English Skill 6

Writing

24 Read the text about Chaturale. Do some research on
what has changed in your town or village in 30 years.
Talk to parents and teachers. Write what you find.

Usha studies in Mahendra Secondary School in Chaturale. She is 11 years
old. She enjoys good facilities of a modern developing town. However,
in the class, her teacher said the town has not always been like that.
It was different. She grew curious about it. When she went home, she
asked her grandpa what the town used to be like before.

The grandfather laughed and said, yes, the town had been really
different. Some 40 years ago, there used to be fewer houses. There was no
concrete road like the one we have now. There was a foot trail. However,
it was one of the busiest trails in the area. People from western part of
the country used to walk to Kathmandu via this route. Since there were
no roads and bus services, people used to walk. People used to make a
group and walk home to capital. While on the way, people used to bring
various things. Sometimes, they would bring a flock of sheep. Some of
them would carry herbs to sell in Kathmandu.

Along the

way, many

chautaros with

bar and peepal

trees would

greet them.

When they

brought sheep

and boars

with them,

these travellers

used to tie

their beasts of

burden on the

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roots of the bar trees. The boars used to dig big holes in our plot of land
along the foot trail.

There did not use to be electricity in our town. People used to light
kerosene lamps. For brighter light, they used to bring lanterns. After the
advent of electricity, many people gave up using kerosene lamps.

Some 15 years ago, a road was constructed. As the road has been
constructed along the path, many of the chautaros got uprooted. Only
a few of them are left. People also stopped walking along this route. For
some years, the road used to be dusty. Now it has been blacktopped.
Earlier, many of the houses here used to be thatched ones. As the road
arrived, people started bringing cement and rods. Now we have concrete
houses. Yes, your teacher was right. Our town has not been always the
same and I'm sure it will change to be a different one in the future.

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9 Comparing

1 Listen and complete. Then, sing.

I have a little pretend game I play
When _______________ calls me.
I say, "I'm right here, Daddy!
I'm under the _______________!"

Or say, "I'm in the _______________"
Or else, "I'm out of the door."
"I'm on top of the mountain,"
Or "I'm under the _______________"

I'm jumping over the boxes,
Or off a big red cube.
I'm climbing up at a _____________,
Or swimming with my inner tube!

I say, "I'm right here, Daddy!
I'm hiding ______________ the door."
And our dog has just come in
From a terrible _______________!

Now I'm tired of this ______________ English Skills Book - 6 153
Let's read, "Once upon a time."
"Now I'm right here, Daddy.
Into your lap I'll _________________"

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Grammar

a big house a large rock the highest peak

Big, highest, beautiful, large, smart and white are some examples of
adjectives. They are describing words. They describe nouns or pronouns.

Some nouns which come before other nouns also work as adjectives.
Mum made some vegetable soup.
It is difficult to travel along mountain roads.
Here vegetable and mountain describe soup and roads respectively.

2 Pick any two appropriate adjectives from the lists to
describe the things.

Opinion Size Age Colour Nationality
beautiful tall young red American
delicious large blue Nepalese
little old
kind small middle-aged green Indian
ugly yellow French
teen-aged

Remember adjectives are placed in the sentences in the same order as
shown in the columns above. This means the opinion adjectives come
before the size adjectives and so on in that order.

a. Mahdu has a beautiful small house. (opinion / size)

b. He always wears an _________ _________ jacket. (age / colour)

c. He has an _________ _________ wife. (opinion / age)

d. Milan has a _________ _________ shirt. (size / nationality)

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e. I like to eat _________ _________ food. (opinion / nationality)

f. Some _________ _________ boys came here in the office to ask for
the help. (age / nationality)

g. My house is next to a _________ _________ forest. (opinion /
colour)

Vocabulary

3 Work in pairs and play a game. First, read the rules for
the game.

Play the ‘Rock, scissors, paper
show’ to decide who is to
start the turn. You show rock
with your tight fist. You show
scissors by pointing your two
fingers like scissors and you
show paper with your open
palm.

Here, rock breaks scissors,
scissors cut paper and paper wraps rock. If you show paper and your
friend shows rock, you win. If you show scissors and your friend shows
rock, then your friend wins. Likewise, if your friend shows paper and
you show scissors, then you win. After deciding the turn, tell your friend
an adjective from one of the tables below. He or she will tell its opposite
from another table.

The one who has more correct answers wins the game.

happy soft cold new loud
difficult interesting dry cool cheap
dirty attractive intelligent sharp funny
slow round light large short
calm sweet empty smooth young

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unattractive hard doleful round muted
stupid old full sour warm
heavy sad easy fast hot
long old clean wet blunt
rough expensive small stormy boring

4 Replace the words in pink with their opposites.

healthy wide attractive short
strong clean pleasant uncommon
comfortable rich old big

Mr Joe is very poor _____________. He lives in a
very small _______________ and uncomfortable
_________________ house in London. He has
some common _________________ pet animals
like snakes and chimpanzees. He is young
___________ but very weak __________ . His long
_____________ nose and narrow ______________
eyes make him unattractive _____________. The
surroundings of his house are dirty ______________ and unpleasant
______________. He is usually sick ______________. However, he has a
personal doctor. He is a wonderful person.

Writing

5 Write a description of someone you know. Use at
least ten adjectives. Underline the adjectives in your
writing.

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Reading

6 Read and learn.

The Great Himalayas

There are high mountain peaks in the north of our country. These
mountains belong to a range called the Great Himalayas. In Sanskrit,
Himalaya means “home of snow”. The name is suitable because the
slopes of the mountains are permanently covered with snow. These
mountains always stand there like an old sage. However, scientists say
the Himalayas are the youngest of all mountain ranges. They say they
were formed about ten million years ago. The other mountain ranges
like the Urals in Europe, the Rockies in North America and the Andes in
South America are older than the Himalayas.

The Himalayas stretch over some 2400 Mount Everest
kilometres in length. They cover a large
area of central Asia. They stretch from
Afghanistan in the west to Bhutan in the
east including some parts of Pakistan, India,
Nepal and China. The Himalayas are the most
famous for their tall peaks. More than one
hundred mountains higher than 6,000 metres are standing side by side
in the Himalayas. The Himalayas are home to more than thirty highest
mountains in the world including the world’s rooftop, Mount Everest.
Eight of the top ten highest mountains of the world are in Nepal. The
Nepali people are proud of their glorious mountains.

The Himalayas have played an important role in the history of Asia. Their
high peaks are considered sacred in many religions including Buddhism

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and Hinduism. Mount Kailash in Tibet, for example, is considered the
abode of Lord Shiva and his wife Parbati.

Standing in between, the Himalayas have separated the people on its
south from the people on its north for a long time. The tall mountains
prevented an easy contact of people living across them. Not only that,
they prevented people from getting into wars. Since there was no close
contact among the people living on the two sides of the Himalayas, they
became quite different. Their languages, foods and festivals are really
different.

The Himalayas have protected the
people on the south. They block the
cold wind from the north and make
the southern face warm. They are
also the source of perennial rivers
such as the Koshi, the Gandaki
and the Karnali in Nepal, the
Sindu in Pakistan, the Ganges, the
Brahmaputra and the Sutlej in India.
These rivers are fed with huge glaciers sliding from the mountain tops.
The rivers provide people in the south with drinking water and water for
irrigation. Besides, the Himalayas play a vital role in causing the rainfall
in the southern plains. The high mountains cool the hot air carrying
water vapour and cause the rainfall in the rainy season.

The Great Himalayas are also home to various types of animals, the
pandas, blue sheep, snow leopards and different species of deer. Yak
is very common here. People have
domesticated yaks. They use it for
milk, meat and for carrying loads.
People believe that the abominable
snowman, the Yeti, also lives here.
However, no one has sighted it yet.

Because of the beautiful Himalayas
and rare animals found here,
thousands of tourists come here
every year.

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Did you know?

The glaciers are like rivers of snow. They
move very slowly, only a few meters in a year.

The avalanches are like landslides
but of snow.

Comprehension

7 Are the following statements true or false?

a. The Himalayas are the oldest mountains in the world.

b. The Rockies lie in North America.

c. The Himalayas have no relation with religions.

d. Yaks can live in cold climate.

e. The Himalayas have helped people who live on their opposite
slopes to unite and share their language.

f. The Himalayas help the rainfall in their southern parts.

8 Answer the following questions.

a. Which mountain ranges are older than the Himalayas?
b. Why is the name Himalaya apt for the mountain range in the northern

Nepal?
c. Where is the Himalayan range? How long is it?
d. Name some of the great rivers that originate in the Himalayas.
e. How do the Himalayas help cause the rainfall in the southern plains?
f. Why do the Hindus consider Mount Kailash as sacred?
g. Why do people come to the Himalayas?

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Vocabulary

9 Complete the words with their meanings.

a. glory ____ to stop something from happening

b. abode ____ very bad or unpleasant

c. prevent ____ saved

d. abominable ____ to have communication with someone

e. permanently ____ the place where someone lives

f. contact ____ ever flowing or permanent

g. protected ____ always or forever

h. perennial ____ pride

Grammar

Adjective: comparative

The Andes are older than the Himalayas.
Mount K2 is shorter than Mount Everest.
When we compare two things, we use the comparative degree of an adjective.

10 Combine the sentences using the correct comparative
form of adjectives.

a. Reema is happy. Rubina is very happy.
Rubina is happier than Reema.
b. Mona is fat. Monica is very fat.
____________________________________________________

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c. Jane is tall. Ken is very tall.
____________________________________________________
d. Diana is very pretty. Her sister is pretty.
____________________________________________________
e. Grade six is quiet. Grade five is very quiet.
____________________________________________________
f. Tom is very smart. Tina is smart.
____________________________________________________
g. Surkhet is beautiful. Pokhara is very beautiful.
____________________________________________________
h. Suman is very interesting. Pemba is interesting.
____________________________________________________
i. Joe is lazy. Mr Smith is very lazy.
____________________________________________________
j. Your house is lovely. My house is very lovely.
____________________________________________________
k. Kathmandu is crowded. Tokyo is very crowded.
____________________________________________________

Speaking

11 Work in pairs to compare the things on the list. Use
adjectives from the box or any other adjectives that
you know.

interesting quiet large tall beautiful
important friendly intelligent
easy nice delicious lovely good

difficult clean

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Mount Makalu / Mount Everest rhododendron / marigold
books / movies fish / chicken
Kathmandu / Pokhara a cow / a giraffe
Japanese / Chinese fire / water
dogs / cats mountains / hills
cities / villages parrots / peacocks
volleyball / football a house / a palace
climbing a tree / climbing a ladder summer / winter
making tea / preparing mutton chicken momo / buff
momo

A : Is Mount Makalu taller than Mount
Everest?

B : I don’t think so. I think Mount Everest
is taller than Mount Makalu.

A : I think dogs are better pets than cats.
B : I don’t think so. I think cats are

lovelier than dogs.
C : I think dogs are more intelligent than

cats.
D : I agree. That’s why there are police dogs but not police cats.

Grammar

Adjective: Superlative

Himalayas are the highest of mountain ranges.

Mt Everest is the tallest peak in the world.

Mona is the most beautiful girl in our class.

We use the superlative form to express extreme
quality while comparing more than two things.

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12 Play a memory game. Read the following world
records. Then close the book. Work in pairs to make
questions and ask each other.

the longest river—Nile
the largest ocean—Pacific
the shortest man—Chandra Bahadur Dangi
the tallest animal—giraffe
the heaviest animal—blue whale
the fastest animal—cheetah
the biggest land animal—elephant
the deepest lake—Baikal
the largest country—Russia
the smallest country—Vatican City
the hardest substance—diamond
the largest river—Amazon

A : Which is the longest river in the world?
B : The Nile is the longest river in the world.
A : Which is the fastest animal in the world?
B : The cheetah is the fastest animal in the world.

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13 Choose and write the correct form of adjective.

a. Rashid’s _______________ brother studies the earth. (old / elder)

b. He told Rashid many ____________________ facts. (interesting /
more interesting)

c. The Pacific Ocean is the _________________ ocean of all. (largest /
more largest)

d. Mount Everest is _______________ than any other mountain on
earth. (taller / more taller)

e. The ___________________ mountain in North America is Mount
McKinley. (higher / highest)

f. Greenland is the _______________ island on our planet. (bigger /
biggest)

g. Asia has the ____________________ population of all continents.
(larger / largest)

h. An atlas is a _______________ book for learning about the earth.
(good / better)

i. Rashid says his brother has the _______________ job in the world.
(better / best)

Listening

14 Listen and write 'True' or 'False'.

a. The Himalayas is the youngest mountain range.
b. The Andes lies in South Africa.
c. The Andes is the longest mountain range.
d. The Himalayas stretches from east to north.
e. There is no part of Himalayas in Pakistan.
f. The Andes has many mountains higher than 8 thousand meters.

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Reading

15 Read and answer the questions that follow.

Kongde Cafe Namche Restaurant

BREAKFAST BREAKFAST

1. Toast with butter Rs. 70 1. Toast with butter Rs. 65

2. Sandwich Rs. 50 2. Sandwich Rs. 70

3. Pasta Rs. 70 3. Pasta Rs. 75

4. Salad Rs. 50 4. Salad Rs. 60

MAIN MEALS MAIN MEALS
5. Veg curry rice Rs. 150
6. Chicken momo Rs. 180 5. Veg curry rice Rs. 150
7. Chicken curry rice Rs. 250
8. Chicken burger Rs. 150 6. Buff momo Rs. 110

7. Mutton curry rice Rs. 275

8. Mutton burger Rs. 200

DRINKS Rs. 40 DRINKS Rs. 30
9. Milk tea Rs. 20 9. Milk tea Rs. 20
10. Mineral water Rs. 65 10. Mineral water Rs. 70
11. Orange juice 11. Orange juice

a. Which restaurant will you choose for veg curry rice and salad?
b. Which one offers cheaper sandwiches?
c. Which item has the same price in both?
d. List out all the things that are cheaper in Kongde Cafe.
e. What are the items that Namche Restaurant offers but Kongde Cafe

does not?

16 Prepare a menu for a hotel or restaurant.

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Writing

Writing that compares

- Explains how two things are similar.
- Explains how two things are different.
- Organises details in a logical order.
- Uses comparison and contrast words to make transitions from

one idea to the next.

Similarities

Like the earthquake of 1934, the earthquake of 2015 brought the
Dharahara down. Both earthquakes were very powerful.

Difference

The Dharahara that was built after the 1934
earthquake was shorter than the Dharahara that
was built after the 2015 earthquake. Earlier the
Dharahara was 61.88 m tall but the new Dharahara
is 83 m tall.

Logical Order

There are two ways you can organise points in a comparison. You
can discuss the features of one subject and then the features of your
second subject. Or you can discuss one feature at a time, comparing
and contrasting the two subjects on the basis of that feature.

Comparison and Contrast Words
Comparison and contrast words lead the reader smoothly from
idea to idea. Use comparison and contrast words, such as both, too,
similarly, also, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, and
on the contrary.
The Chitwan National Park is in the tarai. Similarly, the Koshi
Tappu Wildlife Reserve lies in the tarai.
The Chitwan National Park is famous for the one-horned rhino.
However, the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve is famous for its wild
buffaloes.

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Comparison essay

Introduction : A. Hook: Desktops and laptops are very popular gadgets
these days.

B. Connecting information: Worldwide data show in 2020
more than 78 million desktops and more than 218 million
laptops were sold. People are buying computers, be it a
laptop or a desktop.

C. The main argument: Laptops are quite different from
desktop computers in many ways although they have
some similarities.

Body paragraphs:

I. Similarities [explain how they are similar to each other.]

II. Differences. [explain how are they different.]

Conclusion: Reinstate the main argument : Therefore, desktop computers
and laptops are similar in many ways despite having some
differences.

Summarise the main point: They are similar in terms of the
work they do.

Concluding statement (opinion or suggestion): .......

17 Join the sentences using the given linking words.

a. Kathmandu has a temple of Seto Matsendranath. Lalitpur has a
temple of Rato Matsendranath. (but)

b. They are twins. They are different. (yet)
c. Pokhara is famous for Fewa lake. Manang is famous for Tilicho

lake. (likewise)
d. Bir Hospital is a government hospital. Teku Hospital is a government

hospital. (both)

18 Use the notes above to write a compare-and-contrast
essay.

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19 Read the given essay. Then, write an essay comparing
your city or town with this village.

My Village

My village is very beautiful. It is better
than the neighbouring villages. We
enjoy more facilities here than the
villagers get to enjoy there.

Our village has more people than
in the next village. There are three
hundred houses in our village but in
the neighbouring village, there are only
two hundred houses. In our village,
people are more educated than that
of the next village. We don’t have any
illiterate people. We have better schools.
Actually, we have the best school in the
district. Our teachers are better than
the teachers of any other school in the
district.

The roads in our village are also wider than those of the next village. The
villagers have worked hard to build them. Our village is cleaner, too. We
have kept dustbins in different places. We collect rubbish and reuse it,
if possible.

So our village is undoubtedly better than any other village nearby.

Pronunciation

20 Listen and learn to pronounce some commonly
mispronounced words.

buffalo southern comb doubt

burst binoculars heir ewe

bear tortoise develop guardian

famine clothes womb

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10 Expressing
Obligations and

Prohibition

1 Listen and sing.

A Man Of Words

A man of words and not of deeds
Is like a garden full of weeds;
And when the weeds begin to grow,
It's like a garden full of snow,

And when the snow begins to fall,
It's like a bird upon the wall;
And when the bird away does fly,
It's like an eagle in the sky;

And when the sky begins to roar, Words
It's like a lion at the door;
And when the door begins to crack, weed : unwanted
It's like a stick across your back, plants in a
farm or garden
And when your back begins to smart,
It's like a penknife in your heart; smart : feel or cause a
And when your heart begins to bleed, sharp pain
You're dead, and dead, and dead, indeed.
roar : loud, deep
sound of wind
or lion

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2 Complete the theme of the poem using the given words.

fruitful boasts useful complicates
productive weeds stages death

A man who always talks and ___________ and is not involved in any
kind of ___________ work is just like a garden full of ___________ And
when it is once grown it further ___________ the situation like snow in
winter. Life passes through different ___________ and ultimately comes
and ends with the ___________ of a person. Therefore, it is necessary that
a person must always engage himself in some ___________ activities to
make the life pleasant and ___________ for society.

3 Answer the following questions.

a. Are you a person of deeds or a person of words?
b. Which is important: talk or work? Why?
c. What does the poet compare the talkative but lazy person with?
d. How does the garden look like when the weeds start growing?
e. What is the central message of the poem?

4 Note down the rhyming words from the poem.

a. weeds ________________
b. grow ________________
c. wall ________________
d. fly ________________
e. indeed ________________
f. door ________________
g. heart ________________

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Conversation

5 Listen and practise.

John : What do you want to be when you
grow up?

Tom : I want to be a pilot.

John : Really? What do you have to do for
that?

Tom : Well, I have to get good grades at
school. Especially, I have to be very
good at maths and science. I also have
to speak English very well. What
about you? What do you want to do?

Tom : I’m not sure. I think I'll be a vet. I love
animals a lot.

6 Think about a job you want to be in when you grow
up. Also think about the things you will have to do to
get there. Then, work in pairs and hold a conversation.

Grammar

Must / have to, mustn’t / don’t have to

We use must when the speaker thinks it is important or necessary to do
an action:

You must go. (= It is important that you go.)

We make negatives, questions and short answers like this:

You mustn’t go. Negative

Must you go? Question

Yes, I must. Short Answer

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We use have to to talk about an action that is necessary because of rules
or laws, or because it is someone's duty.
Doctors sometimes have to work on Saturdays. (It is in the rules of their
work.)

We make negatives, questions and short answers with a form of do.
We don’t have to go to school on Saturdays.
Do you have to work today? ~ No, I don’t. / Yes I do.

In positive sentences, we can often use must and have to with little
difference in meaning, because many things are important both because
we think so and because there are rules.
You must work hard to succeed. Or, you have to work hard to succeed.

In negative sentences, must not and don't have to are not similar.
In negative sentences we often use mustn’t to say that something is
against the rules, or against the law.
You mustn’t smoke on buses. (Smoking is against the rules.)
In football you mustn’t touch the ball with your hands. (Touching the ball
with hands is against the rules.)

We use don’t have to to say that people are not forced to do something
by rules or law. However, if they do so it is not a problem.
The school provides drinking water. Students don't have to bring water
from home.(= It is not necessary for them to bring it.)
Suman doesn't have to get up early. (= He is not forced to get up early.)

In questions we usually use do / does ... have to (not must) to ask if
something is compulsory or important.
Does Suman have to get up early?
Do we have to wait here?

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7 Complete the sentences. Use have to, has to, don’t have
to or doesn’t have to.

a. If you want to work in China, you __________ speak good Chinese.

b. My aunt has a small baby. She often __________ get up during the
night.

c. Ravi is very talented. He gets good results in tests. He __________
work very hard. In fact, he never studies at home. I think all can’t be
like him.

d. Tomorrow is Saturday, so I __________ go to school. Great!

e. At our school, we __________ wear a uniform. It is a white shirt and
blue trousers. However, in the play group they __________ wear a
uniform. They can wear whatever they like.

8 Fill in the gaps with don't have to or mustn't to complete
the sentences properly.

a. You __________ leave your bags unattended. They will be stolen.

b. You __________ come if you don’t want to.

c. You __________ speak to him like that. It’s rude.

d. I __________ leave this work any longer. It is getting urgent.

e. We __________ be there until 8. We have plenty of time.

f. You __________ pay by cheque. You can pay online with your credit
card.

g. You __________ be late for your interview.

h. We __________ pay now. We can pay when we get there.

i. To go to India, you __________ have a visa if you are a Nepali. If
you want to go to China, you must have it.

j. You __________ make so much noise. You’ll wake up the baby.

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9 Put a tick (√) for the things you have to do at home. Put
a cross (×) for the things you don’t have to do.

clean your prepare tea for your clean the
room family members bathroom

iron your get up early on wash your
shirt Saturdays clothes

wash the plate go shopping for water the
you eat in your parents flowers

10 Work in pairs to ask and answer questions about the
activities in Exercise 9.

A : Do you have to clean your room?

B : Yes, I do. What about you?

A : Sometimes. But I don’t have to prepare tea for the family members.
Do you?

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Speaking

11 What do you have to do at home? What do you not have
to do at home? Go to the front of the class and share.

I have to wake up early.
Then I have to collect flowers from
the garden so that my grandfather

gets flowers for prayer on time.
I don’t have to wash the dishes.

My mother washes them.
I also don't have to cook meals.
Yes, I have to make my bed every

morning.

Listening

12 Are the following statements true or false? Listen and tick.

a. Rita had to reach school early in the morning. ( )
)
b. Rita didn’t have to wash the dishes. ( )
)
c. Juna did not have to get up early in the morning. ( )
)
d. Rita had to play the harmonium to her dad till late night. (

e. Juna didn’t have to set the dinner table. (

f. Rita had to study till late night. (

Reading

13 What does a farmer have to do? Tick the items on the
list.

graze cattle cut grass fly a plane
plough the field pull out teeth dig the field
harvest the crops clean the shed control traffic

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14 What two things did Meena have to do? What two
things did she not have to do? Read below to find out.

Meena was born in a faraway
village in Nuwakot. Her parents
were farmers. They had to work
hard to have enough food. They
weren’t rich. Sometimes, they
had to work day and night to feed
their family.

Meena had a small brother. When
her parents were out, she had to
look after her brother. He was a
cute little child. He didn’t give
any trouble to his sister. She
didn’t have to be busy after him.

Meena also had to work at home.
She had to cook for the family when she was just ten. She had to feed her
brother. She also had to wash dishes and clothes. At the age of thirteen,
she was like a complete mother to her brother because her parents
couldn’t give time to them. The parents had to earn for the family.

Meena went to a village school. When her brother was small, she used to
walk to school alone. She had to walk about two kilometres to reach the
school. When her brother also joined school, she had to take her brother
with her, too. Meena loved her brother very much, so she never minded
taking care of him.

As she had to do a lot of work at home, she had to stay till late at night
to finish her school work. However, she never failed to submit her work
to her teachers. They didn’t need to tell her to bring her work.

On holidays, Meena even had to help her parents on the farm. She had to
go to graze the cattle. Sometimes, she had to cut the grass. But she didn’t
have to plough the field or carry loads.

Now Meena is a teacher. She doesn’t have to work in the field. Even her
parents don’t have to work so hard. These days, Meena doesn’t have to

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cook every day. Her mother does
the cooking as she doesn’t need
to go for work as often. Her father
also has left his job as a porter.

Her brother Nikesh has grown
up. He studies in grade six. He
wants to be a doctor some day.
For that he has to get good grades
at school and compete for a place
in a medical college for a rigorous
study of five years. To realise his
dream, he has to be determined
and hard-working.

Comprehension

15 Are these statements true or false?

a. Meena’s family was rich.
b. She does not know how to cook.
c. Her brother does not go to school.
d. Her brother is just a year younger than her.
e. She is hard-working.
f. Meena is a teacher now.

16 Answer the following questions.

a. How many members were there in Meena’s family?
b. Was Meena a good sister? How?
c. What did Meena's parents have to do?
d. Does Meena have to cook every day now? Who does the cooking?
e. What does her brother want to be?

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Grammar

Prohibition and restriction: mustn’t and can’t

We use mustn’t, can’t or not allowed to to express prohibition.

You mustn’t touch the painting.

You can’t make a noise in the exam hall.

You are not allowed to park your car here.

Along with them, we can use verbs like (be not) permitted or be
forbidden or be prohibited while we want to express prohibition.

For example: You are not allowed to enter this building.

He is forbidden from going out.

17 Here are six symbols. Symbols are interpreted
in different ways. Practise stating which symbol
prohibits what as given in the example sentences.

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

You mustn't enter without permission.
You can't enter without permission.
You are forbidden to enter without permission.

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Reading

18 Read the given rules. Which of the rules are applied in
your school? Tick them.

a. Students don’t have to bring tiffin from home.
b. Students mustn’t ring the bell at school.
c. Students can’t take books home from library.
d. Students have to bring a bottle of water from home.
e. Students must clean their classroom themselves.
f. Students can call their teacher with their first name.
g. Teachers have to check students’ exercise books every day

without fail.

19 Suppose you are the principal of your school. Now
make rules and regulations for the students.

Please use: be (not) supposed to
have to
be (not) allowed must
should (not) can
don't have
mustn't
cannot

- The students are supposed to ..... English Skills Book - 6 179
- The students are not allowed to ....
- The students can ..... but they

cannot...

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Reading Background

20 Read and learn. Rara National Park (RNP) was
setup in 1976. It is situated in north-
RARA National Park western high mountains of Nepal.
The park covers an area of 106 km2
Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation , P.O. Box: 860, Babarmahal. Kathmandu in Mugu and Jumla districts of
Phone: +977-1-4220912 /4220850/4227926, Fax: +977-1-4227675 , Tel.: 994870037 (VSAT) Karnali Province. It is the smallest
national park in the country but
Email: [email protected], Website: http//:www.dnpwc.gov.np Rara National Park Office: Hutu, Mugu features the biggest lake, Rara, at
an elevation of 2990 m in Mugu
district. This beautiful natural lake
is oval in shape with the longest
length of 5.1 km, maximum width
of 3 km, and deepest point at 167 m
below surface. The highest point of
the park is Chuchemara peak which
is at an elevation of 4097 m. The
unique landscape and Rara Lake are
the major attractions of the park for
foreign and domestic tourists.

How to Get to the Park

The park can be reached by air and
road. There is a regular air flight
from Kathmandu to Nepalgunj and
from Nepalgunj to Rara every day.
Visitors also can take a vehicle from
Nepalgunj to Rara. It takes almost
two days for the drive. Visitors who
prefer to trek are advised to take air
flight from Nepalgunj to Jumla and
then trek for 3-5 days to reach Rara.

Major Flora and Fauna

The national park is covered by pine
and rhododendron forests. The park
is also known for valuable herbs.

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Some 52 species of mammals 272  Do not use plastic materials.
species of birds have been found in
the park. The park is the home to the  Take only photographs, leave only
musk deer, Himalayan black bear, red footprints.
panda, leopard, Himalayan ghoral,
Himalayan thar, wild dog and wild Park regulations to follow or
boar. things to remember

Best Season • Entry feee are Rs. 3,000 (foreigners),
Rs. 1,500 (SAARC nationals), Rs.
Summer in Rara is pleasant. However, 100 (Nepali) visitors.
winter is quite cold. The
best time to visit the park • Valid entry
is between September and
November and between permits are available
March and June.
from the National
General Rules
Parks ticket counter at
While trekking, follow
the rules to save the local nature for the park entrance gate
the benefit of generations to come.
of RNP.
a. Conserve forests
• Entering the
 The use of firewood is prohibited. park without a permit
is illegal. Thus, the visitors are
 Don’t light campfire. Cook requested to keep their permit with
with kerosene or gas and take them.
sufficiently warm clothing.
• Don’t remove or damage plants
 Choose lodges that do not use and animals. All flora and fauna
wood for cooking and heating. are fully protected and must not be
disturbed.
b. Stop pollution
• Rubbish must be placed out, buried
 Do not leave the waste in the park. or disposed in the designated areas.

 Buy only what won’t pollute the • No one should walk within the park
environment, or carry your stuff. between sunset and sunrise.

 Use safe drinking water or purify • Camping inside the park should be
water by yourself. made only at the designated areas.

• Never trek alone, hire a local guide
if you can’t find a companion.

Adapted from the brochure published by DNPWC

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Comprehension

21 Find words similar in meaning to the following.

a. located b. not permitted

c. enough d. make dirty or worse

e. friend f. all plants and animals of an area

22 Answer the following questions.

a. Where is Rara National Park?
b. Can we drive to the park? How long does it take?
c. How many kinds of birds and mammals are found in the park?
d. What can visitors do to save the park from being polluted?
e. How much does a Nepali family of three needs to pay to get into

the park?
f. Which of the rules you didn’t like and why?

Grammar

Using but, and and because

We use but to express contrasting ideas.
You may look at these coins but you mustn't touch them.
We use and to add similar ideas or events.
Rohan came in the class and searched something in his bag.
We use because to give reasons.
You cannot borrow the book from the library because you do not

have a card.

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23 Choose the correct connector.

a. You can see the animals ___________ (but/ and/ because) you cannot
feed them.

b. Mohan is tall ___________ (but/ and/ because) handsome.

c. You are not allowed to enter the park ___________ (but/ and/
because) you do not have a permit.

d. He was poor ___________ (but/ and/ because) helpful.

e. We stayed at Kongde Cage ___________ (but/ and/ because) had
wonderful potato soup.

24 Join sentences using but, and or because.

a. Mita is beautiful. Mita is kind.
b. He was not allowed to come in. He did not have an ID card.
c. They finished the work. They went home early.
d. They were allowed to go home. They finished work early.

Writing

25 Hold a class meeting and prepare ten rules to be
followed in your class. Make sentences to state the
rules using can, can’t, must, mustn’t, be allowed to, be
(not) allowed to, have to and don’t have to.

26 Prepare a brochure for a tourist destination of your
area or any other famous spot.

Consider including the following:

• Introduction • How to reach
• Special features • Entry fees
• Rules and regulations • Contact details

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11 Describing People,

Places and Objects

1 Listen and sing.

A fairy went a-marketing

A fairy went a-marketing She sat beside its painted cage

She bought a little fish; And listened half the day

She put it in a crystal bowl And then she opened wide the door

Up on a golden dish. And let it fly away.

An hour she sat in wonderment
And watched its silver gleam,
And then she gently took it up
And slipped it in a stream.

A fairy went a-marketing -Rose Fyleman
She bought a coloured bird;
It sang the sweetest, shrillest song
That ever she had heard.

2 Find words similar in meaning to the following.

a. highly transparent glass b. amazement
c. shine brightly d. loudest

3 Answer the following questions.

a. What things did the fairy bring from the market?
b. Why did the fairy sit in amazement?
c. What did the fairy do to the bird at last?

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Grammar

4 What do you call these people?

a. Someone who collects fish from rivers or seas : _______________
b. Someone who makes furniture : _______________
c. Someone who drives a truck : _______________
d. Someone who writes a book : _______________
e. Someone who repairs a machine : _______________
f. Someone who designs dresses for people : _______________
g. Someone who makes clay pots : _______________
h. Someone who fixes electric wires or bulbs : _______________
i. Someone who looks after the security of a house : ____________

Vocabulary

Relative pronouns: who, which
We use the relative pronoun to give more information about the noun.
We use who for people and which for things.

Can you give me the book which is on the table?

In this school, there are many students who want
to be scientists.

5 Circle the relative pronoun in each sentence. Also
write who or what it refers to.

a. An oculist is a person who treats our eye illness. ________
b. Rubies are jewels which appear red. ________

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c. A chauffeur is a person who drives a private car. ________

d. I met a woman who has three cars. ________

e. Mother prepared a dish which was delicious. ________

f. We live in a house which is next to the museum. ________

g. I saw a bird in the garden which had golden feathers. ________

h. The woman who is in red sari is my mum. ________

Speaking

6 Talk about the pictures using relative pronouns.

has got very thick skin can swim works with children
has stripes on body makes food works in a library

2 51

6 34

It's an animal which It's picture 5.
has got very thick skin.

It's a person who ......

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Grammar

Relative pronoun: that
We can use 'that' for both people and things.
He met a man who was more than 120 years old.
He met a man that (rare, informal) was more than 120 years old.
He stayed in a house which was at the top of a tall tree.
He stayed in a house that was at the top of a tall tree.

7 Match and make sensible sentences.

a. He's the boy ___ which is popular in Nepal.

b. Momo is a type of food ___ that goes to Pokhara leaves at 6
am.

c. The pine is an evergreen tree ___ who help people climb the
mountains.

d. The bus ___ that grows in the high hills.

e. Mountain guides are the people ___ who is nice to everyone.

f. She's a lovely person ___ who won the medal yesterday.

Reading

8 Discuss in the class.

Do you know these people? Why are they famous? Are they successful?

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Reading

9 Read and learn.

Albert Einstein

"I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious."

-Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is one of the most famous
scientists of all time. He is known for his work
in physics. This successful gentleman was not
extraordinary by his own standards as he says
in the quotation. But the world knows he was
a genius.

Einstein was born in Ulm of Germany in 1879.
He had an abnormally large head. He didn’t
speak until he was three. Even at school his
teacher told him that he was a lazy dreamer.

He must have been dreaming about how
to better understand the world. “Imagination is more important than
knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world," he
would say. Thanks to his dream, people could look at the world in richer
way.

However, Einstein, the most influential
scientist of the last century, never invented
any machine. He gave the world a
mysterious formula: E = mc2. According
to his formula, matter can be changed into
energy and energy can be changed back into
mass or matter. Later, his formula helped
the scientists develop an atom bomb.

Many people say that he was involved in
making the atom bomb that destroyed two
beautiful cities in Japan: Hirosima and
Nagasaki. But that isn’t true. Einstein was

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a pacifist, who speaks against war.

This genius is known for sharing his ideas on different topics. Defining
success he said, “One should guard against preaching to young people
success in the customary form as the main aim in life. The most important
motive for work in school and in life is pleasure in work, pleasure in its
result and the knowledge of the value of the result to the community.”

Here Einstein is telling us to be a dreamer. You must live with a dream.
You must follow your heart. If you love what you do, success is yours.
So, for parents, his message is that we should not teach our children the
meaning of success in an ordinary sense. It should come from the inner
heart of the child. It is apparent in Einstein’s life, too. He maintained his
study to pass the exam in other subjects, but physics was his passion. He
studied physics in his spare time.

Talking about education, Einstein said, “Education is that which remains,
if one has forgotten everything that was learned in school.” He means
education should be practical that must remain within you. It should not
be the extract of a book. You must read with understanding.

A short speech given by Einstein to a group of young people in the
Netherlands should be of interest for you to read here.

My dear children:
I rejoice to see you before me today, happy
youths of a sunny and fortunate land.

Remember, the wonderful things you
learn in your school are the works of many
generations. It was produced by great
minds living in different parts of the world.
All this is put into your hands so that you may receive it, honour it
and add to it. In the same way, one day you will hand it over to your
children and grandchildren.

Our life is short but we can live even after our death if we create
something for the generations to come.

If you always keep that in mind, you will find a meaning in life.

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Comprehension

10 Are these statements true or false?

a. Einstein had a very large head in comparison to other children.
b. His teacher liked him very much.
c. Einstein says it is good to dream.
d. According to Einstein, mass can be changed into energy.
e. Einstein made atom bombs.
f. Einstein says that we can live even after our death if we create

something valuable.

11 Answer the following questions.

a. When and where was Einstein born?
b. What was his most famous work?
c. How did he describe success?
d. Do you agree that imagination is greater than knowledge? Why?
e. What does Einstein say about the things we learn in our school?

12 Match the words with their meanings.

a. strong desire or feeling ____ customary
b. feel or show happiness ____ apparent
c. lucky ____ passion
e. usual or traditional ____ genius
f. clearly seen ____ rejoice
g. extraordinarily brilliant ____ fortunate

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Vocabulary

13 Use each of these words in a sentence of your own.

a. influential __________________________________________

b. fortunate __________________________________________

c. enthusiastic __________________________________________

d. dreamer __________________________________________

e. success __________________________________________
f. effort __________________________________________

g. generation __________________________________________

Grammar

The present continuous for activities happening now

The police are managing the queue.
Monkeys are playing on the roof of the temple.

We use the present continuous to talk about things that are happening at
or around the time of speaking.

We form the present continuous with is / am / are + verb + ing.

14 Complete the table using suitable words.

Positive Negative

I’m (am) writing. I’m (am) not ______________
You're / We're / They’re (are) You / We / They aren’t (are not)
writing. writing.
He / She / It’s (is) _____________ He / She / It isn't (is not) writing.

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Question Short answer
Am I writing? Yes, I am.
_______ you / we / they writing?
_______ he / she / it writing? No, I’m not.
Yes, you / we / they are.

No, you / we / they ____________
Yes, he / she / it ______________

No, he / she / it isn't.

15 Complete the sentences using the present continuous
form of the verbs.

a. Nilam isn’t here. She
___________ (ride) a bicycle in
the park.

b. Hem and Hari are in the living
room. They ___________ (not
read). They ___________ .
(watch) TV.

c. Mother is in the kitchen. She ___________ (cook) lunch.

d. Kabir and Max are in the park. They ___________ (play) badminton.

e. I can’t come with you. I ___________ (prepare) for my test tomorrow.

f. Madhu! You ___________ (not listen) to me.

g. A : ___________ you ___________ (watch) this programme?

B : No, I’m not.

h. Where is Lata? ___________ she ___________ (study)?

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Vocabulary

Describing a person

16 Put these words in the correct boxes.

young middle-aged elderly old

165 cm tall of average height fat overweight

plump chubby skinny thin

slim well-built muscular medium height

tall very tall short a baby

toddler teenager in his or her 20s

in his or her late 20s in his or her early twenties

Age Height Build

Speaking

17 Look at the pictures and describe the people. Consider
the vocabulary given in Exercise 16.

Chandra Bahadur Dangi the shortest man Sultan Kose : Tallest man
ever (54.6 cm) (1939-2015)
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18 Write a short description of the friend sitting next to
you on the bench. Then, share it in the class.

Writing

When somebody asked Albert Einstein what he looked like, he wrote
this:

Let me tell you what I look like: pale face, long hair, and a tiny belly. In addition,
I have an awkward gait with messy hair. I often have a pen in pocket or hand.
But I don’t have crooked legs and warts. I also don’t have hair on hands. So I
am quite handsome.

19 Read the above description and answer the questions.

a. Did Einstein write about his age?
b. Did he write about his height?
c. How about his build and general look? Was he handsome?

20 Now, write a short paragraph describing yourself.
Don’t forget to tell us about your general look, age,
height and build.

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Listening

21 Match the words with meanings.

a. dedicated ___ the length of time for which a person, animal
or thing exists

b. longevity ___ the details and reasons to make you understand

c. explanation ___ broadcasting a programme on TV or radio

d. lifespan ___ living for a long time

e. on air ___ given your energy, time, etc. completely

22 Listen to the radio programme and take notes.

Name of the host of the programme : _________________________

Name of the guests : _________________________
In Japan: male life expectancy : _________________________
Female life expectancy : _________________________
Three things necessary for long life : _________________________ 
_________________________

23 Listen to the radio programme again and write
true or false.

a. The programme is going on air in the morning. _______

b. The show broadcasts health related programmes. _______

c. Japanese people have the highest life expectancy. _______

d. In Japan, male and female life expectancy is the same. _______

e. Professor says the family is important to be healthy. _______

f. Japanese people do not eat much fried food. _______

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Vocabulary

24 Complete the table with activities using do, go or play.
Find the activities from the text.

do go play
fishing

25 Here are some activities we often do. What do they
go along? Put in the correct column. Use a good
dictionary to help you.

We often use go with activities that end in -ing (except nothing).

We often use play with team sports.

We often use do with recreational activities that can be done alone or
with non-team sports especially that ends in -ing.

cards hiking homework nothing running
tennis the tabla surfing
karate skiing yoga football crossword puzzle

cricket exercise

do go play
fishing

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Reading

26 Read and learn.

Computers and mobile phones
are one of the most widely
used electronic gadgets in the
world now. Billions of people
have been using cell phones
and computers at the same
time across the world. More
interestingly, the use of such
devices is ever increasing.
However, this has both positive and negative sides, or advantages and
disadvantages.

These devices have many advantages. They
have influenced the way we communicate.
Earlier it used to take days and months to get a
message delivered to their near and dear ones.
We could hardly see a person living away
from home. Now with the help of computer
and mobile technologies, we can communicate
with people, far and near us, with ease.
Likewise, computer and mobile technologies
have helped our education. Earlier, our only
source of research could be the teacher in the classroom and the physical
books available. Now, computer technology has made it possible for
us to search anything online. Besides, the concept of online schools has
developed. In 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, mobiles
and computers helped students to be in touch with their teachers and
continue their studies. Similarly, computers and mobile phones have
been our best entertainers. We can play several online games and watch
movies or music videos on our computers and cell phones. In general,
no area has been left untouched by these technologies.

These devices, however, are not all the boons. They have caused various
problems, too. For example, people have spent more time with them and

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have stopped getting involved in physical activities. That has increased
inactivity and obesity in people. Physical inactivity can lead to heart
problems. Excessive use of these devices has had adverse effects on the
user's eyes. Gadgets may also hamper the study of students, who miss
assignments and tasks due to their gadget addiction. Sometimes, young
people have suffered because they remain busy with their phones and
computers, staying awake till late at night and forgetting to eat in time.

Some users are at risk of losing the real world social interaction or
socialisation because of the gadgets. Thus, these devices are a boon if
we know how to use them and a bane otherwise.

Comprehension

27 Are the following true or false?

a. Computers and cellphones are the most widely used gadgets across
the world.

b. The use of such devices is decreasing.

c. Communications have been faster due to computers and mobiles.

d. Excessive use of computers and mobiles hampers eyesight.

e. All people are addicted to using mobile phones.

28 Answer the following questions.

a. How have computers and mobiles eased the way we communicate?

b. How did students remain in touch with their teacher during the
pandemic?

c. Have computers and mobiles helped you with studies? How?

d. How can the mobile phones entertain us?

e. What are the negative impacts of computers on users?

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Grammar Irregular plurals

Singular and plural nouns

Forming plural nouns

Add s chair – chairs policeman – policemen

Add es dish – dishes woman – women

box - boxes ox – oxen

watch – watches sheep – sheep

address – addresses deer – deer

potato – potatoes child – children

bus – buses louse – lice

y – ies dictionary - dictionaries man – men

fe/f-ves thief – thieves mouse – mice

knife – knives goose – geese

29 Write the plural or singular form of the words given
in the brackets.

a. Two policemen are at the door. (policeman)
b. There are eight __________ in our street. (family)
c. Our __________ are from Kailali. (friend)
d. My mother is talking to a __________ . (women)
e. This computer game is not for __________ . (child)
f. There are four ________ of ________ in the kitchen. (box, match)

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Nouns: singular or plural

There are different types of nouns. Some nouns don't have plurals. That
means we can't count them. Besides, special names or proper nouns don't
have their plural form. But they always begin with the capital letters.

Common and collective nouns can have plural forms.

Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Examples are
deer, swine, buck and sheep.

30 Choose the correct nouns to complete the passage.

A Clean City

_____________ (Million / Millions) of people live in _____________ (city /
cities) today. For example, in _____________ (kathmandu / Kathmandu)
there are over 1.8 _____________ (million / millions) people, and in
_____________ (pokhara / Pokhara) there are over two hundred thousand
people. About 20% of the total population of our country lives in cities.
So, it is very important that we all try to keep our cities nice and clean.
The _____________ (governments / government) of the cities can do a
lot to help. For example, in _______ ______ (paris / Paris) they wash the
_____________ (street / streets) twice a week. They use _____________
(water / waters) from the River Seine. Most cities have street cleaners.
These are people who walk along the streets sweeping up and collecting
the _____________ (rubbish / rubbishes) on the ground. But we can all do
something to help. For example, we should never drop _____________
(litter / litters) in the street. Imagine how our cities would look if no one
dropped wrappers and other pieces of paper!

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