Book 7 Written by Er. Shankar N. Adhikary Oasis Radiant Computer Science Oasis Publication (P) Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu Phone :0977-01-4313205
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 2 Oasis Radiant Computer Science Book 7 Written by Er. Shankar N. Adhikary Layout Design: Zeeta Computer Service Pvt. Ltd. Ghantagrar, Kathmandu Publisher: Oasis Publication (P) Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu Nepal Tel: 977-01-4313205 www.oasispublication.com.np Printed in Nepal © Publisher First edition : 2019 Second edition : 2020 Third revised edition : 2022 This book belongs to... Name : Mr./Miss .................................................................................. Class : ................ Section. .............. Roll No....... School : ................................................................................................ ..............................................................................................................
3 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 CONTENTS Chapter Lesson Page No. 1 History and Generation of Computer 5 2 Types of Computer 17 3 Computer Software 23 4 Operating System 30 5 MS Word 44 6 MS Excel 81 7 MS Power Point 116 8 ICT, Cyber Law and Computer Ethics 135 9 Computer Viruses 141 10 Computer Networking System 145 11 Internet and E-mail 156 12 Number System 168 13 Computer Graphics 177 14 Multimedia Application 192 15. Programming Tools and Techniques 198 16. Programming in QBASIC 204
Acknowledgement We are in the 21st century. This is the age of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). ICT has become an integral part of our daily life. It facilities the work of business people, academicians, students and professionals in banking and other sectors. Computer education has become a fundamental right of children. Children need the knowledge of computer, from the basic to advanced level, to cope with the changes happening now and unfolding in the future. The Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal government has prescribed syllabi and course outlines for computer education in schools from primary to higher secondary level. Students, however, are deprived of quality computer education due to the lack of quality course books and limited access to the computer system in schools. To address this issue, I have developed a complete series of computer books, under the banner of Oasis Radiant Computer Science, from grade I to grade XII. I have devoted a lot of time and effort in the research and development of this book. It provides a comprehensive and balanced coverage of the CDC syllabus. This series was possible due to the comprehensive support of my colleagues, family members, students and teachers. I would like to acknowledge all who have directly or indirectly encouraged me to prepare this book in the series. Specially, my thanks go to the students and teachers of different schools for their regular interactions and inspirations I have had in preparing this book. In the same way, my thanks go to my parents Tek Nath and Chisa Maya Adhikary, family members Lachhima Adhikary, Jagan Adhikary, Sarashwati Adhikary and lovely kids Samridhi, Sampada, Prasamsha, Ballavi, Ragavi, Suyash and Suyasha Adhikary for their valuable contribution to prepare this book. I must also give due thanks to OASIS PUBLICATION family for their innovative help to prepare and publish this book. Finally, all the suggestions and comments are acknowledged. Thanking all, Er. Shankar N. Adhikary, Tarkeshwor, Kathmandu
History and Generation of Computer 1 Chapter 8 History of computer 8 Early computers 8 Electric and electromechanical computers 8 Generation of computer
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 6 History of Computer Computer science is the youngest among disciplines of knowledge. History of computer started from the history of number system and its uses for counting. Hindu philosophers developed the number system, going ftom 0 to 9. By using these numbers they derived other numbers for arithmetical applications. In the ancient age, people used stones, pebbles and other objects for counting. But after the use of 0 to 9 numbers different calculating devices have been built. Some popular inventions of calculating devices are explained below. Abacus It is the first counting device, developed by Chinese before 2500 years ago. It is a rectangular box, divided into two parts separated by mid bar as given in the figure. Upper part is called heaven that consists of two beads and each bead is equal to 5. The lower part is called earth that consists of five beads and each bead is equal to 1. Napier’s Bones It was invented in 1614 by mathematician John Napier of Scotland. The bones are a set of vertical rectangular rods, each divided in 10 squares as given in the figure. It was based on the logarithm and is popular for the multiplication of numbers. History and Generation of 1 Computer Chapter
7 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Slide Rule The slide rule is an analogue device for performing mathematical computations. The first slide rule was developed in 1620 by British mathematician William Oughtred. A simple slide rule consists of two graduated scales, one of which slides upon the other. The scales are devised in such a way that a suitable alignment of one scale against the other makes it possible to add, multiply, subtract and divide the numbers. Pascaline Pascaline is a manual calculating machine that was developed by Pascal. His father was a tax collector. He developed this device to help his father. It can add, subtract, multiply and divide the number. Charles Babbage Charles Babbage, an Englishman, is one of the creative thinkers in the field of computer science. He is considered to be the father of computer science. He devised the difference engine and analytical engine on the basis of his principles. He used the concept of using binary digits in his machine. The idea of Babbage engine can be summarised below: • Data and programme instructions are fed by a suitable device like punched card.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 8 • Storage device is used for storing data and instruction. • The unit for calculation is millisecond. • A suitable output device is used to give output to user. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace She is a great personality in the field of computer science. She was the first individual to develop a programme by using the binary number system. So she is considered to be the first computer programmer. The first programme she had developed was Ada. Electro Mechanical Computers Mark-I Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with three engineers of IBM, constructed a large automatic digital computer based on IBM electromechanical parts in 1937. This machine is called Harvard Mark-I. It was also called IBM ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator). Mark-I computer has the following features: • It was 51ft long, 8ft high and 3ft wide. • 18,000 vacuum tubes were used. • It consisted of 7 lakh 50 thousand parts. • Cable connections were nearly 500 miles long. Electronic Computers ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) This electronic machine was designed by Dr. John W. Mauchly and Dr. J. Presper Eckert. It was completed in 1946. The concepts of ENIAC are given below. • It was built from 18,000 vacuum tubes, and 70,000 resistors. • Its power consuming capacity was 50,00,000 kilowatt. • It was set up on 1,800 square feet of floor space.
9 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • ENIAC operated on punch cards, which were used as input/output and storage devices. • It was a very fast machine compared to the earlier electromechanical machines. • It could add two numbers in 200 microseconds and could multiply two numbers in 2800 microseconds. EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) It was designed by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University's mathematical laboratory in 1947. The features of this computer are given below: • It used a mercury delay line storage system where the access time was one millisecond. • It contained 3000 vacuum tubes and operated on 30KW. • The time required for addition was 1500 microseconds and that for multiplication was 4000 microseconds. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) It was the first and most powerful computer commercially available in this generation. It was capable of processing numeric and alphanumeric data and based on the principle of stored memory of John Von Neumann. It was used for business data processing. J.P.Eckert and J.W. Mauchly had developed this computer in 1961. It was the first computer manufactured for commercial use.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 10 Generations of Computer The evolution of computer started from the 16th century and reached the form that we see today. The present-day computer, however, has also undergone a rapid change during the last fifty years. This period of evolution of computer can be divided into five distinct phases which are known as Generations of Computers. First Generation Computers First generation computers used Thermion valves which are called vaccum tubes. These computers were large in size. It was difficult to write programmes on them. Features of First Generation Computers • They were very large in size. • They were very slow. • They used vacuum tubes as electronic devices. • They consumed a lot of electrical power. Some examples are: ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, etc. Second Generation Computers Around 1955 a device called Transistor replaced the bulky vacuum tubes in the first generation computers. Transistors were smaller than electric tubes and had higher operating speed. Manufacturing cost was very low. Thus, the size of the computer got reduced considerably. Features of Second Generation Computers • They were smaller than the first generation computers. • They were faster than the first generation computers. • They used transistor as memory device -- 1000 vacuum tubes were replaced by only one transistor.
11 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • They consumed less electrical power than the first generation computers. • The operating speed was in terms of microseconds. Some examples are: IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600, etc. Third Generation Computers The third generation computers were introduced in 1966. They used Integrated Circuits (ICs). These ICs are popularly known as Chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers and capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon. Features of Third Generation Computers • They were small, efficient and reliable. • Integrated circuits were the main features of third generation of computer. • The operating speed was in terms of micro seconds. • Input and output devices such as key board and monitors were present. Some of the computers of the third generation are: IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, etc. Fourth Generation Computers The present day computers that we see around us are the fourth generation computers. They started showing up from 1974. They used large scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) built on a single silicon chip called microprocessor. Due to the development of microprocessor, it is possible to place computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip. These computers are called microcomputers. Later, very large scale Integrated Circuits (VLSIC) replaced LSICs in modern computers. Features of Fourth Generation Computers • The size of the fourth generation computers was reduced to desktop or laptop sizes. • The operating speed increased beyond Nano Picoseconds and MIPS (Million of instruction per second)
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 12 • Use of large scale integration is the main characteristic of this generation. Some of the computers of the fourth generation are: 8086, 8088, 80286 Sx, Pentium I, II ,III, IV, etc. Fifth Generation Computers The computers having AT (Artificial Intelligence), high processing capacity and undergoing development from 1990 are called Fifth Generation computers. • The speed is extremely high in fifth generation computers. • It can perform large number of parallel processing with ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration). • The concept of Artificial Intelligence has been introduced to allow the computer to take its own decision. It is still in a developmental stage. • Biochips and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) are used as memory devices. • Large use of natural language processing and user friendly. Key Points • Abacus was the first counting device, developed by Chinese and Egyptians, 2500 years ago. • Napier’s bones were very successful and were widely used in Europe until mid-1960’s. • The slide rule is an analogue device for performing mathematical computations. • Charles Babbage was an Englishman. One of the creative thinkers in the field, he is considered to be the father of computer science. • Charles Babbage was also a mathematician. • ENIAC was a very fast machine compared to the earlier electrome-
13 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 chanical machines. • ENIAC operated on punch cards, which were the input/output devices. It had one multiplier, one divider/square rooter and twenty adders. • ENIAC was built from 18,000 vacuum tubes, and 70,000 resistors. • First generation computers used Thermion valves. These computers were large in size and writing programmes on them was difficult. • Transistors are smaller than electric tubes and have higher operating speed. • The invention of transistors marked the start of the second generation. • In the second generation computers, the instructions (programme) could be stored inside the computer’s memory. • Second generation computers used transistor as memory device - 1000 vacuum tubes were replaced by only one transistor. • The third generation computers were introduced in 1966. • The size of fourth generation computers was reduced to desk top or lap top computer. Exercise 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is abacus? Write its features. b. What are early mechanical devices? List any five of them. c. What is slide rule? Write its features. d. Who is the father of computer? What did he develop? e. Define Pascalline. f. Write some features of Babbage engine. g. List any five electronic computers. h. Write some features of Mark I. i. Write some features of ENIAC. j. What does a generation of computer mean?
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 14 k. List out the different generations of computer. l. Write down the features of first generation computers. m. Mention the features of second generation computers. n. Explain some limitations of first generation computers. o. List some examples of first and second generation computers. p. Write some features of fourth generation computers. q. What are fifth generation computers? Write down their features. r. List some features of third generation computers. s. Give some examples of third and fourth generation computers. 2. Write short notes on: a. Lady Augusta Ada b. EDVAC c. UNIVAC d. Napier’s Bones e. EDSAC 3. Differentiate between: a. Mechanical and Electromechanical devices b. Slide Rule and Pascalline c. ENIAC and EDVAC d. Abacus and Napier’s Bone e. First and fourth generations of computer f. Transistors and vacuum tubes g. Third and second generation computers h. Fifth generation and second generation of computer 4. Give full forms of the following: a. ENIAC b. UNIVAC c. EDSAC d. IC e. LSI f. VLSI g. ULSI h. GaAs
15 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 5. Fill in the blanks: a. …………………..is known as the father of computer programmes. b. The full form of EDVAC is …………………… c. ………………….has been developed by John Von Neumann. d. Charles Babbage is known as ……………….. of computer. e. ……………was the first calculating device. f. ……………….part of Abacus is called heaven. g. ………………..part of Abacus is called earth. h. ……………….. developed Slide Rule. i. …………….. developed Pascalline. j. ………………….. used vacuum tubes as memory component. k. Full form of IC is ………………….. l. Pentium brand computers are …………………..generation computers. m. Full form of VLSI is ………………….. n. Fifth generation computers have ………………..chip. 6. State true or false: a. Heaven part of Abacus has the beads with value 5. b. William Oughtred developed Napier’s Bone. c. Napier’s Bone is related to logarithms. d. Charles Babbage developed Pascaline. e. Mark – I is the first electromechanical computer. f. ENIAC is mechanical device. g. Full form of IBM is International Business Machine. h. Lady Augusta Ada was the first computer programmer. i. EDVAC is also known as Abacus. j. First generation computes used IC as its memory device. k. Second generation computers were faster than first generation computers.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 16 l. Third generation computers used Integrated Circuit. m. Very Large Scale Integration is used in third generation computers. n. Fifth generation computers used biochips as memory. 7. Class Activity: a. Compare between mechanical and electronic devices with some examples. b. Write some features of early computers. c. Compare different generations of computers in terms of memory system and electronic components and write the differences in a chart paper with a proper picture. 8. Project Work: a. Collect different types of mechanical devices and paste their figures in your project copy. b. Make a list of mechanical, electromechanical and electronic computers. c. Explain the contributions of: i. Chinese ii. John Napier iii. William Oughtred iv. Blasé Pascal v. John Von d. Collect some information about: Vacuum tubes, Transistors, IC and Bio-Chips with their features and figures.
17 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Types of Computer 2 Chapter 8 Features of supercomputer 8 Applications of mainframe computer 8 Features of minicomputer 8 Super and micro computers, with their applications.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 18 We can classify computers as special purpose computers and general purpose computers. Special purpose computers are applicable for a particular application by limited users. Most special purpose computers are analogue computers. Computers that use the analogue signals to measure physical values like speed, temperature etc. are analogue computers. General purpose computers are computers used for general applications like word processing, spreadsheet, database, internet access, programme development, etc. by all types of users. Most digital computers are general purpose computers. Computers that use the digital signals and based on the digits 0 and 1 are the digital computers. Computers having both analogue and digital processing features are hybrid computers. They are used for both special and general purposes. On the basis of size and application we have the following types of computers. 1. Supercomputer 2. Mainframe Computer 3. Minicomputer 4. Microcomputer Supercomputer The most powerful computer in terms of performance and data processing is supercomputer. Supercomputer is very expensive and very large in size. It occupies large air-conditioned rooms and some supercomputers can occupy an entire building. Seymour Cray designed the first supercomputer “CDC 6600” in 1964. CDC 6600 is known as the first supercomputer. It is useful for space exploration, Types of Computer 2 Chapter
19 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 earthquake studies, weather forecasting, nuclear weapons testing etc. Popular supercomputers are IBM’s Sequoia, in the United States, Fujitsu’s K Computer in Japan, and NUDT Tianhe-1A in China. Mainframe computer Mainframe computer is very large in size. It is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programmes at the same time and supports many simultaneous execution of programmes. Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers. Mainframe computers are used by many large firms and government organisations to support their business activities. The mainframe computers occupy large air-conditioned rooms because of their size. In Nepal, some banks, educational institutions and insurance companies are using mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students and insurance policy holders. Popular Mainframe computers: Fujitsu’s ICL VME, Hitachi’s Z800, etc. Minicomputer It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously. Minicomputers are used by small businesses and firms. Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk with processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers and mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single user. Individual departments of a large company use mini-computers for specific purposes. For example, a production department can use mini-computers for monitoring certain production processes.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 20 Popular minicomputers are : K-202, Texas Instrument TI-990, SDS-92, IBM midrange computers, etc. Microcomputer All types of computers available on the market for general purposes are the microcomputers. Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tablets and smartphones are microcomputers. Microcomputers are widely used and the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the three types of computers. Microcomputers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes. Well known manufacturers of microcomputer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony and Toshiba. Key points • An analogue computer is one that measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale. • A digital computer uses digits which present numbers, letters, or other special symbols. • Good qualities of analogue and digital computers are combined to make hybrid computers. • Hybrid computers transfer the data from analogue to digital and digital to analogue and vice versa. • A large computer, with multiuser and multiprocessor features, of very high efficiency and storing capacity is called a supercomputer. • Minicomputers are larger and more powerful than the microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful than the mainframe computer systems. • In 1976, the first Personal Computer - Apple-1, Apple Computer was designed. In 1981 August, IBM announced the IBM 5150 PC, in New York. • Microcomputer supports many higher level languages, multimedia, graphics, 3D graphics and games.
21 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Exercise 1. Answer these questions. a. What are special purpose computers? b. What are general purpose computers? c. What are digital computers? Explain with example. d. Analogue computers are special purpose computers? Why? e. Write the features of mainframe computers. f. Write the application areas of minicomputers. g. What are hybrid computers? h. Write short notes on microcomputer. i. Write the features of supercomputer. j. Write some features of minicomputer. 2. Write short notes on: a. Analogue computer b. Special purpose computer c. Minicomputer d. Mainframe computer e. Supercomputer f. Digital computer 3. Differentiate between: a. Analogue and digital computers. b. Mini and mainframe computers. c. Special and general purpose computers. d. Micro and mini computers. e. Super and mainframe computers. 4. Fill in the blanks: a. __________ computer works with digital bits 0 and 1. b. Analogue computers use __________ signal.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 22 c. Physical value can be measured by using __________ computers. d. __________ computer is applicable for networking system to make a server. e. Full form of IBM is __________. f. Full form of PC is __________. g. CDC 6600 computer is __________ computer. h. Cray 1 computer is __________ computer. i. PS/2 computers are __________ computers. j. Hybrid computers are the combination of ____ and ______ parts. 5. State True to False. a. Hybrid computers are analogue computers. b. Super computer is general purpose computer. c. Full form of PC is Private Computer. d. IBM compatible computers are micro computers. e. Mainframe computers have very high speed of processing and huge storage. 6. Project work a. Collect some examples of analogue, digital and hybrid electronic devices. b. Write the brand name and model of computers of your lab.
23 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Computer Software 3 Chapter 8 The concept of software 8 The concept and application of system software 8 Uses and types of application software 8 Use and application of software
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 24 Concept Commands are the instructions given to the computer system. Programmes are the collection of the commands to perform a specific task. Programme contains the commands to tell the computer what to do and how to do it. So we can define: “A programme is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.” Software is a set of programmes which are used to solve some specific problems and operate the computer. For example, software instructs the hardware how to process, what kinds of input to take from the user, and what kinds of output to generate. The computer system is nothing without the software. Hardware needs the software like a driver for a car. Type of Software There are two types of software 1. System software 2. Application software System Software The system software is a collection of programmes designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. They help to activate the computer system and provide operating environment for other application software. Its primary work is to control the computer system. This software recognises and manages the computer hardware components. System software is divided in to four types. • Operating System (OS) • Device Drivers • Language Translators and • Utility software Computer Software 3 Chapter
25 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Operating System (OS) System software that helps to activate the computer system and provide common working interface for the hardware system and the user is called OS. It is the basic fundamental system software required to operate the computer. Main functions of the OS are memory management, peripherals or input and output devices management, task and security management. It provides the interface where the user can install different types of application software. Popular OS are Microsoft Windows system, Linux, MSDOS, etc Device Drivers The system software that activates and recognises the hardware devices connected to the computer and makes them active to function is called device drivers. It is the software that controls particular type of device that is attached to the computer. For example, to work with printers you have to install printer’s driver software. Languages Translator The computer accepts data and instructions using natural language like English. But it cannot process such data and instructions written in natural language. So they should be translated into machine code for further processing. To convert such natural languages into machine code, we need system software which is called the language translators. There are three types of language translators. They are interpreters, compilers and assemblers. TRANSLATOR ASSEMBLER COMPILER INTERPRETER
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 26 Utility Software Special types of system software used to maximise the utility of the hardware devices and computer system are utility software. We can use this software for scanning the hard disk, repair and maintain the computer system and remove viruses from the computer. Popular utility software is antivirus and other toolkits used in the repair and maintenance of computer. Application Software Application Software is developed for a specific purpose, so we can define it as user’s purpose software. These software are developed using high level language in the form of creative project work by the software industries. There are many types of application software available for user purposes: - Word Processing: MS-Word, Word Perfect, Word Star - Spreadsheet: MS- Excel, Lotus-123, Quattro - Database Management: MS-Access, dBase-IV, Clippers, Oracle, OMNIS, Ingress, Integra, FoxPro, FoxBASE, SQL - Graphics and Presentation: MS-Paint, MS PowerPoint, CorelDraw, Adobe PhotoShop, Adobe Illustrator - Animation: Macromedia Director, Macromedia Flash, Adobe Image Ready, Adobe Premiere, Adobe After Effect - Web Designing: Macromedia Dream weaver, Microsoft FrontPage Express
27 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Types of Application Software Basically we have two types of application software. These are packaged and tailored software. Packaged Software: Packaged software is readymade, error free, advanced and standard software for special works. All word processing, database management, graphics and representation, animation, web-designing software are packaged software. These software are equipped with all essential tools and technology to enhance user productivity. Tailored Software: Tailored software is small software, developed using higher level language for specific applications. These types of software are developed for certain specific purpose. Example: Software for Payroll for specific organisation, Software for specific bank, Software for Railway Reservation, Hotel Reservation, etc. These software are developed for solving specific problems of specific users or organisations. So these are called customised software. Key Points • Instructions given to the computer system to perform some task is called command. • Physical structure of computer system that we can touch and feel is called hardware. • Set of instructions consisting of one or more programmes that control the operation of computer system is called software. • System software is software that organises the system and activates it to provide working environment for other application programme. • Hardware is the “heart” of a computer system and software is the “soul” of it. • Application software is a complete self contained packaged programme designed to perform standard work. • Translator is the programme that converts high level data (user language data) into machine code (computer code). • Device driver introduces the new hardware components to the computer system
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 28 Exercise • Utility software manages the hardware system and tries to maximise the utility of device. • Packaged software is large-scal software developed by software houses. These are used for standard application of office management. • Tailored software is customised software developed for customer’s demand. 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is command? b. What is software? c. List the types of software. d. What is translator? e. Define the system software. f. What is package software? Write any three examples. g. Why is tailored software required? Write any two causes. h. Why is translator required? Write two causes. i. List any ten software packages and programmes. j. Write the functions of utility software with example. 2. Write short notes on: a. Programme b. Device driver c. Compiler d. Word processor e. Spreadsheet f. Database g. Operating system h. Utility software i. Package software j. Command 3. Differentiate between: a. Hardware and Software b. Complier and Interpreter c. Device Driver and Utility Software
29 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 d. Packaged and Tailored Software e. Command and Programme 4. Give full form of: a. OS b. MS Word c. BASIC d. MSDOS e. MS Excel 5. Fill in the blanks a. MSDOS is __________ software. b. A set of __________ is called software. c. __________ translates high level data into machine code. d. __________ introduce new devices with computer system. e. __________ are custom-made software wich are developed to meet the customer’s requirements. 6. State True or False a. Hardware is controlled by the software. b. Antivirus software is language translator. c. Packaged software is custom made software. d. Device driver introduces the new hardware to computer system. e. MSDOS is system software. 7. Project Work a. Collect five examples of system software. b. Name any five antivirus software. c. Make a list of any ten application software. d. Make a list of system software, application software and utility software used in your lab.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 30 Operating System 4 Chapter 8 The concept of operating system 8 The features of MSDOS programme 8 Windows operating system
31 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 An OS (Operating System) is a collection of system programmes that together control the operations of computer system. It activates and recognises the hardware devices and provides the operating environment for other application software. It acts like the intermediary between a user and the computer hardware. It has two major objectives, first is to activate the hardware devices and the other is to provide an interactive interface to the user and interpret commands. It is the most popular system software. It is a system software that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without operating system, computer does not function. An operating system (OS) is a set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programmes. Main job of operating system is to manage files on hard drive and control peripherals, like printers, scanners, keyboard, mouse, etc. Some common features of operating system are: • It provides the common interface for the user and computer system. • It controls hardware resources like Input, Output and other peripheral devices. • It recognises the hardware components attached to the computer system. • It gives security to the system by assigning password. • It manages the use of main memory. • It interprets the command given to the computer system. Operating System 4 Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 32 Types of OS OS is the system software and its main function is to provide working platform to the computer. According to the interface used and the processing style we have different types of OS. Some popular OS are single user processing, multi-user, single tasking and multi-tasking operating systems. According to the interface of the OS, we have two types of OS. - Command or Character User Interface (CUI) - Graphical User Interface (GUI) Command User Interface is a single user and single tasking traditional OS like Microsoft Disk Operating System (MSDOS). GUI is the advance OS with multi-user, multi programming platform like a Windows system. Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) The MS-DOS is a Command User Interface (CUI) operating system developed by Microsoft Company. Microsoft disk operating system is the most basic form of operating system. Commonly known as DOS, the disk operating system is specially designed to provide support to secondary devices of computer system. Disk operating system establishes an operational link between the users and outside devices of computer system. It controls the overall operating system of modern computers. It has the character user interface and interprets the command to perform the task. Functions of Disk Operating System MSDOS has the same features like the other OS. The main function of disk operating system is to coordinate the user and outside devices used in computer system. Disk operating system converts the commands into the
33 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 machine readable form. DOS also converts the error messages generated by computers into an understandable format. It helps to start the computer with loading system files and accepts the command to function. File and Directory File is a collection of related data. The name of each file must be unique within the directory where it is stored. File has a unique path name in the file system. Directory is the location where we can store various other files and directories. It is like a table of content of your book. We can store so many files and also can create a sub-directory inside a directory. In windows system, the directory is called a folder. Folders are the collection of files. Windows Operating System: Microsoft Windows is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is user friendly. It has various icons. There are different versions of windows like Windows Xp, Windows 7, Windows 10, etc. Starting Windows Start the computer; windows will be automatically started. We will get the following components on the windows system. The taskbar view When multiple windows are open in a programme, the icon will look “stacked” on the taskbar. • Aero Peek will show you a thumbnail of each window when you hover the mouse over the icon on the taskbar.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 34 • If you wish, you can change the order of the icons by clicking and dragging the icon to whatever space you desire on the taskbar. Pin a programme to the taskbar Placing the programme on the taskbar is to pin a programme. You can place programmes on the taskbar and access them with a single click of the mouse. • To pin a programme, drag the programme to the taskbar from desktop or other places and release it there. • To unpin a programme is to remove the programme name from the taskbar. To unpin simply right-click on the icon and select Unpin. Access a Jump List A Jump List is like a mini-menu for a programme. It allows quick access to recent files, frequently viewed items, performance tasks, and more. For example, you can select frequently used websites with a simple click from the Internet Explorer Jump List.
35 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • Right-click an icon to open the programme’s Jump List. • Select the programme to open from the jump list. Show desktop When you are working with other programmes and you need to go to the desktop you have to choose this option. Follow the following steps to show the desktop without closing windows: • Hover the mouse over the Show desktop button. • The Windows will become transparent, allowing you to see the desktop. • Click the Show desktop button to close the windows. • Click again, and the Windows will return. Personalise your desktop’s background and themes
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 36 Windows has some amazing new themes and backgrounds. They include vivid photography, digital artwork, and Aero themes that use colour and glass effects in an attractive way. Themes and background • In the Search bar of the Start Menu, type and select Personalisation. Alternatively, you can right-click the Desktop and select Personalise. • Review and select a desired theme or background. You can search online for more themes by selecting Get more themes online in My Themes. Personalise font settings You can adjust the font settings and ClearType on your desktop based on your preferences. To change the font: 1. From the Search bar in the Start Menu, type and select Fonts. 2. Select the font you desire from the Fonts pane.
37 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 To change font size: 1. Adjust the font size by selecting Change Font Size from the menu on the left of the Fonts pane. 2. Select the desired font size, and click Apply. Please note that a larger font size may interfere with how some items are displayed on the screen. Gadgets Gadgets are programmes that run on your desktop so you can see information at a glance. Gadgets can give you information about the weather, date and time, news, traffic, and more.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 38 To add gadgets to your desktop: 1. Right-click your desktop and select Gadgets. 2. Select and drag the gadgets you desire, and place them anywhere you want on the desktop. Finding Your Files with Search and Libraries Libraries are collections of your stored content that can be easily accessed through the Desktop Search function. Libraries do not replace your folders; they simply place them in a single collection. When files are placed in a Library, their properties are indexed by the Search function. There are four default Libraries in Windows: Documents, Pictures, Music, and Videos. Windows Explorer Understanding Windows Explorer will help you to navigate through your content and work with your files and folders in an easy manner. • Click the folder icon on the taskbar to open Windows Explorer.
39 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • Click the buttons in the interactive below to learn more about the Windows Explorer interface. To use Windows Explorer: • Move through your content by double-clicking folders, clicking on the Back and Forward buttons, or by clicking on headings in the Address bar. • Preview files by selecting the Show the Preview pane button. • When you double-click a file, it will open in the default programme. To change the view of the content in your folders You have several options for how you can view content in your folders. For example, you may prefer seeing details when viewing file documents and Extra Large Icons when viewing pictures. • To change the view, select the View button and choose your preference. Select as Large icons, Extra Large icons, Small Icons, Details, Tiles and Content.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 40 To change how your content is arranged Depending on the Library, you can Arrange content by month, day, rating, and other factors. • Select the Arrange by button, and choose your preference. Using Search You can search the files and folders from the disk. Use the following steps: 1. Locate the Search bar at the top right corner of the Windows Explorer pane. 2. Start typing a file name or keyword. 3. Search will start displaying matching items even before you finish typing.
41 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Searching from the Start Menu The Windows Explorer pane is not the only place you can access Search and Libraries. • You will find a Search bar in the Start Menu, along with one click access to popular Libraries. • Type the files or folders name and search it. • The system will display the list of files or folders with given names. Key Points • An operating system is systems software that controls the operation of a computer system by activating its components and provides operating environment for other software. • Basically, there are two types of interface of OS. These are command interface and graphical interface. • Popular OS are Microsoft Disk Operating System (MSDOS), Windows System, Linux, Unix, etc. • There are different versions of windows. These are Windows 98, Windows 2000 Server, Windows XP, (XP is experience), Windows Vista,Windows 7 and Windows 8 (or 10 and even later). • GUI (Graphical User Interface) system is more user friendly than CUI (Command User Interface). • Major functions of OS are file management, disk management, job scheduling, etc. • Major types of OS are single and multiple user OS, multi and single tasking OS, multi and single processing OS, etc.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 42 Exercise 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is OS? Give some example of OS. b. Write any five functions of OS. c. What is windows system? Write its advantages. d. What is user interface? Write its types. e. What is file and folder management on windows? 2. Write short notes on: a. Change font b. Desktop and icons c. Gadget d. Pin and Unpin programme e. Theme and background 3. Differentiate between: a. Single user and multi-user operating systems b. File and directory c. Pin and Unpin the programme on taskbar d. Theme and background setting e. Turn Off and Log Off the computer 4. Write full form of a. OS b. GUI c. CUI 5. Fill in the blanks a. Operating system provides __________ between user and system. b. Collection of files is called _________. c. __________ hold the deleted files on Windows system. d. Windows has __________ interface.
43 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 e. System where user can perform multiple tasks at a time is __________ operating system. f. There are __________ interfaces of operating system. 6. State True and False. a. Windows system is CUI system. b. Collection of files in a specified memory location is folder. c. Command is the instruction given to the computer to work. d. Windows system is more user friendly than MSDOS. e. Pin options show the tool. f. File is the collection of interrelated data. g. Full form of GUI is grabhitel user interface. h. File management is the process to create copy, rename and delete files. 7. Class Activity and Project Work a. Make a list of operating system software installed in your lab’s computer. b. Change the Desktop Background of your computer. c. Create a folder and copy some files on your folder on windows system. d. Add some tools on taskbar. e. Show the desktop without closing the programme. f. Search files from libraries. g. Work with Windows Explorer and search files. h. Search the files from Start button.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 44 Microsoft Word 5 Chapter 8 The concept of application of MS Word 8 The process of file handling 8 Editing the document 8 How to insert picture and format it
45 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Microsoft Word Word processor is a software package for writing, editing and updating the documents. Microsoft Word is mainly used for formatting and presenting the documents. It is developed by Microsoft Company. In this chapter you will learn about Microsoft Word 2010. Features of Word Processing • It is used for creating, saving and closing the documents. • It is used for printing documents. • It is used for formatting pages, paragraphs and sections. • It is used for finding and replacing text. Applications of Word Processing • It is used in office to prepare the documents. • It is used in book publication industries. • It is used in newspaper publications. • It is used for personal documentation. How to Start • Click on Start. • Then choose Programme . • Select Microsoft Word 2010. You will get the system of MSWord. Microsoft Word 5 Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 46 File Tab: You can click File tab to check Backstage view, which is the place to come when you need to open or save files, create new documents, print a document, and do other file-related operations. Quick Access Toolbar: You will find this just above the File tab and its purpose is to provide a convenient resting place for the most frequently used commands in Word. You can customise this toolbar based on your requirements. Ribbon: Ribbon contains commands organised in three components: Components of Microsoft Word 2010 As given on the above figure MSWord screen has the following components.
47 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • Tabs: They appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are examples of ribbon tabs. • Groups: They organise related commands; each group name appears below the group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group of commands related to alignment, etc. • Commands: Commands appear within each group as mentioned above. Title bar: This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the programme and document titles. Rulers: Word has two rulers - a horizontal ruler and a vertical ruler. The horizontal ruler appears just beneath the Ribbon and is used to set margins and tab stops. The vertical ruler appears on the left edge of the Word window and is used to show the vertical position of elements on the page. Help: The Help Icon can be used to get word related help anytime you like. This provides nice tutorial on various subjects related to word. Zoom Control: Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists of a slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out, and + buttons you can click to increase or decrease the zoom factor. View Buttons: The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets you switch among Word’s various document views.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 48 • Print Layout view: This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed. • Full Screen Reading view: This gives a full screen look of the document. • Web Layout view: This shows how a document appears when viewed by a Web browser, such as Internet Explorer. • Outline view: This lets you work with outlines established using Word's standard heading styles. • Draft view: This formats text as it appears on the printed page with a few exceptions. For example, headers and footers aren’t shown. Most people prefer this mode. Document Area: This is the area where you type. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents the location where text will appear when you type. Status Bar: This displays document information as well as the insertion point location. From left to right, this bar contains the total number of pages and words in the document, language, etc. Dialogue Box Launcher: This appears as a very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many groups on the Ribbon. Clicking this button opens a dialogue box or task pane that provides more options about the group. Entering Text Document area is the area where you type your text. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents the location where text will appear when you type. So just keep your mouse cursor at the text insertion point and start typing whatever text you would like to type. There are following two important points which would help you while typing: • You do not need to press Enter to start a new line, as the insertion
49 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 point reaches the end of the line; word automatically starts a new one. You would need to press enter if you want to have a new paragraph. • When you want to add more than one space between words, use the Tab key instead of the spacebar. Saving New Document: Prepare the document as per your requirement. Now you have to save it for future purposes. Select the required Drive or Folder and save the document using Save and Save As option. Step (1): Click the File tab and select Save or Save As option. Step (2): Select a folder where you would like to save the document, enter file
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 50 name which you want to give to your document and Select a Save as type, by default it is .docx format. Step (3): Finally, click on Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in the selected folder. The first time you can select the Save option and when you are saving the document with another name after save use Save As option. Save the document using Ctrl + S (Hold Down the Ctrl key and press S Key) Shortcut Key. Starting New Document After saving the document, you have to start the new document. So follow the steps and start the new document. Step (1): Click the File tab and select New option. Step (2): When you select New option from the first column, it will display a list of templates in second column. Just double click on Blank document, which is very first option in the template list.