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ii MODUL MATA KULIAH BAHASA INGGRIS TEKNIK 1 Disusun oleh: Juvrianto Chrissunday Jakob, S.Pd., M.Pd. Program Studi D4 Teknik Konstruksi Jalan dan Jembatan Jurusan Teknik Sipil Politeknik Negeri Ambon 2023
ii Kata Pengantar Puji dan Syukur penulis sampaikan ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa yang senantiasa melimpahkan segala berkat dan penyertaan-Nya sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan Modul Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris Teknik 1 ini. Modul ini disusun sebagai bahan ajar dalam proses perkuliahan mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris Teknik 1 untuk mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Sipil. Modul Mata Kuliah ini disusun dengan beberapa topik yang terdiri dari: Introduction to English for Civil Engineering, Building Materials, Basic Math, Hand and Power Tools, Describing Shapes, Surveying and Levelling, Asking and Giving Directions, Asking and Giving Suggestion, Measurements & Safety Equipment and Precautions, dan Hand and Power Tools. Penyusun menyadari bahwa di dalam proses penyusunan modul masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, penyusun sangat terbuka untuk berbagai saran dan kritik yang sifatnya membangun. Mudah-mudahan Modul Mata Kuliah ini dapat memberikan manfaat. Ambon, Agustus 2023 Juvrianto Chrissunday Jakob, S.Pd., M.Pd.
ii Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................ i Daftar Isi .......................................................................................................... ii Deskripsi Mata Kuliah .................................................................................. iii Unit 1: Introduction to English for Civil Engineering A. Capaian Pembelajaran .......................................................................... 1 B. Introduction to English for Civil Engineering ................................... 1 C. The Importance of English to Civil Engineering ............................... 2 D. Exercises .................................................................................................. 6 E. References ............................................................................................... 7 Unit 2: Building Materials A. Capaian Pembelajaran .......................................................................... 8 B. Introduction ............................................................................................ 8 C. The Importance of High-Quality Materials ....................................... 8 D. Common Types of Building Materials ............................................... 10 E. Exercises .................................................................................................. 14 F. References ............................................................................................... 15 Unit 3: Basic Math A. Capaian Pembelajaran .......................................................................... 16 B. Introduction ............................................................................................ 16 C. Basic Operations in Math ..................................................................... 17 D. Exercises .................................................................................................. 19 E. References ............................................................................................... 19 Unit 4: Measurements in Civil Engineering A. Capaian Pembelajaran .......................................................................... 21 B. Introduction ............................................................................................ 21 C. Understanding Land Measurement in Civil Engineering ............... 22 D. Kinds of Common Civil Engineering Measurements ...................... 24 E. What A Civil Engineers Measure? ...................................................... 25 F. Exercises .................................................................................................. 27 G. References ............................................................................................... 27
iii Unit 5: Surveying and Levelling A. Capaian Pembelajaran ........................................................................ 29 B. Introduction ......................................................................................... 29 C. Objectives and Stages in Surveying .................................................. 30 D. Types of Surveying ............................................................................. 31 E. Being A Surveyor ................................................................................ 32 F. Various Common Surveying and Levelling Tools ......................... 35 G. Exercises ............................................................................................... 37 H. References ............................................................................................. 38 Unit 6: Hand and Power Tools A. Capaian Pembelajaran ........................................................................ 40 B. Introduction ......................................................................................... 40 C. Functions and Types of Hand and Power Tools ............................ 41 D. Kinds of Common Hand Tools ......................................................... 43 E. Kinds of Common Power Tools ........................................................ 46 F. Exercises ............................................................................................... 49 G. References ............................................................................................. 50 Unit 7: Describing Shapes A. Capaian Pembelajaran ........................................................................ 51 B. Introduction ......................................................................................... 51 C. Lines ...................................................................................................... 52 D. 2-Dimensional Shapes ........................................................................ 53 E. 3-Dimensional Shapes ........................................................................ 56 F. Exercises ............................................................................................... 59 G. References ............................................................................................. 59 Unit 8: Safety Equipments and Precautions A. Capaian Pembelajaran ........................................................................ 60 B. Introduction ......................................................................................... 60 C. Construction Work Safety Principles ............................................... 63 D. Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) ........................... 65 E. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) .............................................. 66 F. Precautions in Construction .............................................................. 70 G. Exercises ............................................................................................... 75
iv H. References ............................................................................................. 76 Unit 9: Asking and Giving Direction A. Capaian Pembelajaran ........................................................................ 78 B. Introduction ......................................................................................... 78 C. Comon Expressions ............................................................................ 79 D. Asking for Direction ........................................................................... 79 E. Giving Direction .................................................................................. 83 F. Example of Conversation ................................................................... 87 G. Exercises ............................................................................................... 88 H. References ............................................................................................. 92 Lampiran .......................................................................................................... 93 Biodata Penulis ............................................................................................... 95
vv Deskripsi Mata Kuliah Mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris Teknik termasuk dalam kelompok Mata Kuliah Pengembangan Kepribadian (MPK) yang bertujuan untuk pengembangan keterampilan berbahasa Inggris dan agar mahasiswa mampu mengetahui, memahami serta berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam bidang rekayasa Teknik Konstruksi Jalan dan Jembatan dengan baik dan benar; serta memiliki kemampuan dasar bahasa Inggris yang dilatihkan yaitu reading, listening, speaking, dan writing dalam topik bahasan: Introduction to English for Civil Engineering, Buliding Materials, Basic Math, Hand and Power Tools, Describing Shapes, Asking and Giving Directions, Asking and Giving Suggestion, Measurements & Safety Equipments and Precautions, dan Hand and Power Tools. Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah 1. Mahasiswa mampu menguasai percakapan dan penulisan bahasa Inggris dengan menggunaan istilah-istilah bidang Teknik Sipil dalam bahasa Inggris. 2. Mahasiswa mampu berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris secara lisan maupun tulisan dengan menggunakan strutur bahasa inggris yang tepat dan benar. 3. Mengetahui dan mampu membaca (reading), menulis (writing), dan berbicara (speaking) dalam Bahasa Inggris terutama dalam bidang Teknik Sipil, khususnya Teknik Konstruksi Jalan dan Jembatan. 4. Mahasiswa mampu memahami teks bacaan dan berbagai instruksi dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditemui dalam bidang Teknik Sipil, khususnya Teknik Konstruksi Jalan dan Jembatan.
11 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan makna isi bacaan, merespon teks lisan, mengungkapkan makna dalam berbicara, dan menulis paragraph pendek secara tepat berdasarkan topik bahasan Introduction to English for Civil Engineering. B. Introduction to English for Civil Engineering English has long been known as an international language used in almost all parts of the world. By mastering English, a person has the opportunity to communicate with people from other parts of the world. You don't have to communicate with people from countries that use English as a national language such as the United States, England or Australia, but also with citizens of other countries. English is a global language today. Indians, Chinese or Turks are already using English to expand business. For communication purposes, an engineering worker should pay attention to the following: 1. Most of the theory is taught in English. For this reason, the expected level of English proficiency is very important. 2. Today's engineering workers must communicate with colleagues spread across the world. Among most professionals such as scientists, technologists and business experts who have different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, English is considered a communication language that can connect people from different backgrounds. For professional purposes, English may be very useful. Here are some reasons: 1. In today's world, employers are looking for graduates with good communication skills, along with technical knowledge. 2. Having Figure 1.1 Illustration by binus.ac.id
22 good communication skills is a valuable asset for engineering workers. Professionals with a good understanding of English are included in higher level standards in a company. These workers will have a greater opportunity to be sent abroad to work or to undergo training. English is a universal language used in many fields of work including engineering. In fact, English is considered a language that can open up knowledge. Today, most books dealing with the latest technology, academic papers, notes, webinars, and other technical communications are in English — although many translations provide technical material in several languages. English proficiency can ensure access to new knowledge, enabling engineering workers to learn more about their craft, share ideas with others in different parts of the world via social media, and find better solutions to the problems they are working on. C. The Importance of English to Civil Engineering Have you guys ever thought about who are behind the construction of skyscrapers, bridges that cross oceans and roads that connect various remote areas in this country? The buildings are the work of Civil Engineers. Yes, Civil Engineering is a branch of engineering that studies how to design, build and renovate not only buildings and infrastructure, but also the environment for the benefit of human life. At the higher education level in Indonesia there are various study programs, one of which is Civil Engineering, there are even several vocational high schools that open this major. Talking about the Civil Engineering Department, there are many assumptions circulating in the community around us which think that Civil Engineering is the same as Civil Servants (PNS), because there is a Civil Servant at the end, of course this is an incorrect assumption. What is Civil Engineering Major? Civil engineering is a field of science that studies planning, design, manufacturing and conservation to support the formation of an area. The science studied in this major generally involves applied
33 mathematics and technology. Thus, a civil engineering graduate can understand building design and construction, taking into account aspects of the surrounding environment. So, what are the courses that must be taken and the skills that must be mastered by someone majoring in civil engineering? Here are some names of courses that will accompany your study period: Calculus, Basic Physics, Basic Chemistry, Basics of Architecture, Introduction to Engineering and Design, Civil Construction Materials Engineering, Materials Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Traffic Engineering, Geometric Design Roads, and much more. If civil engineering is a major that also requires understanding of building design, then what is the difference between this field of study and architecture? Well, Architecture is a major that studies a lot about building planning to produce products that have high aesthetic value and are functional. However, there is a slight difference between architecture and civil engineering, namely that architecture generally focuses more on design. Then, a civil engineering graduate will realize the design. What do you study in Civil Engineering major? In civil engineering courses, most courses study calculations, including engineering mathematics, physics, engineering mechanics, etc. Depending on the credits held at each university, the names may differ. But in essence, most mathematical calculations are the same. The main material from the Civil Engineering major is: 1. Engineering mathematics 2. Engineering mechanics/engineering mechanics 3. Structural analysis 4. Steel construction 5. Concrete construction Figure 1.2 Illustration by allplan.asia
44 6. Wooden construction 7. Foundation techniques 8. Hydrology 9. Civil informatics. 10. Earthquake engineering techniques 11. Structural dynamics, 12. Construction management 13. Water structures 14. hydraulics, and many more.. What are the Job Prospects for Civil Engineering Majors? If you want to take this study program, there is no need to worry because civil engineering has many opportunities in society. Apart from being a private employee working in the housing industry, you can also try registering with various government agencies. Several government agencies that require civil engineering graduates are the National Planning Agency or BPN, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing or PUPR, as well as other state-owned companies engaged in the construction sector. There is no need to be afraid of not getting a job after graduating because there are still many people who need services for building houses, buildings and regional infrastructure. Not to mention, development in Indonesia still needs to be worked on so that it becomes more evenly distributed from one region to another. So, worrying about the lack of job vacancies in this field doesn't need to be on your mind anymore. Is the studying process in Civil Engineering that difficult? In my opinion, studying Civil Engineering can be said to be easy or difficult, depending on which way we look at it. However, this depends on our seriousness in studying. However, what needs to be underlined is that the Civil Engineering department really does a lot of calculations and analysis, so our mathematics must be quite strong. This is natural because civil engineering graduates have to think about many factors in the building design process, starting from the construction materials
55 needed, how construction is carried out, project management, to the budget required including the impact on the surrounding environment if the project is implemented. Why Should You Choose Civil Engineering? Civil Engineering is the backbone of all the infrastructure projects we enjoy every day, such as roads, bridges, skyscrapers and airports. As a civil engineer, you will play a role in the planning, design, and implementation of these projects. This means you will have the opportunity to contribute directly to the development and improvement of infrastructure that impacts the lives of thousands of people. Civil Engineering is one of the most diverse engineering fields in terms of career opportunities. You can work in the private sector, government, construction companies, or even start your own business as a consultant. This opportunity gives you many choices to follow your interests and talents, whether in project planning, construction management, to property development. Civil Engineering professionals are highly sought after worldwide. Building and maintaining infrastructure is a universal need, so your skills in Civil Engineering can open the door to work in various countries. This gives you the opportunity to work in a multicultural environment and expand your international network. When you choose to major in Civil Engineering, you choose to have a big impact on society and the environment. You will also contribute to the construction of health facilities, schools, affordable housing, and sustainable projects that help protect our planet. It is a career choice that provides a sense of accomplishment and meaning. "So, if any of you are still confused about choosing your future college major, are you interested in civil engineering now?"
66 D. Exercises Reading Comprehension “The Importance of Civil Engineering in Society” Civil engineering plays a vital role in modern society. It enables the creation of infrastructure that is necessary for economic development and the well-being of people. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and airports facilitate trade and commerce, allowing businesses to thrive and economies to grow. Civil engineering also plays a critical role in public safety. The design of structures such as buildings and bridges must be structurally sound to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of the people who use them. Infrastructure such as levees and flood walls protect communities from natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes. Civil engineering also has a significant impact on the environment. Engineers must consider the environmental impact of infrastructure during the conceptualization and design phase. They must develop systems that protect the environment from pollution and promote sustainability. Furthermore, civil engineering provides numerous job opportunities for people with a passion for design and problem-solving. The demand for civil engineers is growing, particularly in areas such as transportation and infrastructure development. Civil engineers are also involved in research and development of new technologies and materials that can improve infrastructure. The field of civil engineering has evolved significantly over time. Modern technology, including computer-aided design and advanced materials, has revolutionized the way civil engineers approach their work. Additionally, the field has become more interdisciplinary, with civil engineers working closely with architects, environmental scientists, and transportation planners to create comprehensive infrastructure solutions. (Source: https://itm.ac.in/blog)
77 Answer the questions given below according to the passage above. 1. Why does Civil engineering play a vital role in modern society? 2. What is the meaning of the word "it" in line 1 of the first paragraph? 3. What is the evidence that Civil engineering also plays a critical role in public safety? 4. What is the reason why it is said that Civil Engineering provides numerous job opportunities for people with a passion for design and problem-solving? 5. If you become a civil engineer in the future, what will you do to develop your career? E. References Caruzzo. P. (2012). Flash on English for Construction. Eli Online Publishing. Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing. Helm-proyeku.blogspot.com. (2019). Pengenalan jurusan Teknik Sipil. Diakses pada 25 September 2022, dari https://helmproyeku.blogspot.com/2016/12/pengenalan-tentang-jurusanteknik-sipil.html. Ummi.ac.id. (2021). Ini Lho 5 Hal Penting yang Dipelajari di Jurusan Teknik Sipil. Diakses pada 25 September 2022, dari https://ummi.ac.id/id/berita/baca/2120-ini-lho-5-hal-pentingyang-dipelajari-di-jurusan-teknik-sipil.
88 UNIT 2: BUILDING MATERIALS A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan makna isi bacaan, merespon teks lisan, mengungkapkan makna dalam berbicara dalam topic bahasan Buliding Materials. B. Introduction Having your own home is everyone's dream. But, as is known, having your own home is not cheap and it takes a long time to achieve this dream. Therefore, we must pay attention to and prepare everything, including the building materials that will be used to build our dream home, whether it is a new house or one that is about to be renovated. The best quality is of course the choice so that it lasts long and is strong. The concept of an environmentally friendly house is more about using environmentally friendly building material products, efficient use of energy and resources, low cost, paying attention to the health and comfort of the occupants. So, choosing environmentally friendly building materials is not only seen from the use of building materials such as bamboo or wood. But it is more about how the materials used are safe and have a positive impact on the occupants. The selection of construction materials must take into account technical requirements, sustainability, cost, and environmental factors. C. The Importance of High-Quality Materials Durability High-quality materials are the main foundation in building a longlasting structure. By using materials such as quality concrete, stainless Figure 2.1 Illustration by Getty Images
99 steel, and well-treated wood, buildings will not only stand strong for many years, but will also demonstrate greater resistance to extreme weather conditions, corrosion, and other damage. This durability is important not only for safety but also to reduce the need for frequent and expensive repairs. Security Safety in construction is a top priority. High-quality materials reduce the risk of construction accidents that can be caused by material failure. For example, the use of concrete and steel that meet standards will ensure the stability of the structure against loads and pressure. This not only protects workers on construction sites but also ensures long-term safety for building occupants. Cost Efficiency An initial investment in high-quality materials can save you long-term maintenance and repair costs. While the initial cost may be higher, using durable, quality materials reduce the need for frequent replacements and repairs, saving money in the long run. Additionally, buildings constructed with quality materials often have a higher resale value. Cost and Benefit Analysis Selecting high-quality materials requires a good understanding of costbenefit analysis. This involves assessing the initial investment against the long-term benefits such as durability, safety, and energy efficiency. This analysis helps in making informed decisions that are not only financially beneficial but also sustainable. Technical Understanding Selecting the right materials for a particular project requires deep technical understanding. Each project has its own unique needs, and material selection must be tailored to those needs. For example, materials used for buildings in coastal areas must be resistant to salt corrosion, whereas in earthquake areas, structural flexibility and strength are priorities.
10 Continuity Choosing environmentally friendly and sustainable materials is becoming increasingly important. Materials produced in a sustainable way not only reduce environmental impact but are also often more energy and resource efficient. This includes the use of wood from sustainably managed forests, concrete with recycled content, and efficient insulation technology. D. Common Types of Building Materials Below are some of the most important types of building materials that you need to know when building construction. Materials boss has summarized the 12 most common building materials in construction, including: 1. Brick The first building material is red brick. Even though it is said that the price is expensive compared to brick, the use of red brick has strength and quality that cannot be doubted. In terms of size, bricks are available in large and medium sizes, so they can adapt to the shape of our house. 2. Cement As we know, this building material functions to glue bricks together so that they become sturdy and strong. Building material cement is also used to bond ceramics, and to mix cement and water you need the right ratio so that it sticks well and doesn't break. Figure 2.2 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.3 Illustration by Shutterstock
11 3. Sand Sand building material functions as a cement mixture. Good natural sand has a sharp granular texture because it is stronger for bricks or foundations. When choosing sand, try holding it, if it clumps then the sand is of poor quality. And also avoid sand with a mud mixture of more than 5%. 4. Gravel Gravel or split stone is one of the most common building materials used to make concrete made from a mixture of sand and cement. These pebbles have various sizes, ranging from 5 to 50 millimeters with a spacing range of 5 millimeters. Each type of size has a different use for the construction of the material. 5. Steel bar Building materials in the form of concrete iron play a role as the frame of our dream home. The sizes of these concrete irons also vary. Concrete iron also has several types, there are plain ones, threaded ones and those shaped like channels. Later, this concrete iron frame will be filled with cement and sand. Figure 2.4 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.5 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.6 Illustration by Shutterstock
12 6. Wood The natural building material, namely wood, is still a favorite among some groups to use as the frame for their dream home. There are many types of wood that can be used in the house building process, but the best wooden building materials usually come from Kalimantan, such as Rasamala camphor wood or Samarinda wood. If you can't find this type of wood, choose another wood with a water content of no more than 20%. If necessary, make sure the wood has gone through the oven process so that it doesn't rot easily. 7. Rooftile If the building is sturdy and looks strong, it will not be complete if there is no tile as one of the building materials. As we know, roof tiles function to protect against sunlight and rainwater. Basically, roof tiles are made from a mixture of mud and clay which are burned until they are brownish red. This building construction material is known to have very strong durability so we don't need to worry about replacing it for dozens or even decades. 8. Triplex This building material is also very popular, usually plywood is used to cover the ceiling to make it look neater and so that messy cables and the framework on the roof are not visible. Figure 2.7 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.8 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.9 Illustration by Google
13 The plywood on the roof can also be decorated with paint to make it attractive to look at. 9. Nail Have you used plywood and wood? But everything will be in vain if we forget the role of nails. Nails are useful for connecting wood and plywood, so that buildings are stronger. And can be used with rope as a guide for installing ceramics. 10.Pipe What happens if we don't have pipes in our house to channel water? Pipes are a very important building material in building construction, used to connect water and sewer lines in bathrooms, sinks, kitchens, and others. 11.Paint Paint is an important building material for covering building surfaces in interior and exterior finishing. We can choose various color choices according to our taste and according to the theme of the house we want. Can you imagine if our house was just cement without paint? Figure 2.10 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.11 Illustration by Shutterstock Figure 2.12 Illustration by Shutterstock
14 12.Ceramics In general, ceramics are used as floor coatings during the finishing stage of building construction. Ceramic material can not only be installed on the floor, you know! Ceramics can also be installed on the walls of your house. E. Exercises Reading Comprehension “History of Ceramics” Archeologists have uncovered human-made ceramics that date back to at least 24,000 BC. These ceramics were found in Czechoslovakia and were in the form of animal and human figurines, slabs, and balls. These ceramics were made of animal fat and bone mixed with bone ash and a fine claylike material. After forming, the ceramics were fired at temperatures between 500-800°C in domed and horseshoe shaped kilns partially dug into the ground with loess walls. While it is not clear what these ceramics were used for, it is not thought to have been a utilitarian one. The first use of functional pottery vessels is thought to be in 9,000 BC. These vessels were most likely used to hold and store grain and other foods. It is thought that ancient glass manufacture is closely related to pottery making, which flourished in Upper Egypt about 8,000 BC. While firing pottery, the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) containing sand combined with soda and the overheating of the pottery kiln may have resulted in a colored glaze on the ceramic pot. Experts believe that it was not until 1,500 BC that glass was produced independently of ceramics and fashioned into separate items. Since these ancient times, the technology and applications of ceramics (including glass) has steadily increased. We often take for granted the Figure 2.12 Illustration by Shutterstock
15 major role that ceramics have played in the progress of humankind. Below are just a few examples of how important ceramics are to society. (Source: https://depts.washington.edu/) Answer the questions below based on the passage above. 1. When and where is it believed that ceramics were first discovered? 2. What is the role and function of ceramics in building materials? 3. Briefly explain the process of making ceramics. 4. Are there any differences between ceramics in ancient times and in the modern era? 5. What is the meaning of the word "glaze" in the second paragraph? F. References Dekoruma.com. (2020). 9 Jenis Bahan Bangunan yang Digunakan dalam Konstruksi. Diakses pada 29 September 2022, dari https://www.dekoruma.com/artikel/61876/jenis-bahanbangunan-paling-umum. Dropshiper.co.id. (2019). 9 Jenis Bahan Material Bangunan Untuk Konstruksi. Diakses pada 29 September 2022, dari https://dropshiper.co.id/9-jenis-bahan-material-bangunan-untukkonstruksi/. Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing. Frendo, E. (2012). English for Construction 1: Vocational English Course Book. Pearson Education Limited. Mekarabadibangunan.com. (2018). 7 Tips Memilih Material Bangunan untuk Hasil Berkualitas. Diakses pada 29 September 2022, dari https://mekarabadibangunan.com/7-tips-memilih-materialbangunan-untuk-hasil-berkualitas.
16 UNIT 3: BASIC MATH A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa mampu menjawab pertanyaan menganai rumus-rumus sederhana matematika yang sesuai dengan topik pembahasan Basic Math. B. Introduction Basic math is nothing but the simple or basic concept related with mathematics. Generally, counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are called the basic math operation. The other mathematical concepts are built on top of the above 4 operations. Along with the concept of these operation, we need to understand the different properties of these operation as well as relation among these operations. You may have encountered math problems in English. However, the pronunciation of these mathematical operations is definitely different from Indonesian. Mathematical operations are defined as processes performed on numbers, including addition, subtraction, and others. The following is the pronunciation of mathematical operations in English. In this unit, you will get a way to read mathematical symbols in English. Wow, what does mathematics and English look like together? Hey, don't give up yet. Mathematics is not something foreign to people all over the world, so we as English language learners certainly need to know mathematical symbols. Without further ado, let's just look at the following mathematical symbols in English. Figure 3.1 Illustration by Freepik
17 C. Basic Operations in Math 1. Pronunciation of Mathematical Addition Operations The addition operation in English is called addition. The form is the same as the form of mathematical addition in Indonesia, only the difference is in how it is read and how it is pronounced. To make it easier for you, let's look at the example below: 1+2=3 For the addition example above, there are various ways to pronounce the number operation. This method is divided into three, namely one plus two is three, one plus two equals to three, and one added by two equals to three. 2. Pronunciation of Mathematical Subtraction Operations The reduction operation in English is called subtraction. Just like addition or addition, there are several ways you can use to say the subtraction operation in English. For greater clarity, let's look at the following example: 2-1=1 For the subtraction operation as exemplified in the addition operation, you can pronounce it in various ways. One of them is two minus one is one. Apart from that, there are various other ways, namely two minus one equals to one, two less one is one, and two subtracted by one is one. 3. Pronunciation of Mathematical Multiplication Operations For multiplication operations, you can see the example below: 3x3=9 Just like addition and subtraction operations, mathematical number operations can be expressed in various ways and even have quite similar forms. The multiplication operation also has various methods, namely three times three is nine, three times three equals to nine, and three multiplied by three is nine. Similar, right? In English, the multiplication operation is called multiplication, therefore if you pay attention, in one way of saying the multiplication operation in English, there is three multiplied by three is nine.
18 4. Pronunciation of Mathematical Division Operations The division operation itself, or what is called division in English, has its own way of pronouncing the mathematical number operation. As an example: 9:3=3 To read the division operation above, you can use several methods. One of these methods is nine divided by three is three. Another way to pronounce it, you could call it nine divided by three equals to three. 5. Pronunciation of Mathematical Power Operations Power operations, or powers of numbers in English, are quite easy to pronounce. Let's look at the example below to make it easier for you. 2² = 4 or 2 to the power of 2 = 4. In English it can be pronounced as two squared is four. The way to pronounce 32 = 9 is three squared is nine. 3 to the power of 3 = 27 (Cube of two is twenty seven). 2 to the power of 4 = 16 (two to the power of four / two to the fourth power / two raised to the power of four is 16.) To make it clearer, you can remember it like this: X to the power of Y = . . . (X to the power of Y) X to the power of 2 = . . . (X to the power of 2 / X squared) X to the power of 3 = . . . (X to the power of 3 / X cubed) 6. Pronunciation of Mathematical Root Operations Meanwhile, in root operations on mathematical numbers, you can use the words 'squared root of'. For example, the root of 9 is 3. So the pronunciation is squared root of nine is three. You can also remember it like this: Root X = . . . (X square root / square root of X) X cube root = (X cube root / cube root of X). 7. How to read fractions in English 1/2 : one half (half, half) 1/3 : one third (one third) 1/4 : one quarter (quarter) 1/5 : one fifth (one fifth)
19 3/4 : three quarters (three quarters) 2/3 : two thirds (two thirds) 1 1/2 : one and a half (one half/half) 1 1/3 : one and a third (one third) 1 1/4 : one and a quarter (one quarter) 2 3/4 : two and three quarters (two and three quarters) D. Excersises Individual Assignment. Make these basic math operations below into English. 1. 2x5=10 2. 19+1= 20 3. 50-20=30 4. 120:10=12 5. 123+2=125 6. 60:6=10 7. 12x2=24 8. 9x9=81 9. 50-10=40 10. 80:8=10 E. References English1.co.id. (2020). Pengucapan Operasi Matematika dalam Bahasa Inggris. Diakses pada 30 September 2022, dari Figure 3.2 Illustration by Freepik
20 https://www.english1.co.id/blog/pengucapan-operasimatematika-dalam-bahasa-inggris. Frendo, E. (2012). English for Construction 1: Vocational English Course Book. Pearson Education Limited. Kampunginggris.id. (2021). Pengetahuan Bahasa Inggris Matematika Dasar yang Harus Kamu Tahu. Diakses pada 30 September 2022, dari https://www.kampunginggris.id/pengetahuan-bahasa-inggrismatematika-dasar-yang-harus-kamu-tahu. Kompas.com. (2020). Operasi dan Istilah Matematika dalam Bahasa Inggris. Diakses pada 30 September 2022, dari https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/11/05/140217469/o perasi-dan-istilah-matematika-dalam-bahasa-inggris?page=all.
21 UNIT 4: MEASUREMENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa mampu mengungkapkan makna dalam isi bacaan, menjelaskan pengukuran yang diberikan & mengerjakan cara pengukuran sederhana sesuai dengan topik bahasan Measurements in Civil Engineering. B. Introduction. Civil Engineering measurements have now become an important part of modern society. In fact, it has become one of the fields that many students are interested in. Because there are many benefits such as being able to build construction, roads and many other things. In the field of engineering, especially civil engineering, measuring an area is very important. This aims to determine the physical condition of the surface of the area. For example, to find out the difference in height and low in an area where a highway is planned to be built, careful measurements must be taken first. From here it is finally known which parts need to be excavated or buried. If this is not done, the highway will have a shape that is too winding, climbing and descending. This obviously increases the cost of transporting a vehicle, as well as increasing costs for materials and equipment. In this kind of measurement, the tools used are usually a theodolite, spirit level, rolling meter, and so on. The vast expanse of the earth's surface has an irregular shape, resulting in problems in being able to determine the shape of the relief from the ground surface. Thus, finally, thanks to the tenacity of scientists, a science emerged relating to this problem, namely the science of Geodesy. Geodesy is a science that is used to determine the shape (form) and size of part or all of the land surface in order to depict it. Meanwhile, land Figure 4.1 Illustration by Freepik
22 surveying is only a small part of the science of geodesy. The science of geodesy has two purposes, namely: 1. Scientific purpose: determining the shape of the earth's surface. 2. Practical purpose: to make a shadow, which is called map science, of a large or small part of the earth's surface. Examples of tools used in measurements in the field of Civil Engineering are: 1. Water level 2. Roll meters 3. Measuring tank 4. Stakes 5. Other tools Unit Measured Quantity Meter Long Kilogram Mass Seconds Time Ampere Electric current Kelvin Thermodynamic temperature Mol Number of particles Candela Strong light C. Understanding Land Measurement in Civil Engineering For those who are still unfamiliar with this matter, the science of land measurement is actually a branch of Geodesy which specifically studies a small part of the earth's surface. In practice, you can use various survey methods to get final results in the form of accurate maps. In simple terms, in the world of services we can call it a mapping service. Geodesy itself covers many things, not only measuring the area of land on land, but also water areas in the form of seas, rivers, lakes and others. Table 4.1 Common Units and Quantities in Civil Engineering
23 Describes the topography in the depths of water, analyses decision making and statistical calculations. Various Types of Civil Engineering Measurement Sciences Based on Elements Apart from the various methods that can be used to measure land, there are also groupings in the category of measuring science which are divided into several fields, the classification is based on the coverage of elements that exist in nature. Here's the review: 1. Land Surveying Land surveying or what is often called land measurement. Things included in this group are topography and cadastral measurements. Both have their respective roles and different subjects. Topography itself is a method used to measure land using natural or artificial marks on the land and to determine the topography down to the smallest detail. Meanwhile, cadaster is a land parcel information administration system. 2. Water Surveying Next is marine or hydrographic or what is more often called water measurements. The categories included include measurements for tides, construction of coastal buildings such as tourism management, ports, reclamation, and many more. Apart from these things, water measurements can also be used for ship navigation, or to determine the ebb and flow of waves in that water area. Currently, the Indonesian Navy has even used this technique to increase the country's maritime resilience. 3. Astronomical Surveying Then there is astronomical surveying or what is often called astronomical measurements. This is an activity carried out to determine the position on the face of the earth by utilizing objects in the sky. The methods used in measurements are also varied, such as apparent star magnitude, absolute, and many more. However, high expertise and precision is required so that the results obtained are accurate and can be accounted for.
24 D. Kinds of Common Civil Engineering Measurements After knowing more about soil science measurements based on elements found in nature, we can now classify them according to the extent of coverage in the area. Civil engineering measurements are measurements and mapping related to the initial work of a development. Both in the form of dry building construction planning and wet building construction planning. There are various types of methods that can be used in the field. Here's the review: 1. Triangulation Triangulation is a method that refers to the consistency of a study. By testing the validity of the data, matching or comparing it with something else. Researchers usually do this in various ways, for example looking for clear sources, interviews. The calculation method using the triangulation method is to find the coordinates of a point by calculating the length of the side of the triangle opposite that point. The size of the two lines between these coordinate points must be known, because they will be used as reference material. 2. Trilateration It can be interpreted as a way to find the coordinates of a certain point with the condition that at least 3 points have been confirmed. Then, you will always get a central or central point. This method has quite complex calculations compared to triangulation However, in practice it turns out to be simpler than expected, researchers actually prefer to use this method because the results they obtain tend to be more accurate and do not require a long waiting time. 3. Polygon Next there are polygons, this method is used to determine the horizontal position of many points which are connected by distance and angle to Figure 4.2 Illustration by Getty Images
25 form a series of angles in the form of points or polygons. This method also has a classification based on shape. 4. Offset By using the offset method, the researchers will find the coordinates of a building by developing straight lines at each end corner. Then after creating a guide line that will be used as a reference. This method tends to be widely used for building construction, some are also used on roads and other developments. In practice, officers will use the help of a prism to avoid mistakes that usually occur in the field. E. What A Civil Engineers Measure? Engineering science is often explained as a process that produces products that are useful for life. This is also the basis for us to answer the question: what do engineers measure? What is measured are production goods and the production process. Furthermore, we can classify measurements of production goods into static and dynamic groups. Many units for measuring physical objects, namely, for example, length, height, width, weight, capacity and volume, are static, meaning that objects included in this group can be measured while they are not in use; it also includes quantities such as speed, fuel or power consumption, heat dissipation, vibration, and noise level. Engineers in various disciplines (civil engineering, mechanical engineering, vibration, electricity, chemistry, etc.) usually need to know a variety of static and dynamic units specific to the various types of products they design. Process measurement is used to quantify human activity in engineering, it has many similarities across different disciplines, compared to the many differences that product measurement has. Process measurements usually include the number of workers, activities, calendar time, costs and productivity. The usefulness of these types of measurements can be better understood by remembering that technical activity in our society leads to economic constraints. For engineering activities carried out whether for private purposes, non-profit bodies or the public,
26 engineering experts are funded by tax funds, the success of a project almost entirely depends on achieving the desired results at the right time with the right amount of costs as budgeted. We can also classify some measures as basic or directly measurable measures, and others as composite or derived measures. Quantities such as length, time and weight are usually measured directly, while measures such as productivity and speed are often derived from the results of direct measurements using mathematical operations. Productivity can be calculated by dividing the number of objects produced by the time required to produce those objects; Speed can be measured by dividing the distance traveled by the time required to cover that distance. On the one hand, every measurement describes some aspect of the current state of the world around us – a measurement taken today explains something today, not how it was yesterday or how it will be tomorrow. However, we know that everything changes over time, both in physical conditions and in the operating conditions of a machine. If we can measure the current state of the world around us over time, then it is possible that we will find patterns or trends in the results of these measurements. The discovery of patterns that occur in nature is always one of the goals of science. Scientific explanations of the behavior of the physical world, something we often call scientific theories or laws, are almost always proposed based on the results of measurements. When a theory has been formulated, additional measurements can be taken to support or refute the theory, which can then be used to make changes or improvements to the theory. Civil engineers sometimes have to think more about discovering the fundamental laws of nature than about discovering the characteristics of the systems they design and build. They can also pay attention to Figure 4.3 Illustration by Adobe Stock
27 trends in the engineering process itself. Measurements made over time can help engineers in these two ways. The ability to carry out measurements provides the ability to determine technical requirements quantitatively and can then be used to show that the system being created meets the given requirements. F. Exercises Vocabulary exercises. Find several vocabulary words in this puzzle and look for the definition of each vocabulary you find. G. References Dailycivil.com. (2021). Civil Engineering Measurements & Conversion Factors. Diakses pada 1 November 2022, dari https://dailycivil.com/civil-engineering-measurementsconversion-factors/. Engineeringcivil.com. (2018). WEIGHT CALCULATOR. Diakses pada 1 November 2022, dari https://www.engineeringcivil.com/weightcalculator.html#more-1043. Figure 4.4 Puzzle generated by puzzel.org
28 Ibbotson, M. (2009). Professional English in Use. Engineering: Technical English for Professionals. Cambridge University Press. Ice.org.uk. (2021). Civil engineering standard method of measurement. Diakses pada 1 November 2022, dari https://www.ice.org.uk/engineering-resources/bestpractice/civil-engineering-standard-measurement. Kuliah.unpatti.ac.id. (2017). Definisi Pengukuran Teknik. Diakses pada 1 November 2022, dari https://kuliah.unpatti.ac.id/mod/page/view.php?id=55. Sindig.unesa.ac.id. (2018). MATA KULIAH PENGUKURAN DAN PEMETAAN. Diakses pada 1 November 2022, dari https://sindig.unesa.ac.id/mk/s1-teknik-sipil/pengukuran-danpemetaan.
29 UNIT 5: SURVEYING AND LEVELLING A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat mengungkapkan makna melalui pemahaman bacaan, melengkapi tabel berdasar teks lisan, dan mengidentifikasi bendabenda kemudian mendeskripsikan dalam bahasa ingggris berdasarkan topik bahasan Surveying and Levelling. B. Introduction Civil engineering surveys are measurements for civil engineering purposes for the construction of buildings, etc., including routes and underground measurements. Civil engineering buildings are not dead systems. A road network, for example, is a system that has a life cycle, that is, it has a design life with certain assumptions, for example traffic volume which always changes from time to time. The sequence of the development cycle does not actually have to be a discrete step from start to finish, but is more like a circular and possibly jumping process. Highway surveys include civil engineering surveys, carried out to plan, design and construct highways, railways, pipelines and other linear projects. This work usually starts at one control point, to other points that have been planned. In addition, survey and mapping work carried out on construction projects is carried out to provide lines, classes, control improvements, horizontal positions, dimensions and configurations for the implementation of construction projects. They also secure important data for a project's cost plan. Mapping Survey is Planning or "Step-ing", to support Survey Activities in the field, in Identifying Land Surface, Altitude, as well as Features on Land and Sea. There are many ways to get surface information on the Figure 5.1 Illustration by GettyImages
30 earth, both on the surface of the land, water and underground. With various methods, whether surveys or investigations, various needs are produced. In general, the aim of a Mapping Survey (topography) is to measure or measure the condition of the earth, areas, territories and areas, a process of searching for information. Starting from the condition and shape of the land, natural and man-made features, depicted on a map, with a scale comparison between the image and the actual. C. Objectives and Stages in Surveying In general, the aim of Survey and Mapping is to implement how to: 1. Determine the position of any different shape on the earth's surface. 2. Determine the location of the height (elevation) of everything that is different above or below a plane based on the average sea level (MSL). 3. Determine the shape or relief of the land surface along with the objects on the land surface. 4. Determine the length, direction/angle, and coordinates of a point (position) from other points on the earth's surface, and calculate the area that is limited to a certain area. The important benefit of mapping survey data is to summarize information in the field, it can be used by a team of experts; Civil Engineering and Architectural Planning. As reference material, height information and design area limitations. Also, for other purposes. What results from Mapping Survey Work is the drawing of lines - between points, boundaries of regions or areas, Contour Lines, namely information on land height. The stages of the Mapping Survey are: 1. "Preparing" or Preparing Plan Documents. Figure 5.2 Illustration by GettyImages
31 2. Survey Equipment, Accessories and Manual Calibration and Collimation Checks. 3. Preparation of Safety Equipment and supports. 4. Mobilization. 5. "Site-Preparation" or Field Preparation (Base camp, Materials). 6. Installation of Control Points / Benchmarks. 7. Geodetic Gps Measurements and Observations. 8. Geodetic Control Mesh Calculation or “Post_Processing”. 9. Traverse Survey or Polygon, Installation of Frame of Reference. 10. Contour Mapping, features such as channels, roads, electricity poles. 11. Demobilization or Demobilization. 12. Final Report Text and “Drawings” (Cross Section, Long section, Lay out, Benchmark Coordinate and Elevation Information). D. Types of Surveying Surveying is the process of analyzing and collecting data regarding the characteristics of an area to help design plans or maps for construction. Total Station is a surveying tool/equipment that is often used in industry today. 1. Surveying Division: Geodetic Survey Survey activities carried out on a large scale to determine the network control framework that covers very large areas/long distances. Cadastral Survey Surveys carried out to determine land ownership and its boundaries. Topographic Survey Surveys are carried out to determine the composition of an area and its height variations. As-Built Survey A survey carried out after completion of a construction project to check its conformity with the plan drawings. Photogrammetric Survey (Aerial Survey)
32 Surveys are carried out by taking photos from a certain height. LiDAR (Aerial Survey) Light Distance And Ranging (LiDAR) is a survey carried out using sensors from a distance and light reflected by a laser to determine the distance to an object. 2. Basic techniques used in Surveying: Triangulation In this technique, a number of triangles are connected and overlapped with each other to measure the angle of the survey station. Trilateration This technique is the same as triangulation except that an Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) is included in the distance measurement. Traverse In this technique, a number of lines are connected to measure distances and angles. Leveling In this technique, the height difference between points is measured with the help of measuring marks. Radiation In this technique, lines are emitted like radiation from a focal point to determine boundaries which are converted into a small-scale survey image. E. Being A Surveyor Surveyor is a profession that is closely related to the engineering field, for example civil engineering, architecture, and urban planners. Working directly in the field, from preparing design sketches, minutes, to collecting electronic data, surveyors have a variety of abilities and expertise. So, let's get to know more about the surveyor profession, from duties to what skills you must have. Quoted by The Balance Career, a surveyor is a person whose job is to legally determine the boundaries of a property. They provide data and draft legal documents based on survey results. This project can be in the
33 form of development, map making, real estate, and other projects. Surveyors can study various fields and industries. For example, in civil engineering, a surveyor will usually focus on infrastructure. In contrast to architecture, surveyors will focus on the area of the land and the legality of the land. Quoting Indeed, surveyors usually work for the government, construction companies, or institutions that provide special survey services. Surveyor Duties and Responsibilities In general, a surveyor's job is to collect information or data through site surveys or direct field surveys using various tools. Construction companies need surveyors to ensure there are no obstacles related to land use and its legality. Meanwhile, government agencies also use surveyors to ensure infrastructure development is carried out in accordance with regulations. However, the main task of the surveyor again depends on the industry/field. Following are some common duties of a surveyor: 1. Carry out surveys in the field using certain equipment. 2. Prepare survey reports in the form of sketches, notes and data. 3. Coordinating field staff and managing data. 4. Collaborate with various parties in the field. 5. Ensure the accuracy of data obtained from surveys, including measurements and calculations. 6. Calculate the area or survey coverage using software. 7. Complement the results with survey evidence including maps and physical evidence to ensure the data required from the survey is sufficient. 8. Prepare documents related to field surveys and present findings in the field to clients. Figure 5.3 Illustration by GettyImages
34 9. View historical data from the survey location to complete the analysis. 10. Up to date with technology that can support survey activities. Skills that Surveyors Must Have There are several main skills that you must fulfill if you want to have a career as a surveyor, including: 1. Pay attention to details Surveyors must be able to pay attention to their work with precision and accuracy. In the field they have to collect precise data with measurements, so it is important to pay attention to details. Apart from that, reported by Indeed, surveyors need this ability to be able to identify differences in data and field conditions when conducting surveys. 2. Good physical abilities Working as a surveyor requires you to be in the field, visit project sites, and carry out direct inspections. A surveyor's scope of work requires good physical endurance. Other activities include walking long distances, navigating, and direct measurements. 3. Time management Being able to manage time is a crucial thing that a surveyor must have. The work timeline for surveyors is important. They must manage their time so that work in the field can take place according to schedule and can be completed before the deadline. Especially if the survey is only carried out at special hours, then time management is of course very important. 4. Communication The surveyor will coordinate with almost every party involved in the field, be it team members, government or clients. They will report progress, make survey reports and analyzes to stakeholders. Therefore, it is important to have good communication skills. 5. Various hard skills Apart from soft skills, hard skills are also an important part of a surveyor's job. Indeed, states that surveyors work using specific
35 equipment such as theodolites, GPS, and other survey applications. Analytical abilities like this are usually developed by attending training, taking classes, or undergoing skills certification. F. Various Common Surveying and Levelling Tools Did you know that carrying out mapping survey activities itself generally requires high accuracy and the use of measuring instruments. This is important to do because the main job of this survey is measuring angles and distances. You can see the various measuring tools needed for mapping survey activities as follows: 1. Meter This meter or measuring tape is made of flexible plastic material in the form of a ribbon of a certain length and has lines & numbers. The use of the meter in this activity is to measure length and distance. This meter uses international units (SI) in the form of meters (m), centimeters (cm) and also millimeters (mm). 2. Ruler Next, there is a ruler/ruler measuring tool which is made of plastic or aluminum and has the smallest scale, namely 1 millimeter (mm). The ruler/ruler itself has an accuracy level of up to 0.5 mm. 3. Measuring Signs It is a tool that is often used to make it easier to measure the height difference between the aiming line and the ground surface. This tool is made of wood or aluminum alloy and has a number scale that is used to make reading easier. Figure 5.4 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.6 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.5 Image by Shutterstock
36 4. Compass A tool that has a main component in the form of a needle and is made from solid iron or magnets. The use of this tool in mapping surveys is to determine the direction from one point to another according to the size of the azimuth angle. 5. Theodolite Theodolite is a sophisticated tool for carrying out mapping survey measurements. The function of this tool is to determine the height of the ground by measuring horizontal and vertical angles. 6. Global Positioning System (GPS) Using 24 satellites, this GPS tool for mapping has important uses for determining location coordinates on the earth's surface using satellites. Apart from that, GPS is also used to find out coordinates, speed and so on when a mapping survey is carried out. 7. Location Map and Topographic Map Finally, there is a location map and also a topographic map. The existence of this map is useful for knowing the location of the area for survey needs. For example, for laying benchmarks, foresight and transect measurement points. Figure 5.7 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.8 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.9 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.10 Image by Shutterstock
37 8. Automatic Level Through Automatic Level, you can determine the elevation or height of a floor, beam or other. You can check the height so that it does not exceed the figure in the construction plan. So, the target will be scoped or studied for horizontal or vertical distance. You can easily use Automatic Level in building fences, installing points, building decks, building swimming pools, building houses and others. 9. Altimeter An altimeter is equipment that can help measure the height of a person's position from the ground. Usually, the height benchmark for this survey tool is sea level. The altimeter will measure static air pressure. Because, the higher a location, the lower the static air pressure. 10. Total Station Total Station is a tool that is capable of measuring distances and angles automatically where the angles can be horizontal or vertical. This instrument is similar to a Theodolite but is integrated with an Electronic Distance Meter (EDM). Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) itself is useful for calculating the distance and slope from equipment to a certain point. G. Exercises Read the passage below. Choose the most appropriate answer in brackets. “Why is Levelling Important?” In Surveying and … (office/construction), the Purpose and Importance of Levelling is to find the heights or … (elevations/elevate) of different Figure 5.10 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.11 Image by Shutterstock Figure 5.12 Image by Shutterstock
38 points of interest in relation to a specific known datum. Knowing that specific points of interest are at the same or different heights or elevations is fundamental to our living spaces and our … (lab/working) spaces. As Human Beings, we are all very in tune with our surroundings and can feel the effects of our spaces not being … (level/levelling). The majority of us will feel very uncomfortable lying down on the slightest of sloping ground with our heads pointing downwards. You can experience this by going out into your … (garden/office) or the local park on a nice summer’s day, and just try lying down in various places. … (Contract/Levelling) in surveying and … (construction/management) is important because gravity is by far the most significant force affecting our everyday life. … (Worker/Working) parallel and perpendicular to the force of gravity is fundamental in designing and constructing the homes we live in, the … (bridge/road) we cycle or drive on, the bridges we cross and the office blocks we work in. We also need to be able to discount optical illusions that may make things appear either higher or lower than something else. You would not be happy to find a large puddle surrounding the front door to your … (housing/house) every time it rains because the surface falls towards the door, even though it looks like it is falling away. (Source: https://www.lssltd.net) H. References Darmasakti.com. (2022). 15 Jenis Alat Survey dan Pemetaan yang Wajib Anda Tahu. Diakses pada 3 November 2022, dari https://darmasakti.com/15-jenis-alat-survey-dan-pemetaan. Geosatsurvei.co.id. (2020). Pengertian, Tahapan dan Tujuan Survey Pemetaan. Diakses pada 3 November 2022, dari https://geosatsurvei.co.id/geosatsurvei/blog/geosat-surveinews/item/45-pengertian,-tahapan-dan-tujuan-surveypemetaan.html.
39 Gorse. C., Johnston, D., & Pritchard, M. (2012). A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering. Oxford University Press. Ilmusurveypemetaan.wordpress.com. (2017). MATERI.6 SURVEI TEKNIK SIPIL. Diakses pada 3 November 2022, dari https://ilmusurveypemetaan.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/materi -6-survei-teknik-sipil/. Technogis.co.id. (2022). Ini Dia Beragam Alat Survey Pemetaan yang Perlu Anda Ketahui!. Diakses pada 3 November 2022, dari https://www.technogis.co.id/ini-dia-beragam-alat-surveypemetaan-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui/. Wahyuni, E., Ishak, C. N., Susanti, D., Isyuniandri, D., & Anyassari, N. F. (2020). English for Specific Purposes: English for Civil Engineering. UMM Press.
40 UNIT 6: HAND AND POWER TOOLS A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa mampu menggunakan daftar kata - kata dan kosakata dalam topik sebelumnya dalam dialog sederhana dan dalam teks sederhana sesuai dengan topik Hand and Power Tools. B. Introduction In the world of civil engineering, although many have switched to modern technology or systems. However, of course not everything can be done or used without tools, be it building technology, repairing it, or other related things. Well, the tools used basically don't just consist of one type, but there are several that are commonly referred to as tools. Many people, or maybe you already know, that tools are equipment that are definitely easy to find in repair, assembly places, etc., such as workshops, technology places, etc. So, to learn more about tools, you need to know more about them and their types, which we will explain in this unit. What are Hand Tools? Well, hand tools or commonly used as tools, are objects that are used to make daily work easier, which of course relates to spare parts, objects, or can also be used to build related materials. Usually, tools are easy to find in several sectors, such as automotive, construction, household, and even in technology, industry or factories. Of course, only humans can use tools with both hands, but actually there are animals that can use tools too. Historically, tools actually existed in the Stone Age, where primitive humans used stones as tools to help them build houses, hunt, and so on to survive. Then as time progressed, humans began to switch from stone Figure 6.1 Illustration by Adobe Stock
41 tools to tools made of metal and then created mechanical tools in the Middle Ages. So, the initial use of mechanical tools was to empower new natural resources such as water which was used using waterwheels, or even wind using windmills. Basically, tools can be divided into two types based on their type, namely hand tools and power tools. As the name suggests, hand tools are various types of tools that do not use machines or electricity and rely on human power alone. Hand tools are tools that really help our work when we are doing mechanical work, such as filing, hitting nails, cutting work objects, scraping work objects and many others. Now many hand tools are sold in hardware stores. To assist in carrying out mechanical work, the tools used are usually quite diverse. For hand tools, you have to use them manually using hand strength or human power without the help of machines. Using various types of hand tools is less dangerous, compared to using electric tools (Hand Power Tools). C. Functions and types of Hand and Power Tools Hand Tools and power tools have many functions and uses. For example, to repair vehicles, to repair damaged household furniture, to install bolts or screws, and much more. Therefore, hand tools are also widely used for industrial purposes such as workshops, furniture, construction, and many more. However, you need to know that hand tools themselves consist of various types. Each type of hand tool has its own function and use. Figure 6.2 Illustration by Adobe Stock
42 Tools functions are: 1. Helping work Tools help humans do work more quickly and easily. By using tools, humans can complete work more efficiently and effectively. 2. Repairing Damage Tools are also used to repair damage to objects or equipment. For example, a saw is used to cut damaged wood, and a wrench is used to tighten or loosen loose bolts or nuts. 3. Make work more accurate. Measuring tools are used to measure with accuracy, so that work can be done more precisely and precisely. Types of tools are: 1. Measuring Tools Measuring tools are used to measure various things, such as length, width, height, or angle. Examples of measuring tools are meters, rulers, rulers, and protractors. 2. Cut Tool Cutting tools are used to cut hard objects such as wood, metal, or plastic. Examples of cutting tools are saws, scissors, pipe cutters, and metal cutting machines. 3. Drill Tool A drill tool is used to make holes in objects. Drilling tools are available in various sizes and types, such as hand drills, electric drills and magnetic drills. 4. Key Tool A wrench tool is used to tighten or loosen bolts or nuts. Wrench tools are available in various sizes and types, such as wrenches, socket wrenches, and pipe wrenches. 5. File Tool A filing tool is used to smooth the surface of an object. File tools are available in various types, such as sandpaper, sharpening stones, and grinders. 6. Hitting Tool A hammer is used to hit objects, such as hammers, hammers and padlocks.
43 7. Clamping Tool Clamping tools are used to tighten or hold objects, such as pliers, scissors, and clamps. How to Use Hand Tools and Power Tools: 1. Check the Tools Before using the tools, make sure to check the condition of the tools. Check whether the tool is in good condition or not, whether there is any damage to the tool, and whether there are any parts that need to be replaced or repaired. Use the tool correctly. Make sure that the tool is used according to its function. Don't force the tool to perform tasks that are not suited to its capabilities. This can damage the tool or even be dangerous for the user. 2. Use tools safely. Use tools carefully and safely. Make sure to use safety equipment such as gloves, goggles, or a helmet if necessary. Always pay attention to safety and the surrounding environment when using tools. 3. Store tools properly. Store tools in a safe and dry place. Avoid places that are damp or exposed to direct sunlight. Make sure that the tool is clean before storing it, and do not expose the tool to corrosion or other damage. 4. Tool Care Maintenance of tools is very important to ensure they remain in good condition and can be used for a long time. Make sure to clean the tool after use, and check regularly for parts that need to be replaced or repaired. D. Kinds of Common Hand Tools 1. Hammer Hammers are designed to provide high force over a small area. Hammers are made of classy steel. This steel will later harden and then change color to dark blue. Hammer handles are made from hardened wood, but generally, hammer handles are made from hickory. The length of the hammer depends on the weight of the head. Hammers are classified Figure 6.3 Illustration by Flickr