95 consisting of several stages of their development (Spector & Kitsuse, 2001). Stage 1: Emergence and Claims Making A social problem emerges when a social entity (such as a social change group, the news media, or influential politicians) begins to call attention to a condition or behavior that it perceives to be undesirable and in need of remedy. As part of this process, it tries to influence public perceptions of the problem, the reasons for it, and possible solutions to it. Because the social entity is making claims about all these matters, this aspect of Stage 1 is termed the claims-making process. Not all efforts to turn a condition or behavior into a social problem succeed, and if they do not succeed, a social problem does not emerge. Because of the resources they have or do not have, some social entities are more likely than others to succeed at this stage. A few ordinary individuals have little influence in the public sphere, but masses of individuals who engage in protest or other political activity have greater ability to help a social problem emerge. Because politicians have the ear of the news media and other types of influence, their views about social problems are often very influential. Most studies of this stage of a social problem focus on the efforts of social change groups and the larger social movement to which they may belong, as most social problems begin with bottom-up efforts from such groups. A social problem emerges when a social change group successfully calls attention to a condition or behavior that it considers serious. Protests like the one depicted here have raised
96 the environmental consciousness of Americans and helped put pressure on businesses to be environmentally responsible. Stage 2: Legitimacy Once a social group succeeds in turning a condition or behavior into a social problem, it usually tries to persuade the government (local, state, and/or federal) to take some action— spending and policymaking—to address the problem. As part of this effort, it tries to convince the government that its claims about the problem are legitimate—that they make sense and are supported by empirical (research-based) evidence. To the extent that the group succeeds in convincing the government of the legitimacy of its claims, government action is that much more likely to occur. Stage 3: Renewed Claims Making Even if government action does occur, social change groups often conclude that the action is too limited in goals or scope to be able to successfully address the social problem. If they reach this conclusion, they often decide to press their demands a new. They do so by reasserting their claims and by criticizing the official response they have received from the government or other established interests, such as big businesses. This stage may involve a fair amount of tension between the social change groups and these targets of their claims. Stage 4: Development of Alternative Strategies Despite the renewed claims making, social change groups often conclude that the government and established interests are not responding adequately to their claims. Although the groups may continue to press their claims, they nonetheless realize that these claims may fail to win an adequate response from established interests. This realization leads them to develop their own strategies for addressing the social problem.
97 Exercise 2 Answer The Following Queston! 1. What is a social problem? 2. Do all societies have the same problems? 3. What are the politics of social problems? 4. What is the role of globalization in social problems? 5. Explain about the social construction of social problems and the social problems process model. 6. What role does social media play in social problems or is social media a social problem? Exercise 3 Choose A, B, C or D to Find the correct answer! 1. Based on the theory of deviance, a general definition of a social problem: A. doesn’t refer to intergroup conflict B. avoids confusing multiple level of social life C.includes the actual or potential need for social action to provide a resolution crimes D.doesn’t address “victimless” crimes 2. What best describes the relationship between private troubles and public issues? A. Social control C. The sociological imagination B. Social structure D. Conflict theory 3. What did happen in USA before 1970s ? A. There are many crimes B. The policy maker decided the policy to solve the social problem C. Many women became victim of sexsual abuse D. The news media over dramatize violent crime 4. What are parargraph 5 talking about A. It is about social problem defenition B. Many kinds of social problem
98 C. Different piont of view among sosiologists about a social problem D. Sexual harrasment become one of the main social problem during 1800s 5. The word assault in p.5 line.38 has the same meaning with A. inequality C. harasment B. Victim D. rape 6. In defining the contradiction approach to social problems, they are said to arise when opposing values, or other factors, are in conflict with A. Ideologis C. expectation B. quality of life D. Institution 7. In thinking about the distinction between personal and social problems, we find that the rate of child abuse has soared, affecting as many as 20 percent of children in our society. We may well ask what has occurred to alter the _____________ of the family. A. siginificance C. institution B. nature D. Importance 8. They are factors that caused of social problems A. economy C. psychology B. culture D. a, b, c are true 9. The following are some reason of social problem arised, EXCEPT A. the attention of mass media B. the attention of goverment C. the influenceof public perceptions of the problem D. the problem isn’t known by the public 10. The word evidence is closest meaning with A. problem C. fact B. data D. Realize 11. The theoretical perpective that now dominates the study of social problem is A. structural functionalism C. symbolic interactionism B. social conflict D. Labelling theory
99 12. According to the interactionist, gender inequality become a social problem when A. sex roles change so rapidly that society equilibrium is threatened B. Exchange relationaships between men and women become disquilibrius C. there is alack of consensus and shared expectations about the roles of men and women in society D. there is block building between men and women Exercise 4 Change each sentences into the passive Voice! 1. The effect of global warming will cange the circulation of the world. .......................................................................................... 2. Nana is preparing the report for presentation. ................................................................................................ 3. They have demanded the increasing of salary. ……………………………………………………………… 4. Every school teaches language skill. …………………………………………………………….... 5. Government should give much attention in transportation. ……………………………………………………………… 6. The creative economy tried to help the society in the middle class. ……………………………………………………………… 7. Mr. Ali announced the exam last week. ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 5 Match the sentence in the right with the word using being + one of these verb in the left! 1. Mr. Bram doesn’t like being kept waiting. a. ask
100 2. They went to the party without ………………… b. attack 3. Most people like …………….present. c. give 4. It’s dangerous city. People won’t go out after dark because they were d. invite afraid of …………. 5. I don’t like ………….. the stupid questions. e. keep 6. A fe people are prepared to work without ………………. f. pay Exercise 6 Translate the following sentence into Indonesia! 1. The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago. Translation : ..…………………………………………………………… 2. The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down. Translation : ..…………………………………………………………… 3. The tourists have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree trunk. Translation : …………………………………………………………… 4. The number of visitor to Frinley has now in creased. Translation : ……………………………………………………………… 5. So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death! Translation : ………………………………………………………………
101 Exercise 7 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form : Cause damage include invite make overtake show employee 1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people are employed there. 2. Many accidents …………….by dangerous driving. 3. Chesee ……..from milk. 4. The roof of the building ……………….. in a storm a few days ago? 5. There is no need to leave a tip. Service ………….. in the bill. 6. You ……………. the wedding. Why didn’t you go? 7. A cinema is a place wherefilms ……………. 8. Originally the book ………………..in Spanish and a few years ago it ……………… into English. 9. We were driving along quite fast but we …………….. by lots of other cars. 10. In the United States, election of President ………….. every four years. Exercise 8 Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using ‘somebody/they/people’ etc. Write in passive sentence! 1. Somebody cleans the room everyday. The room is cleaned every day 2. They cancelled all flight because of the fog. All ……………………………. 3. People doesn’t use this road very often. …………………………………….. 4. Somebody accused me of stealing money. I …………………………………. 5. How do people learn languages? How ………………………………………. 6. People advised us not to go out alone. ……………………………………......
102 ACTIVE: (a) She taught English S V O PASSIVE : (b) English was taught by her S V O Form of the passive : Be + Past Participle. In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Only the transitive verbs are used in the passive It is not possible to use verbs such as happen, sleep, come, and seem. ACTIVE PASSIVE Simple present They study English English is studied by them Present progressive They are studying English English is being studied by them Present perfect They have studied English English have been studied by them Simple past They studied English English was studied by them Past progressive They were studying English English was being studied by them Past perfect They had studied English English had been studied by them Simple future They will study English English will be studied by them Be going to They are going to study English English is going to be studied by them
103 UNIT 11 CRIME Conversation A : Do you think we should be tougher on crime? B : Well, it depends on what you mean. A : For example, we could bring back the death penalty for murder, give longer prison sentences for lesser offences and lock up juvenile offenders. B : Those really sound like Draconian measures. Firstly, what do you do about miscarriages of justice if you've already put innocent people to death? A : You'd only use capital punishment if you were absolutely sure that you'd convicted the right person. B : But, there've been many cases of wrongful conviction where people have been imprisoned for many years. The authorities were sure at the time, but later it was shown that the evidence was unreliable. In some cases, it'd been fabricated by the police. A : Well, no system of justice can be perfect, but surely there's a good case for longer prison sentences to deter serious crime.
104 B : I doubt whether they could act as an effective deterrent while the detection rate is so low. The best way to prevent crime is to convince people who commit it that they're going to be caught. It doesn't make sense to divert all your resources into the prison system. A : But if you detect more crimes, you'll still need prisons. In my reckoning, if we could lock up more juvenile criminals, they'd learn that they couldn't get away with it. Soft sentences will merely encourage them to do it again. B : Yes, but remember that prisons are often schools for criminals. To remove crime from society, you really have to tackle its causes. STOP THIEF Roy Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus driver and he has not got regretted it. He is finding his new work far more exciting. When he was driving along Catford Street recently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car. One of them was carrying a bag full of money. Roy acted quickly and drove the bus straight at the thieves. The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag. As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it. While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thieves car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly afterward, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested. Exercise 1 Choose a, b, c or d to find the correct answer 1. Who is Roy Trenton before he becomes a bus driver? a. taxi driver c. a hero b. police d. a thief
105 2. He has not regretted....The antonym of the underlined word is a. apologized c. pleased b. recognized d. disappointed 3. Why did he feel his new job far more exciting? a.because he found the exciting experience b. because he could arrested the thieves c. because he got reward from the police d. because he enjoyed his new job 4. The word get away in line 12 is nearest meaning to a. go c. run away b. come d. pass away 5. It in line 8 refers to…… a. battered car c. taxi b. bus d. the money 6. How many thieves in the text? a. one c. three b. two d. many 7. Did Roy’s car put down the thieves’ car? a. Yes, he did c. Yes, he was b.No, he didn’t d. No, he was not Grammar in Focus: Roy acted quickly The teacher went home She and I study here Ani studies hard They will finish soon Tomorrow Mrs. Meli will lecture Subject Verb Adverbs Place manner time She Went There Gladly today
106 She went there gladly today She is always at the library Compare these pairs of sentences She has a beautiful voice. She sings beautifully He is a slow worker. He works slowly. He is a hard worker. H works hard. He is a fast driver. He drives fast. Now compare these pairs of sentences The train arrived very late. Have you traveled by train lately? The plane flew very high He thinks very highly of me. He worked very hard. He hardly ever does any work. He made sure it was safe before he went near. He was nearly run over by a car. Exercises 1 1. He read the phrase …… (slow) 2. He worked …………. (lazy) 3. He cut himself ……….. (bad) 4. He smiled …….. (pleasant) 5. The door opene …....... (sudden) Exercises 2 Choose the correct words in the following sentences 1. She dusted the furniture very (careful) (carefully) 2. I hit him very (hard) (hardly) 3. This exercises is not ( hard) (hardly) 4. I got home from work very (late) (lately) last night. 5. I (near) (nearly) Missed he bus this morning 6. He ran so (fast) (fastly) no one could keep up with him 7. I can’t jump so (high) (highly) Exercise 3 Arrange the jumbled words below! 1. She – beautifully – draws 2. listened – carefully – to –the news 3. left – he- immediately
107 4. in the kitchen – greedily - this morning – an apple – ate – the little boy 5. quietly – the door – opened – he 6. the piano – well –played – the man 7. yesterday –games –in their room – played – the children – quietly 8. He – before lunch – in his office – the letter – quickly – read 9. music – very much – like – I 10. a tree – he – in the corner of - he – the garden. Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with adverbs. The first letter(s) of each adverb are given 1. We didn’t go out because it was raining heavily …………. 2. Our team lost the game because we played very ba…………….. 3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite ea…………… 4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn’t complain. We waited pa………. 5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived unex……………. 6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg………………… ADVERB Dalam tata Bahasa Inggris, dikenal jenis kata keterangan yang disebut dengan adverb of manner. Pengertian adverb of manner adalah penjelasan mengenai bagaimana suatu pekerjaan itu dilakukan atau suatu peristiwa terjadi. Dalam kamus Oxford, adverb of manner diterangkan dalam kalimat: is tell how some one does something or how something happen. Jadi, adverb of manner menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi. Secara umum, sebuah adverb dapat ditambahkan pada sebuah verb atau kata kerja untuk mengubah atau menambah artinya. Contoh: - The fat man walks slowly in the morning. (laki-laki gemuk itu berjalan dengan pelan di pagi hari)
108 - Mariah Carey always sings beautifully. (Mariah Carey selalu bernyanyi dengan indah) - Lia must study hard to finish the exams. (Lia harus belajar giat untuk menyelesaikan ujian) - She wore the dress nicely. (dia mengenakan gaun itu dnegan nyaman) - My parents like to put a little sugar in their cups of tea. (orang tuaku suka meletakkan gula di cangkir teh mereka) Sama seperti jenis adverb lain yang digunakan untuk menerangkan maksud sebuah kata kerja, adverb of manner juga bisa diletakkan di awal maupun di akhir kalimat. Secara umum, ada dua jenis adverb of manner, yang sifatnya regular dan irregular. Penjelasannya akan diberikan sebagai berikut: a. Adverb of manner dari kata sifat yang ditambahi akhiran –ly (Adj+ly) Contoh: Sad — sadly Slow — slowly Beautiful — beautifully Bad — badly Patient — patiently b. Adverb of manner yang tidak mengalami perubahan (tetap sama seperti bentuk adjectivenya atau tidak berubah sama sekali) Contoh: Fast — fast Loud — loud Good — well Little — little Much — much Contoh kalimat yang menggunakan adverb of manner: - She waits her boyfriend patiently under the rain. (dia menunggu pacarnya dengan sabar dibawah hujan)
109 - He takes a little sugar to make the tea sweeter. (dia menambahkan dengan sedikit gula untuk membuat tehnya lebih manis) - Why do you come so late today? (mengapa kamu datang dengan sangat terlambat hari ini) Selain hal umum terkait adverb of manner yang telah dipaparkan di atas, ada pula beberapa aturan tambahan mengenai adverb of manner. Hal tersebut akan diuraikan sebagai berikut: a. Adverb dapat diletakkan sebelum preposisi atau setelah objek. Preposisi yang dimaksud antara lain: at, towards, etc. ~ The ball runs quickly towards the goal (salah) ~ The ball runs towards the goal quickly (benar) b. Adverb dapat diletakkan sebelum verb dan objek untuk memberi penekanan pada adverb tersebut. ~ She slowly touches the body after injured. c. Sangat disarankan untuk tidak meletakkan adverb di antara verb dan objek. ~ My parents wait patiently the children (salah) ~ My parents wait the children patiently (benar) d. Peletakkan adverb of manner di awal kalimat dapat digunakan untuk menarik perhatian dan rasa ingin tahu dari pembaca. ~ Silently, Sania walks down towards the ladder e. Adverb bisa diletakkan sesudah intransitive verb (kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek) ~ The children cry a lot f. Dalam sebuah kalimat yang memiliki lebih dari satu kata kerja, peletakkan adverb sangat berpengaruh karena menerangkan kata kerja yang mana sehingga perlu diperhatikan dengan baik. ~ Lisa slowly walks to buy the tickets (slowly menerangkan verb walks) ~ Lisa walks to buy the tickets slowly (slowly disini menerangkan verb buy)
110 UNIT 12 GENDER Discuss the following questions! • In your country are the responsibilities of a mother the same as the responsibilities of a father to their families? • What are the responsibilities of a father to his family? • What are the responsibilities of a mother to her family? • Are fathers capable of carrying out the duties of a mother and vice versa? • Are there different expectations for sons and daughters? • What habits are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? • What behaviors are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? • What jobs are deemed as appropriate for men but inappropriate for women? • Are more doctors female or male in your country? • Are more nurses female or male in your country? • Are more professional musicians female or male in your country? • Are more teachers female or male in your country? • Are more truck drivers female or male in your country? • Are men and women equal in ability and intelligence? • What things can either men or women do that the other cannot do and why?
111 • What type of clothing do men wear? • What type of clothing do women wear? Reading Global gender inequality Gender inequality starts early and keeps women at a disadvantage throughout their lives. In some countries, infant girls are less likely to survive than infant boys because their parents favour the boys and neglect the girls - even though biologically, infant girls should survive in greater numbers.Girls are more likely to drop out of school and to receive less education than boys because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties.In 1995, governments around the world signed the Beijing Platform For Action, promising to take specific action to prevent discrimination against women. Yet today, more than 40 countries have laws which discriminate against women and treat them as second-class citizens. In many countries, women are subjected to violence, which the government does nothing to stop because their laws approve practices like 'honour' killings, (where a woman is killed by a family member if she does something which is thought to bring shame on the family), marital rape and wife beating. In several countries laws make it more difficult for a woman to be independent because they restrict women's property, employment and citizenship rights. • Out of 1.3 billion people in the world living in absolute poverty, over 70 per cent are women. • At the present rate of progress, it will take 450 years before women reach equality with men as senior managers. • Women hold less than 5 per cent of the top positions in international organisations like the United Nations and the European Union. • Of the 150 million children in the world aged 6-11 who do not attend school, over 90 million are girls. Of 876 million illiterate people over 15 years in the world, two-thirds are women.
112 • Worldwide, women's wages are 30-40 per cent lower than those of men doing comparable work. • Average hourly earnings for women working full-time are 18% lower than for men working full-time in the UK, and for women working part-time, hourly earnings are 40% lower. • In 2005 there were 42,832 MPs in the world. 15.7 per cent are women. Only around 6 per cent of government ministers worldwide are women. • 500,000 women die each year from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. • In the 15-40 age range, 75 per cent more women die than men. • Some 201 million women, most of them in developing countries, still have no access to contraceptive services. Meeting their needs would prevent an estimated 23 million. • Unplanned births, and 1.4 million infant deaths. (Amnesty International Women's Rights Workbook) The Difference Between Men And Women Although there is a great deal of variation within each gender, on the average, men and women discuss a surprisingly different range of topics. According to some studies, women and men ranging in age from seventeen to eighty described the range of topics each discussed with friends of the same sex. Certain topics were common to both men and women; work, movies, and television proved to be frequent topics for both groups. The differences between men and women were more striking than the similarities. Female friends spent much more time discussing personal and domestic subjects, relationship problems, family, health and reproductive matters, weight, food and clothing. Men, on the other hand, were more likely to discuss music, current events, sports and business. Women were more likely to gossip about close friends and family. By contrast, men spent more time
113 gossiping about sports figures and media personalities. These differences can lead to frustration when men and women try to converse with one another. 1. It is stated in the passage that women ----. A. are unwilling to discuss personal subjects B. are more interested in discussing relationship problems than are men C. never talk about other men and women D. don't like gossiping about anything E. discuss more important issues than men 2. According to the passage, men ----. A. need to learn to communicate better B. like talking about movies and television as much as women do C. are not likely to gossip on anything D. have no common topics with women E. El get frustrated more whenever they try to converse with women 3. The passage mainly discusses ---- A. what women's conversational topics are B. why men don't like conversing with women C. the topics men like discussing D. why women talk more than men E. the conversational topics of men and women Common Prepositions She has gone before I come. They will invite their friens to the hospital. Exercise 1 Arrange the jumbled words below! 1. about – not being – the party – invited – to – upset – is – Cindy. ……………………………………………………………… ……..
114 2. result - disappointed –your – with – you – Were – exam? ……………………………………………………………… 3. surprised – Everybody – at – was – the news. ……………………………………………………………… 4. thank – Kevin – didn’t – the present – me –for. ……………………………………………………………… 5. haven’t – our letter – replied – They – to ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Complete the sentence using by + one of the following. chance cheque hand mistake satellite 1. We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by change. 2. I didn’t intend to take your umbrella. I took it……………………. 3. If I didn’t put the pullover in the washing machine. I washed it……………… 4. If you haven’t got any cash, you can pay …………….. 5. The two cities were connected ………………………. for a television programme. 6. I never suspected anything. It was only ……….. that I found out what had happened. Common Prepositions about before despite of to above behind down off toward(s) across below during on under after beneath for out until against beside from over up along besides in since upon among between into through with around beyond like throughout within at by near till without
115 (a) The student studies in the library (b) We enjoyed the party at your house (c) We went to the zoo in the afternoon (d) In the afternoon, we went to the zoo Exercises 2 Put in, at, or on! 1. He is going to telephone…….........five o’clock 2. My birthday is……........... May 21th 3. It is always cold……...........February 4. My father was there………….1981 5. He is going to arrive………......Tuesday. Exercise 3 Complete these sentences by adding any of the following words out, down, up, off 1. A big car drew….................outside our house. 2. You can’t rely on him. He is sure to let you............….. 3. Don’t let the children…................of the garden. 4. We shall have to draw……............a new agreement. 5. He was going to punish the boy, but let him…............... 6. Is your watch made…………..gold? 7. I met Harry………..........the way to the station Exercise 4 Using prepositions, write a complete sentence to answer each of following question! 1. When were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Where were you born? ……………………………………………………………… 3. How long have you lived there? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Where is your job? ………………………………………………………………
116 5. How do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 6. When do you go to work? ……………………………………………………………… 7. When do you go home from work? ……………………………………………………………… 8. How do you spend your day off? ……………………………………………………………… 9. How was your dress or shirt made? ……………………………………………………………… 10. How do you come to class? ………………………………………………………………… Exercise 5 Put across, over, between, off, along, in, on, into, out of, or under 1. The aeroplane is flying………..the village 2. The ship is gong……...........the bridge 3. The boy is swimming……............the river 4. Two cats are running……............the wall 5. My books are……..................the shelf 6. The boy is jumping………… the tree 7. Marry is sitting……………her mother and her father 8. It’s 9 o’clock. The children are going…………class 9. It’s 4 o’clock. The children are coming…………class Exercise 6 Supply the missing words in the sentences below using prepositions of, from, in and on! 1. Is this included…the bill? 2. I received a telephone call……..him yesterday 3. You can rely……..me 4. I am thinking……..going abroad ext year 5. Are you interested……………music? 6. I am tired……………telling you same thing again and again.
117 Exercise 7 Complete the sentence. Use in, at or on + one of the following the west coast the world the front row the right the back of the envelope the sky the back of the class my way to work 1. It was alovely day. There wasn’t a cloud in the sky. 2. In most countries people drive................. 3. What is the talest building.......................? 4. I usually buy a newspaper...............................in the morning. 5. San Fransisco is..........................of the United States. 6. We went o theatre last night. We had seats................. 7. I couldn’t hear the teacher very well. She spoke quitely and I was sitting............. 8. When you send a letter, it’s a good idea to write your name and adress....... Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with in, at or on 1. It can be dangerous when children play..................the street. 2. If you walk to the end of the street, you’ll see a small shop....the corner 3. Is Tom......this photograph? I can’t find him. 4. My office is...............the first floor. It’s...............the left as you come out of the lift. 5. We normally use the front entrance but there’s another entrance........the back. 6. I love to look up at the stars...................the sky at night. 7. It’s a very small village. You probably won’t find it...............your map. 8. Paris is......................the river Seine. 9. Write your name...........the to.p of the page. 10. You’ll find the sports result.................the back page of the newspaper.
118 UNIT 13 WATER Truly, or greatest need is water. Either we have water or we die; therefore, cities are frequently built on rivers or lakes. Look at a map and notice the location of cities. Many of them are on rivers, others are on lakes and seas. Water supply has determined the placement of many cities, and in the future it will undoubtedly continue to be major factor. Water is precious to us; however, we sometimes waste it Coordinate conjunction: and, or, but, nor, for, so, and yet. Tonight we saw a light moving rapidly across the sky. It looked like a star, however, it was moving too fast for a star. There was no trail of the fire behind it, therefore, it could not be a comet or meteor. It was too high and too fast for an airplane, besides there was only one light, not two or three, and it did not blink like an airplane light. We thought it might be an orbiting satellite. yet there was no space flight in the news. Perhaps the morning papers would clear up the mystery. Suddenly, the light disappeared from sight. We were glad to see it go. On the opposite of the sky, we discovered a beautiful orange moon, partly hidden by the trees. It looked familiar and reassuring; in contrast to the strange, steady racing speck of light, it seemed comforting stable, and predictable.
119 Subordinate conjunctions: After, Although, As, as if, Wherever, If, When, Because. Exercise 1 Combine the following pairs of sentences with the conjunction! 1. He woke up. He was still on the mattress (when) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 2. He put it on he floor. He went to sleep again (after) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 3. The bed was smashes to pieces. The man was unhurt (although) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 4. The weather was very hot. He carried the bad on the roof of his house (because) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 5. I did not know the way to my hotel. I asked a porter. (so) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 6. I spoke English very carefully. I spoke very clearly. (not only………but…….as well) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 7. I repeated my question several times. At last he understood (and) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 8. He went on holiday. I went on holiday. (both….and) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 9. He must be mad. He must be very wise (either…or)
120 ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 10. I knocked at the door. He did not open it. (but) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 11. He doesn’t know. He doesn’t care. (neither……..nor) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 12. Children enjoy holidays. Adults enjoy holidays. (both…………and) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 13. Everyone was out. I left a message. (so) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 14. He must be very clever. He must be very foolish. (either……..or) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… 15. He looked for his pen. He could not find it. (but) ……………………………………………………………… ……………… Exercise 2 Write a short paragraph using both the coordinate and subordinate conjunctions!
121 UNIT 14 GOOD NEWS The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business is very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.:Mr. Harmsworth, “I said in a weak voice”. “Don’t interrupt, he said”. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra $ 100 a year! Exercise 1 Answer the questions below! 1. Who wanted to see you? ……………………………………………………………… 2. Could the firm pay such large salaries or not? ……………………………………………………………… 3. How many people had left already? ……………………………………………………………… 4. Did he ask you to leave as well or not? ……………………………………………………………… 5. What did he offer you? ………………………………………………………………
122 6. How did you feel then? ……………………………………………………………… 7. How do you express it? ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 2 Change the following sentence into reported speech! 1. My mother said, “I need your help” My mother said (that) she needed my help. 2. “ Do you need a dictionary?” My friend Asked My friend asked me ……………………………………………………………… 3. Doni asked, “ Are you hungry?” Doni wanted to know ……………………………………………………………… 4. “Can you come to my house?” asked Dewi.” Dewi asked me ……………………………………………………………… 5. “I may be late,” said Dave Dave told me ……………………………………………………………… 6. My teacher said, “ I should study harder”. My teacher told me ……………………………………………………………… 7. Adam asked, “ Will you be in class tomorrow?” Adam wants to know ……………………………………………………………… 8. Did you enjoy your study?” asked Yayah Yayah asked me ……………………………………………………………… 9. Dian asked, “what are you talking about?” Dian asked me ……………………………………………………………… 10. Susan said, “I don’t want to go.”
123 Susan said ……………………………………………………………… Exercise 3 Answer the following question based on your own answer! 1. What is your name? ……………………………………………………………… ………….. 2. Can you Speak English? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 3. Have you met the lecturer? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 4. Will you be here tomorrow? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 5. Have you read any books lately? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 6. Did you finish your assignment? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 7. What are you doing? ……………………………………………………………… …………….. 8. Do you understand what I am saying? …………………………………………………………… ……………….. 9. May I borrow your dictionary? …………………………………………………………… ……………….. 10. Did you get to class yesterday? …………………………………………………………… ………………..
124 Grammar Review Quoted and Reported Speech Quoted speech Quoted speech which also called direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken. In quoted speech quotation marks or inverted commas (“………..”) are used. For examples: He said, “The sun rises in the east.” My mother said, “ she will go to market.” Reported speech Reported speech is also called indirect speech. It refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. Unlike in quoted speech, in reported speech no quotation marks are used. Additionally, it is imperative that the verb forms from quoted speech be changed correctly. For examples: He said (that) the sun risen in the east. My mother said she would go to market. Quoted and Reported Speech Examples: Quoted Speech Reported Speech Ali said, “I study English every Thursday” Ali said , “I am studying English now” Ali said, “I have studied English.” Ali said, “I studied English.” Ali said, “I was studying English.” Ali said, “I will study English.” Ali said (that) he studied English every Thursday. Ali said he was studying English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had studied English. Ali said he had been studying English. Ali said he would study English.
125 Ali said, “ I must study English.” Ali asked, “Do you study English?” Ali asked, “What do you study Adam?” Ali said to me, “Study English.” Ai said he might study English. Ali asked me if I studied English. Ali asked him what he studied. Ali told me to study English. In reported speech, if the simple present changed into past tense, so the adverb will also be changed as follow: Time signal of reported speech Quoted speech Reported speech This These Come Here Hence Ago Now Today Tomorrow Yesterday Next week Thus That Those Go There Thence Before Then That day Next day The previous day The following week So
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