44 based on their shape as: Ball Peen Hammers, Cross Peen Hammers and Straight Peen Hammers. Ball peen hammers are the most common type of hammer used in machine shops. 2. Screwdriver Each type of screwdriver is quite unique depending on what it is used for. It is therefore necessary for tool makers to have a set of screwdrivers for all requirements. Screwdriver blades come in a variety of widths and lengths suitable for special purposes. The blade is made of carbon steel and is heat treated to give the screwdriver hardness. Magnetic knife edges in some cases serve to provide easy access to screws in corners and crevices. 3. Wrench The wrench is used to turn bolts, nuts, pipes, etc. There are a large number of wrenches available with each type having its own special shape and characteristics. Wrenches will shape the objects they use to transform or from their construction. 4. Vise A vise is a tool that functions to hold the workpiece in place. This is to prevent movement of the workpiece to make it easier for the operator to work on it. As we discussed in the previous article, the vise itself consists of various types and functions of the vise, however, there are also special criteria for making a vise. A vise must have a fixed jaw, a moving jaw, a screw and a nut that are attached to the moving jaw and to the handle that the screw rotates. Figure 6.4 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.5 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.6 Illustration by Flickr
45 5. Hand Saw This tool is used as a carpentry tool which functions for sawing. They are made in sizes around 8-, 10- or 12- inches. This saw blade is made from high grade steel which is forged and then hardened and becomes a saw. Because of this hardness, saw blades tend to be very brittle. But, in some cases, the blade is quite flexible because only the saw teeth are hardened. This means you can use the saw blade easily. 6. Ruler This special ruler is a mandatory tool for builders. With this tool, you can easily make 90-degree lines or measure building angles. One of the most common and frequently used every day measuring tools is a ruler or ruler. Most rulers are made of steel or plastic. A ruler is used to measure basic quantities in the form of length, width and thickness of an object. This measuring instrument has an accuracy of ± 0.5 mm. 7. Kape This tool with a flat tip is useful for cleaning dried glue or paint that sticks to a surface. A putty knife is also very helpful when you have to level putty or cement. Choose a small knife to scrape off any remaining glue or paint. Meanwhile, we can use a larger size to level certain surfaces. 8. Pliers These home tools will be very helpful when you need to fix something. Likewise when you have to pull, rotate, or bend metal. So, make sure you have the type of pliers that have screw heads. This type Figure 6.7 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.8 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.9 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.10 Illustration by Flickr
46 of pliers will provide a strong grip when installing or removing bolts. 9. Hand drill This tool is useful when we need to drill a hole in something at home to install a screw. Of course, the work will be too tiring if you only use a screwdriver, especially if there are a lot of screws that need to be installed. We can use drills for various types of screws. However, you need to be careful because the speed of this tool can actually damage the screw heads. E. Kinds of Common Power Tools 1. Electric Drill These types of power tools are multipurpose tools used for drilling in various materials such as wood, metal or plastic. It has adjustable rotation speeds and a wide selection of drill bit sizes, making it suitable for a variety of construction jobs, home repairs, or craft projects. Electric air drills are one of the most commonly used power tools and are a staple element in any workshop or toolbox. 2. Electric Grinder Electric grinders are generally used to sand, scrub, or cut materials such as metal, wood, or stone. This tool has replaceable grinding wheels, providing flexibility in adapting the tool to a variety of different tasks and materials. 3. Electric Demolition Drill Specially designed for demolition and drilling tasks in very hard materials such as concrete or stone. Has high strength and crushing capacity to handle construction work that requires largeFigure 6.11 Illustration by Flickr Figure 6.12 Image by Flickr Figure 6.13 Image by Flickr Figure 6.14 Image by Flickr
47 scale drilling or structural demolition. Usually used for demolition or renovation projects. 4. Electric Nutrunner This tool is almost similar to an electric impact wrench, but is specifically designed for industrial applications that require a high level of torque and precision in tightening bolts or nuts. Typically used in production environments for the assembly of vehicles, machinery, or industrial equipment. 5. Electric Sander Generally used to sand and smooth the surface of wood, metal or other materials. This tool comes in several varieties such as orbital sanding saws or belt sanding saws, which help achieve a smooth and even finish on various construction or craft projects. An electric sander is an effective tool in surface preparation before painting or finishing. 6. Electric Saw / Chainsaw The next type of power tool is an electric saw which has the function of cutting various types of materials such as wood, metal or plastic. Available in a variety of types, including circular saws, serkel saws or jigsaws, to suit specific cutting needs. 7. Electric Screwdriver The function of this power tool is to install or remove screws quickly and efficiently. These tools are powered by electricity and are often equipped with speed settings and reverse functions for more flexible use. This electric screwdriver or pneumatic screwdriver is a very Figure 6.15 Image by Flickr Figure 6.16 Image by Flickr Figure 6.17 Image by Flickr Figure 6.18 Image by Flickr
48 useful tool in assembly, home repair, or construction work that involves installing a large number of screws. 8. Compressor This tool functions to supply air to various equipment that uses air pressure as a power source. The compressor is also equipped with an air pressure regulator which can stop operation when the air pressure reaches the maximum limit. 9. Nail Gun Hand nail guns are a type of gun that is light and easy to use. This tool is often used in jobs that require high mobility, such as installing molding or installing wall panels. Nail Gun is used for the nailing/drilling process for furniture, plastic, aluminum, plastic, wood, windows, doors, cabinets, panels and so on. 10. Spray Gun Spray guns are an essential tool in a variety of industries, from automotive to construction, providing advantages in terms of efficiency, precision and quality end results. Compared to manual painting methods using brushes or rollers, spray guns allow users to achieve a more even and smooth coating more quickly, thereby saving time and effort. Its ability to handle a wide range of paints and other liquid materials makes it a versatile tool that supports a wide range of applications, from car painting to fine wood finishing. Figure 6.19 Image by Flickr Figure 6.20 Image by Flickr Figure 6.21 Image by Flickr
49 F. Exercises Group Exercises. Look at the pictures given below. From the following pictures, discuss them with your group friends. Then, choose the 3 (three) tools that you like the most, and describe them. The description you provide may be related to the definition, use, how to use them and their maintenance. Figure 6.20 Image by civilengineermag.com Figure 6.20 Image by renotop.id
50 G. References Bhinneka.com. (2022). Hand Tools: Pengertian, Fungsi Hand Tools dan Jenisnya. Diakses pada 5 November 2022, dari https://www.bhinneka.com/blog/hand-tools-pengertian-fungsihand-tools-dan-jenisnya/. Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing Kumparan.com. (2021). Mengenal Jenis-Jenis Perkakas Tangan dan Fungsinya dalam Dunia Teknik. Diakses pada 5 November 2022, dari https://kumparan.com/berita-update/mengenal-jenis-jenisperkakas-tangan-dan-fungsinya-dalam-dunia-teknik21N8krTFh85/2. Siddix.blogspot.com. (2019). Jenis-Jenis dan Fungsi dari Perkakas Tangan. Diakses pada 5 November 2022, dari https://siddix.blogspot.com/2019/01/jenis-jenis-dan-fungsi-dariperkakas.html.
51 UNIT 7: DESCRIBING SHAPES A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat mengungkapkan makna melalui pemahaman bacaan, melengkapi tabel berdasar teks lisan, mendiskripsikan secara lisan gambar yang diberikan, menulis procedural text berdasarkan topik bahasan Describing Shapes. B. Introduction Every day, we see various objects with different shapes. Shapes in English are called shapes. These shapes can be drawn or in the form of two dimensions or three dimensions. This two-dimensional shape is called a flat shape, while the three-dimensional shape is a space shape. Shapes is very important because without understanding shapes, we cannot identify objects. In geometry, a shape can be defined as the form of an object or its outline, outer boundary or outer surface. Everything we see in the world around us has a shape. We can find different basic shapes such as the two-dimensional square, rectangle, and oval or the three-dimensional rectangular prism, cylinder, and sphere in the objects we see around us. These geometric shapes appear in objects we see as credit cards, bills and coins, finger rings, photo frames, dart boards, huts, windows, magician’s wands, tall buildings, flower pots, toy trains, and balloons. A shape is anything that has a diameter, height and width. Generally, the basic shapes known are squares, triangles, circles, ovals, and others. In visual communication design, the things studied in form are basic forms and derived forms. Figure 7.1 Image by promova.com Shapes or planes can be formed
52 and viewed from various directional positions. To form a plane, a designer will use several lines. C. Lines No less important to understand are the various lines in studying shapes. In general, lines only consist of two types, the first is straight lines and the second is curved or curved lines. However, for the details themselves, the lines are divided into their own sections. There are various types of lines, there are vertical lines, horizontal lines, diagonal lines, curved lines and parallel lines. A line is a sign that is drawn from one point to another. Works of art are very dependent on Line, because Line determines and can control the direction of eye movements of art viewers, so that they can grasp the meaning of the work. Line is a basic element in fine art that contains more meaning than just strokes, because lines with their rhythm can create a symbolic impression on the observer. The role of Line is very important in the process of creating forms, because Line really determines the quality of an artist's expression which is visible in strokes or in giving certain accentuations to the object of his creation. Figure 7.2 Image by Adobe Stock
53 1. Horizontal Line Horizontal is a line parallel to the ground. This line evokes peace and tranquility. 2. Vertical Line Vertical is a straight line from top to bottom or vice versa. Vertical lines that stand straight show dignity and strength. 3. Diagonals Line Diagonal lines are lines that are slanted- between horizontal and vertical lines. In art, this line shows action and excitement. 4. Curved Line Curved or curved lines are lines that are not straight, but bent. Ideally, the curved lines are continuous and the displacement is fairly smooth. 5. Zigzag Line Zigzag lines are a combination of diagonal lines with sharp angles and sudden changes in direction. Zigzags depict action and can create confusion. 6. Wavy Line Wavy lines are associated with the sea or water where both elements are very calming and spiritual. D. 2-Dimensional Shapes Figure 7.3 Image by Adobe Stock
54 A flat shape or 2-dimensional shape is a flat plane composed of points or lines that combine to form a 2-dimensional shape that has a perimeter and area. A flat shape is a part of a flat plane bounded by straight or curved lines. With the concept of geometric shapes, these shapes are a property, while concrete, which is usually seen or held, are objects that have geometric shape properties. For example, a rectangle, the concept of a rectangle is an abstract concept that is identified through a characteristic. From the description above, a flat shape can be defined as a flat shape that has two dimensions, namely length and width but does not have height and thickness. Flat shapes in terms of their sides can be classified into two types, namely flat shapes with curved and straight sides. Flat shapes with curved sides include circles, ellipses. Flat shapes with straight sides include triangles, squares, rectangles, kites, parallelograms and others. Below are some examples of the most common 2-dimensional shapes: 1. Square A square is a flat shape bounded by four sides of the same length. The properties of a square are as follows: The area of a square is the square of the length of its sides using the formula: L = S x S or S² Perimeter = S + S + S +S or 4 x S The angles are the same measure, namely 900. Opposite sides are equal length The two diagonals bisect each other at the same length. 2. Rectangle A rectangle is a flat shape composed of four points that are in a line and connected to each other and the opposite sides are the same length. The characteristics of a rectangle are as follows: The angles are the same size, namely 900. The opposite sides are the same length. Both diagonals They divide each other at the same length. They have two lines of symmetry and two rotational symmetries. Area formula = length x width. Perimeter formula = (2 x length) + (2 x width). 3. Triangle A triangle is a flat shape bounded by three-line segments with three vertices. The area of a triangle is the result of multiplying the length of
55 the base side by the height of the triangle which is then multiplied again by ½, with the formula: - Area = ½ x base x height - Perimeter = side 1 + side 2 + side 3 4. Kite A kite is a rectangular flat shape formed by two isosceles triangles whose bases are the same length and coincide with each other. The area of a kite is half the product of its two diagonals. Its properties are as follows: One of the diagonals is the axis of symmetry. The sides are pairs of the same size. A pair of opposite angles are equal. One of the diagonals bisects and is perpendicular to the other diagonal. 5. Parallelogram A parallelogram is a two-dimensional flat shape formed by two pairs of edges, each of which is the same length and parallel to its partner, and has two pairs of non-right angles, each of which is the same size as the angle opposite it. The formula: - Area = base x height - Perimeter = (2 x hypotenuse) + (2 x long side) 6. Rhombus A rhombus is a two-dimensional flat shape formed by four edges of the same length and has two pairs of non-right angles, each of which is equal to the angle opposite it. Its properties are: It has 2 lines of symmetry. Has 2 rotating symmetries. Has 4 corner points. Opposite angles are the same. The sides are not perpendicular. Has 2 diagonals of different lengths. 7. Trapezium A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with a pair of parallel opposite sides. The properties of each pair of angles whose sides are parallel are 180°. The formula: - Area = ½ ( a + b ) x height - Perimeter = side 1 + side 2 + side 3 + side 4
56 The types of trapezoids are divided into Random Trapezoids (having different sides), Right Trapezoids (having right angles), and Isosceles Trapezoids (having a pair of legs of the same length). 8. Circle A circle is a simple regular closed curve. The properties of a circle are: The number of degrees of a circle is 360 ͼ. A circle has 1 center point. It has an infinite number of lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry. Terms in circles: The diameter of a circle (d) is the line segment that connects two points on a circular arc through the center of the circle. The radius of a circle (r) is the line segment that connects a point on a circular arc with the center point of the circle. A chord is a line that connects two points on a circular arc and does not pass through the center of the circle. An arc is the part of a circle that is divided by a chord. A circle is an area on a circle that is bounded by 2 radii or arcs of the circle. The central angle is the angle formed by 2 radii/radius. E. 3-Dimensional Shapes The definition of the third dimension is the study of the components in space. Examples include distance, size, points and angles. To better understand three-dimensional material, try to apply it to objects that you can easily find in everyday life. For example, if you look at a cardboard package, you can see that the cardboard package basically Figure 7.4 Image by Adobe Stock
57 consists of a combination of more than 2 flat shapes. With the existence of three-dimensional material, in a plane we can know what the distances and angles are. Space architecture is one of the materials studied in mathematics. Space shapes have volume or content, so they are often referred to as 3- dimensional shapes. It is called a 3-dimensional shape because it has 3 main components, such as sides, corner points and edges. The side is the area in the shape of the space which is the boundary between the shape of the space and the room around it. Below are some examples of the most common 3-dimensional shapes: 1. Cube A cube is a three-dimensional geometric shape that is bounded by 6 squares or squares that are mutually congruent. The six squares are called the sides of the cube and the lines that intersect the two sides of the cube are called the edges of the cube. A cube has 12 edges of equal length. 2. Beam A block is a three-dimensional shape that has 6 sides where each opposite side is congruent to each other. The beam has 12 edges with three different length groups which we call length (p), width (l) and height (t). 3. Prism A prism is a three-dimensional shape that has two parallel and congruent planes called cross sections. The plane connecting the two cross-sections is called the prism cover. There are several types of prisms based on their cross-section, namely triangular prisms if their crosssection is triangular, rectangular prisms if their cross-section is rectangular and so on. 4. Pyramid A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape consisting of a base plane and a shape blanket in the form of triangular planes. The meeting of one point of each triangle at a point is called the vertex of the pyramid.
58 5. Cylinder A tube or cylinder is a three-dimensional shape that has two circular cross-sectional areas that are parallel and congruent. The tube cover area is a rectangular area that is curved smoothly following the circumference of its cross-section or circular area. A tube can also be called a vertical prism with a circular base and top. 6. Cone A cone is a three-dimensional geometric figure bounded by a circular base and a curved surface following the circumference of the circle or base. 7. Ball (Sphere) This room structure should be familiar, almost every day we see it, maybe even play with it on the football field. By definition, a ball is a three-dimensional shape formed from a set of points in three dimensions that have the same distance from a certain point called the center of the ball. The distance from the center of the sphere to the points of the circular surface is called the radius of the sphere. A three-dimensional work object means that the object has volume, allowing people to see it from various sides. How come? Because threedimensional work objects have length, width and height. This is different from two-dimensional works which only have length and width. Reporting from the website of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud), three-dimensional work objects have two main characteristics, namely: They have length, width and height. It has volume, allowing people to see it from various sides. In everyday life, we often encounter objects in shapes such as circles, squares or rectangles. Shapes in English are called shapes. These shapes can be drawn or in the form of two dimensions or three dimensions. This two-dimensional shape is called a flat shape, while the threedimensional shape is a space shape.
59 F. Exercises Individual Exercises Look at the illustrative image given below. Describe each object given based on its shape. G. References Caruzzo. P. (2012). Flash on English for Construction. Eli Online Publishing. Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing. Jagoanbahasainggris.com. (2020). Jenis - Jenis Bentuk (Shape) dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Soal Latihannya. Diakses pada 12 November 2022, dari https://www.jagoanbahasainggris.com/2017/03/jenis-jenisbentuk-shape-dalam-bahasa-inggris-dan-soal-latihannya.html. Universitas123. (2019). Mengenal Macam-Macam Bentuk Geometri. Diakses pada 12 November 2022, dari https://www.universitas123.com/news/mengenal-macammacam-bentuk-geometri. Figure 7.5 Image by Adobe Stock
60 UNIT 8: SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat mengidentifikasi isi bacaan, melengkapi dialog berdasar teks lisan, berbicara tentang Engineers’ Equipments, menulis teks prosedur berdasarkan gambar berdasarkan topik bahasan Safety Equipments & Precautions. B. Introduction Work Safety in the Construction sector, which is an abbreviation for Occupational Security, Health and Safety in the construction industry, is no stranger to the world of work. Work Safety Signs in the Construction sectors are generally used in work areas to develop and produce good cooperation. The construction sector is a business sector with a high risk of accidents. Construction activities certainly involve workers which can put them at risk of serious accidents. Work safety in the construction sector is regulations or guidelines used to prioritize health, safety and occupational security for workers. In a construction work area, the main goal is to create a safe and comfortable work environment. As we know, security is a very important aspect in construction work to ensure a smooth project process. The main focus is the health and safety of workers. By paying attention to aspects and factors related to workers, the work process can run well. Construction is one of the most high-risk sectors in terms of work accidents and physical injuries. Construction work involves a variety of Figure 8.1 Illustration by Google Images
61 hazardous activities, such as working with heavy machinery, living at heights, and manipulating hazardous materials. Therefore, strict implementation of K3 (Occupational Health and Safety) in construction workplaces is very important to protect workers and reduce the risk of serious accidents and injuries. One of the reasons why K3 is very important in construction is to maintain the safety and health of workers. Construction environments often have a high potential for danger, including falls from heights, electrical shocks, exposure to toxic chemicals, and so on. By implementing appropriate K3, construction companies can identify, evaluate and control these risks so that workers can work in a safe and healthy environment. In construction planning, there are many things that must be done carefully, one of which is occupational safety and health. The risk of accidents can occur at any time, whether minor, moderate, or even accidents that can claim the lives of construction workers. Not only humans as workers, but also other elements supporting construction projects such as heavy equipment and materials. The construction sector has a high risk of accidents compared to other types of work. Therefore, K3 or occupational safety and health must be a top priority in implementing construction projects. In construction planning, there are many things that must be done carefully, one of which is occupational safety and health. The risk of accidents can occur at any time, whether minor, moderate, or even accidents that can claim the lives of construction workers. Not only humans as workers, but also other elements supporting construction projects such as heavy equipment and materials. The construction sector has a high risk of accidents compared to other types of work. Therefore, K3 or occupational safety and health must be a top priority in implementing construction projects. Implementing K3 is the responsibility and obligation of the construction company owner. In this case, the implementation of K3 is carried out at the earliest before the development process is carried out. In the
62 collective work agreement (PKB) matters relating to the implementation of salaries, safety and welfare of workers will be discussed. Construction company owners must be fully aware of the importance of K3 in the construction process. Law no. 1 of 1970 states that every worker has the right and is guaranteed safety protection when carrying out work. In article 12 of Law no. 1 of 1970 concerning occupational safety and health, the obligations and rights of workers are as follows: 1. Provide correct information when requested by a supervisory employee or work safety expert. 2. Wear the required personal protective equipment. 3. Fulfill and comply with all mandatory work safety and health requirements. 4. Request the Management to implement all required safety and health requirements. 5. Expressing objection to work in jobs where the occupational safety and health requirements and personal protective equipment required are in doubt unless in special cases it is determined otherwise by the employee, supervisor within limits that can still be accounted for. The implementation of occupational safety and health certainly has obstacles that are usually faced in implementing collective work agreements (PKB) in terms of implementing occupational health safety (K3). Among them, namely: 1. Lack of understanding of workers regarding the contents of the collective labor agreement (PKB) 2. Work safety management is not optimal 3. Unclear policy Figure 8.2 Illustration by Shutterstock
63 The way to overcome this first obstacle can be done through coaching and socialization between the company and the workers through deliberation. Regarding the second obstacle, this is an indication that accident prevention measures have not been successful and methods must be immediately improved. For the solution to the third problem, namely by providing sanctions to workers if there is worker indiscipline during work. During the construction process, if there are violations committed by the company, supervisors and workers should make persuasive efforts for the construction company to carry out its obligations to ensure K3. If these efforts fail, the supervisor can report to the authorities. This needs to be done to ensure that the company takes action to guarantee the K3 tools and K3 management system at the construction site properly. In Indonesia, the implementation of K3 in the construction process is still relatively low and minimal. Many companies are reluctant to implement K3 in the building construction process due to expensive costs and limitations. This is of course very inconsistent with the law that regulates K3 where safety is a worker's right guaranteed by construction companies. In 2018 the number of work accidents reached 173,105 cases, an increase from the previous year of 123,041 cases. With this data, it is evident that awareness of the importance of K3 is still very low. Therefore, we as prospective young engineers must improve this situation by prioritizing occupational safety and health in the world of construction in the future. C. Construction Work Safety Principles In implementing Occupational Safety and Health (K3) in construction projects, there are several factors and work principles that must be considered. During implementation, it is important to understand and apply work principles that are in accordance Figure 8.3 Illustration by Shutterstock
64 with K3. The industrial sector is experiencing quite rapid development, this can be seen by the increasing number of industries being established in Indonesia. This industry produces various types of production using high-tech equipment or machines. The working principles of K3 Construction are as follows: 1. Administrative completeness In every construction implementation, it is important to have complete administration and ensure that the relevant paperwork has been completed. This includes registering the project with the local works department, paying labor insurance and other insurance, and obtaining permission to use roads or other public facilities. In addition, it is necessary to have a certificate of use of heavy equipment and notify the government and related agencies about the construction process. 2. Develop a safety plan The next principle that needs to be considered is the preparation of a safety plan. This plan is an integral part of K3 implementation in construction projects. The goal is so that construction projects can run smoothly and safely, as well as preventing accidents and work-related illnesses. Safety plans generally include a project description, main points in K3, identification of accident risks, preventive measures, good equipment operating procedures, and contact information for relevant agencies. 3. K3 implementation and training Next, it is important to implement and train K3. K3 activities involve collaboration with related agencies. K3 supervision includes safety patrols, safety supervisors and safety meetings. Each of these elements has its own role and duties. They are responsible for supervising activities and implementation in the construction process, controlling the implementation of K3 in accordance with established rules, as well as discussing reports on the results of safety patrols and safety supervisors. By implementing and training K3, you can create a high level of productivity in construction performance.
65 D. Benefits of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) K3 Construction focuses on various or all things that have an influence on other aspects. Starting from a condition of safety, security and health for each worker. Even the work environment also greatly influences the project implementation process. The main benefit of K3 Construction is to prevent, reduce and extinguish various risks of accidents, fires and even explosions. K3 Construction will also provide instructions or opportunities to escape when an emergency occurs. That way, with its application it is able to provide assistance and function as a means of protection when an accident or other emergency occurs. In its activities with construction projects, K3 Construction controls the distribution of temperature, dust, dirt, wind, sound, vibration, and many other factors or objects so that risks such as the emergence of occupational diseases, whether physical or psychological, can be controlled. Of course, K3 Construction is very useful in various emergency situations. Its application is useful for securing and providing a smooth emergency evacuation process, and can even be used to maintain buildings. The implementation of K3 Construction is an important factor in companies in the construction services sector and project development activities. Therefore, theoretical understanding and direct practice are needed. After knowing several functions and signs in the industrial world, it is hoped that workers will understand the dangers and risks of their work, workers will understand preventive measures to avoid accidents, workers will understand their rights and obligations, especially in regulations related to occupational safety and health, workers will know Figure 8.4 Illustration by Shutterstock
66 how to act in an emergency. such as fires, earthquakes, accidents, and so on, workers are able to participate in making their workplace safer, workers can protect their co-workers from the risk of work accidents. So that's the explanation regarding the importance of Occupational Safety and Health (K3) in the industrial world. We never know when an accident will occur, but accidents can be minimized with knowledge and understanding of the importance of Occupational Safety and Health (K3). E. Personal Protective Equipment The high number of work accidents can cause losses for workers and companies. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are more than 250 million workplace accidents every year. This can happen in all employment sectors, both formal and informal. The national health survey that was conducted found that in Indonesia in 2016, 21.8 percent of work accidents and/or occupational health problems occurred in the electricity and gas industry. According to the theory put forward by the Domino Model Bird and Germain, work losses or accidents are caused by five interrelated factors including basic causes (knowledge, attitudes, availability of personal protective equipment, training, skills and work standards), direct causes (not using protective equipment personal and work environment is unsafe) thereby increasing the possibility of contact with hazardous materials. According to research conducted by some researchers, the biggest cause of work accidents in industry is human factors at 80-85 percent. This includes the characteristics of the workforce. The characteristic in Figure 8.5 Illustration by Shutterstock
67 question is inadequate knowledge about the importance of using personal protective equipment, worker unawareness causes workers not to comply with the rules for using personal protective equipment. Apart from that, interpersonal factors are also a substantial factor in predicting compliance with the use of personal protective equipment. Some internal factors that are taken into consideration are gender, skills and the desire to do work safely and healthily. In the gas industry, there are several materials including N2, O2, acetylene gas, oxicane, and liquid CO2. In production, workers are at high risk of exposure to chemicals. One of the chemicals that can cause respiratory problems, burning skin and eye irritation is potassium carbide. To protect workers, companies need to prepare personal protective equipment and it is the worker's obligation to wear personal protective equipment correctly. Based on company health inspection data, it was found that 49.5 percent of workers experienced mild retention and obstructive lung disease and 63.3 percent of workers rarely used personal protective equipment. Until research was conducted, the gas industry had several workers who were reluctant to use personal protective equipment provided by the company. Apart from not using personal protective equipment, there are also workers who use it inappropriately. The aim of this research is to identify factors that influence worker compliance in using personal protective equipment. The total sample used in this research was 39 gas industry workers. The factors used as research variables were age, length of service, knowledge and worker behavior. Regulations Regarding PPE PPE must comply with Indonesian National Standards (SNI) or applicable standards and must be worn by workers on all jobs according to the type of work. The legal basis governing the use of PPE in general is included in the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia Number Per.08/MEN/VII/2010 concerning Personal Protective Equipment. Specific PPE regulations in the construction sector are included in the
68 Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 05/PRT/M/2014 concerning Guidelines for Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems (SMK3) for Construction in the Public Works Sector. 1. Head Protective Equipment Head protective equipment is the most important component that must be used by everyone on a construction project site. Head protective equipment is used to protect the head from impacts from falling objects, hot or cold steam, and potential fires and corrosives. Head protective equipment consists of several categories which are divided based on the employee's identity function. 2. Eye and Face Protection Equipment Eye and face protection is required by everyone on construction projects to protect against thrown small objects, the influence of light, the influence of certain radiation and splashes of liquids. Examples of eye protection equipment are goggles and glasses (Figure 3 a and b). Figure 8.6 Illustration by Shutterstock
69 Meanwhile, examples of facial protective equipment are visors, full face masks, welding masks. 3. Ear Protection Equipment Ear protection is sometimes needed at construction project sites when there is loud noise that can harm ear health. Ear plugs or ear plugs can reduce sound intensity by 10 to 15 dB and ear muffs can reduce sound intensity by 20 to 30 dB. A good ear plug only blocks certain frequencies, while the frequency for talking (communication) is usually not disturbed. Examples of ear muffs and ear plugs. 4. Respiratory Protective Equipment Respiration is one of the organ systems of construction project workers which must also be protected by preventing potential damage to the respiratory organs. Sources of danger such as air pollution caused by viruses, bacteria, dust particles, fog, smoke or metal vapors sometimes exist at construction project sites. Determining the need for respiratory protection depends on the type of respiratory disorder. The first example of respiratory protective equipment is a mask (Figure 5 a) which is used to protect breathing from smoke, dust and light chemical odors. Meanwhile, the respirator respiratory protection device (Figure 5 b) protects breathing from harmful vapors and gases, mist particles or fume particles. 5. Hand Protective Equipment Gloves are a protective tool for hands on construction projects. Gloves protect hands from the dangers of exposure to body fluids, avoid abrasions, cuts, wounds exposed to chemicals and extreme temperatures. 6. Foot Protective Equipment Work safety shoes are foot protective equipment that protects the feet from the danger of falling heavy objects, splashing liquids, being punctured by sharp objects or the risk of slipping. Examples of foot protective equipment include boots, anti-electric shoes, anti-slip shoes, and Steel Toe Boots (special shoes with iron plates to protect the toes from falls and impacts from building materials).
70 7. Personal Protective Clothing Protective clothing is also used to protect all or part of the body from splashes of body fluids and hot or cold temperatures. Examples of protective clothing are shirts, vests and aprons which are usually made from materials that are impermeable to liquids and chemicals, such as plastic or rubber. The classification of protective clothing can be seen from the color of the protective clothing. Protective clothing is differentiated by many categories, such as project type, employee identity type, and more. Most importantly, protective clothing must have high visibility so that workers wearing it are easily seen and recognized. 8. Fall Protection Equipment Safety belts are personal fall protection devices used on construction project sites. Safety belts function to protect the body from possible falls. Safety belts are usually used in construction work at heights and climbing work. There are several types of safety harnesses or seat belts, namely chest support (chest harness), chest and back support (chest waist harness) and full body support (full body harness). The harness used on the body will be connected to a safety rope that is attached to a load-bearing iron. F. Precautions in Construction Work accidents can happen at any time, including at work. Work accidents are incidents or occurrences in the workplace that result in victims. Many factors cause work accidents, ranging from technical factors such as workplace conditions, work equipment conditions, Figure 8. to transportation, as well as 7 Illustration by Adobe Stock
71 non-technical factors such as lack of skills, working without PPE, to worker negligence in operations. A work accident occurs if there is a form of loss to either the work accident victim or the company or organization. Efforts to prevent work accidents are needed to avoid losses that arise and to improve work safety performance in the workplace. The following are four points for efforts to prevent work accidents. In an effort to prevent work accidents, it would be a good idea for you as a party involved in a company to understand what efforts can be made. As we already know, work accidents occur due to 3 factors, namely environmental factors, work equipment factors and human factors themselves. So, prevention involves these three aspects, starting from paying attention to the environment, work tools to humans or workers. Because every worker or part of a company's operations will have a role in implementing this prevention. The following are preventive measures that are generally taken in the construction sector: 1. Understand and implement K3 K3 or Occupational Safety and Health is needed to ensure that workers receive protection and are guaranteed safety while working. This K3 has been regulated in Law Number 1 of 1970 concerning Work Safety, often known as the main rule for implementing K3. If the company and employees understand K3, it will be easier for both parties to take precautions. There is no need to worry, because currently there is a lot of K3 educational training available if the company does not feel capable of understanding these rules. 2. Provide PPE In several industrial sectors or companies, PPE or Personal Protective Equipment is required which can be worn by workers when working on work objects. This tool is one of the tools needed to prevent work accidents. This is to minimize the impact if a work accident occurs. So, workers can be protected when heavy objects fall, or are injured due to machine operation errors. If the work involves chemicals, it will also be
72 safer for workers to hide behind PPE. Ensure that the PPE worn is safe and comfortable for worker mobilization. 3. Develop operational standards (SOP) and division of work The point of creating SOPs or Standard Operating Procedures is to regulate and ensure that the company's operational activities run as they should and smoothly. SOP also concerns regulations and references for how employees work. A kind of guideline for carrying out work activities. When preparing SOPs, you must again pay attention to K3. The SOP will also be clearer regarding the division of work, so that accidents do not occur, efforts to prevent work accidents will also be made by dividing work domains among those who are experts or experts. It is best for companies to also make rules that workers must apply regarding work behavior and work regulations. 4. Create a safe work location A work location can be said to be safe if it meets the standards or requirements set out in the SSLK or Work Environment Requirements. What is included in the SSLK provisions? The work location must be sterile from dust and dirt. Free from smoke originating from cigarettes, gas vapor, or production machines. Safe from radiation. Avoid vibrations caused by machines on a very disturbing scale. Or there is other noise that breaks focus and concentration or even disturbs Figure 8.8 Illustration of Accident at Work by Flickr
73 workers' hearing. Apart from that, the work location must also be supported by safe and adequate electricity. Lighting must be clear and sufficient, with air circulation as needed. 5. Complete Health Facilities Another way to prevent work accidents is to provide facilities that can support employee health. Not only physical but also spiritual needs. Such as the presence of a medical room for first aid in case of accidents, which is equipped with complete medicine. Even special medical staff are able to handle any health complaints from workers. Apart from that, it also equips the company with a place of worship for workers. 6. Placing K3 Posters in the Workplace To be able to increase and build awareness of the importance of K3, it is also important to create an environment that also supports these activities. One way is to put up posters related to K3 as a reminder and insight so that workers always remember them. Don't forget to replace posters that are no longer relevant or no longer effective. 7. Provide training to workers Training is needed to improve workers' abilities. Sufficient and appropriate training will be able to motivate and increase worker productivity. Meanwhile, regular K3 training is also needed so that workers truly understand the importance of implementing work safety. Companies must also ensure that new workers gain knowledge about K3 and all matters regarding company regulations. 8. Maintain work support equipment Work support equipment that is not suitable for use can be a factor in work accidents. For this reason, it is important to maintain and maintain all work equipment. Replace the worn one with a new one. It is also important to carry out checks before operating the equipment. 9. Maintain cleanliness of the work location Cleanliness in the workplace also influences occupational safety and health. Make sure to continue to maintain cleanliness and order to prevent work accidents. Floors or terrain that are slippery due to oil or chemical spills are certainly dangerous for workers. Not only that, a
74 disorganized and dirty workplace can also reduce work productivity. If dangerous flammable liquids are spilled without being cleaned, it could cause a fire. 10. Report Unsafe Conditions Immediately If you feel that you have found an abnormal situation during the work process, or you cannot resolve a problem involving machinery or work safety, you should immediately make a report. Because work accidents don't usually just happen straight away, but if you often delay or ignore the signs that appear, it will be difficult to avoid work accidents. 11. Do not go to work if you are sick If you find workers who force themselves to work when they are sick, unfit or have poor stamina. It's best to stop immediately. Because it is risky and dangerous. Efforts to prevent work accidents are to be aware of your ability and capacity not to work and endanger your surroundings when you are sick. This is what must be known and started to be implemented in efforts to prevent work accidents. To be able to do this requires participation from every level of position in the company. Not only employees or field workers. Starting with education and training to align knowledge and understanding of the importance of K3 can be a priority. Work safety has a very important meaning in every work environment. The importance of work safety is not only related to compliance with statutory regulations, but also related to the welfare and productivity of Figure 8.9 Illustration of Accident at Work by Flickr
75 workers. Good work safety creates a healthy and safe work environment, where workers can work comfortably and efficiently. One important aspect of work safety is accident prevention. Workplace accidents can result in serious injuries, impaired productivity, and even loss of life. Therefore, workers and company management need to work together to prevent accidents. By implementing these steps, companies can create a work environment that is safe, productive, and supports the well-being of workers. Work safety is not only the responsibility of management, but also a collective obligation to create a healthy and safe workplace. G. Exercises Reading Comprehension “Construction worker from Sidoarjo died falling from the 3rd floor in Mojokerto” A construction worker from Sidoarjo fell to his death from the 3rd floor of a house project in Pungging Village/District, Mojokerto. The victim slipped while installing a light steel frame for the roof of the house. Pungging Police Chief AKP Margo Sukwandi said there were three construction workers at Surono's house construction project. One of the workers is Ahmad Safari (34), a resident of Terik Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo. Before the work accident occurred, Safari installed a light steel frame for the roof of the house. At that time, the victim's position was on the third floor at a height of around 11.7 meters from the ground floor. Safari suddenly fell at around 12.30 WIB. "It is currently suspected that the victim slipped while installing the light steel roof frame," said Margo to journalists at the work accident site, Tuesday (1/2/2022). Because he was not wearing safety equipment, continued Margo, Safari immediately fell to the ground floor from a height of around 11.7 meters. The victim died horribly at the location with serious injuries to the head.
76 His body has been evacuated to Bhayangkara Hospital Pusdik Brimob Watukosek, Pasuruan. "Because the victim was not wearing safety equipment, when he fell, he fell straight to the floor," he explained. Margo added that his party had carried out a crime scene investigation and installed a police line at the work accident site in Mojokerto. Construction of Surono's house has been temporarily stopped for investigation. "We are still asking for further information about the homeowner or employer," he said. (Source: www.detik.com) Answer the following questions below according to the news text above. Explain your opinion in detail. 1. What caused the work accident above? 2. Why do workers sometimes ignore K3? 3. Are there any laws that regulate K3? State what you know. 4. What if there is a violation of the Occupational Safety and Health Law? 5. How does the Cooperation Agreement regulate K3? 6. What are the Obstacles Commonly Faced in Implementing Collective Work Agreements in Implementing K3? 7. What does the word "victim" mean in paragraph 3? 8. Why is Occupational Safety and Health Education Necessary? 9. What do you know about "safety equipment", as referred to in paragraph 5? 10. In your opinion, how is measurement and control of the work environment carried out? H. References Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing. Frendo, E. (2012). English for Construction 1: Vocational English Course Book. Pearson Education Limited.
77 Ibbotson, M. (2009). Professional English in Use. Engineering: Technical English for Professionals. Cambridge University Press Pakki.org. (2018). Bagaimana Cara Mencegah Terjadinya Kecelakaan Kerja?. Diakses pada 21 November 2022, dari https://pakki.org/berita_detail/bagaimana-cara-mencegahterjadinya-kecelakaan-kerja. Prodiaohi.co.id. (2020). Pentingnya K3 dalam Lingkungan Kerja. Diakses pada 21 November 2022, dari https://prodiaohi.co.id/pentingnyak3-dalam-lingkungan-kerja. Safetyservicesdirect.com. (2021). The Importance of PPE in the Workplace. Diakses pada 21 November 2022, dari https://safetyservicesdirect.com/blog/the-importance-of-ppe-inthe-workplace/. Sahabat.pegadaian.co.id. (2019). Mengenal Pentingnya K3 Dalam Lingkungan Kerja. Diakses pada 21 November 2022, dari https://sahabat.pegadaian.co.id/artikel/inspirasi/mengenalpentingnya-k3-dalam-lingkungan-kerja.
78 UNIT 8: ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTION A. Capaian Pembelajaran Mahasiswa dapat mengidentifikasi isi bacaan, melengkapi dialog berdasar teks lisan, menggunakan Bahasa Inggris untuk mengaplikasikan dan menyimpulkan makna secara kontekstual fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan serta merancang teks interaksi tansaksional lisan yang melibatkan tindakan menanyakan dan memberi petunjuk (asking and giving direction). B. Introduction Are you someone who loves adventure or traveling? If so, have you ever suddenly gotten lost or confused about which way to take to reach your destination? Especially if we go to a new place abroad that we have never visited before. Even though there is currently technology called Google Maps, it cannot be denied that we still often ask people around our destination for directions. The reason is, however, Google Maps is a machine that we cannot trust 100%. So, therefore, we have to understand asking and giving direction starting from the definition to the examples of conversations in this unit. The expression of asking direction is an expression of asking someone for directions. This expression is used when someone wants to get information about how to get to a destination. The expression of giving direction is an expression of giving directions to someone who asks for directions to reach a place. Asking and giving directions is a way of asking and giving directions or directions to other people. Oh yes, actually asking and giving directions Figure 9.1 Illustration by Shutterstock
79 can also be done via chat on social media or your telephone, so it's not limited to just the location of the incident. "Why do you have to know how to ask and give directions in English?" Well, who knows? One day while traveling, going home, or going on a business trip abroad, suddenly someone asked us for directions. Vice versa, when we don't know the direction and are confused about reading maps, we can ask local residents so that the journey remains safe and comfortable. C. Common Expressions Here are some phrases you can use to show direction: Near (Dekat) Behind (Di belakang) Beside (Di samping) Next to (Di samping) Turn Right (Belok ke kanan) Turn Left (Belok ke kiri) In front of (Di depan) Go straight (Jalan lurus) Between (Di antara 2 benda) Among (Di antara lebih dari 2 benda) Across (Di seberang) Go past (Melewati) Opposite (Berlawanan) Intersection (Perempatan) T-Junction (Pertigaan) On the corner of (Di pojok) D. Asking for direction Asking berasal dari verb “ask” yang artinya meminta. Sementara itu, “direction” artinya petunjuk. Nah, sebelum bertanya arah atau petunjuk dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa hal yang harus kamu perhatikan dulu, nih, yaitu:
80 1. Greetings As we have discussed in the article 16 examples of self-introductions in English, greeting is a greeting. When you want to ask for help from other people, especially strangers you have never met, it would be a good idea to greet you first as a form of courtesy towards the person you are talking to. Apart from that, greeting is a very good way to start a conversation in a friendly manner. Example of greeting when asking directions: o Excuse me/excuse me Sir/Madam. o Hi, I'm sorry to interrupt you, but... o Excuse me, can you help me, please? o Hello / Hello sir or madam. o May I ask you a minute Sir/Mam? o Sorry for bothering you Sir/Mam! o Pardon Sir/Mom! 2. Describe the Condition After greeting, you can state the intent and purpose of the person you are talking to. In this case, you can also describe your condition or situation, or the reason why you need help from that person. For example: o Sorry, I'm not from around here. o I'm new here. o I'm lost. o I seemed to be lost. Figure 9.2 Illustration by English Academy
81 Grammar for Asking Direction When asking someone for help in finding a place by asking directions in English, you can use the following grammar: a. Ask using auxiliary capital Previously, we have studied various auxiliary modals which are commonly used as formulas for tenses in English. In asking direction, modals commonly used include can, could, will, and would, would like, etc. Here's an example: o Could you tell me how to get to …? o Could you tell me where the … is? o Would you give me directions to go to …? o Can you direct me to…? o Would you show me the way to...? o May I ask you the way to …? o Can you show me the... on the map? o I'm looking for…. Would you give me directions to get it? 2. Ask via “Question Words” Question words are words for asking questions which consist of five types, namely what, where, when, who, why, and how. However, for asking directions in English, the most suitable question words to use are what, where and how. What's an example? o Where is the...? o Where can I find the...? o How can / do I get to …? o How can/do I find…? o How far is the … from the …? o How do you get to … from …? o What's the best way to get to...? o What's the quickest way to get to...? o What's the easiest way to get to the...? o Excuse me, could you tell me where is …? o Can you give me the direction to get to the …? o Would you mind to give me direction to the …?
82 3. Ask with asking/interrogative sentences So, apart from using modal auxiliaries and question words, you can also ask questions using interrogative sentences which generally start with to be and verbs such as is, do, and so on. The example is: o Do you have a map to...? o Are we on the right road for...? o Am I in the right place to go...? o Is it the right way to / for …? o Is there a … around here / near hear o Do you know where the... is? Most Used Asking Direction Phrases If you are traveling abroad and are forced to ask foreigners/foreigners for directions, you can use the example sentences most often used when asking directions as below: o Is it far? / Is it closed? o How far is it? / How close is it? o Could you please give me directions? o Where is the nearest (place)? o Where can I find a (place)? o Is the (place) near here? Repeat for Better Understanding Have you listened as best as possible and tried to understand the instructions given by the person you are talking to, but still don't Figure 9.3 Illustration by Fluentz
83 understand? No worries, you can ask for an explanation again! Here's how: o What did you say the street's name was? o Sorry, I didn't get your explanation. o Sorry, I didn't catch that. o Could you say that again please? o Could you repeat it again please? Say Thanks and Finish the Conversation If you are in the role of questioner, make sure to thank the person you are talking to who has helped. For example: o Thanks for help. Bye. o Thank you for the explanation, it means a lot to me. o Thank you for spending your time with me. Have a nice day! E. Giving Direction Well, next we will discuss giving direction. Giving direction comes from the word "give" which means to give. So, giving direction is "giving directions". Just like asking directions, when giving directions there are several things you need to pay attention to so that you can answer the other person's questions according to actual conditions. 1. If you don't know the direction you are asking, say sorry If someone asks for directions but you can't help, don't forget to say sorry. The following are examples of answers that can be given: o I'm sorry, I don't know where the place is. o Sorry, I'm in a hurry. o Sorry, I'm a traveler and not a local citizen. o I am a stranger here myself, sorry. o Sorry, I don't know that place either, maybe you can ask someone else. 2. Give the direction slowly When giving directions to other people, you need to make sure that the person you are talking to understands the directions you are giving. Therefore, make sure to give direction slowly and not in a rush. Okay?
84 Grammar for Giving Direction 1. Use Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are command sentences. Because giving direction is giving direction, usually the sentences used will be imperative so that the questioner can follow what is explained by us as the giver of direction. Example: o Take the blue line o Continue going straight o Change to the greyline 2. Use Interrogative Sentences for Better Understanding So, what does that mean? So, if you have given directions or directions, you can ask the person you are talking to whether they understand the explanation or not. So, the same as asking direction, here you can also use interrogative sentence patterns. Example as follows: o Do you understand? o Do you get my point? o Do you understand my explanation? Most Frequently Used Giving Direction Phrases In giving directions, there is a lot of English vocabulary that we can use to answer questions regarding directions and roads from the questioner in order to find the address, location or place they are going to. Here are some examples of sentences most often used in giving direction: o Cross the road (cross the road) o Pass the bridge (pass the bridge) o Take the first road (take the first road) o Go straight/keep going/continue (go straight/keep going) o Turn left/right (turn left/right) o Follow this road (follow this road) Apart from the examples above, giving direction also has other, more specific examples of phrases to show the way, including: 1. Go Straight Straight means straight. When you give directions to go straight, there are several phrases you can use, namely:
85 o Go straight. o Go along the road. o Go down there. o Go down or walk down the street. o Go up or walk up the street. o Keep walking ahead. o Take this road. o Walk to the corner. o Follow this street for 300 meters. o Follow the road until you get to the bank. 2. Turn As we know, the road will not always be straight. There are times when you have to show a turn to someone who asks for directions. Pay attention to the following expression: o Turn right o Turn left. o Pass the bank and then turn left. o Turn back. o Go right/left at the end of the road. o Take the first right. o Take the first/second/third street on the left/right. o Take the first left when you enter Steven Road. o You need to take a left/a right at the next traffic light. 3. Cross Hmm, do you still remember what cross means? Yep! Cross is to cross. How about an example of a phrase to give directions to cross? Check it out below! o Cross the pub. o Pass the school. o You will cross some traffic lights. o Cross the taxi rank and you are there. o Go over the bridge.
86 4. Location After giving directions, usually when giving directions, we can also confirm the location of the place where the questioner is going, whether it is on the left, right, and so on. Well, you can show it with the following phrase: o Between our office and the supermarket. o On the right in between the pet shop and the grocery store. o At the end of Sudirman Street. o Just around the corner on the left/right side. o Left around the corner next to the market. 5. Landmarks Simply put, landmarks are a vocabulary of road signs or markers that can be used as a benchmark when giving direction. These markers can be buildings, public facilities, roads, place names, and many more. The example is: o Traffic lights: Lampu lalu lintas o Crossroads: persimpangan o T-junction: Pertigaan o Roundabout: Bundaran o Signpost: Papan penunjuk jalan o Dead end: Jalan buntu Figure 9.4 Illustration by English Academy
87 o Flyover: Jembatan layang o Bridge: Jembatan o Mosque: Masjid o Church: Gereja F. Example of Conversation Dialog 1: Getting to the train station (Pergi ke stasiun kereta) Tourist: Excuse me. May I have your time? Citizen: Yes. How can I help you? Tourist: Can you show me the fastest way to get to the train station, please? Citizen: You can take a taxi or a bus from the bus stop. Tourist: Okay. Where should I go from there? Citizen: If you take a taxi, you can get off right at the train station. Just ask the driver to go to Grand City Train Station. Tourist: And, how to go there by a bus? Citizen: Just take a bus number 003 and get off at Grand City Train Station bus stop. Tourist: Is it far from the bus stop? Citizen: No. it’s pretty near from there. The bus stop is around 200 meters from the station. Tourist: I see. Thank you very much! Citizen: You’re welcome. Translation Turis: Permisi. Boleh minta waktunya sebentar? Warga: Ya. Ada yang bisa saya bantu? Turis: Bisakah Anda menunjukkan jalan tercepat untuk pergi ke stasiun kereta? Warga: Anda bisa naik taksi atau naik bis dari halte. Turis: Baik. Ke mana selanjutnya saya harus pergi? Warga: Jika Anda naik taksi, Anda dapat langsung turun tepat di stasiun kereta. Minta saja pada supirnya untuk menuju ke Stasiun Kereta Grand City.
88 Turis: Dan, bagaimana caranya pergi ke sana dengan bis? Warga: Naik saja bis nomor 003 dan turun di halte Stasiun Kereta Grand City. Turis: Apakah stasiunnya jauh dari halte? Warga: Tidak. Cukup dekat dari sana. Haltenya sekitar 200 meter dari stasiun. Turis: Saya mengerti. Terima kasih banyak! Warga: Sama-sama. Dialog 2: Getting on a bus and bus route (Menaiki bus & rute bus) Tourist: Excuse me. I'm trying to get to Downing Street. Could you show me how to take a bus to get there? Citizen: Get to the nearest bus stop before the crossroads. Take the number 06 bus. You will see the route; La Plaza-Downing street. Tourist: Which bus stop should I get off? Citizen: Get off at a bus stop where you see a large clock on the right. Tourist: Thank you! That really helps. Citizen: It doesn't matter. Translation Tourist: Excuse me. I'm going to Downing Street. Can you show me how to get there by bus? Residents: Go to the nearest bus stop before the crossroads. Take bus number 06. You will see the route; La Plaza-Downing Street. Tourist: Which bus stop should I get off at? Citizen: Get off at the bus stop where you see a big clock on the right side. Tourist: Thank you! That's very helpful. Citizen: No problem. G. Exercises Pay attention to the dialogue in each question and choose the most appropriate answer option. After that, you can practice the dialogue with your friends.
89 1. Kurnia: “Gus, I have to go to the college this year. In the meantime, my sister wants to get married soon which means that my father has to prepare a lot of money for that. ….” Agus: “I personally think that you should talk about this with the whole family.” a. What do you want? b. What do you think? c. What are you? d. What is that? e. What the hell! 2. Journalist: “We heard that you and your husband will be divorced soon. Have you got any comments on the issue?” Kikan: “… We are ok. Please, I need to go.” a. I really like you! b. I personally consider that. c. That’s not true. d. I’m happy to hear that. e. That’s wonderful! 3. Andy: “What do you think of children being exposed to work in order to help their parents?” Brian: “Personally, I consider that it is ok. They can learn how to survive in life.” Andy: “Yeah, but don’t you think they must study instead?” From the dialogue we know that Andy … with Brian’s opinion. a. Agrees b. Disagree c. Accepts d. Dismisses e. Refuses
90 4. Ada: we will have a long holiday in the next semester, what are you going to do? Ida: ……………. Ada: I do hope you have a nice trip. a. I Don’t know b. I am Busy c. I am Thinking of going to the Beach d. The beach is not clean e. The holiday will be boring 5. Wina: I’ve Problem with my mobile Phone. what’s your Idea? Sina: …………… Wina: that’s good Idea. a. I Think you should buy the new one b. How A pity you are. c. That’s not my Business d. Making a call is easy e. I don’t know nothing 6. Kano: How do you feel the temperature here? Andi: ………….. Bina: I think so. We need to open all windows a. So hot here. b. Good Job. c. Yes I Believe d. nice weather e. good weather 7. Sista: ……… about the math test? Marda: It’s too hard to do. I couldn’t answer number 3. a. In your opinion b. Would you agree that …………. c. What do you think
91 d. I believe e. When do you attend 8. Amina: It’s nearly school holiday. What are you going to do? Marta: …………… Amina: Have a nice holiday! Marta: Thank you. a. I think I am going to Bandung b. I don’t know yet c. It’s a secret d. What do you think about holiday? e. We will move 9. Doni: What do you think of my drawing? John: It’s really good, but maybe adding some Doni Doni: No problem From the dialog above. we know that Doni is ……. a. Asking for help b Asking opinion c. Giving opinion d. Disagree e. Expressing grateful 10. Ina: I like the new playground near our school. What about you? Jun: I like it too, there is a lot of space, interesting games and a nice place to play. We can conclude that Jun is expressing ……. a. Asking opinion b. expressing Doubt c. Disagreement d. Intention e. Giving opinion
92 H. References Blog.cakap.com. (2021). Cara Asking and Giving Directions dengan Contoh Percakapannya. Diakses pada 6 Desember 2022, dari https://blog.cakap.com/asking-and-giving-direction/. Caruzzo. P. (2012). Flash on English for Construction. Eli Online Publishing. Cnnindonesia.com. (2021). Contoh Asking dan Giving Directions dalam Bahasa Inggris. Diakses pada 6 Desember 2022, dari https://www.cnnindonesia.com/edukasi/20230529144002-569- 955329/contoh-asking-dan-giving-directions-dalam-bahasainggris. English-academy.id. (2020). Cara Asking and Giving Direction dalam Bahasa Inggris. Diakses pada 6 Desember 2022, dari https://www.english-academy.id/blog/asking-and-givingdirection. Englishvit.com. (2022). Asking and Giving Directions dalam Bahasa Inggris + Contoh. Diakses pada 6 Desember 2022, dari https://englishvit.com/artikel/asking-and-giving-directionsdalam-bahasa-inggris-contoh-8879. Evans, V., Dooley, J., & Revels, J. (2012). Career Paths: Construction I – Buildings. Express Publishing. Learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org. (2022). Giving directions. Diakses pada 6 Desember 2022, dari https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/a2- listening/giving-directions.
93 LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 Answer Key: Exercise 4 (page 27) Lampiran 2 Answer Key: Exercise 5 (page 37-38) 1. Construction 2. Elevations 3. Working 4. Level 5. Garden 6. Levelling 7. Construction 8. Working 9. Road 10. House