81 bsinθ, Derive the formula for ed particle in a uniform * vb sinθ, determine the radius ticle when projected form magnetic field * measure the e/m of an lectric field and magnetic field s. * ect on a current carrying coil d use this principle to uction and working of a * of magnetic flux (Ø) as scalar eld (B) and area (A) using the A. * ensity and its units. * ctromagnet and investigate ence the strength of an * er into voltmeter of range * e on the basis of experimental d produced by a current onger than a straight * f electrons in an electric field ube. *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Examine the motion of using a Cathode Ray tu Science, Technology and Society Connections Explain the following: (a)magnets are often fitted to cupboards (b)a crane in a steelworks is fit electromagnet (c)wheat flour is usually passe packed (d)a steel ship becomes magn Explain how magnetic put to the service of m industry e.g. Bullet train, an electro breaker, computers, cr Analyse information an assess the impact of m on society (e.g. Identify electromagnetic field p equipments) Explain magnetic reson be used to (a)detect cancerous tis (b)wheat flour is usual before being packed (c)a steel ship become constructed
82 f electrons in a magnetic field ube. * * the doors of refrigerators and tted with a large ed near a magnet before being etized as it is constructed effect of a current has been mankind in domestic life and in magnetic door lock, a circuit redit cards * nd use available evidence to medical application of physics y the function of the produced in the medical * nance image(MRI) scans can * ssues. lly passed near a magnet es magnetized as it is
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII (d)distinguish between brain. UNIT-16(ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIONS) Magnetic flux Define of magnetic flux magnetic field (B) and = B┴ A=B.A. and write Illustrate the instants w through is maximum o Faraday’s law State Faraday’s law of indicating factors affec Lenz’s law State Lenz’s law to pre induced current and re conservation of energy Apply Faraday’s law of and Lenz’s law to solve Eddy currents Explain the production their magnetic and hea Explain the need for la motors, generators and Mutual inductance and Self Inductance Define mutual inducta (L), and their unit hen Energy stored in an inductor Find the formula for en describe energy densit Motional emf Explain what is meant or wire moving throug way, compute the pote ends. (E=-vBLsinθ)
83 n gray and white matter in the x (Ø) as scalar product of area (A) using the relation ØB e its SI unit. * when magnetic flux passing or minimum. * electromagnetic induction, cting the induced emf. * dict the direction of an elate to the principle of y. * f electromagnetic induction e problems. * n of eddy currents and identify ating effects. * minated iron cores in electric d transformers. * nce (M) and self-inductance ry. * nergy stored in inductor and ty of magnetic field. * by motional emf. Given a rod h a magnetic field in a simple ential difference across its *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII A.C. Generator Describe the main com and explain how it wor (E=nωabsinθ) Transformer Describe the construct explain how it works. Identify the relationshi number of turns in the and the ratio of primar Describe how set-up a can be used to ensure along cables. Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work Perform an investigatio effect on an electric cu (a)the distance betwee varied. (b)the strength of the m Demonstrate electrom permanent magnet, co galvanometer. Conduct a demonstrat transformer by dissect Demonstrate an impro Demonstrate the actio producing spark.
84 mponents of an A.C generator rks and derive the relation * tion of a transformer and * ip between the ratio of the e primary and secondary coils ry to secondary voltages. * nd step-down transformers efficient transfer of electricity * on to predict and verify the urrent generated when: n the coil and magnet is magnet is varied. * magnetic induction by a oil and demonstration ion of step-up and step-down ible transformer. ovised electric motor. * on of an induction coil by *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Gather information an investigate “multiplier field created by curren (wrapped around a pie observed magnetic fiel Science, Technology and Society Connections Analyze and present in induction heating is us oxygen free heating en Identify how eddy curr electromagnetic brakin Analyze the earthquak seismometer as a good electromagnetic induct (A)any movement or v the seismometer rests results in relative moti the coil (suspended by (b)the emf induced in t to the displacement as earthquake. Describe the use of ste transformers for the el station to houses and e Search and analyze inf transmission lines are: (a)Insulated from supp
85 d choose equipment to “ effect (a small magnetic nt carrying loops of wire ece of iron core lead to a large ld). * nformation to explain how ed in furnaces to provide nvironment. * rents have been utilized in ng. * ke detecting instrument – d example of an application of tion and explain * ibration of the rock on which (buried in a protective case) on between the magnet and y a spring from the frame. the coil is directly proportional ssociated with the ep-down and step-up lectric supply from power electric appliances at home. * formation to identify how * porting structure.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII (b)Protected from light Explain that induction inductor widely used to sparks needed to ignite and motorbike engines Explain in a car the win driven by one and the PART-6 (A.C Circuits) UNIT-17 (ALTERNATING CURRENT) Alternating emf Represent a sinusoidal equation of the form Describe the flow of Al circuit containing comp capacitor or inductor. ( Instantaneous, peak and rms values of AC Describe the terms tim instantaneous peak va value of an alternating Phase, phase lag and phase lead in AC Describe the phase of A leads in A.C Circuits. A.C Circuits Explain the flow of A.C and inductors. Discuss Phase lead or l an alternating voltage inductor using phasor d
86 tning strikes. coil is a form of mutual o generate the high voltage e the petrol-air mixture in car s. * nd screen wipers are usually engine is started by another. * ly alternating voltage by an E = Eo sin ωt. * lternating Current in a closed ponents such as Resistor , (I=Iosin(ωt+ϕ) * me period, frequency, lue and root mean square g current and voltage. * A.C and how phase lags and * C through resistors , capacitors * ag of current produced when is applied to a capacitor or diagram *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Describe impedance as resistances and reacta RLC circuits. Construct phasor diagr calculations on circuits reactive components in Solve the problems usi and realize the importa Resonant Circuits. Realize that impedance frequency dependent a A.C circuit and carry ou resonant frequency for Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves (descriptive treatment) Describe the qualitativ equations and explain electromagnetic waves Explain electromagnet radio waves to γ-rays). Describe that the infor radio waves. Identify that the micro cause heating when ab burns when absorbed Describe that ultra viol by special lamps and th Sun may cause skin can radiation. Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
87 s vector summation of nces, in cases of RC, RL and * rams and carry out s including resistive and n series. * ing the formula of A.C Power ance of power factor. * e of A.C circuits may be and explain resonance in an ut calculations using the rmula. * ve treatment of Maxwell’s the production of s. * ic spectrum (ranging from * rmation can be transmitted by * owaves of a certain frequency bsorbed by water and cause by body tissues. * let radiation can be produced hat prolonged exposure to the ncer from ultra violet *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Determine the relation capacitance when diffe AC circuit using series Measure DC and AC vo Determine the impeda hence find inductance. Determine the impeda hence find capacitance Science, Technology and Society Connections Apply the use of infra r optical fibre commutat control of TV sets and V Describe the effect of o Illustrate the principle security checks. State the principle of e diagnostic. Describe the importan broadcaster of radiowa Describe the principle circuits of a radio. Explain why transmissi channels are polarized channels.
88 n between current and erent capacitors are used in and parallel combinations. * oltages by a CRO. * ance of RL circuit at 50Hz and . * ance of RC circuit at 50Hz and e. * red waves in radiant heaters, tions and for the remote VCR’s. * ozone layer depletion. * of metal detectors used for * electro-cardiograph in medical * nce of oscillator circuit as aves. * of resonance in tuning * ion from some country TV at right angle to city *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Realize that resonant c metal detectors. PART-7(SOLID STATE PHYSICS) UNIT-18(PHYSICS OF SOLIDS) Classification of solids Distinguish between th amorphous and polym Electrical properties of solids Describe the idea abo Classify insulators, con on the basis of energy Magnetic properties of solids Distinguish between di materials. Describe the concepts material. Discuss how magnetic magnetizing current in hence describe hystere Infer from hysteresis lo ferromagnetic substan Realize that area of the the energy loss per uni magnetizing current. Science, Technology and Society Connections Describe the applicatio magnetic resonance im levitation trains, powe and faster computer ch
89 circuits are main parts of * he structure of crystalline, eric solids. * ut energy bands in solids. * ductors, and semiconductors bands. * ia, para and Ferro magnetic * of magnetic domains in a * induction varies with ferromagnetic sample and esis loop. * oop, hard and soft nces. * * e hysteresis loop represents it volume per cycle of * ons of superconductors in maging (MRI), magnetic rful but small electric motors hips. *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Identify the importanc materials for their use magnets or permanent Describe the function and Photo voltaic cell. Analyze that the mode digital electronics. Analyze that the comp electronic technology. Realize that electronics appliances to high-tech Analyze behaviour of s potential uses. UNIT-19(ELECTRONICS) Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors Distinguish between in semiconductors. Explain on the basis of electrons the distinctio Semiconductors. PN Junction and its forward and reversed biased states Describe PN junction a holes flow across a jun reverse biased conditio Discuss the current vol in forward and reverse Half and full wave rectification Describe half and full w rectifiers.
90 e of hysteresis loop to select to make them temporary t magnets. * and use of LED, Photodiode * ern world is the world of * puters are the forefront of * s is shifting low-tech electrical h electronic appliances. * superconductors and their * ntrinsic and extrinsic * presence of holes and free on between P & N type * and explain how electrons and nction during forward and ons. * ltage behavious of PN junction e biased conditions. * wave rectifiers and bridge *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Transistor and its characteristics Distinguish PNP & NPN Describe the operation Deduce current equati problems on transistor Transistor as an amplifier (C-E configuration) Explain the use of tran amplifier. Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work Draw characteristics of calculate forward and Study the half and full semiconductor diodes Use multimeter to (i) id distinguish between N the unidirectional flow and a led. (to check whether a giv Diode or transistor is in Demonstrate the ampl graphically by CRO PART-8(MODERN PHYSICS) UNIT-20(DAWN OF MODERN PHYSICS) Special theory of relativity Distinguish between in of reference. Describe the significan the constancy of the sp
91 N transistors. * ns of transistors. * on and apply it to solve rs. * nsistors as a switch and an * f semiconductor diode and reverse current resistances. * waver rectification by by displaying on C.R.O. * dentify base of transistor (ii) PN and PNP transistor (iii) see w of current in case of diode ven electric component e.g. n working order. * lification action of a transistor * nertial and non-inertial frames * ce of Einstein’s assumption of peed of light. *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Explain qualitatively an consequence of specia (a)length contraction (b)time dilation (c)mass increase (d)the equivalence bet Photoelectric effect Describe the phenome the basis of Einstein's E Solve problems and an hf and c = f λ. Describe Photo voltaic Photoelectric effect. Compton’s effect Describe Compton Effe Pair production and pair annihilation Explain the phenomen annihilation. Wave nature of particles Understand that E2+B2 detection of photon.(w Understand that electr wave functions of phot Derive E2=P2c2+mo2c4 increase. Use E=hf and E=pc to d Understand how de-Br electron.
92 nd quantitatively the al relativity in relation to: tween mass and energy * enon of photoelectric effect on Explanation. * nalyse information using: E = * cell as an application of * ect qualitatively. * a of pair production and pair * 2 is proportional to chances of wave particle duality) * ric and magnetic fields are ton. * 4 using the formula for mass * derive p=h/λ for photon * roglie generalized p=h/λ to *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Describe the confirmat by Davisson and Germ diffraction of electrons crystal lattice was obse Understand that like p function whose square electron. Electron microscope Explain how the very s and the ability to use e to focus them, allows e achieve very high reso Uncertainty Principle State uncertainty princ of example. Bohr's Model of Hydrogen Atom State Three Postulates atom. Understand that energ atom and define atom X-Rays Explain Inner shell tranrays. Analyze the process of Explain Bremsstrahlun LASER Define LASER. Describe induced abso emission, induced/stim Understand Population Understand working of Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work
93 tion of de Broglie’s proposal er experiment in which the s by the surface layers of a erved. * hoton, electron also has wave e gives chances of detection of * hort wavelength of electrons, electrons and magnetic fields electron microscope to lution. * ciple and discuss with the help * of Bohr's model of hydrogen * gy is discrete in Hydrogen ic shells. * nsition and characteristic X * f X-ray Production. * g/Continuous X-rays. * * orption, spontaneous mulated emission. * n Inversion and LASER Action. * f He-Ne LASER. *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Investigate the variatio intensity of incident lig Determine Planck’s con barrier of different ligh Science, Technology and Society Connections Predict the motion of a different frame of refe moving vehicle observe person standing on the Identify the role of spe global positioning, NAV Summarize the use of s cell in our daily life. Search and describe th to study the micro stru matter. Describe Uses of X-ray industry. Describe Uses of LASER UNIT-21(NUCLEAR PHYSICS) Composition of atomic nuclei Describe a simple mod protons, neutrons and Determine the number nucleons it contains fo nucleus in the form Az Define the terms unifie
94 on of electric current with ght on a photocell. * nstant using internal potential ht emitting diodes. * an object relative to a erence e.g. dropping a ball in a ed from the vehicle and by a e side walk. * ecial theory of relativity in VSTAR system. * solar cell and photoelectric * he role of electron microscope uctures and properties of * s in medical science and * R. * del for the atom to include electrons. * r of protons, neutrons and or the specification of a z X. * ed mass scale. *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Isotopes Explain that an elemen forms each with a diffe Mass spectrograph Explain the use of mas demonstrate the existe measure their relative Mass defect and binding energy Define mass defect and using Einstein’s equatio Illustrate graphically th per nucleon with the m Explain the relevance o to nuclear fusion and t Radioactivity (properties of α, β and γ rays) Identify that some nuc radiation to get rid of e be radioactive. Understand that Electr range and Strong Nucle range. Explain when no. of Ne nucleus increases, then nuclear attractive force compared to Electrosta nucleus becomes unsta Describe that an eleme element when radioac Identify the spontaneo nuclear decay. Half life and rate of decay Describe the term half the equation λ=0.693/T
95 nt can exist in various isotopic erent number of neutrons. * s spectrograph to ence of isotopes and to abundance. * d calculate binding energy on. * he variation of binding energy mass number. * of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear fission. * clei are unstable, give out excess energy and are said to * * rostatic repulsive force is long ear attractive force is short * eucleons increases and size of n for some neucleons strong e becomes negligible as atic repulsive force. Hence able. * ent may change into another tivity occurs. * ous and random nature of * f life and solve problems using T1/2 *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter Describe the interactio with matter, Their pen Radiation detectors (GM counter and solid state detector) Describe the use of Ge state detectors to dete Nuclear reactions Explain that atomic conserve in nuclear rea Determine the release nuclear reactions. Describe energy and m reactions and in radioa Nuclear fission (fission chain reaction) Describe the phenome Describe the fission ch Nuclear reactors: Describe the function nuclear reactor. Nuclear fusion (nuclear reaction in the Sun) Describe the phenome Describe nuclear fusion stars. Basic forces of nature Describe the basic forc Elementary particles and particle classification (hadrons, leptons and quarks) Describe the building b hadrons, leptons and q Investigation Skills/Laboratory Work Simulate the radioactiv of at least 100 dice and life of the nuclei.
96 on of alpha, beta, gamma rays etration and range. * eiger Muller counter and solid ect the radiations. * number and mass number action. * of energy from different * mass conservation in simple active decay. * ena of nuclear fission. * ain reaction. * of various components of a * ena of nuclear fusion. * n reactions in sun and other * ces of nature. * blocks of matter including quarks. * ve decay of nuclei using a set d measure the simulated half *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Draw the characteristic tube. Determine the amount your surroundings and sources. Set up a G.M. point tub Alpha particles with th the count rate using a Science, Technology and Society Connections Explain the basic princ Describe and discuss th components of a wate (core, fuel, rods, mode exchange, safety rods a Explain why the uraniu Compare the amount o reaction with the (give chemical reaction. Describe how the cond Sun and other stars allo place and hence, how energy conversion pro Show an awareness ab exposure and biologica Describe the term dos Describe the use of rad and therapy.
97 cs curve of a Geiger Muller t of background radiation in d identify their possible * be and show the detection of e help of CRO and determine scalar unit. * iple of nuclear reactor. * he function of the principle r moderated power reactor erator, control rods, heat and shielding). * um fuel needs to be enriched. * of energy released in a fission en) energy released in a * ditions in the interiors of the ow nuclear fusion to take nuclear fusion is their main cess. * bout nuclear radiation al effects of radiation. * simeter. * diations for medical diagnosis *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII Explain the importance ionizing radiation. Describe the examples tracers in medical diag industry. Assess Biological and m (radiation therapy, dia techniques)
98 e of limiting exposure to * s of the use of radioactive gnosis, agriculture and * medical uses of radiations gnosis of diseases, tracers *
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 99 SLOS OF CONDENSED PHYSICS FOR TECHNOLOGIES & AGRICULTURE / VETERINARY GROUPS FOR GRADE XI – XII PART – I (MECHANICS) UNIT – 1 MEASUREMENT Major Concepts (19 periods) o The scope of Physics o SI base, supplementary and derived units o Errors and uncertainties o Precision and accuracy o Dimensionality Learning outcomes The students will be able to: describe the scope of Physics in science, technology and society. State SI base units, derived units, and supplementary units for various measurements. Express derived units as products or quotients of the base units. State the conventions for indicating units as set out in the SI units. Explain why all measurements contain some uncertainty. Distinguish between systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors. Identify that least count or resolution of a measuring instrument is the smallest increment measurable by it. Differentiate between precision and accuracy. Assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of actual, fractional or percentage uncertainties. Quote answers with correct scientific notation, number of significant figures and units in all numerical and practical work. Check the homogeneity of physical equations by using dimensionality and base units. Derive formulae in simple cases using dimensions. Investigation Skills/ Laboratory work
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 100 The students will be able to: Measure, using appropriate techniques, the length, mass, time, temperature and electrical quantities by making use of both analogue scales and digital displays particularly short time interval by ticker timer and by C.R.O. Measure length and diameter of a solid cylinder and hence estimate its volume quoting proper number of significant figures. Measure the diameters of a few ball bearings of different sizes and estimate their volumes. Mention the uncertainty in each result. Analyze and evaluate the above experiment and suggest improvements. Determine the radius of curvature of a convex lens and concave lens using a speedometer. Explain why it is important to use an instrument of smallest resolution. Explain the importance of increasing the number of readings in an experiment. Demonstrate the information of general safety rules of the laboratory and proper use of safety equipment’s. Science, Technology and Society Connections The students will be able to: Present data in a well-structured tabular form for easy interpretation (e.g. Ball bearings investigation). Display data by drawing appropriate graphs for the above. Interpret the information from linear or non-linear graphs / curves by measuring slopes and intercepts in newspaper or magazines Argue that all daily life measurements are uncertain to some extent. UNIT - 2 VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM Major Concepts (20 periods) • Cartesian coordinate system • Addition of vectors by head to tail rule • Addition of vectors by perpendicular components
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 101 • Scalar product of two vectors • Vectors product of two vectors • Torque • Equilibrium of forces • Equilibrium of torques Learning outcomes The students will be able to: Describe the Cartesian coordinate system. Determine the sum of vectors using head to tail rule. Represent a vector into two perpendicular components. Determine the sum of vectors using perpendicular components. Describe scalar product of two vectors in term of angle between them. Describe vector product of two vectors in term of angle between them. State the method to determine the direction of vector product of two vectors. Define the torque as vector product r x F. List applications of torque or moment due to a force. State first condition of equilibrium. State second condition of equilibrium. Solve two dimensional problems involving forces (statics) using 1st and 2nd conditions of equilibrium. Investigation Skills/ Laboratory work The students will be able to: Determine the weight of a body by vector addition of forces using perpendicular components. Verify the two conditions of equilibrium using a suspended metre rod. Science, Technology and Society Connections The students will be able to: Identify the use of long handle spanner to turn a stubborn bolt.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 102 Explain why the height of racing cars is kept low. Explain why do buses and heavy trucks have large steering wheels. Describe how cranes are able to lift very heavy loads without toppling. UNIT – 3 FORCES AND MOTION Major Concepts (30 periods) Displacement Average velocity and instantaneous velocity Average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration Review of equations of uniformly accelerated motion Newton’s laws of motion Momentum and Impulse Law of conservation of momentum Elastic collisions in one dimension Momentum and explosive forces Projectile motion Rocket motion Learning Outcomes The students will be able to: Describe vector nature of displacement. Describe average and instantaneous velocities of objects. Compare average and instantaneous speeds with average and instantaneous velocities. Interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs of objects moving along the same straight line. o Determine the instantaneous velocity of an object moving along the same straight line by measuring the slope of displacement-time graph. Define average acceleration (as rate of change of velocity aav = ∆v / ∆t) and
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 103 o Instantaneous acceleration (as the limiting value of average acceleration when time interval ∆t approaches zero). Distinguish between positive and negative acceleration, uniform and variable acceleration. Determine the instantaneous acceleration of an object measuring the slope of velocity-time graph. Manipulate equation of uniformly accelerated motion to solve problems. Explain that projectile motion is two dimensional motion in a vertical plane. Communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance that. o Horizontal component (vh) of velocity is constant. o Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a vertically free falling object. o The horizontal motion and vertical motion are independent of each other. Evaluate using equations of uniformly accelerated motion that for a given initial velocity of frictionless projectile. o How higher does it go? o How far would it go along the level land? o Where would it be after a given time? o How long will it remain in air? Determine for a projectile launched from ground height. o Launch angle that results in the maximum range. o Relation between the launch angles that result in the same range. Describe how air resistance affects both the horizontal component and vertical component of velocity and hence the range of the projectile. Apply newton’s laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of context. Define mass (as the property of a body which resists change in motion). Describe and use of the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass. Describe the newton’s second law of motion as rate of change of momentum.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 104 Co-relate newton’s third law of motion and conservation of momentum. Show awareness that newton’s laws are not exact but provide a good approximation, unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum effects become significant. Define impulse (as a product of impulsive force and time). Describe the effect of an impulsive force on the momentum of an object, and the effect of lengthening the time, stopping, or rebounding from the collision. Describe that while momentum of a system is always conserved in interaction between bodies some change in k.e. usually takes place. Solve different problems of elastic and inelastic collisions between two bodies in one dimension by using law of conservation of momentum. Describe that momentum is conserved in all situations. Identify that for a perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation. Differentiate between explosion and collision (objects move apart instead of coming nearer). Investigation skills/ laboratory work The students will be able to: Analyse and interpret patterns of motion of objects using o Displacement-time graph o Velocity-time graph o Acceleration-time graph Measure the free fall time of a ball using a ticker-timer and hence calculate the value of “g”. Evaluate your result and identify the sources of error and suggest improvements. Investigate the value of “g” by free fall method Investigate momentum conservation by colliding trolleys and ticker-timer for elastic and inelastic collisions
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 105 Investigate the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravity and study its relationship with the angle of inclination by plotting graph between force and sin θ Science, technology and society connections The students will be able to: Outline the forces involved in causing a change in the velocity of a vehicle When o Coasting with no pressure on the acceleration. o Pressing on the accelerator. o Pressing on the brakes. o Passing over an icy patch on the road. o Climbing and descending hills. Investigate and explain the effect of the launch height of projectiles (e.g. A shot put launched from a shoulder height) on a maximum range and the effect of launch angle for a given height. Describe to what extent the air resistance affects various projectiles in sports Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles in c with the changing momentum such as safety helmet, seat belt, head rest of the car seat. Describe the conservation of momentum for (i) car crashes (ii) ball & bat. Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with respect to the concepts of impulse and momentum. Explain in terms of law of conservation of momentum, the motion under thrust of a rocket in a straight line considering short thrusts during which the mass remains constant Describe the nature of the rocket thrusts necessary to cause a space vehicle to change direction along a circular arc in a region of space where gravity is negligible
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 106 Unit – 4 rotational and circular motion Major concepts (21 periods) Kinematics of angular motion Centripetal force and Centripetal acceleration Orbital velocity Artificial satellites Artificial gravity Moment of inertia Angular momentum Learning outcomes The students will be able to: Define angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration and express angular displacement in radians. Solve problems by using s= r θ and v=rω. State and use of equations of angular motion to solve problems involving rotational motions. Describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force. Derive and use centripetal acceleration a = rω², a = v² /r. Solve problems using centripetal force f = mrω², f = mv² /r. Describe situations in which the centripetal acceleration is caused by a tension force, a frictional force, a gravitational force, or a normal force. Explain when a vehicle travels round a banked curve at the specified speed for the banking angle, the horizontal component of the normal force on the vehicle causes the centripetal acceleration. Describe the equation tanθ = v2/rg, relating banking angle θ to the speed v of the Vehicle and the radius of curvature r.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 107 Explain that satellites can be put into orbits round the earth because of the gravitational force between the earth and the satellite. Explain that the objects in orbiting satellites appear to be weightless. Describe how artificial gravity is created to counter balance weightless. Define the term orbital velocity and derive relationship between orbital velocity, the gravitational constant, mass and the radius of the orbit. Analyze that satellites can be used to send information between places on the earth which are far apart, to monitor conditions on earth, including the weather, and to observe the universe without the atmosphere getting in the way. Describe that communication satellites are usually put into orbit high above the equator and that they orbit the earth once a day so that they appear stationary when viewed from earth. Define moment of inertia of a body and angular momentum. Derive a relation between torque, moment of inertia and angular acceleration. Explain conservation of angular momentum as a universal law and describe examples of conservation of angular momentum. Use the formulae of moment of inertia of various bodies for solving problems. Science, technology and society connections The students will be able to: Assess the suitability of the recommended speed limit for the given data on the banking angle and radius of curvature of some roads. Describe the experience of roller coaster rides in the amusement parks. Describe the principles and benefits of weather forecasting and communication satellites. Evaluate the accuracy of the information presented in a newspaper article on satellite. Write a report on an information search on the topic of ‘space station’
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 108 Unit – 5 fluid dynamics Major concepts (18 periods) Streamline and turbulent flow Equation of continuity Bernoulli’s equation Applications of Bernoulli’s equation Viscous fluids Fluid friction Terminal velocity Learning outcomes The students will be able to: Define the terms: steady (streamline or laminar) flow, incompressible flow and non-viscous flow as applied to the motion of an ideal fluid. Explain that at a sufficiently high velocity, the flow of viscous fluid undergoes a transition from laminar to turbulence conditions. Describe that the majority of practical examples of fluid flow and resistance to motion in fluids involve turbulent rather than laminar conditions. Describe equation of continuity aν = constant, for the flow of an ideal and incompressible fluid and solve problems using it. Identify that the equation of continuity is a form of the principle of conservation of mass. Describe that the pressure difference can arise from different rates of flow of a fluid (bernoulli effect). Derive bernoullie equation in the form p + ½ ρv2 + ρgh = constant For the case of horizontal tube of flow. Interpret and apply bernoulli effect in the: filter pump, venturi meter, in, atomizers, flow of air over an aerofoil and in blood physics. Describe that real fluids are viscous fluids.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 109 Describe that viscous forces in a fluid cause a retarding force on an object moving through it. Explain how the magnitude of the viscous force in fluid flow depends on the shape and velocity of the object. Apply dimensional analysis to confirm the form of the equation F = Aηrv where ‘A’ is a dimensionless constant (Stokes’ Law) for the drag force under laminar conditions in a viscous fluid. Apply stokes’ law to derive an expression for terminal velocity of spherical body falling through a viscous fluid. Investigation skills/ laboratory work The students will be able to: Investigate the effect of moving air on pressure by demonstrating with venturi meter investigate the fall of spherical steel balls through a viscous medium and determine o Terminal velocity o Coefficient of viscosity of the fluid Investigate the viscosity of different liquids by measuring the terminal velocity. Describe of systolic pressure and diastolic pressure and use sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure. Science, technology and society connections The students will be able to: Show that a table tennis ball can be made suspended in the stream of air coming from the nozzle of hair dryer. Explain the streamlined designing of racing cars and boats. Explain that the streamlined bodies of dolphins assist their movement in water. Describe that when water falls from a tap, its speed increases and so its crosssectional area decreases as mandated by the continuity equation. Describe that a stream of air passing over a tube dipped in liquid will cause the liquid to rise in the tube. This effect is used in perfume bottles and paint sprayers.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 110 Explain why a chimney works best when it is tall and exposed to air currents which reduces the pressure at the top and forces the upward flow of smoke. State qualitative explanations in terms of turbulence and bernoulli effect for the swing of spinning cricket ball and the lift of a spinning golf ball. Describe that a filter pump has constriction in the centre, so that a jet of water from the tap flows faster here. Explain that the carburetor of a car engine uses a venturi duct to feed the correct mix of air and petrol to the cylinders. Unit – 6 work and energy Major concepts (17 periods) Work done by a constant force Work as scalar product of force and displacement Work against gravity Work done by variable force Gravitational potential at a point Escape velocity Power as scalar product of force and velocity Work energy principle in resistive medium Sources and uses of energy o Conventional sources of energy o Non-conventional sources of energy Learning outcomes: The students will be able to: Describe the concept of work in terms of the product of force f and displacement d in the direction of force (work as scalar product of f and d). Distinguish between positive, negative and zero work with suitable examples. Describe that work can be calculated from the area under the force-displacement graph.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 111 Explain gravitational field as an example of field of force and define gravitational field strength as force per unit mass at a given point. Prove that gravitational field is a conservative field. Compute and show that the work done by gravity as a mass ‘m’ is moved from one given point to another does not depend on the path followed. Describe that the gravitational pe is measured from a reference level and can be positive or negative, to denote the orientation from the reference level. Define potential at a point as work done in bringing unit mass from infinity to that point. Explain the concept of escape velocity in term of gravitational constant g, mass m and radius of planet r. Differentiate conservative and non-conservative forces giving examples of each. Express power as scalar product of force and velocity. Explain that work done against friction is dissipated as heat in the environment. State the implications of energy losses in practical devices and the concept of efficiency. Utilize work – energy theorem in a resistive medium to solve problems. Discuss and make a list of limitations of some conventional sources of energy. Describe the potentials of some nonconventional sources of energy. Investigation skills/ laboratory work Science, technology and society connections The students will be able to: Identify, by estimating the cost, benefits of application of scientific principles related, to work and energy in lifting objects by a crane. Explain why a car going up a hill requires lower top speed than a car going on the flat. Identify energy conversions. o Moving car engine
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 112 o Thermal power station o Hydroelectric power station Investigate and explain how global climate is determined by energy transfer from the sun and is influenced by a dynamic process (e.g. Cloud formation and the earth’s rotation) and static conditions (e.g. The position of mountain ranges and oceans) Explain how trash can be utilized for producing energy (bio-gas). Part – ii (waves and oscillations) Unit – 7 waves Major concepts (27 periods) Periodic waves Progressive waves Transverse and longitudinal waves Speed of sound in air Newton’s formula and laplace correction Superposition of waves Stationary waves Modes of vibration of strings Fundamental mode and harmonics Vibrating air columns and organ pipes Doppler effect and its applications Generation, detection and use of ultrasonic Learning outcomes The students will be able to: Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes, springs and ripple tank. Demonstrate that mechanical waves require a medium for their propagation while electromagnetic waves do not.
CURRICULUM FOR PHYSICS GRADES IX- XII 113 Define and apply the following terms to the wave model; medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, wavelength, velocity. Solve problems using the equation: v = fλ. Describe that energy is transferred due to a progressive wave. Identify that sound waves are vibrations of particles in a medium. Compare transverse and longitudinal waves. Explain that speed of sound depends on the properties of medium in which it propagates and describe newton’s formula of speed of waves. Describe the laplace correction in newton’s formula for speed of sound in air. Identify the factors on which speed of sound in air depends. Describe the principle of superposition of two waves from coherent sources. Describe the phenomenon of interference of sound waves. Describe the phenomenon of formation of beats due to interference of noncoherent sources. Explain the formation of stationary waves using graphical method Define the terms, node and antinodes. Describe modes of vibration of strings. Describe formation of stationary waves in vibrating air columns. Explain the observed change in frequency of a mechanical wave coming from a moving object as it approaches and moves away (i.e. Doppler effect). Explain that doppler effect is also applicable to e.m. Waves. Explain the principle of the generation and detection of ultrasonic waves using piezo- electric transducers. Explain the main principles behind the use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures.