101 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • Scientific : This displays cell as exponential like 5.6E+01. • Text : This displays cell as normal text. • Special : This is special format of cell like Zip code, Phone Number. • Custom : You can use custom format by using this. Text-decoration Various options available in Home tab of the ribbon as below. • Bold : It makes text highlighted by choose Home » Font Group » Click B or Press Control + B. • Italic : It makes text italic by choose Home » Font Group » Click I or Press Control + B. • Underline : It makes text underlined by choosing Home » Font Group » Click U or Press Control + B. • Double Underline : It makes text highlighted by choose Home » Font Group » Click arrow near U » Select Double Underline . Rotating Cell from Home Tab Click on the orientation in the Home tab. Choose options available like Angle Counter Clockwise, Angle Clockwise, etc.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 102 Changing Background Colour By default the background colour of the cell is white in MS Excel. You can change it as per your need from Home tab » Font group » Background colour. Rotating Cell from Formatting Cell Right Click on the cell. Choose Format cells » Alignment » Set the degree for rotation.
103 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Changing Foreground Colour By default the foreground or text colour is black in MS Excel. You can change it as per your need from Home tab » Font group » Foreground colour. Also you can change foreground colour by select cell Right click » Format cells » Font Tab » Colour. Apply Borders MS Excel enables you to apply borders to the cells. For applying border select the range of cells Right Click » Format cells » Border Tab » Select the Border Style. Then you can apply border by Home Tab » Font group »Apply Borders.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 104 Apply Shading You can add shading to the cell from the Home tab » Font Group » Select the Colour. Adjust Margins, page orientations and print Margins are the unprinted areas along the sides, top, and bottom of a printed page. All printed pages in MS Excel have the same margins. You can’t specify different margins for different pages in single worksheet. You can set margins by various ways as below. • Choose Page Layout » Page Setup » Margins drop-down list, you can select Normal, Wide, Narrow, or the custom Setting. • These options are also available when you choose File » Print. If you need new margin choose Custom Margins to display the Margins tab of the Page Setup dialogue box, as shown below.
105 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Page Orientation Page orientation refers to how output is printed on the page. If you change the orientation, the onscreen page breaks adjust automatically to accommodate the new paper orientation. Types of Page Orientation • Portrait : Portrait to print tall pages. • Landscape : Landscape to print wide pages. Landscape orientation is useful when you have a wide range that doesn’t fit on a vertically oriented page. Changing Page Orientation • Choose Page Layout » Page Setup » Orientation » Portrait or Landscape. • Choose File » Print.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 106 Formulas in MS Excel Formulas are important applications in worksheet. Without formula worksheet will be just simple tabular representation of data. A formula consists of special code which is entered into a cell. Lab Work- 3 Design the calendar as in the given format in MS Excel.
107 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Elements of Formula A formula can consist of any of these elements: • Mathematical operators, such as +(for addition) and *(for multiplication) Example: =A1+A2 Adds the values in cells A1 and A2. • Values or text Example: =200*0.5 Multiplies 200 times 0.5. This formula uses only values, and it always returns the same result as 100. • Worksheet functions (such as SUM or AVERAGE) Example: =SUM(A1:A12) Adds the values in the range A1:A12. Creating Formula For creating formula you need to type in Formula Bar. Formula begins with ‘=’ sign. When building formulas manually, you can either type in the cell addresses or you can point to them in the worksheet. Copying Formulas in MS Excel Copying formulas is one of the most common tasks that you do in a typical spreadsheet that relies primarily on formulas. When a formula uses cell references rather than constant values, Excel makes the task of copying an original formula to every place that requires a similar formula. Let us have a look at this with the help of an
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 108 example. Suppose you want the sum of all the rows at last then you will write a formula for first column i.e. B. You want sum of the rows from 3 to 8 in the 9th row. After writing formula in the 9th row, we can drag it to remaining columns and the formula gets copied. After dragging we can see the formula in the remaining columns as below. • column C : =SUM(C3:C8) • column D : =SUM(D3:D8) • column E : =SUM(E3:E8) • column F : =SUM(F3:F8) • column G : =SUM(G3:G8) Functions in Formula Many formulas you create use available worksheet functions. These are called the functions. When you type = sign and then type any letter you will see the searched functions as below.
109 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Suppose you need to determine the largest value in a range. A formula can’t tell you the answer without using a function. We will use formula that uses the MAX function to return the largest value in the range B3:B8 as =MAX(A1:D100). Lab Work- 4 Prepare the following worksheet and apply some functions.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 110 Inserting Charts The graphical presentation of the data using some standard is called inserting the chart. We can represent the data using pie-chart, bar graph, columns graph, etc. Types of Charts There are various chart types available in MS Excel. • Column : Column chart shows data changes over a period of time or illustrates comparisons among items. • Bar : A bar chart illustrates comparisons among individual items. • Pie: A pie chart shows the size of items that make up a data series, proportional to the sum of the items. It always shows only one data series and is useful when you want to emphasise a significant element in the data. • Line : A line chart shows trends in data at equal intervals. • Area : An area chart emphasises the magnitude of change over time. • X Y Scatter : An xy (scatter) chart shows the relationships among the numeric values in several data series, or plots two groups of numbers as one series of xy coordinates. • Stock : This chart type is most often used for stock price data, but can also be used for scientific data (for example, to indicate temperature changes). • Surface : A surface chart is useful when you want to find optimum combinations between two sets of data. As in a topographic map, colours and patterns indicate areas that are in the same range of values. • Doughnut : Like a pie chart, a doughnut chart shows the relationship of parts to a whole; however, it can contain more than one data series.
111 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • Bubble : Data that is arranged in columns on a worksheet so that X values are listed in the first column and corresponding Y values and bubble size values are listed in adjacent columns, can be plotted in a bubble chart. • Radar : A radar chart compares the aggregate values of a number of data series. Steps: • Select the data for which you want to create chart. • Choose Insert Tab » Select the chart or click on the Chart group to see various chart types. • Select the chart of your choice and click OK to generate the chart. Lab Work- 5 Prepare a chart using following worksheet. Schools 2068 2069 2070 2071 Bhakti Namuna 745 843 975 975 Jana Bikas 856 943 757 843 Kushumakar 665 743 767 867 Ishaneshwor 956 936 1054 1060 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 2068 2069 2070 2071 Status of the students Bhakti Namuna Jana Bikas Kushumakar Ishaneshwor
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 112 Key Points • Spreadsheet is a software that describes the concept of electronic worksheet. We can enter so much data using rows and columns. • All the horizontal parts are rows, and vertical parts are columns. • Combination of rows and columns is called worksheet. • Worksheet contains 1048576 rows and 16384 columns in MS Excel 2010. • Intersection of rows and columns is called cell. • Cell address is the location name of cell on worksheet. • We can insert graph of different size and shape on Excel. • MS Excel allows us to calculate the expressions using logical and mathematical operators. • We can format the worksheet by giving border, decimal places, etc. • The collection of worksheets saved as the Excel file is called workbook. • Chart is a graphical presentation of data on Excel. • We have to apply the formula and logic with reference to the cell address on worksheet. • Title bar, standard tool bar, formatting bar, formula bar, scroll bar, status bar are the major components of MS Excel screen. • We have to apply the formula and logic starting with = sign. • Rows headings are represented with number 1, 2, 3, . . . , 1048576 and columns headings are represented with letters as A, B, C, . . ., XFD (16384). 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is spreadsheet? b. Define worksheet. c. What is workbook? Exercise
113 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 d. What is cell? e. What is chart? Write its use. f. What is cell address? g. List some functions used on Excel. h. What is formatting of worksheet? i. Write the basic application area and features of MS Excel. 2. Write the steps to do following: a. To move the cell pointer b. To format worksheet c. To insert chart d. To copy and move data f. To add the value of C2 and D2 g. To move chart from one location to another h. To rename worksheet 3. Differentiate between: a. Rows and Columns. b. Workbook and Worksheet. c. Cell address and Cell pointer. d. Cell and Worksheet 4. Write the functions of the following: a. Sum(range) b. Ctrl + N c. Max(Range) d. Min(Range) 5. Fill in the blanks. a. All the horizontal lines are called __________. b. Intersection of rows and columns is called __________. c. Predefined formula is called __________.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 114 d. __________ is electronic spreadsheet programme. e. Combination of __________ and __________ forms a worksheet. 6. State True and False. a. Intersection of rows and columns is called worksheet. b. Collection of worksheets is called workbook. c. Functions are predefined formula. d. We can insert chart on Excel. e. Excel has worksheet, chart and data management features. A B C D E 1 Sales Collection 2 S. No. Item Quantity Rate Amount 3 1 Mouse 30 13 ? 4 2 Printer 40 18 ? 5 3 Scanner 80 20 ? 6 4 Pen 90 16 ? 7 Total ? 8 VAT ? 9 NET ? A B C D E F G H I J 1 2 Roll No. Name Math English Nepali Computer Opt. Math Total Percent 3 1 Ramesh 80 66 48 77 73 ? ? 4 2 Suyash 93 88 63 82 89 5 3 Suyasha 92 67 56 84 78 6 4 Rasmita 89 59 42 84 68 7 5 Saujan 66 64 46 64 48 8 7. Class Activity and Project Work
115 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 A B C D E F G H I 1 Expense analysis 2 S.N. Name Income Food Health House Education Extra Balance 3 1. Rajan 30000 ? ? ? ? ? 4 2. Raghabi 15000 5 3. Pallabi 35000 A B C 1 2065 2067 2068 2 West 880 790 560 3 East 980 990 880 4 North 560 720 960 5 South 680 950 880 a. Prepare a worksheet for daily sales analysis as below: b. Prepare a result sheet as below c. Prepare a worksheet for expenses analysis Given, House rent = 15% Health = 10% Education = 20% Food = 25% Extra = 15% d. Prepare a chart for population analysis of different region • Prepare a bar graph • Prepare a pie-chart • Prepare a line graph.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 116 MS Power Point 7 Chapter 8 Features of presentation programme 8 Process to prepare slides 8 Process to change the slide layout 8 Process to give slide transition and animation
117 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 MS Power Point It is a software package that can be used to present picture, texts, graphics, transitions, video-clips, sounds, etc. We use presentation package like power point that can be used for animations and transition of text and pictures. Power point is full featured presentation programme that is used to design presentation for a variety of mediums including computer based display shows and overhead projection transparencies. We can add sound and animation to the slides. The main application of power point is for advertisement, education, training, etc. It gives the facilities for presenting documents in easier way. Features of Power Point • It provides slide show for the document. • It provides several types of transitions. • It provides multimedia production facilities. • It provides presentation of documents in different formats. How to Start • Start menu → Programme → Microsoft Office → Microsoft Office PowerPoint MS Power Point 7 Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 118 The Parts of PowerPoint Window The PowerPoint Window has toolbars and panes to help you quickly create presentations. Most of the toolbars are common in Office applications but may feature options unique to PowerPoint. Title Bar: displays the document name followed by a programme name. Menu Bar: contains a list of options to manage and customise documents. Standard Toolbar: contains shortcut buttons for the most popular commands. Formatting Toolbar: contains buttons used for formatting. Status Bar: displays slide position and the type of design in PowerPoint. Drawing Toolbar: contains tools for drawing lines, shapes and objects. Task Pane: located on the right side of the computer screen, this pane allows you to select tasks in different categories and allows you to quickly enhance your slides in a few steps. It provides quick access to the most common actions and features in PowerPoint. Outline and Slides Tabbed Pane: allows the user to easily view the presentation in outline format (text), as well as a list of all the slides in the presentation (with visuals). Help: provides quick access to Help topics. The default view for PowerPoint is the Tri-Pane View. This view, which opens when you launch PowerPoint, allows you to see multiple parts of a presentation at once. The Outline and Slides Tabbed Panes are located on the left side of the screen. Click on the tabs to view an outline or a slide of your presentation. The tabs render differently based on the size of the pane. You can show or hide PowerPoint’s toolbars. Click on the View menu and choose Toolbar. Decide which ones you want to show or hide.
119 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Creating a Blank Presentation PowerPoint offers three ways to create a presentation: Blank Presentation, From Design Template or From AutoContent Wizard. The Blank Presentation option is one of the more commonly used methods. It offers several blank slides with layouts for text and graphics. To Create a Blank Presentation • Open PowerPoint. • A slide featuring a place for a title and subtitle appears by default. You may begin your presentation with this slide or choose a different slide layout. • The New Presentation Pane appears on the right side of the screen. • Under New, click Blank Presentation. • A list appears.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 120 Choosing a Slide Layout As you work on your presentation, think about the type of layout you want. You can insert text and lots of clip art and chart in slide. PowerPoint offers many layout options. To Choose a Slide Layout • Move your arrow pointer over the layouts or use the scroll bar in the Slide Layout Pane. • A grey bar appears on the right of each layout. • When you find a layout that you like, click the down-pointing arrow and choose Apply to Selected Slide. • You can also click on the slide layout to apply it. Notice that the slide you are currently working on has a dark border in the Outline Pane. Saving a Presentation You can save, close, and exit presentations in PowerPoint just as you would while using other Microsoft applications. Lab Work- 1 Prepare the following types of slides by describing your school. Introduction to Your School List of Teachers Brief history of your school Class routine Environment of your school with photo End and give Thanks!
121 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 To Save a Presentation • Click on File → Save. (Ctrl + S) • Choose the location where you want to save your presentation. • Type a name in the File Name box or keep the one that PowerPoint has provided. Creating a New Presentation Using the Traditional Method Remember, after you have closed one presentation, you can easily start a new one while PowerPoint is still open by using the traditional new file creation method. To Start a New Presentation: • Click on File → New. (Ctrl + N) • In the New Presentation Pane, under New choose Blank Presentation. • Choose the design layout that you want. Opening a Presentation You can quickly open a presentation that you’ve previously saved by using the Task Pane. To Open a Presentation • Start PowerPoint. • In the Task Pane, click on from existing presentation and select the presentation that you want to open. OR • Choose File → Open. • Select to the file you want to open.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 122 Inserting a New Slide • Click on Insert → New Slide. (Ctrl + M) • Move your arrow pointer over layouts or use the scroll bar and choose a slide layout. • A grey bar appears on the right • Click the down-pointing arrow and choose Insert New Slide. OR • Click the New Slide button at the top of the screen • Move your arrow pointer over layouts or use the scroll bar and choose a design layout. • A grey bar appears on the right • Click the down-pointing arrow and choose Insert New Slide. Copying a Slide Copying is another technique that you may use as you work on your slide presentation. For example, you may want to repeat a slide later in the presentation or copy a slide and make slight changes to it to make a different point. To Copy a Slide • Click the slide you want to copy in the pane on the left. • Click on the Copy Button on the Standard Toolbar. (Ctrl + C) • Move the arrow pointer to where you want the copied slide to appear. OR • Right click the slide you want to copy in the pane on the left. • Move the arrow pointer to where you want the copied slide to appear.
123 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • A horizontal cursor appears. • Click the Paste Button on the Standard Toolbar or right click → Paste. (Ctrl + V) Deleting a Slide • Click the slide. • Press Delete on your keyboard. OR • Right click the slide you want to delete in the pane to the left → Delete Slide. Applying a Design Template PowerPoint offers Design Templates to make it easy to create an attractive presentation. These templates come in a variety of colours and styles. You can apply a design to existing slides or begin a new presentation with a template. To Begin a New Presentation with a Design Template • Open PowerPoint. • In the Task Pane under New, click on From Design Template. • A list of templates appears. • Move your mouse pointer through the different designs or use the scroll bar. • Click on the down-pointing arrow in the grey box next to the template that you like. • Choose Apply to All Slides.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 124 Adding a Design to an Existing Presentation PowerPoint makes it easy to enhance existing slides with a design template. To Apply a Design to an Existing Presentation • Open PowerPoint. • In the Getting Started Task Pane, under Open, click on the presentation you want or select More... to browse through the files. • Click on the down-pointing arrow in the Getting Started pane and choose Slide Design - Design Templates. • A list of templates appears. • Move your mouse pointer through the different designs or use the scroll bar. • Click on the down-pointing arrow in the grey box next to the template that you like. • Choose Apply to All Slides. Inserting Pictures or Clip Art Using a Slide Design Layout Some slide layouts already have icons for clip art and pictures. PowerPoint allows you to insert pictures though these slide design layouts.
125 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 To Insert Pictures Using a Slide Design Layout • Browse the slide design layouts to find one with an icon for a picture. • Click on the picture icon. • Navigate to the picture you want to insert. • Select the picture and click Insert. Inserting a Chart PowerPoint allows you to insert charts into your slide presentation to display different types of information to your audience. To Insert a Chart • Insert a new slide with a title and a chart icon. • When the slide appears, click the Insert Chart icon. • A chart appears with a data sheet and sample data. • Replace the sample data in the data sheet with actual data that you want to present. The Y axis is for values or numbers. For example, number of hours worked or amount of money earned. The X axis is the label for the information. It now reads East, West, North. • You can delete some information in columns or rows of the sheet. Right
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 126 click on the row or column and choose Cut, Delete or Clear Contents. • To format column width, click on Format → Column width. Notice that as you enter the new data and titles, etc., the chart on the slide changes to show this new information. • If the datasheet disappears, double click on the chart and choose View → Datasheet. Inserting a Diagram or Organisation Chart An organisation chart shows hierarchal relationships in a company or organisation such as president, vice president etc. Diagrams are used to show relationships between various elements. To Insert a Diagram or Organisation Chart • Insert a new slide with a Diagram or Organisation Chart icon. • Click on the Insert Diagram or Organisation Chart icon. • When the Diagram Gallery dialogue box appears, select a diagram or chart type. • Click OK. OR If working in a blank slide, click the Insert Diagram or Organisation Chart button on the Drawing Toolbar.
127 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Inserting a Table PowerPoint also gives you the option of displaying information within your presentation in a table. To Insert a Table • Insert a new slide with a table icon. • Click on the Insert Table icon. • When the dialogue box appears, set the number of columns and rows for your table. • Click OK. • Enter the data for your table. • To format the table, choose Format → Table. • Click on the tabs and make any necessary changes. • Click OK. Inserting an AutoShape PowerPoint provides many different items that you can use to enhance your slides. For example, an AutoShape can be a useful graphical element. AutoShapes include lines, arrows, banners, stars and other shapes that you can add to your presentation. To Insert an AutoShape • Click Insert → Pictures → AutoShapes. • A small AutoShapes toolbar appears. • Click on the various options and a list of AutoShapes appears. • Choose the one for your presentation.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 128 • To format an AutoShape, right click on it and choose Format AutoShape. • A dialogue box appears with various formatting options. OR • Insert AutoShapes by clicking on the Drawing Toolbar at the bottom of the PowerPoint screen. A list of options appears. • You can click and drag an AutoShape to increase its size and you can add text by choosing Insert → Text Box. Inserting WordArt WordArt is colourful and artful text that is available in a variety of styles. It allows you to create interesting titles, logos and text in your PowerPoint presentation. To Insert Word Art • Click the WordArt button on the Drawing Toolbar. • The WordArt Gallery appears. • Choose the WordArt that best fits your slide presentation. • Click OK. • When the Edit WordArt Text dialogue box appears, click on Your Text Here to add text. Type the text for your slide. You can also make any formatting changes to your font. • Click OK. • The WordArt appears in your slide. You may drag it to where you want it to appear on your slide.
129 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 OR • Click Insert → Pictures → Word Art. OR • Click View → Toolbars →WordArt. Animating Slides Animating slides involves adding movement and sometimes sound to text or to the slides in a presentation. Animation can help create a livelier and more interesting slide show. PowerPoint provides some preset animation or allows you to customise the animation to fit your needs. Lab Work- 2 Apply the suitable themes and background on the slides and make them more attractive.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 130 To Animate Slides using Animation Schemes • Open the PowerPoint presentation that you want to work on. • Select the slide that you want to animate. • In the Task Pane, click the downpointing arrow and select Slide Design - Animation Schemes. Choosing Animation for Your Slides PowerPoint offers several options for animating your slides. • Click on Slide → Design Animation Schemes, the Slide Design pane appears with a list of options. • Click on an Animation Scheme. • Preview different schemes to see which one best fits your slides. • You can apply different animation to each individual slide or click on APPLY TO ALL SLIDES. • Once you have applied your animation you can click on Play or Slide Show to view it. • Remove animation by selecting No Animation in the white box. Adding Custom Animation You can also decide how text and other slide elements ‘perform’ by using custom animation. You can add effect, set speed and direction, and animate text on your own. For example, you can decide how words or graphics enter or exit a slide. You may want to begin by adding effect to the titles in your presentation.
131 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 To Add Effect to Text • Open the presentation you want to add an effect to. • Click on the down-pointing arrow in the Task Pane → Custom Animation. • Click the text that you want to add an effect to. • The Add Effect button will be activated. • Click on Add Effect → Entrance. • A list of options appears for the entrance including Blinds, Box, Checkboard, and Fly In. • Decide how your text will appear on the screen and choose an option. • You can easily remove the effect by clicking Remove. Or, you can modify it by setting direction and speed underneath Modify. Adding Transition Once you’ve completed all of your slides, create a cohesive presentation by adding transition. You can move from slide to slide with interesting transitions that affect the timing, entrance and exit of your slides. A transition is an effect that is applied to some or all of the slides in a presentation. To Make Transitions from Slide to Slide • Click on Slide Show → Slide Transition. OR • In the Task Pane, click on the downpointing arrow and select Slide Transition. • In the Slide Transition pane, choose
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 132 the effect you want from the drop-down menu. Eg. Blinds Horizontal, Blinds Vertical, Box In and Box Out. • Automatically preview each transition by clicking on it. • Click Apply to All when you have chosen an effect. • Choose to advance from slide to slide on mouse click or automatically after the number of seconds that you select. Lab Work- 3 Apply the Animation and Slide Transition on slides and view them.
133 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Previewing a Slide Show PowerPoint allows you to view your show in slide show format. To Preview a Slide Show • Click on View → Slide Show. (F5) OR • Click on Slide Show → View Show. OR • Click on the Slide Show button to start the presentation. • To move to the next slide, click the mouse. (Space bar or Enter). • When the screen goes dark, click the screen to return to the PowerPoint screen. • You can exit the slide show by pressing ESC on the keyboard at any time. Key Points • PowerPoint is a slide presentation programme developed by Microsoft Company. • Slides are the pages of PowerPoint. • PowerPoint is available for multimedia work, presentations, advertisement design etc. • We can use multimedia data like Graph, Pictures, Animation, etc on the PowerPoint presentation. • Slide layout is an application for changing the slide design sample. • We have to insert the slides as per our requirement from insert menu. • We have to use Slide Sorter option to view multiple pages or slides on PowerPoint application. • Design template gives different types of design sample to apply on slide. • We can insert picture, table and other drawing samples on PowerPoint slide. • Auto Content wizard is used to design the PowerPoint presentations. • Master slide is the main slide of PowerPoint that controls all working slides.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 134 Exercise 1. Answer these questions. a. What is a slide presentation programme? b. List any five features of PowerPoint programme. c. Which company developed PowerPoint ? d. Write some application areas of PowerPoint. e. List some parts of PowerPoint. f. Write down the steps to create a blank presentation. g. What is slide transition? h. What is animation? 2. Write short notes on: a. Animation b. Design templates c. Slide layout sample d. Slide transition e. Slide show 3. Differentiate between: a. Slide transition and slide animation. b. Inserting picture and inserting graph on slide. c. Title slide and column slide. 4. Fill in the blanks: a. To select the layout of slide to design, we have to choose ………….layouts sample. b. Design ………………is used to apply different design on slide. c. Movement of slide is called …………..transition. d. Movement of text is called ………… 5. State true or false: a. Slides are called pages of Power Point. b. Slide transition helps to move the text of slide. c. Custom animation helps to give movement of text on pages. d. We can apply different design format using design template. e. We have to select required slide sample from slide layout. 6. Lab and project work: a. Design some slides about your school by using following slides: i. Title slide ii. Bulleted list slide iii. Column slide iv. Slide with table v. Slide with chart vi. Slide with organisation chart b. Apply some design template to above slide. c. Apply costume animation and slide transition where suitable to make above slide attractive.
135 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 ICT, Cyber Law and Computer Ethics 8 Chapter 8 The concept of cyber law 8 The concept of ICT 8 Use and application of computer ethics 8 The concept of computer virus
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 136 Concept of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology and can be defined as a set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information. These technologies include computers, the internet, broadcasting technologies (Radio and Television), and telephony. ICT (Information and Communication Technology - or Technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phone, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems, as well as various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning. Information and Communication Technology is a term that covers all forms of computer and communication equipment and software used to create, store, transmit, interpret, and manipulate information. The term ICT is now also used to refer to the merging of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. ICT, Cyber Law and 8 Computer Ethics Chapter
137 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Cyber law Now-a-days general business has changed into e-business, general administration into e-administration, general banks into e-banking system and general payment into e-payment system using debit and credit cards. So it is getting very difficult to collect tax, maintain financial discipline, and control illegal transaction and fraud. To regulate the activities of government and citizens, some laws and ethical issues related to electronic transactions are coded and explained in what is termed as cyber law. Basically it deals with: • Digital signature • Use of telecommunication law • Intellectual property rights law • Cyber crime law • Data protection and privacy law • Electronic Transaction Act (ETA) Computer Ethics Computer ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behaviour of a group or individual. It tells the user about right or wrong in using the computer technology. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights, privacy concerns and how computer affects the society. Computer ethics are increasingly becoming important because of the rising number of cyber crime issues, including software piracy, unauthorised access, pornography and spamming. This is to make people realise about the wrong deeds so that they should not commit crimes unknowingly. Ethical Issues in Computing We know that ethics is the morality, social norms and values which define what to do and what not to do with computer system and information society. Some ethical issues in computing can be listed as below: • Do not use pirated software. We have to stop software piracy by using paid and certified original version of software. • Do not use computer for illegal work to harm individuals and society.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 138 • Do not use computer system to steal. • Never hack the computer system and stop the spread of computer viruses to harm the computer system. • Do not use the computer system to bear false witness. • Do not access others' resources without getting permission to access. • Use the computer system to respect social norms, values, harmony and culture. • Provide equal access to the computer system and do not discriminate according to gender, culture, caste, etc. Key Points • All the legal and regulatory aspects of internet and internet-based work are called cyber law. • Cyber law deals with digital signature, telecommunication law, cyber crime law, electronic transaction act, etc. • Digital signature is similar to the ordinary signature that is used to authenticate the users. • Intellectual property rights deal with the copyright, patent right and trademark. • The process to get unauthorised access to the computer system by cracking the software is called hacking. • Ethics is the morality of individuals, society and political society. • Ethical issues of computer deal with the issues of what to do and what not to do with computer system. • The process to change the user language message into machine code form and again into message is encryption and decryption. • Cyber crime is a criminal activity involving the information technology infrastructure. 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is cyber law? b. Write the importance of cyber law. Exercise
139 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 c. What is cyber crime? d. What is ethics? e. Explain some ethical issues in computing. f. Discuss some aspects of cyber law. 2. Write short notes on: a. ICT b. Ethical issues 3. Differentiate between: a. Cyber law and ethical issues b. Ethics on computing and cyber laws 4. Fill in the blanks. a. Full form of ICT is ____________. b. A criminal activity related to electronic infrastructure is ____________ crime. c. Antivirus is used to ____________ virus. d. Full form of ETA is ____________. 5. State True or False. a. Copyright act is strong in Nepal. b. The law that provides a legal framework to facilitate and safeguard electronic transaction in the electronic medium is called electronic transaction act. c. Intellectual property rights deals with copyright trademark and patent right. d. We should not use computer system for illegal work. e. Cyber law provides a detailed provision for controlling cyber related work. 6. Project Work a. Describe the cyber law in Nepal. b. What is ethics? Explain some ethical issues in computing.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 140 Computer Viruses 9 Chapter 8 Concept of computer viruses 8 Types of computer viruses 8 Ways viruses spread 8 Remedies to viruses
141 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Computer Virus Computer viruses are small programmes that are designed to replicate, attach to other programmes, and perform unsolicited and malicious actions to the software system. These programmes are placed into a commonly used programme so that it runs the attached virus programmes as it boots, open or executes, therefore, it is said that the virus “infects” the executable file or programme. These are entered from external sources and easily hide in healthy software. A virus is inactive until you execute an infected programme or application or start your computer from a disk that has infected system files. Once a virus is active, it loads into your computer’s memory and may save itself to your hard drive or copies itself to applications or system files on disks you use. Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programmes, deleting files, or even erasing your entire hard drive. Many viruses do nothing more than display a message or make sounds or verbal comments at a certain time or a programming event after replicating themselves to be picked up by other users. Other viruses make your computer’s system behave irregularly or crash frequently. So virus has the ability to infect different portion of the computer hardware and software system. Forms of Computer Viruses In the same way as viruses harm peoples’ bodies, computer viruses can do Computer Viruses 9 Chapter
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 142 considerable damage to computer systems. Viruses are infections. Computer infections can come in several forms and your computer can “catch” one in several ways: • An email virus is one type of computer virus. An email virus can travel through attachments in email messages and can automatically replicate itself by mailing itself to dozens or even hundreds of people on your list of contacts found in your online address book. There are email viruses that can launch themselves into your computer while you are simply viewing the messasge. You don’t even need to double-click the message in order for the message to install itself. • A Trojan horse is not a virus. It is a computer programme that claims to be a game but, in actuality, will just do damage once you run it. It may even erase your hard disk. It cannot automatically replicate itself. • A worm is a type of software called malware that uses security holes and computer networks in order to replicate itself. The worm will scan the network for machines which carry a particular security hole. It will then copy itself to the machine through the security hole and will start replicating itself. Viruses in general, start working and spreading once you start using the application or programme to which the virus is attached. For instance, a programme that has a virus in it will place the virus in the system’s memory each time that programme is run. How to Protect from Viruses Antivirus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malicious effects and other computer viruses. Antivirus software systems detect and search the malicious patterns and viruses in executable code. It is possible for a user to be infected with new viruses that have no sign or symptoms of existence. To counter this problem of zero threats, antivirus systems can be used to detect and remove these viruses when you don’t even know that they are there. Be cautious about what disks and files you accept from other people. Here are some precautions and detection methods for viruses. • Don’t reuse disks that have been in other computers, don’t download files from insecure sites, and don’t open e-mail attachments from unknown senders. Scan the email attachments, disks first and then only use them.
143 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 • If your system has old antivirus and cannot detect a virus, update antivirus from the web site and install updated antivirus then run the antivirus. The software may not be able to delete the virus, but it may be able to identify it. • Run virus scan software to make sure the virus was removed properly. • Use only the branded genuine software and stop software piracy. • Some tools used to give security from the virus infection are: antivirus, scandisk, use of firewall etc. Antivirus Software Antivirus software is the system that scans, detects and removes the viruses from the disk or email attachment. So many companies have developed software to detect and remove the viruses. Nowa-days, we have some standard antivirus software available in the market. They are: • The Shield Deluxe Antivirus & Antispyware • Web root Antivirus with Antispyware 6.0 • Bit Defender Antivirus • CA Anti-Virus Plus • McAfee Virus Scan Plus • Norton Antivirus 2 • ESET NOD 32 • Kaspersky Anti-Virus • Avira antivirus • AVG Antivirus
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 144 Key Points • Antivirus is software that scans, detects and removes the viruses from the disk or email attachment. • Antivirus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malicious effects and other computer viruses. • Computer viruses are small programmes that are designed to replicate, attach to other programmes, and perform unsolicited and malicious actions to the software system. • Virus is inactive until you execute an infected programme or application or start your computer from a disk that has infected system files. • Run virus scan software to make sure the virus was removed properly. • Now a days, we have some standard antivirus software available in the market. 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is computer virus? b. How can we protect computer from virus? c. Define Trojan and worm. d. What are the precautions to protect computers from virus? e. Name any five antivirus software. 2. State True or False: a. McAfee is an example of virus. b. Antivirus software is the system that scans, detects and removes the viruses. c. Use only the branded genuine software and stop software piracy. d. Reuse disks that have been in other computers without scan. e. Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data. 3. Project Work a. Make a list of antivirus which are currently available in market. b. Name the types of virus. c. List the steps to remove virus from computer. Exercise
145 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Computer Networking System 10 Chapter 8 The concept of computer network 8 Types of computer networking 8 Devices to make network 8 Computer network topologies
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 146 A system where computers are connected to each other so that we can transfer data and information between various users is called a computer networking system. In the process, multiple computers are connected to share the resources. A structured networking system helps users to share the hardware, software and database. Advantages and Disadvantages of Networking Advantages • It helps to share information between various computers. • It helps to share hardware and software between users. • It provides central control over various computers using the server computer. • It is a faster and cheaper communication system. • It helps to share printer, disk space, programme, etc. So it reduces the cost. Computer Networking 10 System Chapter
147 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Disadvantages • It is expensive to install. • Data security may be in threat due to the high number of users. • It needs technical personnel to control and handle the networking system. Devices Required for Computer Networking To make a network structure, we need the following devices. 1. Computers: We need some computers to make server and clients/workstation on the computer network. Server computer is the main computer that controls and serves the data to the clients. 2. Network cards: Network Interface Card popularly known as Network Card is essential to connect the computers using communication media. 3. Communication media: The path to transfer data from one computer to another is communication media. There are two types of communication media to connect the computers. These are wired and wireless communication media. 4. Network connecting devices: Different devices like Hub, Switch, Bridge and Repeaters are used to connect the computers in network. 5. Signal conversion devices: Different devices like Modem, Router, Gateway are used to convert the signals from analogue to digital and vice versa.
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 148 Basically LAN structure uses a simple wired network connection. It has a main computer that works like a server and different work stations where users are located. Most of the LAN is inside a room like your computer lab and within a building like your school. Now-a-days, it is possible to establish a wireless LAN within a building. 6. Communication software: Different software like Windows, Linux etc. are used to connect the computers in a network structure. They are called network administrators. Types of Networking Computer networks can be classified on the basis of geographical locations in three broad categories. • Local Area Network (LAN) • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • Wide Area Network (WAN) Local Area Network A local area network is a low coverage network that exists in a single office within a limited area. Depending on the needs of an organisation and the type of technology used, we can make the LAN within a room, office premises and nearby offices. Single Building LAN Multiple Building LAN Backbone
149 Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or may be a big structure of connecting a number of LANs into a larger network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. MAN may be totally owned and operated by a private company, like TV channel. It may be operated by a public company, such as a local telephone company. Many telephone companies provide a popular MAN service called Switched Multi-megabit Data Services (SMDS). Wide Area Network The term Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to describe a computer network covering a regional, national and global area. For example, for a large company the headquarters might be in Kathmandu and regional branches at Pokhara, Biratnagar, Dharan and Lamjung Bhorletar. Here MAN connection North City LAN East City LAN West City LAN Public City Network
Oasis Radiant Computer Science, Book 7 150 regional centers are connected to headquarters through WAN. The distance between computers connected to WAN is larger. Therefore the transmission medium used is normally telephone lines, microwaves and satellite links. A wide area network provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over a large geographical area that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world. In contrast to LAN, WANs may utilise public, leased and private communication devices, usually in communication and can therefore cover unlimited wide areas. Popular example of WAN is internet. Network Topologies In networking, the term topology is the way of connecting computers in a network. There are many ways in which computers are connected together in a computer network. Therefore, network topology is defined as: the schemes of joining a number of computers in the form of a network. It is the standard configuration to connect the computer in a network structure. There are four commonly used network topologies. These are: • Star topology • Ring topology • Bus topology • Mesh topology Star Topology In a star network, each node (computer or other device) is directly connected to the central computer or Hub that provides connection points for nodes on the network. The star topology is the most common topology in use today. In star network, information is transmitted from one computer to another through Hub. This form of network configuration looks like a star as shown in the figure above. Star topology