N U R U L A U F A B I N T I A N U A R | 1 2 V B I O L O G I C A L D I V E R S I T Y KINGDOM PLANTAE KINGDOM ANIMILIA MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY TAXONOMY Morphology is the study of organismal structure and form including plants, animals, and others living things. Morphology gives us the foundation for understanding function, taxonomy, inheritance, ecology, development, and other biological branches, giving us a base from which to explore other biological branches. We may investigate several areas of biology and get in-depth information about numerous issues by using morphology as the basis for various topics to be explored. The scientific field of taxonomy focuses on classification, particularly of species. It includes the systematic classification of living organisms into groups based on traits that they have in common and evolutionary connections. Taxonomy is crucial for discovering new species, analysing their behaviour, and investigating how they interact with one another and other organisms within ecosystems. It also helps us understand and communicate the diversity of life on Earth.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Green, brown, and red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns, and seed plants with or without flowers are all members of the Kingdom Plantae. They are multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic organisms which make their own food. A rigid cell wall is present in each plant cell. Chloroplasts and the pigment chlorophyll are present in plants, which are necessary for photosynthesis. In this kingdom, the organisms are non-motile and multicellular eukaryotes. KINGDOM PLANTAE The largest and most recent phylum of plants is the anthophyta, which includes all angiosperms (produce flower and bear seeds in their fruits) or flowering plants. Members of this phylum make up the majority of the vegetation in the modern world. This include the prominent terrestrial plants including trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses. They are distinguished by having seeds that grow and ripen inside an ovary. PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA This prominent category of woody plants is referred to as "conifers". The members of this group produce ovules that mature into seeds. The upper surfaces of scale structures, which are frequently grouped together form "cones," are where these ovules and seeds are located. Plant that is categorized in this phylum usually have needle-like leaves, roots and woody stems. It is gymnosperm plant (reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule). PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Plantae PHYLUM Anthophyta CLASS Magnoliopsida ORDER Malvales FAMILY Malvaceae GENUS Hibiscus L. SPECIES Hibiscus rosa-sinesis L. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
P H Y L U M A N T O P H Y T A UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
The plants have annual or perennial life cycles. As a hardy tropical plant, it may adapt to flourish in non-tropical environments like city balconies. HABITAT UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS It is showy and conspicuous because of variety range in colors including red, yellow and pink. The trumpet-shaped flowers The pollen grains are spiky in character and the stamens are joined together to create a tube. The alternately borne leaves range in shape from ovate to lanceolate. The leaf margin frequently has teeth or lobes. FLOWER LEAF Across the world, the genus flourishes in warm, temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates.
P H Y L U M A N T O P H Y T A STRUCTURE
Flower Petal Stigma Anther Filament Style Sepal Ovule
FLOWER STRUCTURES FUNCTIONS STIGMA Part with the sticky bulb where the pollen lands and fertilization process occur. STYLE The pollen tube is generated and keeps incompatible pollen from reaching the ovary. ANTHER Male gametophytes which is pollen grains is produced for pollination. FILAMENTS Hold the anther up, extending it to a portion of the flower that is reachable by pollinators or where the wind can spread the pollen. PETALS To attract pollinating insects. SEPAL To provide protection for stamens, petals and pistils. OVULE Organ that produces flowering plant seeds.
Leaves Lamina Petiole Axillary bud Midrib Leaf base Vein Hibiscus leaves are ovate, simple and 8 to 10.5 cm long. They are spirally arranged around a long stalk. The leaf margin frequently has teeth or lobes. CHARACTERISTICS
LEAVES STRUCTURES FUNCTIONS LAMINA It is responsible for photosynthesis, as well as the location of the leaf's veins. MIDRIB Transport food, water and nutrients due to the present of xylem and phloem which is the vascular bundles. VEIN Water and nutrients is carried by veins to the lamina. PETIOLE Features small tubes connecting the stem's veins to the veins on the leaf blade. AXILLARY BUD Generate flowering shoots and provide propagation material.
Stem It has an aerial, upright, green, cylindric, branching stem. Gives support to flowers and leaves. Transports water and dissolved substances in the xylem and phloem between the roots and the shoots. Food storage. Root Hibiscus has tap roots. Causing the plants to be susceptible to blowing over in severe winds. Water and minerals are taken up by the roots and transported to the stems. Support plants.
P H Y L U M A N T O P H Y T A REPRODUCTION
The pollen grains produced by anther is transferred to stigma of the hibiscus flower. They germinate once the pollen grains land into the stigma forming tubes called pollen tubes. The male gametes are then passed down through these tubes to reach the ovule. The female gamete or the egg cell is present inside an ovule which is fertilized by a male gamete for form a diploid cell called a zygote. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds, and the ovary develops into a fruit. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM : STAMEN (anther and filament) FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM : PISTIL (ovary, style, stigma) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (POLLINATION)
ANGIOSPERM
Sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells. Then, the haploid cell develops into a multicellular haploid, which is called the gametophyte. The gametophyte then undergoes mitosis to produce gametes. One of the gametes is then fertilized and forms diploid zygote within an ovule in the ovary. The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce what we see as the flower or the sporophyte portion of the plant. The zygote develops into an embryo inside a seed, which forms from the ovule and also contains food to nourish the embryo. Fruits attract animals that may disperse the seeds they contain. If a seed germinates, it may grow into a mature sporophyte plant and repeat the cycle.
P H Y L U M A N T O P H Y T A LIFE CYCLE
Many insects, such as bees, butterflies, and moths, pollinate hibiscus plants. POLLINATION 4 The seed germinates and the roots and shoot emerge when the environmental conditions are favorable. SEED GERMINATES 1 During this stage, it develops leaves, stems and branches. VEGETATIVE GROWTH 2 It produces flower once the plant reaches maturity. FLOWERING 3 It produces seeds once the plant is pollinated. A capsule or fruit that grows from the flower contains the seeds. SEED PRODUCTION 5 SEED DISPERSAL 6 The seeds can be carried over long distances and are dispersed by wind, water, or animals. DORMANCY 7 The cycle start again when the environmental conditions are favorable for germination.
P H Y L U M A N T O P H Y T A ADAPTATION
BRIGHT COLOR FLOWER To attract pollinators such as humming birds and butterflies with it different color center compared to the rest of petals. SHAPE OF FLOWER This will promotes pollination. It is because birds must bump against the hibiscus' stamen, which contain the pollen, in order to get the nectar because the flower's throat is very deep. DROUGHT TOLERANCE The plant can withstand dry spells by decreasing water loss via the leaves and storing water in its stems. HEAT TOLERANCE The plant can withstand dry spells by decreasing water loss via the leaves and storing water in its stems.
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA Pinus sylvestris L.
DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Plantae PHYLUM Coniferophyta CLASS Pinopsida ORDER Pinales FAMILY Pinaceae GENUS Pinus L. SPECIES Pinus sylvestris L. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS P H Y L U M C O N I F E R O P H Y T A
HABITAT UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS Pinus sylvetris is an adaptable tree that can grow in a variety soil types and climatic conditions where it can tolerate cold temperature, drought and poor soils. Pinus has needle-shaped leaves which help them to retain their moisture. Gymnosperms have cones, which are seed-bearing structures. The seeds are wing-like structure that can be carried away by the wind. In its natural habitat, Pinus sylvetris is restricted to Scotland's Highlands. A native of northern Europe, the Scots pine is an evergreen conifer. Trees can live up to 700 years and reach a height of 35 metres. In time, the orange-brown, scaly bark forms plates and fractures.
P H Y L U M C O N I F E R O P H Y T A STRUCTURE
Cones Root Stem Leaves
STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS/FUNCTIONS LEAVES Needle-shaped leaves. They can hold onto more water, which enables the tree to survive the winter. The needle shape lowers water loss by reducing surface area. The foliages are gathered into fascicles, which are bundle of the foliages. STEM The cork, cortex, vascular cambium, resin canals, xylem, phloem, and pith make up the pine stem. It have bark that is thick and fissured. CONES Gymnosperms have cones, which are seed-bearing structures. The female pine cones are larger than male pine cones. Cones are encircled by numerous scales. The scales on the cone's tip and base are sterile (no seeds). ROOT Pinus has tap roots. Horizontal roots that are near to the surface make up the majority of the root system. It had networks of up to ten trees that were connected by multiple root grafts.
REPRODUCTION P H Y L U M C O N I F E R O P H Y T A
Pinus is a monoecious plant, yet it develops male and female cones on distinct branches. Male cones sprout on the lower branches, while female cones develop on the top branches. In the early spring, the male cones that will replace the dwarf stems start to grow in clusters near the base of the long stem. When the male cones begin to fall off at the beginning of spring, the newborn female cones are born in pairs or clusters near the tip of the long stem. The pollen grain releases a sperm when it reaches the egg, whether through the wind or another pollinator. MALE CONE FEMALE CONE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Each cone of a pollen cone has two or more microsporangia on the upper surface. Within these sporangia, each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis and produces four microspores. Each microspores develops into a microgametophyte which is a pollen grain. The microgametophyte has two wings and is carried by the wind to the seed cone during pollination. The seed cones are larger than the pollen cones and are located near the branch tips. The megasporangium is within the ovule, where a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce four megaspores. Only one of these spores develops into megagametophye. Once a pollen grain is enclosed within the seed con, it develops a pollen tube that digest its way slowly toward a megatophyte. After fertilisation, the ovule matures and becomes the seed, composed of the embryo, the reserve food and the seed coat. Each scale of the seed cone has two ovules that lie on the upper surface. The sporophyte embryo develops into a new pine tree when a seed germinated.
LIFE CYCLE P H Y L U M C O N I F E R O P H Y T A
GYMNOSPERM The life cycle of gymnosperms is both haploid and diploid which have sporophyte-dominant cycle. MALE CONES They have microsporangia-containing microsporophylls. Haploid microspores are produced by Microsporangium. A few of microspores degenerate into male gametes known as pollen grains. FEMALE CONES Megasporophylls form to female cones in a cluster. They have megasporangium-containing ovules. Megaspore mother cells and haploid megaspores are both produced.
It produces cones which contains seed and continues to grow by producing new branches and foliage. MATURE STAGE 4 The seed germinates when soil temperature and moisture levels are suitable. SEED GERMINATION 1 A seedling with one or two cotyledons (embryonic leaves) and a single, long root known as a taproot emerges from the germination of the seed. SEEDLING STAGE 2 The foliage of the seedling transforms from cotyledons that changes from needlelike cotyledons to true needles and developing branches as it grows. JUVENILE STAGE 3 Pollen is carried to the female cones by male cones through windpollinated. POLLINATION 5 SEED PRODUCTION 6 Wind disperses the seeds that the female cones generated. SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT 7 The cycle starts over when the seedlings establish themselves in the soil.
ADAPTATION P H Y L U M C O N I F E R O P H Y T A
NEEDEL LEAF STRUCTURE The tree can produce food through photosynthesis process all year long even in cold conditions. WAXY COATING This covering prevents moisture from evaporating from the needles when the outside air is dry. DROUGHT TOLERANCE The tree has a deep root system that enables it to reach water from deep in the ground. THICK BARK The bark is crucial when a pine tree is storing water. It warms the tree's trunk and stops moisture from escaping into the cold and dry air.
Hibiscus rosa-sinesis is one of the member in Phylum Anthophyta where it is categorized as angiosperm which it produce flowers and bear seed in fruits. This flower is showy and conspicuous to attract pollinators. Hibiscus has double fertilization and responsible of the embryo's development as well as the seed's potential food source. DISCUSSION Next, Pinus sylvestris is one of the member in Phylum Coniferophyta where it is categorized as gymnosperm which it uses an exposed seed, or ovule, to reproduce. The leaves have needle-like structure and they have thick bark to help them to survive in cold condition. Conifer pollen cones are commonly unnoticed due to their small size. Pollen grains are moved from a pollen cone to a seed cone during pollination so that they can fertilise the ovules before growing into new pine trees. Ecological importance - They aid in soil stabilisation and erosion prevention. Climate regulation - Trapping carbon dioxide in their biomass and storing it there. Ecological importance - They are the foundation of the food chain. IMPORTANCE OF PHYLUM PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA
PRECAUTION REASONS Use protective equipment like wearing gloves. Prevent from contact with any hazardous substance such as sap or toxins. Handle plants carefully Avoid any damage on plant or its surroundings. Be aware of allergies Some people could have allergies to specific plants. CONCLUSION To conclude, organisms from a particular kingdom Plantae are multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic. Both Phylum are significant plant classifications that have a wide range of ecological, economic, medical, cultural, and climate-regulating importance. The largest and most varied class of plants, the Phylum Anthophyta, contains a vast range of flowering plants that are essential to many ecosystems. Coniferophyta, a subclass of the plant phylum, contributes to the production of wood and paper as well as soil stabilisation and erosion control. Overall, both phyla are essential parts of the plant kingdom and must be well taken care.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Arthropods can be identified by their jointed skeletal covering, which is made of chitin (a complex sugar) bonded to protein. While certain species are even flight-adapted, many types survive in terrestrial and aquatic settings, respectively. The underlying epidermis secretes this inert exoskeleton (which corresponds to the skin of other animals). The examples of athropods are shrimp, spider, millipedes and insects. PHYLUM ATHROPODS Annelida includes any animals that fall under the category of invertebrates and are distinguished by having a body cavity, setae, and a segmented body. this phylum can be classified into three which are polychaeta (clam worms), oligochaeta (earthworm) and hirudinea (leech). Throughout, annelids can be found in all kinds of habitats, but they are most prevalent in freshwater, oceanic waters, and moist soils. PHYLUM ANNELIDA Any soft-bodied invertebrate known as a mollusc is often entirely or partially encased in a calcium carbonate shell that is secreted by the body's soft mantle. Except for air, the mollusks have adapted to every habitat. this organism has a body cavity and their body is divided into head, visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle. PHYLUM MOLLUSC
PHYLUM ATHROPODA Metapenaeus intermedius
DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Athropoda CLASS Malacostraca ORDER Decapoda FAMILY Penaeidae GENUS Metapenaeus SPECIES Metapenaeus intermedius TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS P H Y L U M A T H R O P O D A
Athropods are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with strongly segmented bodies. segmentation affects both external and internal structures. Some segments are fused to form specialised body. These include the head, thorax and abdomen. Athropods generally grow by moulting their exoskeletons in a process called ecdysis. Most athropods have a pair of compound eyes are very efficient at detecting movement and detect low-light. SEGMENTED BODY ECDYSIS COMPOUND EYES HABITAT This species is typically found in estuaries, lagoons, and mangrove forests along shallow coastal waters. It is a benthic species, which means it lives on or just above the ocean's surface.
P H Y L U M A T H R O P O D A STRUCTURE