EGLISH MODULE FOR SOCIOLOGY Penulis Meli Fauziah ISBN: Editor dan Layouting Ahmad Jamaludin Desain Cover Meli Fauziah Diterbitkan Oleh: Edwrite Publishing Jl. Kosambi, Pasirbiru, Kota Bandung Layanan SMS/WA: 0821120492063 Website: www.edwrite.co.id Email: [email protected] Cetakan Pertama, 2019 134 Halaman; 14 X 20 cm HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI UNDANG-UNDANG Dilarang memperbanyak atau memindah sebagian atau keseluruhan isi buku ini ke dalam bentuk apa pun tanpa seizin tertulis dari pihak penerbit.
i PREFACE In the name of Allah, Most Gracious Most Merciful Thanks to Allah, English Module has been published for the Sociology students especially students at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. In this new edition, the main objective is speaking and reading ability. To that end, there are daily conversations, short readings and general knowledge by various exercises are included. All the passage are considered to be at intermediate level of proficiency. This English module will not have meaning if we don’t understand it. In addition, it’s just the first step to begin productive. However, the understanding of its contents remains to require the dept. Hopefully, this module may serve its purpose in helping students progress in their language study. Last but not least, as nobody knows everything I believe that there is no perfect work done by human being. For this reason, it is imperative that this module be studied critically to find out our parts that need revising. May God bless us all. Amin. Bandung, 1st September 2019 Author, Meli Fauziah, M.A
ii
iii LIST OF CONTENT PREFACE................................................................................... i LIST OF CONTENT................................................................ iii UNIT 1 GLOBAL VILLAGE....................................................1 UNIT 2 A NEW STUDENT ......................................................9 UNIT 3 MY FRIENDS ............................................................17 UNIT 4 COMMUNITY ...........................................................28 UNIT 5 CULTURE ..................................................................38 UNIT 6 SOCIAL INTERACTION ..........................................46 UNIT 7 DIALOGUE................................................................55 UNIT 8 SOCIAL STRATAFICATION...................................66 UNIT 9 SOCIAL CHANGE ....................................................78 UNIT 10 SOCIAL PROBLEM ................................................91 UNIT 11 CRIME....................................................................103 UNIT 12 GENDER ................................................................110 UNIT 13 WATER ..................................................................118 UNIT 14 GOOD NEWS.........................................................121 REFERENCES.......................................................................133
iv
1 UNIT 1 GLOBAL VILLAGE Conversation: Meeting Someone Listen and Practice Novi : Hi! My name is Noviyanti. You can call me yanti. I am from Bogor. What is your name? Hardi : I’m Hardiyansah. My nick name is hardi. Novi : Is that H-A-R-D-Y? Hardi : No, it’s H-A-R-D-I. Novi : Where are you from Hardi? Hardi : I’m from Sukabumi Novi : Oh really? Nice to meet you Hardi : Nice to meet you too Novi : By the way, do you study here? Hardi : Yes, I take Sociology majoring. Novi : How about you. I’m too Hardi : Hi, Novi, may I know your phone number? Novi : It’s 08124356444 Hardi : Thank you very much. Novi : Your welcome
2 Exercise 1 Complete these conversation! A : What is……...........name? B : His name …...........nurdin. ……..…… a salesman. A : Where …. ..............he from? B : …. …............from Bekasi. X : ….......... is........… name? Y : …. name …......... Indri. She …. ........an employee. X : …..........is …....... from? Y : She …. ........... from Majalengka. A : …...............are …….. names? B : Their names are Adi and Doni. ...........are students of UIN SGD Bandung. A : Where are …. from? B : They ….. ….. Sumatera. Exercise 2 Write am, is, or are in the blank space in each sentence! 1. We …...............in the office 2. Ms. Ani………...a sosiologists. 3. We…….............almost ready 4. My friend and I....…….not tall. 5. She…...........a new student. 6. Dedi and Aldi....…….classmate. 7. It……................9.30 am. 8. ……............books interesting? 9. The mice…..............not too big 10. The men…..................angry.
3 Reading Text The Global Village What do you think the term Global Village means? More and more often, the term global village is used to describe the world and itspeople. In a typical village, however, everyone knows everyone else and the people face thesae kinds of problems. How can the world be a vilage, when it is home to almost 6 billionpeople? Political and technological changes in the past century have ade the global villagepossible.The years following world war II seemed to promise peace and more equality amongpeople. For example, The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help countries resolvedisputes peacefully. This promise was soon shattered, however, by the cold wartension between The United States and The Soviet Union. These two superpowers engaged in anarms race, spending huge sums of money on weapons. The other nations of the world weresplit into two sides, and the world was frozen in a perpetual state of hostility, seemingly onthe brink of destruction. It was not until the collapse of the communist governents in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1991 that the Cold War ended and the political cliatechanged. The end of Cold War tension made the global village more politically possible by opening new channels of communication between nations. Technologically, the greatest contributor to the global village is the microchip- anelectronic circuit on a tiny chip. The microchip has made satellites and computers possible.These form of high-
4 tech communications allow news and ideas to travel quickly from country to country, making people aware of their neighbours around the globe in dramatic new ways. Through the internet, we can get information from computers anywhere and carryon electronic conversations with people everywhere. Through television programs transmitted by satellite, we are exposed to many cultures.What will happen as we move into the twenty-first century and beyond? Almostcertainly the developent of the global village will continue. Not only is this possible, but thechallenges that the world faces-for example, pollution, population, growth, and conflictsamong people- will make it necessary. Exercise 4 Use the information above to explain the following terms in your own words. 1. What is The United Nations? 2. What was the Cold War? 3. Who were the superpowers? 4. What was the arms race? 5. What is the microchip? 6. What is a global village? Exercise 5 Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false 1. There are two changes that have made the global village possible. 2. After 1991 the globa village was more politically possible. 3. Microchip has made satellites and computers possible As we ove to 21st century, the global village will end. 4. The challenges that the world faces will make the global village still continue.
5 Exercise 6 Pairwork:Talk about these questions 1. What do you think are some of the advantages of a global village for individuals and nations? 2. Some people say that there are disadvantages to a global village that we are coming too much alike. Do you agree? Why or why not? 3. What other challenges do you think the world will face in the twenty-first century? Which do you consider the most serious? Exercise 7 Vocabulary Exercise. 1. The image you see in the mirror is your ______ a. reflection b. memory c. recollection d. picture 2. A person who doesn‟t eat meat is known as a ______ a.vegetarian b. chemist c. grocer d. poullterer 3. Jim made a ________ in his calculation, so his sum was wrong a. hole b. mistake c. request d. answer 4. It was a great ______ to his parents when he failed the exam. a. Luck b.Encouragement c. happinessd. disappointment 5. Shall we ______ a dish of noodles? a. call b. ask c. order d. say 6. I have an _______ with the optician this afternoon. a. Obstruction b. Opposition c. appointment d. approval 7. The scientist used a _______ to study the bacteria. a.Telescope b. Stethoscope c. horoscope d. icroscope 8. Rebecca went to the library to borrow some _______ a.stationery b. Scripture c. literature d. pens 9. The guests thanked the _________ at the end of the party. a. diners b. host c. members d. participants. 10. I have no ______ for people who fall ill because of over eating. a. Symphaty b. Consolidation c. kindness d. emotion.
6 11. Mr. Chan informed us that the meeting would be ______ in the halla. a. made b. taken c. met d. held. 12. Goods sent out from a country are known as ______. a. contraband b. Exports c. imports d. baggage. 13. It is not _______ to smoke in cinemasa. a. Improper b. Ilegal c. confusing d. permitted. 14. The scientist became famous for his amazing ______. a. adventure b. story c. concert d. discovery 15. Elizabeth ______ the lights before going to bed. a. turned over b. turned in c. turned off d. turned away WRITING Write about your environment or place where you live now! Simple Present (a) I am Muslim (b) We are students (c) Lion, tiger, and wolf are wild animal The simple present says thet something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is usd for general statements of fact (d) I study for two hours every night. (e) My class begins at nine. (f) He always eats fried rice for breakfast. The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity. (g) I have only a 60rb right now. (h) He needs a pen right now (i) They come here. Certain verbs are not used in the progressive tenses. With these verbs, the simple present may indicate a situation that exist rght now, at the moment of speaking.
7 Simple Present Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + Vinfinitive (s/es) + O ( -) S + Do/does + not + Vinf + O (?) Do/Does + S + Vinf + O Notes: They, We, I, You: Vinf do She, He, It, Adi : Vinf (s/es) /does Jika sudah menggunakan does maka kata kerjanya tidak ditambah s/es (+) He speaks English (-) He doesn’t speak English (?) Does he speak English? You speak English She speaks English She doesn’t speak English Does he speak English? Nominal Examples (+) I + am + Complement She, He, It + is + C The,We,You + are + C (-) S + is, am, are + not + C (?) Is, am, are + S + C? Notes: Complement terdiri dari: Adjective: happy, good, sad ….. Noun : student, teacher …….. Adverb: here, at class ….. Pronoun: mine, hers, yours ……… (+) He is happy (-) He isn’t happy (?) Is he happy? I am sad She is a student They are in the office This book is yours Usage Time Signal Menyatakan kebiasaan (habitual action) Always = selalu Often = sering
8 We eat rice everyday. She usually cries. Menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth) The sun rises in the east. A year has 12 months. Seldom = jarang Never = tidak pernah Sometimes = kadangkadang On and off = kadangkadang Steadily = terusmenerus Generally = umumnya Occasionally = kadangkadang Usually = biasanya Once a week = sekali seminggu Every …… = setiap Question Words Examples (S) QWs + Vinf (s/es) + O? (V) QWv + do/does + S + do? (O) Qwo + do/does + S + Vinf? (A) Qwa + do/does + S + Vinf? They speak English at class a b c d Who speaks English at class? What do they do at class? What do they speak at class? Where do they speak English?
9 UNIT 2 A NEW STUDENT Conversation: a new student Listen and Practice Students : Excuse me, please. Are you Mr. Syarif? Mr.Syarif : Yes, that’s right. What can I do for you? Students : We are new students. Today, you have class in the first semester. Mr. Syarif : O ya, I remember it. Where is the room? Students : It’s on the third floor at F5. Mr. Syarif : Have all the students come to class? Students : There are some students still outside of the class, sir. Mr. Syarif : Ok... Now, I will come into class. Please, you prepare the agenda of class and ask your friend to come at class. Students : Okay, We’ll do that. Thank you......... Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the pronouns provided below passage! One pronoun can be used more than one time! Bram is a journalist in Cirebon. ............... busy man. ............ work is very interesting. .............. wife is Karin. Karin
10 is a busy woman. ............... is a teacher at a language school in Jakarta. ........... job is very interesting, too. Bram and Karin have two sons. ........ are Billy and Agus. Bram and Karin like ......... sons very much. They are proud of them. Agus and Billy always prepare what they need by themselves because ................... know that .......... parent are very busy. Reading Text What is Sociology? Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social
11 movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development. Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. The research methods sociologists use are varied. Sociologists observe the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments. The research methods and theories of sociology yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social problems and prospects in the contemporary world. By better understanding those social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives. The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences — what C. Wright Mills called “the sociological imagination” — is extremely valuable academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a changing and complex society. Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically about human social life, and how to ask important research questions. They know how to design good social research projects, carefully collect and analyze empirical data, and formulate and present their research findings. Students trained in sociology also know how to help others understand the way the social world works and how it might be changed for the better. Most generally, they have learned how to think, evaluate, and communicate clearly, creatively, and effectively. These are all abilities of tremendous value in a wide variety of vocational callings and professions. Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives. Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-
12 for-granted views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history. Although sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people it included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century also helped set the stage for the sociologists that would follow. This period was the first time in history that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life. The Birth Of Sociology The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the “Father of Sociology.” Comte felt that science could be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts regarding gravity and other natural laws, Comte thought that scientific analyses could also discover the laws governing our social lives. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of positivism to sociology—a way to understand the social world
13 based on scientific facts. He believed that, with this new understanding, people could build a better future. He envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. Other events of that time period also influenced the development of sociology. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were times of many social upheavals and changes in the social order that interested the early sociologists. The political revolutions sweeping Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to a focus on social change and the establishment of social order that still concerns sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also concerned with the Industrial Revolution and rise of capitalism and socialism. Additionally, the growth of cities and religious transformations were causing many changes in people’s lives. Other classical theorists of sociology from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries include Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in sociology, most of the early sociological thinkers were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. The diversity of their trainings is reflected in the topics they researched, including religion, education, economics, inequality, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and theology. These pioneers of sociology all had a vision of using sociology to call attention to social concerns and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were lavishly wealthy and many factory workers despairingly poor, they attacked the rampant inequalities of the day and focused on the role of capitalist economic structures in perpetuating these inequalities. In Germany, Max Weber was active in politics while in France, Emile Durkheim advocated for educational reform. In Britain, Harriet Martineau advocated for
14 the rights of girls and women, and in the US, W.E.B. DuBois focused on the problem of racism. Exercise 2 Answer The Questions below! 1. What is sociology? 2. Why did August Comte coin as the father of sociology? 3. Explain about the theory of positivism of August Comte! 4. What happpen in the eighteenth century? 5. Tell about the phenomenon of Industrial revolution? Exercise 3 Choose the correct answer! 1. Early sociologists wanted to model sociology after the prestigious and influential disciplines of? A. Economics, history, and philosophy B. physics, biology, ans chemistry C. antropology, criminology an psychology D. electrical, chemical and civil engineering 2. The ____________ was a period of intellectual development and change characterized by the belief that people could comprehend and control the universe by means of reason and empirical research. A. Renaissance B. Industrial revolution C. Enlightment D. Golden age 3. The conservative reaction to the Enlightenment tended to see modern social changes such as industrialization, urbanization, and bureaucratization as having_________. A. Disorganizing effects on society as a whole B. Positive consequences for workers C. Proven the worth of our scientific knowledge D. Restributed wealth to rich elites at the expense of the poor
15 4. According to Auguste Comte, groups, societies, sciences, and individuals all go through the following three stages: A. Logicians B. Positivist C. Pragmatists D. Anglophiles 5. Emile Durkheim believed that ___________ is not a necessary part of the modern world and that it could be reduced by _________. A. Inequality; restribution of wealth B. Deviance;education C. Religion; science D. Social disorder; social reform 6. Social facts are forces and structures that are: A. Internal to and coercive, the individual B. Exsternal to and coercive, the individual C. Internal to and coercive, social organization D. Exsternal to and coicive, social organization 7. G.W.F. Hegel's philosophy of ___________ emphasized the importance of the mind and mental products rather than the material world. A. Monadism B. Spiritualism C. Idealism D. Utilitarianism Exrcise 4 Based on the text above, decide whether these statements are true or false 1. During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of people left the industrial occupations offered in burgeoning factories to work on farms in protest against poor wages and working conditions. 2. Whereas Enlightenment thinkers tended to emphasize society and large-scale phenomena, the conservative
16 reaction led to a major sociological interest in the individual. 3. Durkheim's work was ignored in France throughout his lifetime. It was only recognized after German sociologists adopted his methods and ideas. 4. Marx tended to view Weber and the Weberians of his day as economic determinists who offered single-cause theories of social life. 5. Comte, Spencer, Marx and Freud all tended to see society as an organism. Exercie 5 Write about your activities as a new student! ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... Pronoun Subject Object Possessive Depende Reflexive nt Independe nt They Them Their Theirs Themselv es We Us Our Ours Ourselves I Me My Mine Myself You You Your Yours Yourself She Her Her Hers Herself He Him His His Himself It It Its - Itself
17 UNIT 3 MY FRIENDS Conversation Listen and practice! Sarah : What are you doing after class? Denis : I’m eating at the canteen with Yani. Do you want to join us? Sarah : No, thanks. I am going to Library. Denis : What kind of book do you like to read? Sarah : I like reading novel. Denis : By the way, do you look at Yani? Sarah : Yes, I meet her at mosque. Denis : Ok, I am going to pick her up there. See you... Sarah : See you..... Exercise 1 Complete these conversations using the present continuous. Then practice them. A : Which one is Nurul? What…………she……….. (wear)? B : She………..(sit) on the sofa. She ……….. (wear) a green blouse.
18 A : …………Doni and Diana …………. (come) to the party? B : No, Doni ……… ……… (study) for an exam, and Diana ……………… (work) late. A : Where………..Siti …………? B : She ………. …………….. (get) vegetables from the refrigerator. A : ……………Zaki…………(date) Nabila? B : No, he……….. ………. (go) out with Nisa these days. A : How …………..you……….(go) home? B : Bintang ………. ………….. (give) me a ride, I hope! Exercise 2 Now write five questions like these about your classmates. Then turns asking your questions! Is Fadilla wearing jeans today? Where is Ahmad sitting? What is habib doing? Who is sitting on the left Ade? Are Mumun and May listening to the teacher? Is Yeni calling someone? Reading Text SOSIOLOGISTS FIGURES Throughout sociology's history, there have been many famous sociologists who have left their mark on the field of sociology as well as the world at large. Learn more about these sociologists by browsing though this list of some of the most famous thinkers in sociolgogy history. For a more detailed profile, click on the names of the sociologists below.
19 Auguste Comte. Hulton Archive/Getty Images Karl Marx. Sean Gallup/Getty Images 1858-1917 1. Auguste Comte August Comte is known as the founder of positivism and is credited with coininging the term sociology. Comte helped shape and expand the field of sociology and placed a great deal of emphasis in his work on systematic observation and social order. » 2. Karl Marx Karl Marx is one of the most famous figures in the founding of sociology. He is known for his theory of historical materialism, which focuses on the way social order, like class structure and hierarchy, emerges out of the economic system of a society. He theorized this relationship as a dialectic between the base and superstructure of society. Some of his notable works, like "The Manifesto of the Communist Party," were co-written with Friedrich Engels. Much of his theory is contained in the series of volumes titled Capital. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the "thinker of the millennium" by people. from around the world. » 3. Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim is knows as the "father of sociology" and is a founding figure in the field of sociology. He is credited with making sociology a science. One of his most famous pieces of work includes Suicide: A Study In Sociology, and another important work of his that focuses on how society functions and regulates itself is The Division of Labor in Society
20 . Max Weber. Hulton Archive/Getty Images Harriet Martineau by Richard Evans. 4. Max Weber Max Weber was a founding figure of the field of sociology and is considered one of the most famous sociologists in history. He is known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic" as well as his ideas on bureaucracy. Click here to learn more about Weber's take on how Protestant religious values combined with the early capitalist economy in the American colonies to create the ideological and economic foundation of the U.S., and here to read about his famous theory of the "iron cage." 5. Harriet Martineau Though wrongfully neglected in most sociology classes today, Harriet Martineau was a prominent British writer and political activist, and one of the earliest Western sociologists and founders of the discipline. Her scholarship focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote prolifically about sexism and gender roles. » 6. W.E.B. Du Bois W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist best known for his scholarship on race and racism in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War. He was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University and served as the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910. His most notable works include The Souls of Black Folk, in which he advanced his theory of "double consciousness," and his massive tome on the social structure of U.S. society, Black Reconstruction. »
21 Alexis de Tocqueville by Théodore Chassériau (1850) Antonio Gramsci. Michel Foucault. 9. Michel Foucault Michel Foucault was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual and activist best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology" how institutions wield power by creating discourses that are used to control people. He is one of the most widely read and cited social theorists, and his theoretical contributions are still important and relevant today. 8. Antonio Gramsci Antonio Gramsci was an Italian political activist and journalist who wrote prolific social theory while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government from 1926-34. He advanced Marx's theory by focusing on the role of intellectuals, politics, and media in maintaining the dominance of the bourgeois class in a capitalist system. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions. » 7. Alexis de Tocqueville Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville, a sociologist best known for his book Democracy in America. Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science. »
22 Wright Mills. Archive Photos/Getty Images Exercise 4 Answer The Questions below! 1. What do Sociologists do? 2. What is your sociological imagination? 3. Mention 3 the origins of sociology! 4. Please tells about Marxism, feminism, functionalism! Exercise 5 Choose A, B. C or D to find the correct answer! 1. The author Sociological Imagination A. Karl marx B. Emil Durkheim C. Wright Mills D. August Comte 2. The person who coined the name sociology A. Wright Mills B. Emil Durkheim C.August Comte D. Karl marx 3. A quality of mind, a capacity to understand the interplay of individual and society, biography and history and the world A. Conflict Theory B. Siciological Imagination C. Systems Theory D. Structural Functionalism 10. C. Wright Mills C. Wright Mills is known for his controversial critiques of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959). He also studied power and class in the United States, as displayed in his book The Power Elite (1956)
23 4. Modern sociological analysis of formal organisation began with the work of A. G. C. Homan B. Robert Redfield C. Max Weber D. Ross 5. Which of the following statements is true of Karl Marx? A. Marx was the first person to call himself a sosisologist B. Marx headed the communist revolutions of the 19th century C. Marx believed that capitalism would replace socialism D. Marx focused his research and theories on class conflict 6. Which of the following did Emile Durkheim find in his study of suicide? A. Suicide rates are lower during times of war and revolution than in times of peace. B. Individuals who are well integarted into society are less likely to commit suicide. C. Individuals commit suicide because of purely individual factors D. Individuals who are depressed are more likely to commit suicide. 7. Max Weber’s view that sosiologists must allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of their research is referred to as A. value-free sociology C. ideal type B. verstehen D. soacial fact 8. W.E.B. Du Bois advanced the sociology by contributing A. a sociological understanding of racial inequality B. a sociologycal understanding of class inequality C. theories of individual freedom D. theories of gender 9. Sociologist investigating postmodern theory would study A. gender, race, and class C. goods and services B. economy and industry D. images and media
24 10. Which of the following statements is true of sociologists? A. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. B. They are exempt from the considerations of research ethics that govern biological researchers. C. They enjoy the same privileges as attorneys in protecting subject’s privacy D. They should obtain informed consent in cases where subjects may be exposed to risks of Exercise 6 Based on the following statements which one True/ False 1. Structural Functionalism theory believes that people in society battle over scarce resources like money, power, and prestige. 2. Conflict theory is primarily based in the work of Emile Durkheim 3. Max Weber distinguished between societies that were based on organic solidarity and societies based on mechanical solidarity. 4. Functionalism is the sociological perspective that emphasizes the symbolic nature of human interactions. 5. Match the following elements of a term Exercise 7 Match the word in the left to the right! 1. Role Allocation a. matrealinism 2. Ascribed b. moore 3. Dialectical c. solidarity 4. Collective d. and perforamnce 5. Social e. status 6. Bourgeoisis f. conscience 7. Organic g. And ploterariat 8. Base h. And superstructure 9. Value i. analogy 10. Davis and j. consensus
25 Exercise 8 Translate into English! 1. Seorang dosen tidak sedang menerangkan ilmu sociology di depan kelas. …………………………………………………………… …..………… 2. Para sosiolog sedang berdiskusi tentang masalah LGBT.. …………………………………………………………… ……..………… 3. Bagaimana upaya yang sedang pemerintah lalukan dalam menghadapi arus globalisasi? …………………………………………………………… ……..………… 4. Kenapa saat ini banyak penduduk desa bermigrasi ke kotakota besar? …………………………………………………………… ……..………… 5. Bangsa kita sedang mengalami krisis dekadensi moral. …………………………………………………………… ……..………… Exercises 9 Look for 10 public activity pictures then describe it using present progressive! ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................
26 Present Progressive John is sleeping right now. I need umbrella because it is raining John and Mary are talking on the phone The present progressive expresses an activity that is n progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the recent past, is continuing at the present, and will probably end at some point in the future. I am taking five course this semester John is trying to improve his work habits. She is writing another book this year. Often the activity of a general nature; something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Note (f): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity she is engaged in at present, but it does mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand. Present Continuous Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + O ( -) S + is/am/are + not + Ving + O (?) is/am/are + S + Ving + O? Notes: I ………………….. am You, we , they …….are She, he, it, Ani …… is (+) She is eating rice (-) He is not eating rice (?) Is she eating rice? I am studying English They are studying English She is studying English Nominal Examples (+) S + is/am/are + (being) + C (+) She is fussy (-) She isn’t fussy
27 (-) S + is/am/are + not + (being) + C (?) Is/am/are + S + (being) + C? (?) Is she fussy? Usage Time Signal Menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang terjadi pada saat kita berbicara sekarang ini. Menyatakan rencana yang akan dilakukan. She is sweeping the floor now. She is going to campus right now Now (sekarang) Right now (sekarang juga) At present (saat ini) Nowdays (sekarang ini) This morning (pagi ini) Question Words Examples (S) QWs + is + V-ing + O? (V) QWv + is/am/are + S + doing? (O) Qwo + is/am/are + S + V-ing? (A) Qwa + is/am/are + S + V-ing? They are eating the rice in the inn. a b c d a. Who is eating rice in the inn? b. What are they doing in the inn? c. What are they eating in the inn? d. Where are they eating rice?
28 UNIT 4 COMMUNITY Conversation Tina : We have been know that our country consist of many islands. It starts from Sabang until Merauke. Each of region has their own culture. Doni : Yes..I think different makes us completly each other. By the way, have you heard about the term Islam Nusantara? Tina : I have known it from television, but I don’t really understand about it. What do you think of it? Doni : I disagree about that term, as I know Islam is comprehensive for a whole, its not spaced based on the region. Prophet Muhammad brought it for all human beings.. Tina : Today, there are so many term that pointed for moslem such as Islam Moderat, Islam Nusantara, Teroris etc. It has made negative stigma for Islam. Doni : Let’s us study more abou Islam to have a true understanding, and can give some urgument to againts them. Exercise 1 Complete these conversations with the present perfect. A : ……… you ever ……… (get) a traffic ticket? B : Yes, I ………. . Once I got a ticket that cost me Rp. 50 ribu A : ……….you ever………….(be) late for an important appointment? B : Yes, I…………. . It was 30 minutes late for my wedding. Would you believe it! A : ………you ever ……….. (see) a house fire? B : No, I …………… . But I saw a car on fire the other day.
29 A : ……….you ever ……………(forget) where you parked your car? B : No, I ………. , but my brother always does. It drives him crazy. Reading Text Community Like most things in the social sciences, community does not fit into a nice neat package. We use the word a lot, but in this training it is important to ask more seriously what it is. First, let us note that a "community" is a construct, a model. We cannot see a whole community, we cannot touch it, and we cannot directly experience it. Like the words "hill" or "snowflake," a community may come in one of many shapes, sizes, colours and locations, no two of which are alike. More importantly, a community is not just the people who are in it. A community usually was already existing when all of its current residents were not yet born, and it will likely continue to exist when all of the people in it have left. It is something that is beyond its very components, its residents or community members. A community may have members who have temporarily moved to other locations. They may wish to eventually return, but not all do. Gusfield (1975) distinguished between two major uses of the term community. The first is the territorial and geographical notion of community - neighborhood, town, city. The second is “relational,” concerned with “quality of character of human relationship, without reference to location” (p. xvi). Gusfield
30 noted that the two usages are not mutually exclusive, although, as Durheim (1964) observed, modern society develops community around interests and skills more than around locality. The ideas presented in this article will apply equally to territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities (professional, spiritual, etc). A "community" in some senses may not even have a physical location, but be demarcated by being a group of people with a common interest. For the purposes of our discussion here, however, the "community" which is the object of a mobilizer's attention, is usually one with a physical geographic location. A Community is a Sociological Construct: Not only is the concept of a community a "construct" (model), it is a "sociological construct." It is a set of interactions, human behaviours that have meaning and expectations between its members. Not just action, but actions based on shared expectations, values, beliefs and meanings between individuals. To understand how a community operates, and how it changes, it is necessary to learn a little bit about sociology the science. The mobilizer is an applied scientist; social scientist. While a pure scientist is interested in how things work, the applied scientist is interested in taking that knowledge and getting useful results. A community is established when more than two people share the same values and through time this personal connection evolves into a fellowship governed by rituals, traditions, and a particular form of communication that when taken together makes a group of individuals whether living in a specific geographical area or connected by ideals so distinct that their distinguishing marks allow them to stand out from among the crowd. They do not just believe in something like an organization but they need each other to survive and thrive. A Community has Fuzzy Boundaries: When an identified community is a little village, separated by a few kilometres from other villages, in a rural area, its boundaries appear at first to be
31 very simple. That pattern of human interaction may be seen as consisting only of relations betweenthe residents living inside that location, inside that village. But its residents interact also with people outside the village. They marry persons from near and far, and may move or bring a spouse in to live with them. At any one time, those village residents may have sisters, brothers, cousins, parents and extended relatives living elsewhere. The boundary of that community is not so precise. Communities Can be Within Communities: There may be communities within larger communities, including districts, regions, ethnic groups, nations and other boundaries. There may be marriages and other interaction that link villages on both sides of national borders. Communities May Move: Furthermore, where technology is not based on local horticulture, the community residents may be physically mobile. They may be nomadic herders walking long distances with their cattle. They may be mobile fishing groups who move from time to time as the fish are available. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. They may be hunters who move to follow the game. Urban Communities are Special: In urban areas, a community may be a small group ofa few homesteads of people from a common origin. That community in turn, may be part of a neighbourhood community or a barrio or other local urban division. As the boundaries become wider, there is more heterogeneity (differences in origin, language, religion or other features that can form a common identity). It may be in turn, a part of a wider municipality, which in turn may be part of a conglomeration comprising a large city. In general (with exceptions) an urban community has more fuzzy boundaries, is more difficult to demarcate, is more heterogeneous (varied, mixed), more complex, and more difficult to organize using standard community development methods, and has more complex and sophisticated goals, than rural communities.
32 The Social Perspective of Human Settlements: A human settlement, or community, is not merely a collection of houses. It is a human (social and cultural) organization. (The houses, which are cultural products of humanity, belong to one of the six dimensions of society or culture, the technological dimension, as explained below). Also, it is not just a collection of human individuals; it is a socio-cultural system; it is socially organized. This means that you need to know some things about society 6 things learned in sociology. A community does not talk, does not think, cannot feel, and does not act like a human being. It is a superorganic entity, and therefore moves, responds, grows and behaves through different principles, forces and mechanisms than a human being does. When we say a community is not the same thing as a human being, we say it does not have emotions, a head, thoughts, legs, or a hobby. It does, however, have different parts to it, that apply to social organizations and culture rather than to individual human beings. One important way to analyse a community, break it into different parts, is to use the six cultural "dimensions." We use "dimension" because these are analytical categories, made by us human beings, rather than being based upon observable parts (like parts of the body: head, arms, legs). In one of the training modules, Community Research, you will see that these six cultural dimensions (plus geography and demography) can be used as organizing categories for you to research, observe, and understand the community where you intend to work. There are dimensions of community include: 1. Technological, 2. Economic, 3. Political, 4. Institutional (social), 5. Aesthetic-value, and 6. Belief-conceptual. We can list out the characteristics of a community as follows:
33 1. Territory 2. Close and informal relationships 3. Mutuality 4. Common values and beliefs 5. Organized interaction 6. Strong group feeling 7. Cultural similarity Exercise 2 Answer the Question below! 1. How are communities formed? 2. What is the importance of communities? 3. What are types of communities? 4. Mention the characteristic of each communities! 5. Describe the work of community organisation! Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C,or D to find the correct answer! 1. The main idea of the firts paragraph is ... A. territorial communities (neighborhoods) and to relational com- munities B. defenition of community C. community does not fit into a nice neat package D. residents or community members 2. The word it in line.8 refers to A. residents C. hill B community D. Shape 3. Mode of substance organized around hunting/trapping of wild game and gathering of wild edible plants, fruits, nuts, tubers, eggs, insects. A. A. Hunting and Gathering societies C. Holticurtural societies B. B. Agrarian/Agricultural Societies D. Industrial societies 4. Group of people usually living in the same geographical territory who share a common culture A. institution C. social class
34 B. social network D. society 5. Which society is characterized by a reliance on mechanical power and new sources of energy? A. agrarian C. postindustrial B. industrial D. postmodern 6. There are many heterogen people, live in a crowded situation. That characteristic of ...... A. rural C. urban B. Sub urban D. semiurban 7. Secondary group designed/organized to pursue some specific objective or set of objectives Examples: Hospital, Bank, Political party, etc. A. Associations or formal organizations B. communities C. Geographical communities D. Cultural communities 8. Which type of society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images? A. postmodern society B. postindustrial society C. industrial society D. All societies are preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. 9. In sociological terms, what do we call any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis A. a group C. an aggregate B. a society D. a category 10. The mass media, the government, the economy, the family, and the health care system are all examples ofSocial network A. Collectivities C. social intitution B. Social network D. group 11. Bound/tied on basis of spatial proximity Example: Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolitan Areas, etc.
35 A. Associations or formal organizations B. Geographical communitie C. Communities D. Cultural 12. Which among the following statement is not correct A. In past communities used to be self sufficient, politically, socially andeconomically B. No community can be self sufficient these days C. every community is self sufficient these days D. The term community denotes almost uniformaly and permanently shared lives of people over a definite range 13. Which of the following is the element of difference between community and society A. A. definite locality C. a group of person B. B. likeness of interest D. sentiment of oneness 14. A group of people organized for a particular purpose is known as A. community C. association B. society D. institution Exercise 4 Translate into English! 1. Apakah dia (lk) telah bekerja keras untuk sukses? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Berapa banyak buku yang telah kalian baca hari ini? ……………………………………………………………… 3. Bagaimana generasi muda telah menjaga negeri Indonesia ini? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Perbedaan suku bangsa, agama dan ras merupakan kbhinekaan.. ……………………………………………………………… 5. Kenapa banyak kejahatan terjadi di tengah masyarakat kita? ………………………………………………………………
36 Expresing Of Present Perfect Time They have moved into a new house. Have you ever visited Bali? I have already seen that movie. I have never gone to Yogyakarta. The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important. If there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used. I saw that movie last night I have been here since seven o’clock. We have been here for three weeks I have known him for many years I have liked comedy movies ever since I was a child The present perfect also, when used with for or since, expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. In examples, notice the difference between since and for. We have had five test so far this semester I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks I have met many friends since I came here in May I have flown on an airplane many times. The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of repetition is not important. Present Perfect Tense Verbal Examples (+) S + have/has + V-3 + O (+) He has eaten rice (-) He hasn’t eaten rice
37 ( -) S + have/has + not + V-3 + O (?) have/has + S + V-3 + O? Notes: I,you,we,they………….have She, he, it, Ani ………...has (?) Has he eaten rice? You have studied English She has studied English. Nominal Examples (+) S + have/has + been + C (-) S + have/has + not + been + C (?) have/has + S + been + C? (+) She has been hungry (-) She hasn’t been hungry (?) has he been hungry? Usage Time Signal Menyatakan aktivitas yang pokoknya sudah terjadi tanpa diketahui waktunya dan biasanya berakibat sekarang. I have taken a bath so I feel fresh now. She ever fallen in love but she is lonely now. Already (sudah) ……… just (baru saja) ……… yet (belum) For (selama): for 2 hours Since (sejak): since 2 o’clock Question Words Examples (S) QWs + has + V-3 + O? (V) QWv + have/has + S + done? (O) Qwo + have/has + S + V3? (A) Qwa + have/has + S + V3? They have studied English in the class a b c d a. Who has studied English in the class? b. What have they studied in the class? c. What have they studied in the class? d. Where have they studied in the class?
38 UNIT 5 CULTURE Reading Text Culture The word 'culture' hails from the Latin word cultura which is derived from colere that means, 'to cultivate'. Our culture has a major share in cultivating our minds. The common traits and beliefs that form the mindset of a group, define their culture. Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society. Thus, culture includes many societal aspects: language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, tools, technologies, products, organizations, and institutions. There are elements of cultures; 1. Language A group of words or ideas having common meaning and is shared to a social situation is called language. Language is the entrance to a culture. Language is a set of socially sound pattern, words, and sentences having specific meaning and terminology common to the same culture.
39 Language is a source of communication and to transmit message from one person to another. It is the method to mold the behavior and experience of a person. Language differs from culture to culture and is transmitted from one generation to another. Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry out our complex social activities. Language is the foundation of a culture and ticket to the entrance of a social life. Animal have not culture because they have no specific language to transmit worlds to others. So, language is the key to open a social life of an individual with some special characteristics. 2. Symbols Culture is a system of symbols. Symbols are anything used to represent express and stand for an event situation. Symbols direct to guide our behavior. It is used to show an event of past, present or future. For example the heap of ash show that the something has been burnt or the wet street shows that it has rained. Bowing head, whistling, winkling of eyes situation, all are the symbols, which express a specific object idea about other. BaithUllah is the symbol of God and we pray to it. American Shake their hand to answer for No. Other examples are flag, anthem, picture, statues are symbols. Symbols are the short expression for the identification of an object or situation. 3. Norms Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual. Norms keep a person within the boundary of society and its culture. It gives us restriction about something which to do and which not to do. It molds our behavior and gives as knowledge about wrong and right. Norms can be divided into: a. Folkways. Folkways are the simple customary ways of the people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture. Folkways are the recognized or accepted ways of behavior. These are the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his daily life.
40 b. Mores. Mores is a Latin word and the plural of mos which means customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a person. Mores refers to “what ought to be and what ought not to be.” Mores are serious norms but are informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both formal and informal for the violation of mores. 4. Values Anything getting importance in our daily life becomes our values. The origin of values is not biological but it is social production while living in society the values develop. Values depend upon the culture. Culture varies from society to society and thus values are different in every social situation. Values are what we like and what we say will in our society values are the good idea and thinking of a person. Some values are hereditary which we gain from our elders, books and parents. The culture is full of values and can transmit from one generation to another. When a natural object get a meaning it becomes a value. 5. Beliefs Every sect within a culture having some beliefs for cultural refuge. These beliefs are responsible fro the spiritual fulfillment of needs and wants. Muslims believe in God, Holly Prophet, The Day of Judgment, recitation of Holly Quran, Hajj etc. Sikh wear bangle in one hand, bear a long beard, keeping a dagger. Cross for Christians and a necklace or a cotton thread around nick, the water of ganga and are sacred for Hindus. 6. Cognitive Elements Cognitive elements of culture are those though which an individual know how to cope with an existing social situation. How to survive, how make shelter from storms and other natural calamities, how to travel and transport etc. are the practical knowledge which make a culture. Such knowledge is carefully thought to every generation.
41 Culture is not biologically passed from older generations to the newer ones. It is learned through experience. The members of a culture share certain ideals which shape their lives. The future generations learn to follow the same ideals. Culture propagates through generations, which adopt their old customs and traditions as a part of their culture. The ideals they base their lives on, is a part of their culture. Cultural values are imparted from one generation to another, which is the reason why they continue. The language, the literature, and the art forms pass down from generation to generation. Culture is learned, understood, and adopted from what is taught by society and assimilated from the environment. No individual is born with a sense of culture. In the course of life, he learns it. Cultures undergo a gradual change. With passing time, some beliefs change, certain traditions or rituals are eliminated, language and mannerisms of people change, and thus their culture. Migration and globalization lead to a mixing of cultures. When people from different parts of the world come together, they influence each other and effectively, each other's cultures. These factors contribute to the formation of a multicultural society and sometimes, even new cultures develop. Over time, some traditions are dropped out of a culture because they are dangerous or due to their arduous nature. Due to education and increased awareness, newer generations become flexible to change and look at concepts like religion and culture with a broader perspective and have a liberal view about them. So some rituals or customs become less rigid, some are replaced by simpler ones and some are discontinued. Due to the exposure to various cultures across the globe, people adopt some aspects of other cultures. This affects what they teach their children, thus influencing the culture of their future generations and in a small way, leading to a cultural change. Social thinking undergoes a transition and so does culture. Gender roles change. For instance, traditionally, the males were meant to work and earn for their family, while
42 women stayed at home and looked after the children. Today, these roles have changed. In many families, women work away from home, while men take care of the kids. All cultures change in time although their rate of change varies. It's often seen that the politically or economically stronger countries influence cultures in other parts of the world, and lead to social changes worldwide. An example of this is the influence of American and European cultures on other countries. Exercise 2 Answer the Following Question! 1. Identify the changes of cultures in your environment! Then analize the good and the bad effect for the young generation. 2. Technology is one of the source of cultural change. How does the technology make the changes of values and norm in society today? 3. How does the music change the way of life of someone? 4. How does belief influence the culture? Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C, orD to find the Correct Answer! 1. Culture is ussualy assumed to be a. Fixed and static b. Mutually exclusive c. A subjective entity d. Always changing 2. Jumping up and down is an elevator would be a violation of a a. Mores b. Value c. Folkaway d. Cultural universal 3. Language is ussualy considered to be a. a cultural universal b. a key cultural maker c. a flexibel system of symbol d. essential for cultural integration
43 4. The use of language to label people can lead to a ............ a. Sense of ethnocentrism b. Self-fulfilling prophecy c. Development of a subculture d. Cultural lag e. Cultural adaptation 5. Bringing music and movies into Indonesia from another country would be a good example of............diffusion a. Adapt b. Relavistic c. Indirect d. integrative 6. Immigration, tourism, and globalization all meant that a. Cultural relativism is now norm b. Culture shock is increasing c. Cultures are becoming more stable d. Cultural diversity is increasing 7. Which sosiologist theory emphasizes the role of language and literacy in fighting againts cultural subordination a. Functionalism b. Conflict c. Feminism d. Symbolic interactionism 8. The process that enables a culture to maintain equilibrium despite fluctuation in their culture is known as a. Enculturation b. Adaptation c. Cultural integration d. ethnocentrism 9. The global economy and the concept of global independence is often accused of having .......... a. A disregard for cultural assimilation b. A positive influence on multicultural development c. Too many rules and regulation that progress down d. Too much concern for non material culture
44 10. Personal distance and gestures are examples of form of ......... a. Non-verbal communication b. Cultural integration c. Material culture d. Folkways 11. According to Conflict theory, culture is maintained through the ......... of society a. Popular culture b. Proletariat c. Dominant ideology d. Cultural universal 12. Cultural change can also occur through.. a. Diffusion and technology b. Invention and discovery c. Multiculturalism and assimilation d. Mass media and adaptation. 13. Multiculturalism involves a. Discriminating practices b. Making judgments c. Embracing the uniqueness of disparate groups d. Adopting dominant traits 14. Cultural universals include: a. Music c. movies b. Literature d. all of the above 15. Ethnocentrism refers to: a. The tendency to judge other cultures using the standards of one’s own culture b. The view that some societies are superior to one’s own c. The coexistence of diverse cultures with equal standing in a society d. Judging another culture by its own standard