saptak are used as a basis for improvisation and composition. d. Antara In the Eastern music system, particularly in Nepali classical music, the term "antara" refers to the second section of a composition or a song. It is the part of the song that comes after the sthayi, which is the initial section that establishes the melody and rhythm of the composition. The antara is usually distinct from the sthayi in terms of melody, rhythm, and lyrics. It provides a contrast to the sthayi and often introduces new melodic phrases, rhythmic patterns, and lyrics. The antara is typically longer than the sthayi and is designed to build up tension and anticipation before resolving back to the sthayi. The antara is an important component of Indian classical music and other
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 181 forms of Eastern music. It provides an opportunity for the musician to showcase their creativity and improvisational skills, while also adding depth and complexity to the composition. Overall, the antara is a crucial element in the development of a song or a composition in Eastern music systems. e. Classical, folk, and modern Nepali songs In the context of Nepali music system, there are three main categories of songs: classical, folk, and modern. While there are many differences between classical, folk, and modern music in Nepal, each category has its own unique characteristics and importance in the country's rich musical tradition. Here are some contrasting ideas between these categories: 1. Classical music Nepali classical music is deeply rooted in the Vedic tradition and has a rich history dating back to the medieval era. It is characterized by its intricate melodies, complex rhythms, and use of traditional instruments like sitar, sarangi, and tabla. Classical music in Nepal is highly structured and follows a strict set of rules and conventions. It is typically performed in a formal setting and requires extensive training and practice to master. 2. Folk music Nepali folk music is a reflection of the diverse cultures and traditions of the country's various ethnic groups. It is often passed down through generations and is performed at social events like weddings, festivals, and other celebrations. Folk music in Nepal is more spontaneous and improvisational than classical music and often features simple melodies and rhythms. It is also characterized by the use of traditional instruments like madal, damphu, and sarangi. 3. Modern music Nepali modern music is heavily influenced by Western music and emerged in the mid-20th century.Itis characterized by its use of electronic instruments, modern production techniques, and incorporation of different genres like rock, pop, and hip hop. Modern music in Nepal is more experimental and freeform than classical and folk music and often features socially conscious lyrics and themes.
182 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Activity 2 Arrange an 'antakshiri' competition inside the classroom. Before starting, divide the whole class into two groups consisting of equal number of boys and girls in each team as far as possible. 12.2 Singing and Playing with Musical Instruments a. Singing Classroom Song: 8 The classroom song for class eight can be sung by playing the melody in Khyali taal with the drums and tabla in Kaharwa taal. Its scale is F Major (FAC) in which F Major chords are closely related to other chords Bb Major (BbDF) and C Major (CEG) are also used. Scale: F, Taal: Kahrawa (2/4)
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 183 12.3 Playing Harmonium and Keyboard Musical notations are very important in learning the musical instruments like harmonium and keyboard. Identification of ‘taal’ is the first requirement of learning with such instruments in the given song. Taals may be Jhyaure, Dadra, Kahrawa, Khyali etc. The seven notes or sargam is denoted with C D E F G A B symbols. The scale is used as F Major (FAC) or C Major (FAC) or any other appropriate according to the song we choose. In each scale there is a certain order of using fingers. We can practise these skills with the help of music teacher and instruments. For example, F Major Scale is composed of the notes F, G, A, Bb, C, D, E, and F. Learning the proper play of musical instruments require patience, devotion, and practice in a balanced level. Activity 3 With a harmonium or keyboard, practise your favourite taal and music notations. You can increase your performance quality slowly and gradually over the period of few weeks to months. 12.4 Major and minor scales in music In music, a scale is a series of notes arranged in ascending or descending order of pitch. The major and minor scales are two of the most common scales used in Western music. The major scale is a seven-note scale that has a bright, happy sound. It is constructed using a specific pattern of intervals between the notes, which is: whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half. For example, if we start on the note of C, the notes in the C major scale are: C-D-E-F-G-
184 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 A-B-C. This scale has no sharps or flats. The minor scale, on the other hand, is a seven-note scale that has a sad or melancholy sound. It is also constructed using a specific pattern of intervals, which is: whole-half-whole-whole-half-whole-whole. For example, if we start on the note of A, the notes in the A minor scale are: A-B-C-D-E-F-G-A. This scale has no sharps or flats. To hear the difference between a major and minor scale, consider the popular song "Happy Birthday." When sung in a major key, the song has a bright and cheerful sound. However, when sung in a minor key, the same melody takes on a more somber and serious tone. Thus, major and minor scales are the foundation for much of the music we hear today. Understanding the differences between major and minor scales is crucial for musicians who want to create and perform music in a variety of genres. 12.5 Introduction to Taal and Practice Taal is a group of musical notations that can make a unique rhythmic pattern in music. The taal is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla (small drums). It usually has six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections within the pattern. The first beat of the cycle is known as sama. Taal of music, thus, gives a framework for the singing pattern of a song or music. Some of the famous taals in Nepali music system are Dadra, Kaharwa, Khyali, Jhyaure, Asare etc. a. Kaharwa taal It is one of the mostly used taal in Nepali music system. It has eight matras with two bibhagas altogether. On first beat or matra there is a taali (Clap) and at 5th matra or beat Khali is shown by moving hand in the air. The notation of the taal is written according to Bhatkhande Swarlipi Method. Kaharwa taal Matra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Theka/ Bol dha ge na ti na ka dhi na Taali / Khali x 0
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 185 Activity 4 Practise singing in Kaharwa taal with any one of your favourite songs composed in this taal. Try to play your available musical instrument with the help of an expert. b. Dadra taal It is also one of the popular taals in Nepali music. It has six matras with two bibhagas altogether. On first beat or matra there is a taali (Clap) and at 4th matra or beat Khali is shown by moving hand in the air. The notation of the taal is given below. Dadra taal Matra 1 2 3 4 5 6 Theka/ Bol dha dhi na dha tu na Taali / Khali x 0 Activity 5 Practise singing in Dadra taal with the below-given set of Alankaras. Try to play your available musical instrument with the help of an expert. Aaroh : sarega regama gamapa mapadha padhani dhanisa Avroh : sanidha nidhapa dhapama pamaga magare garesa Avroh : sagare remaga gapama madhapa pandha dhasani Avroh : sadhani nipadha dhamapa pagama marega gasare 12.5 Local Instruments Different types of local / folk musical instruments are played in different parts of Nepal. Among these instruments, in this lesson, we will practise playing the Flute (Shushir Baja) and Khanjadi (Taal Baja) which are more commonly used in Nepali music. a. Flute Flute or basuri is one of most common and popular musical instruments in Nepal. It is also called basuri because it is made up of natural bamboo. The flute is also known as Venu and Vamshi from ancient times. While making a flute, the inner part of the bamboo shoot is made smooth by
186 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 removing all the nodes and rough surfaces inside the bamboo. Seven holes are made in a row at a certain distance that is appropriate to place the fingertips. Air is blown with a soft current by mouth through the first hole, while the remaining holes are closed or opened alternately by the fingers of both hands to produce different scales and melodies. It is often used in Nepali folklore. The flute comes in three sizes: short, long and medium. The flute is considered as the main instrument of folk and other music. The flute and Lord Krishna are considered to be synonymous with each other because of their association explained in the holy Hindu religious books. Techniques of practising Sargam on flute 1. In order to play the flute, you have to keep your balance by blowing air through the air-hole and gradually open the six holes where the finger moves so that no air escapes. 2. The six holes in the flute are closed and opened alternately using the three fingers of both left and right hands. The three fingers of each hand are the ring fingers, the middle fingers and the forefingers. 3. When all the holes are closed and air is blown out, ‘sa’ note comes out. When the ring finger, middle finger and forefinger of the left hand are removed one by one, the remaining notes‘re’, ‘ga’, and ‘ma’ notes are produced. 4. In the same way, when the ring finger, middle finger and forefinger of the right hand are removed one by one, the remaining notes ‘pa’, ‘dha’, and ‘ni’ notes are produced. 5. In order to play the rest of the strings, the last hole of the sound should be played by opening it completely and the other holes should be closed. 6. When played in this way, all the eight tones of the aroh come out in a straight line, and when it is repeated in the same manner, the tones of the avroh also come out. Activity 6 Practise the below-given Alankaras with your flute (vansi). Take help of your music instructor or internet-based instructions if required.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 187 1. SA RE GA MA PA DHA NI SA SA NI DHA PA MA GA RE SA 2. SA SA RE RE GA GA MA MA PA PA DHA DHA NI NI SA SA SA SA NI NI DHA DHA PA PA MA MA GA GA RE RE SA SA 3. SA RE GA - RE GA MA - GA MA PA - MA PA DHA - PA DHA NI - DHA NI SA - SA NI DHA - NI DHA PA - DHA PA MA - PA MA GA - MA GA RE - GA RE SA - 4. SA RE GA MA RE GA MA PA GA MA PA DHA MA PA DHA NI PA DHA NI SA SA NI DHA PA NI DHA PA MA DHA PA MA GA PA MA GA RE MA GA RE SA b. Khaijadi “Khaijadi” is a traditional musical instrument of Nepal made by wood and skin of iguanas (a kind of lizard). The instrument is used by different ethnic groups of Nepal in special dances and occasions. Khanjadi is a rhythm-based musical instrument. This instrument, which is commonly available in our village areas, is mostly used or played in various festivals and celebrations. It is especially used in folk songs. Method of making Khaijadi Normally, for making Khaijadi, a cylindrical wooden log is taken and the central part is removed to make it a big ring like structure. It’s one side is covered with animal skin and the other side is left open. The skin is fixed on the wood with the help of small bamboo logs. Nowadays Khaijadi is also made with metals. It is especially preferred in Jhyaure and Khyali rhythms with six and eight matras. Activity 7 Practise Khaijadi in Jhyaure and Khali taal with the notes given below.
188 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Exercise A. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. Melody is the most important element of music. 2. Rhythm refers to the duration and spacing of musical sounds. 3. Tempo is the volume of sound in music. 4. A chord is a group of three or more notes played together. 5. Saptak is a term used in Eastern music to refer to a specific set of notes. 6. The antara is the first section of a composition in Indian classical music. 7. Classical music in Nepal is highly structured and follows a strict set of rules and conventions. 8. Folk music in Nepal is characterized by its use of traditional instruments like madal and damphu. 9. Modern music in Nepal is heavily influenced by Western music and emerged in the mid-20th century. 10. The scale is the building block of melodies, harmonies, and chords in Western and Eastern music systems. B. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between melody and harmony in music? 2. What is the importance of rhythm in music? 3. What is the definition of tempo in music? 4. What is a chord in music? 5. What is the meaning of saptak in Eastern music? 6. What is the antara in Indian classical music? 7. How is classical music in Nepal different from folk music? 8. What are the characteristics of Nepali folk music? 9. What is the history of Nepali classical music? 10. What are some common features of modern Nepali music?
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 189 13 Dancing and Acting 13.1 Dance Every person on the earth possesses a hobby they like to enjoy with and pass their free time. Many people have dancing as their favourite hobby and they like to dance whenever it is possible. People love dancing on various types of music and songs as per their preference, culture, and circumstances. The movement of feet and body in the rhythm of a song or music in a pleasing way is dance. It is a learned cultural practice. Societies create dances. A culture of specific society is embodied in the forms of special practices that develop in the form of dance. Dance is often presented as a universal cultural phenomenon that is so basic to human nature that every human being can relate to it. Nepali dances are very important in our life, culture, and tradition. They are also a good source of entertainment as well as effective refreshers. The complement of dance is song and music.
190 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Types of Dance We, generally, classify Nepali dance into three categories. They are folk, modern, and classical dances. All of these dance-categories have their own importance and preference at different situations. a. Folk Dance A folk dance is a dance developed in the community itself by people that reflect the life of the people of that particular community. Because of dance, we can connect ourselves with our cultures, and know more about how people have lived in the past. Nepal is very rich in ethnic and cultural diversity. A vivid and wide geographical diversity has created a significantly wide cultural diversity in Nepal in terms of dress-up, food, language, and lifestyle of people. Various folk dances represent the vividness of indigenous Nepali culture in our country. The following are the major folk dances prevailing in Nepal. Nepali folk dances are performed in various festivals, events, ceremonies, Jaatras, marriages, Bratabanda, and many other social and
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 191 traditional rituals. A peculiar community may have specific type of folk dances. Community Folk Dances Limbu Dhan naach Gurung Sorathi Magar Kaura Sherpa Syabru Rai Chandi Tamang Solo b. Modern Dance Dances performed with newer concept and music style are called modern dance. They gradually change over time according to the demand and interest of new generation of audiences. Such dances may differ with the country, time, situation and the demands of the audience and are presented in new forms. The basis for the creation of modern dance is folk and classical dance. Lyrical hip pop, lyrical bee bowing, lyrical contemporary dance are some examples of modern dance. There are extremely skillful body movements in modern dances like salsa and bee-bowing dances. Some of the modern dances seem thrilling and extremely exciting. c. Classical Dance Nepali classical dance is performed with the help of classical musical instruments but not played with any electronic instrument. The people choose a particular type of costume for performing a particular type of
192 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 classical dance. It describes the particular classical songs or music and requires the particulartypes of steps forthedance. Some ofthe examples of Nepali classical dance are Kumari dance, Manjushree dance, Panchabuddha dance, Bajrayogini dance, etc. Activity 1 Learn the steps of any one classical dance from your senior brothers/sisters, teacher/instructor, or Internet. Practise it and make a short performance in the classroom. Dance Tools Dance tools are the ways that are adopted by the performer for better precision of space, time, force, body shape, and expression delivered to the audience. There are three major tools of dancing. They are anga, upanga, and pratyanga. a. Anga: The body parts that basically move during dance performance are called anga. They are head, hand, chest, abdomen, waist, and the feet.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 193 b. Upanga: The smaller parts of anga are called upanga. For example, the eyes, nose, lips, eyebrow etc. are upangas of ‘head’ anga in dance. c. Pratyanga: The bigger parts of anga are pratyanga. Shoulders, palms, back, thighs, etc. are the examples of pratyanga. Activity 2 Practise dancing in a national song with the proper use of the three tools of dance described above. 13.2 Gestures and Hastamudra in Dance Individuals can use gestures to express a wide range of emotions and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and tenderness. Gestures typically use body language in addiction to words when they express their feelings. Gestures and speech work independently, yet they come together to add emphasis and meaning. So, the gestures are regarded as very important components of dance. Hand gestures are widely used in expressing the internal feelings of the dancer to the audience.
194 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 They depend upon the lyrics, circumstances and cultural/traditional background of the songs. Hand gestures can represent flowers, water, ways, birds, animals, activities, celebrations, joy, pity, grief, love, affection, tragedy and several such other feelings. They can be made with a single hand or both hands depending upon the need. A gesture with a single hand is called Asamyukta Hastamudra and when both hands are used, it is called Samyukta Hastamudra. a. Non-associated Hand-gesture (Asamyukta mudra) i. Pataka : It is a leaf-like gesture made with joined straight fingers and plain palm. It is used for representing blessings, oath, ban and closed door or windows. ii. Shikhara:Thismudrahasaraisedthumbover the closed fist. It may represent questions, lust, weapons and embarrassment. iii. Suchi: This gesture with erect forefinger and others bent to touch each other’s fingertips may represent indication, Sudarshan Chakra and warning. iv. Alpadama: This is a gesture that looks like blooming lotus on water. It may represent questions, beauty, and the illustration of local circumstances. b. Associated Hand-gesture (Samyukta mudra) i. Kapota : It is an example of Samyukta Hastamudra where both hands are used for illustration. It may represent respect, bow, obedience, respect, etc.
Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 195 ii. Utsanga : Utsanga Hasta is one of the very common items of Samyukta Hastamudra. In Sanskrit language, ‘Utsanga’ means an embrace. We can use this Mudra to depict an embrace and other similar expressions during a dance performance. 13.3 Acting / Dancing with Make-up and Costume Attractive make-up and use of dance-costumes play important role in making the performance alive. Gestures, voice and dress-up help show an imaginary environment and role with realistic experience to the audience. Dramatic presentations become live and entertaining with those accessories in the dance performance. Acting is about creating images and situations that are not in the present time. Imagination is the basis of acting because it is all about mimicking real life situations and an actor, therefore, must be highly imaginative. Acting requires emotional knowledge, creativity, critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Acting possesses a characteristic trait that it enables us to assume information that we may apply in our behaviour in different contexts. Hard work and dedication help us become a good actor. Actors and dancers, sometimes, need to imitate special religious and cultural characters like Gods and Goddesses and other characters of religious myths and stories. Ram, Krishna, Sita, Draupadi, Rawan, Kansa, Arjuna are some of such characters that are well defined by their nature, dress-up, accessories and lifestyle. We require special material to act on their roles. Acting is, sometimes, taken as an integral part of dance. There are four basic types of acting.
196 Health, Physical Education & Creative Arts - 8 Proper focus is required on the dress-up, ornaments and other accessories carried or worn by the character to be represented. The means of representation of the play in this type of acting are costumes and physical decorations of the actors. Decorations of the theatre and lighting are also considered important in this acting. The dresses and ornaments used in dance depend upon the nature, category and cultural background of the song. For example, Gunyucholi, Patuki, Pauju, Jhumka, Pote, ornaments, Sirful etc. are used for acting in Bhailo Geet. Acting in religious dramas require garlands, yellow dress, Mukut, flute, etc. The make-up materials may include face primer, foundation, cream, concealer, blush, highlighter, eyeliner, etc. Exercise A. Match the following : Classical dance • • Chandi Folk dance • • Manjushree dance Modern dance • • Head Anga • • Salsa Shoulder • • Upanga Nose • • Pratyanga B. Answer the following questions. 1. Define dance. What makes dance important? Explain briefly. 2. Define folk dance. Give an example with its brief description. 3. Differentiate between classical and modern dance with examples. 4. Give a short introduction to: a. Dance tools b. Hand gestures c. Pataka 5. List out any five basic skills required for a good dance. 6. What does Hastamudra mean? Differentiate between Alpadama and Kapota Hastamudra gestures. 7. Give a brief introduction to Utsanga Hastamudra. 8. What is the role of dress-up and make-up in acting? Explain with examples.