Conducting Feed Ration Computations and feeding for both catfish fry and breeders

AQUACULTURE NC III

OPERATING CATFISH HATCHERY
MODULE 4

CONDUCTING FEED RATION
COMPUTATIONS AND FEEDING

FOR BOTH CATFISH FRY AND
BREEDERS

Learner’s Guide

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the module on Conducting Feed Ratio Computations and Feeding for
Both Catfish Fry and Breeders. This module contains training activities and materials
for you to complete. This unit of competency Operate Catfish Hatchery contains
knowledge, skills and attitudes required for Aquaculture Technician. It is one of the
specialized modules at National Certificate Level (NC III).

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Job Sheets and
Information Sheets. (Reference materials for further reading to help you better
understand the required activities.) Follow these activities on your own and answer the
self-check at the end of each learning outcome. You may get a blank answer sheet at the
end of each module from your facilitator/trainer to write your answers for each self- check.
If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner’s
guide because you have:

• been working for some time

• already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or
skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do the
same training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from
previous trainings, show it to your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and
relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can
present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this with
your trainer.

At the end of this module is a Learner’s Diary. Use this diary to record important
dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing further
details to your trainer or assessor. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your
trainer to complete once you complete the module.

This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in
Operating Catfish Hatchery. This will be the source of information for you to acquire
knowledge and skills in this particular trade independently and at your own pace, with
minimum supervision or help from your instructor.

™ Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training of
this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into sections,
which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to successfully complete
this module;

™ Work through all the information and complete the activities in each section.
Read information sheets and complete the self – check. Suggested

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references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module;

™ Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she
is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things;

™ Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider
when you are completing activities and it is important that you listen and
take notes.

™ You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the
job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This
way you will improve your speed and memory as well as your confidence.

™ Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.

™ Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own
progress.

™ When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities
outlined in the module.

™ As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this
reason. When you have successfully completed each element, ask your
trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.

™ When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an
appointment with registered assessor to assess you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your competency Achievement Record.

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LEARNING STRUCTURE
This module is divided into the following sections. They are presented in the order that
they occur in this module:

Source Catfish Feeds

Sample and Analyze Feeds for Nutrient Contents

Store feeds Properly

Compute Daily Feed Ration for Breeders and Fry

Feed Fry with High Crude Protein

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MODULE DESCRIPTION AND SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

SECTOR : AGRI-FISHERY
QUALIFICATION
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : AQUACULTURE NC III
MODULE TITLE
: OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

: Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

INTRODUCTION:

This module covers sourcing catfish feeds, analyzing feeds for nutrients content and
storing feeds. It also includes computing daily feed ration and feeding operation.

SUGGESTED DURATION :

We estimate that this entire module can be effectively covered within a total of 12
hours. This is equivalent to approximately 1 1/2 days on an 8-hour/day normal schedule.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the completion of the module, the trainees/students should be able to:

LO1. Source catfish
LO2 Sample and analyze feeds for nutrients content
LO3. Store feeds
LO4. Compute feed ration based on ABW
LO5. Feeding fry with high crude protein

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

• Feeds are sourced for reliable brand
• Types of feeds are identified and selected
• Appropriate feeds are selected
• Nutrients content of feeds are identified and explained
• Feeds are sampled periodically
• Feed analysis is conducted and interpreted

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• Importance of proper feed storage is explained
• Feed storage is prepared
• Feeds are stored on concrete, well-ventilated, clean and organize area
• Total bio-mass of breeder is determined
• Daily feed ration is computed based on percentage of the total bio-mass
• Feeding method is identified
• Feeding method is identified
• Proper feeding is demonstrated
• Feed given is recorded

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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE TITLE : OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

LEARNING OUTCOME #1 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

: Source catfish feeds

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

• Feeds are sourced for reliable brand
• Types of feeds are identified and selected

RESOURCES

Equipment and Facilities Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials

1. Telephone 1. Writing pen and paper 1. Different types of feeds
2. Vehicle 2. Record book
3. Canvass form
4. Phone directory

REFERENCES

Lovell, R.T. and M. Li. Are fish farmers feeding too much protein to catfish?
Highlights of Agricultural Research, v. 38(4), Winter 1991, p. 6.
NAL Call No.: 100 Al1h

Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines

Robinson, E.H. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish.
Bulletin (Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station), No. 979, Oct
1991, p. 18. NAL Call No.: S79.e3

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Learning Outcome #1: Source catfish feeds

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read and study the following Please refer to Job Sheet #1-1 and
information: follow the instructions and steps
indicated Make sure that data gathered
Information sheet # 1-1: “Selecting feeds from your store visits are transferred,
for breeders and fry” consolidated and written down in your
Record Book.
Information sheet # 1-2: “Popular producers
of feeds”

Information sheet # 2-3: “Quality assurance
parameters for feeds”

2. Perform Job Sheet #1-1, “Sourcing
of Feeds”.

2. Answer Self-Check Read Self-Check # 1-1, questions and
write down your answers.

3. Check your answer Refer to Answer Key#1-1 and check if
you got the right answers.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 1-1

SELECTING FEEDS FOR BREEDERS AND FRY

The nutrition of catfish is similar to that of other animal species. That is, catfish require the
same nutrients as other animals for normal metabolic function. However, the specified
amount of a particular nutrient needed by catfish may differ from at of other animals.
Nutrient requirements of catfish have been determined.

Today’s catfish producer feeds a nutritionally complete diet that provides all known
nutrients at required levels and the energy necessary for their utilization in water-stable,
readily-digestible form. It is essential to supply all nutrients via the diet because the
contribution of microbiologically synthesized nutrients in the intestine of catfish is minimal.
But like all other feeds for other animals, feeds specially formulated for catfish must also
be:

5) attractive and nutritious
6) of size and texture appropriate for the fish
7) uniform in length
8) whole and free of cracks
9) stable in water for a few hours
10) durable enough to withstand handling

PREPARED (ARTIFICIAL) DIETS

Prepared or artificial diets may be either complete or supplemental:

1. Complete Diets. Complete diets supply all the ingredients (protein,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals) necessary for the optimal growth and
health of the fish. Most fish farmers use complete diets, those containing all the
required protein (18-50%), lipid (10-25%), carbohydrate (15-20%), ash (< 8.5%),
phosphorus (< 1.5%), water (< 10%), and trace amounts of vitamins, and minerals.
When fish are reared in high density indoor systems or confined in cages and
cannot forage freely on natural feeds, they must be provided a complete diet.

2. Supplemental Diets. In contrast, supplemental (incomplete, partial) diets are
intended only to help support the natural food (insects, algae, small fish) normally
available to fish in ponds or outdoor raceways. Supplemental diets do not contain
a full complement of vitamins or minerals, but are used to help fortify the naturally
available diet with extra protein, carbohydrate and/or lipid.

Fish, especially when reared in high densities, require a high-quality, nutritionally
complete, balanced diet to grow rapidly and remain healthy.

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FEED TYPES

1. Floating or Sinking. Commercial fish diets are manufactured as either extruded
(floating or buoyant) or pressure-pelleted (sinking) feeds. Both floating or sinking
feed can produce satisfactory growth, but some fish species prefer floating, others
sinking. Shrimp, for example, will not accept a floating feed, but most fish species
can be trained to accept a floating pellet.

Extruded feeds are more expensive due to the higher manufacturing costs.
Usually, it is advantageous to feed a floating (extruded) feed, because the farmer
can directly observe the feeding intensity of his fish and adjust feeding rates
accordingly. Determining whether feeding rates are too low or too high is important
in maximizing fish growth and feed use efficiency.

2. Pellets, Crumbles, Mash. Feed is available in a variety of sizes ranging from fine
crumbles for small fish to large (1/2 inch or larger) pellets. The pellet size should
be approximately 20-30% of the size of the fish species mouth gape. Feeding too
small a pellet results in inefficient feeding because more energy is used in finding
and eating more pellets. Conversely, pellets that are too large will depress feeding
and, in the extreme, cause choking. Select the largest sized feed the fish will
actively eat.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 1-2

POPULAR PRODUCERS OF FEEDS

Listed hereunder are the more popular manufacturers of quality artificial feeds with their
manufacturing addresses, and respective brands and product lines. They are classified
into three (3) major categories based on their rated production capacities, and are listed
alphabetically within these categories:

Feed manufacturer Location Brand and product Rated
lines
Capacity

per 8-Hr

Shift
(mt)1

Feedmix Specialist Maysilo, Malabon, Metro Feedmix Aqua L: >30mt
Milling, Inc. Manila Feeds: fish

First El Presidente Mfg., Novaliches, Quezon City Chuen-Shin Feeds: L: >30mt
Inc. shrimp, fish

Fuji-Triumph Agri- Batangas II, Marivelas, Fuji-Triumph: shrimp, L: >30mt
Industrial Corp. Bataan fish

Hoc-Po Feeds Corp. Sta. Cruz, Guiguinto, Hoc Po Feeds: L: >30mt
Bulacan shrimp, fish

Interfeeds Phils., Inc. Navotas; Iloilo (tolling) Goldcoin: shrimp, fish L: >30mt

Oversea Agri-Aqua Balud, San Fernando, Cebu Oversea Feeds: L: >30mt

International Dev’t. Corp. shrimp,milkfish,

tilapia

Popular Feedmill 80-B Aranas St., Cebu City Popular Feeds: fish L: >30mt
Corporation

Santeh Feeds Lawang-bato, Valenzuela, Tateh Feeds: L: >30mt
Corporation Metro Manila
milkfish, tilapia,

shrimp, catfish, crab

San Miguel Foods, Inc. Pampanga; Bacolod City B- Meg Feeds: L: >30mt
shrimp, milkfish,
tilapia

Universal Robina Bagong Ilog, Pasig, Metro Star Feeds 555: fish, L: >30mt
Corporation Manila; Sasa, Davao City shrimp

Vitarich Corporation Bo. Abangan, Marilao, Vitarich: fish L: >30mt
Bulacan; Panacan, Davao
City

Amalgamated Pamplona, Las Pinas, Metro Supergro: shrimp, M: 10-30
Technologies, Inc. mt
Manila fish

Aquaprime (Phils.), Inc. Camarin, Caloocan City Aquaprime: shrimp; M: 10-30

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fish mt

General Milling Corp. Rodriquez Ave., Bo. Ugong, General Feeds: fish M: 10-30

Pasig, Metro Manila mt

Goldstar Feeds, Inc. Brgy. San Carlos, Rosario, Goldstar Feeds: M: 10-30
mt
Batangas shrimp

Interworld Farms, Inc. Bo. Malamig, Bustos, Interworld Feeds: fish M: 10-30
Bulacan mt

Ocean Feedmill Calumangan, Bago City Ocean Feeds: M: 10-30
Corporation milkfish mt

Philippine Foremost Lapuz, Iloilo City Excel Feeds: fish M: 10-30
Milling Corporation mt

Ram Aquafeed Banilad, Mandaue City, Ram: shrimp, fish M: 10-30
Corporation Cebu mt

Sin Heng Chan (Phils.), PTTC, Carmona, Cavite Wellgro Feeds: M: 10-30
Inc. shrimp mt

Swift Foods, Incorporated Mandaluyong, Metro Manila Blue Ribbon Feeds: M: 10-30
fish mt

Eda Fishing Corp. Pontevedra, Capiz shrimp, fish S: <10 mt

Marina Corporation Sto. Nino, Bacolod City Marinex: fish S: <10 mt

NuRich Vitameal Corp. Calasiao, Pangasinan Moric Feeds: fish S: <10 mt

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INFORMATION SHEET # 1-3

QUALITY ASSURANCE PARAMETERS FOR FEEDS

Quality of feeds is critical to health management of breeders and fry. Whether home-
prepared or commercially-produced, quality control must be observed during processing,
mixing and storage.

3. For raw materials, 2 main aspects must be ensured:
1. Raw materials must have uniform color, fresh and acceptable odor and no
microbial contamination.
2. Microscopic examination, microbiological tests and analysis of feedstuff are
regularly conducted to check for adulteration, nutrient composition and
contamination of disease-causing organisms in the raw materials.

4. For the manufacturing process:
a. Protocols in the processes such as grinding, sieving, weighing, extruding,
palletizing and drying are strictly and consistently followed.
b. Accuracy in mixing time and regular checking of the degree of the
homogeneity of the feeds must be observed.
c. Manufacturing equipment (e.g. grinder) must always be kept clean and
regularly monitored (e.g. galvanometer) for overloading.
d. Moisture content must be at 10—12% . Drying time must be adjusted to
achieve this.

5. For the products:
a. Cleanliness of packing equipment must always be ensured before use.
b. Proper and correct labeling of feeds with the basic information indicated
(ingredients used, proximate composition, date of manufacture, expiry
date, weight and any additives as special requirements).
c. Feed mill sanitation helps assure good quality feeds.

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JOB SHEET #1-1

TITLE: SOURCING OF FEEDS

Purpose To identify the producers and different feeds
available in the local market
Equipment, tools & materials Writing paper and pen, record book
Precautions None

Procedures

STEP #1. Data Gathering on Prospective Sources/Producers of Breeders

Gather data and list down all the names of producers, location of the store/factory,
brands of their productes, feed types and description of feed type

Name of Location of Brand and
Producer store/ factory Product Lines

1.
2
3

STEP #2. Canvassing of Avaialble Feeds

Canvass and prepare a listing of feed types that are available in the stores that you
visit. Write them down in your canvass sheet form.

Feed Brand Product Distinct Features of Producer/
Types Name
Description Feed Type Store

1.
2
3

STEP #3. Organizing and Recording of Feed Types

Consolidate and organize all data gathered and write them down in your record
book using the format in steps 1 and 2.

1.
2
3.

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SELF-CHECK #1-1

1. What are the different types of feeds?
2. Do you know some reliable sources of commercially-available feeds?
3. Discuss the Quality assurance parameters for feeds.

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ANSWER KEY # 1-1

1. What are the different types of feeds?

Answer:
FEED TYPES

Floating or Sinking. Commercial fish diets are manufactured as either extruded
(floating or buoyant) or pressure-pelleted (sinking) feeds. Both floating or sinking
feed can produce satisfactory growth, but some fish species prefer floating, others
sinking. Shrimp, for example, will not accept a floating feed, but most fish species
can be trained to accept a floating pellet..

4. Pellets, Crumbles, Mash. Feed is available in a variety of sizes ranging from fine
crumbles for small fish to large (1/2 inch or larger) pellets. The pellet size should
be approximately 20-30% of the size of the fish species mouth gape. Feeding too
small a pellet results in inefficient feeding because more energy is used in finding
and eating more pellets. Conversely, pellets that are too large will depress feeding
and, in the extreme, cause choking. Select the largest sized feed the fish will
actively eat.

2. Do you know some reliable sources of commercially-available feeds?

Answer:

Listed hereunder are the more popular manufacturers of quality artificial feeds with their
manufacturing addresses, and respective brands and product lines. They are classified
into three (3) major categories based on their rated production capacities, and are listed
alphabetically within these categories:

Feed manufacturer Location Brand and product Rated
lines
Feedmix Specialist Capacity
Milling, Inc.
First El Presidente Mfg., per 8-Hr
Inc.
Fuji-Triumph Agri- Shift
Industrial Corp. (mt)1
Hoc-Po Feeds Corp.
Maysilo, Malabon, Metro Feedmix Aqua L: >30mt
Interfeeds Phils., Inc. Manila Feeds: fish
Oversea Agri-Aqua
Novaliches, Quezon City Chuen-Shin Feeds: L: >30mt
shrimp, fish

Batangas II, Marivelas, Fuji-Triumph: shrimp, L: >30mt
Bataan fish

Sta. Cruz, Guiguinto, Hoc Po Feeds: L: >30mt
Bulacan shrimp, fish

Navotas; Iloilo (tolling) Goldcoin: shrimp, fish L: >30mt

Balud, San Fernando, Cebu Oversea Feeds: L: >30mt

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International Dev’t. Corp. shrimp,milkfish,
tilapia

Popular Feedmill 80-B Aranas St., Cebu City Popular Feeds: fish L: >30mt
Corporation

Santeh Feeds Lawang-bato, Valenzuela, Tateh Feeds: L: >30mt
Corporation Metro Manila milkfish, tilapia,
shrimp, catfish, crab

San Miguel Foods, Inc. Pampanga; Bacolod City B- Meg Feeds: L: >30mt
shrimp, milkfish,
tilapia

Universal Robina Bagong Ilog, Pasig, Metro Star Feeds 555: fish, L: >30mt
Corporation Manila; Sasa, Davao City shrimp

Vitarich Corporation Bo. Abangan, Marilao, Vitarich: fish L: >30mt
Bulacan; Panacan, Davao
City

Amalgamated Pamplona, Las Pinas, Metro Supergro: shrimp, M: 10-30
Technologies, Inc. mt
Manila fish

Aquaprime (Phils.), Inc. Camarin, Caloocan City Aquaprime: shrimp; M: 10-30
fish mt

General Milling Corp. Rodriquez Ave., Bo. Ugong, General Feeds: fish M: 10-30

Pasig, Metro Manila mt

Goldstar Feeds, Inc. Brgy. San Carlos, Rosario, Goldstar Feeds: M: 10-30
mt
Batangas shrimp

Interworld Farms, Inc. Bo. Malamig, Bustos, Interworld Feeds: fish M: 10-30
Bulacan mt

Ocean Feedmill Calumangan, Bago City Ocean Feeds: M: 10-30
Corporation milkfish mt

Philippine Foremost Lapuz, Iloilo City Excel Feeds: fish M: 10-30
Milling Corporation mt

Ram Aquafeed Banilad, Mandaue City, Ram: shrimp, fish M: 10-30
Corporation Cebu mt

Sin Heng Chan (Phils.), PTTC, Carmona, Cavite Wellgro Feeds: M: 10-30
Inc. shrimp mt

Swift Foods, Incorporated Mandaluyong, Metro Manila Blue Ribbon Feeds: M: 10-30
fish mt

Eda Fishing Corp. Pontevedra, Capiz shrimp, fish S: <10 mt

Marina Corporation Sto. Nino, Bacolod City Marinex: fish S: <10 mt

NuRich Vitameal Corp. Calasiao, Pangasinan Moric Feeds: fish S: <10 mt

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3. Discuss the Quality assurance parameters for feeds.

Answer:
1. For raw materials, 2 main aspects must be ensured:

A. Raw materials must have uniform color, fresh and acceptable odor and no
microbial contamination.

B. Microscopic examination, microbiological tests and analysis of feedstuff are
regularly conducted to check for adulteration, nutrient composition and
contamination of disease-causing organisms in the raw materials.

2. For the manufacturing process:

A. Protocols in the processes such as grinding, sieving, weighing, extruding,
palletizing and drying are strictly and consistently followed.

B. Accuracy in mixing time and regular checking of the degree of the
homogeneity of the feeds must be observed.

C. Manufacturing equipment (e.g. grinder) must always be kept clean and
regularly monitored (e.g. galvanometer) for overloading.

D. Moisture content must be at 10—12% . Drying time must be adjusted to
achieve this.

3. For the products:

A. Cleanliness of packing equipment must always be ensured before use.

B. Proper and correct labeling of feeds with the basic information indicated
(ingredients used, proximate composition, date of manufacture, expiry
date, weight and any additives as special requirements).

C. Feed mill sanitation helps assure good quality feeds.

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders Developed Revised: 17

10/24/ 2004 10/20/ 2005

QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
MODULE TITLE : OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

LEARNING OUTCOME #2 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

: Sample and analyze feeds for nutrients content

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Appropriate feeds are selected
2. Nutrients content of feeds are identified and explained
3. Feeds are sampled periodically
4. Feed analysis is conducted and interpreted

RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials

Equipment and Facilities 1. Microscope/ micro- 1. Feeds
biological testing
1. Micro-laboratory for instrument
feed analysis
2. Writing pad and pen
3. Test weight weighing

scale

REFERENCES

Anderson, M.J. and A.W. Fast. Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish
Clarias-fuscus Lacepede growth. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, v. 22
(4), 1991, pp.435-442.

Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines

Robinson, E.H. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish.
Bulletin (Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station), No. 979, Oct
1991, p. 18. NAL Call No.: S79.e3

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Learning Outcome # 2: Sample and analyze feeds for nutrients content

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read and study the following Make sure to master the various nutrient
information: components and nutritional properties of
catfish feeds List them down in your
o Information sheet # 2-1: “Nutrient learner’s diary and recite them one by
components of catfish feeds” one from memory.

o Information sheet # 2-2: Make sure that you will be able to
“Common feed ingredients” determine what nutrient requirement
should be prescribed for each type of
o Information sheet # 2-3: “Factors nutrient deficiency.
in feeds analysis”

2. Perform Job sheet # 2-1: “Feed After reading Job Sheet #2, follow the
sampling and analysis” instructions provided and make sure
that you know how to demonstrate your
knowledge in feed sampling and
analysis,

3. Answer Self-Check # 2-1. Read Self-Check # 2-1 questions and
write down your answers.

4. Check your answers. Refer to Answer Key # 2-1 and check if
you got the right answers.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 2-1

NUTRIENT COMPONENTS OF CATFISH FEEDS

PROTEIN

Catfish, like other animals actually do not have a protein requirement, but they require a
source of nonspecific nitrogen and indispensable amino acids. Usually, the most
economical source of these elements is a mixture of proteins in feedstuff. Ingested
proteins are hydrolyzed to release amino acids that may be used for synthesis of tissue
proteins or, if in excess, used for energy. Use of protein for energy is expensive; thus,
catfish feeds should be balanced to assure that adequate levels of nonspecific nitrogen,
amino acids, and non-protein energy are supplied in proper proportions.

Although over 200 amino acids occur in nature, only about 20 amino acids are common.
Of these, 10 are essential (indispensable) amino acids that cannot be synthesized by fish.
The 10 essential amino acids that must be supplied by the diet are:

AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF CATFISH

AMINO ACID REQUIREMENT % OF
DIETARY PROTEIN

Argininine 4.3 %

Histidine 1.5 %

Isoleucine 2.6 %

Leucine 3.5 %

Lysine 5.1 %

Methionine + Cystine 2.3 %

Phenylalanine + 5.0 %

Threonine 2.0 %

Tryptophan 0.5 %

Valine 3.0 %

Because protein is the most expensive part of fish feed, it is important to accurately
determine the protein requirements for each species and size of cultured fish. Proteins
are formed by linkages of individual amino acids.

E. Protein Levels in Aquaculture. Protein levels in aquaculture feeds
generally average 18-20% for marine shrimp, 28-32% for catfish, 32-38%
for tilapia, 38-42% for hybrid striped bass. Protein requirements usually are
lower for herbivorous fish (plant eating) and omnivorous fish (plant-animal
eaters) than they are for carnivorous (flesh-eating) fish, and are higher for
fish reared in high density (recirculating) systems.

F. Protein Requirements & Growth. Protein requirements generally are
higher for smaller fish. As fish grow larger, their protein requirements
usually decrease. Protein requirements also vary with rearing environment,

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water temperature and water quality, as well as the genetic composition and
feeding rates of the fish.

G. Protein and Waste Excretions. Proteins are composed of carbon (50%),
nitrogen (16%), oxygen (21.5%), and hydrogen (6.5%). Fish are capable of
using a high protein diet, but as much as 65% of the protein may be lost to
the environment. Most nitrogen is excreted as ammonia (NH3) by the gills of
fish, and only 10% is lost as solid wastes. Accelerated eutrophication
(nutrient enrichment) of surface waters due to excess nitrogen from fish
farm effluents is a major water quality concern of fish farmers. Effective
feeding and waste management practices are essential to protect
downstream water quality.

LIPIDS (FATS)

The use of lipids (fats and oils) in catfish feeds is desirable because lipids are a highly
digestible source of concentrated energy (containing about 2.25 times as much energy as
does an equivalent amount of carbohydrate), supply essential fatty acids (EFA), serve as
a vehicle for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, increase feed palatability, and serve as
precursors for steroid hormones and other compounds. In their storage form, lipids affect
the flavor for fish as well a s help maintain neutral buoyancy.

Catfish appear to have the ability to synthesize most of their fatty acids; thus, nutritionally
there may be no "best" level of dietary lipid except that needed to provide EFA. Generally,
weight gain and feed efficiency are depressed in aquatic species when fed diets
containing 15% or more lipid. Catfish have been fed diets containing up to 16% lipid
without conclusive evidence as to which level is best for optimum growth. Even so, there
is likely an optimum level of lipid to be used in catfish feeds with respect to protein
sparing, product quality, and constraints of feed manufacture.

Since lipid is a concentrated source of energy and can spare the more expensive protein,
some lipid should be included in catfish diets. However, too much dietary lipid may result
in excessive fat deposition in the visceral cavity and tissues that may adversely affect
yield, product quality, and storage of processed products. Also, high-lipid feeds are
difficult to pellet. If needed, supplemental lipid can be sprayed on to the finished feed
pellet. Lipid levels in commercial catfish growout feeds rarely exceed 5 to 6%. About 3 to
4% of the lipid is inherent in the feed ingredients with the remaining 1 to 2% being
sprayed on to the finished pellets.

CARBOHYDRATES

The utilization of carbohydrate by catfish appears to differ depending on the complexity of
the carbohydrate. Starch or dextrin (partially hydrolyzed starch) is used more efficiently
by catfish than are sugars such as glucose or sucrose. It has generally been thought that
catfish and certain other fish resemble diabetic animals by having insufficient insulin for
maximum carbohydrate utilization. However, recent information has shown that insulin
levels in fish are about the same as those found in mammals, which indicates that fish are

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not diabetic. Glucose is highly digestible by catfish, but apparently a large portion of the
absorbed glucose is excreted.

Although catfish use carbohydrate effectively, there is no dietary requirement for
carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are important dietary components as an inexpensive source
of energy, as precursors for various metabolic intermediates, as an aid in pelletizing
practical catfish feeds, and in reducing the amount of protein used for energy thereby
sparing protein for growth.

A typical commercial catfish feed contains 25% or more soluble (digestible) carbohydrate.
An additional 3 to 6% carbohydrate is generally present as crude fiber. Fiber is
considered to be indigestible by catfish; thus, it is not desirable in catfish feeds because
indigestible materials may "pollute" the water. However, there is always some fiber
inherent in practical feed ingredients.

VITAMINS

Catfish feeds are generally supplemented with a vitamin premix that contains all essential
vitamins in sufficient quantities to meet the requirement and to compensate for losses due
to feed processing and storage. Characteristic vitamin deficiency signs can be induced in
catfish fed diets deficient in a particular vitamin, at least under experimental conditions.
Vitamin deficiencies are rarely encountered in natural populations of fish.

VITAMIN REQUIREMENT & DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN CATFISH

VITAMIN DEFICIENCY SIGNS REQUIREMENT

A Edema, hemorrhagic kidney, 450-900 IU/lb
D Low body ash, calcium, and phosphorous 110-450 IU/lb
E Muscular dystrophy, skin depigmentation 25-50 ppm
K Hemorrhagic skin Recommended
Thiamin Equilibrium loss, nervousness, dark skin 1 ppm
Riboflavin Short body (dwarfism) 6-9 ppm
Pyridoxine Greenish-blue coloration, erratic swimming 3 ppm
Pantothenic Clubbed gills, emaciation, eroded 10-15 ppm
Niacin Skin and fin lesions, deformed jaws, 7.4-14 ppm
Biotin Hypersensitive, skin depigmentation Recommended
Folic Acid Anemia 1.5 ppm
B12 Anemia Recommended
Choline Hemorrhagic kidney and intestine 400 ppm
Ascorbic Fin erosion, internal & external 11-60 ppm

MINERALS

Minerals are inorganic elements necessary in the diet for normal body functions. They
can be divided into two groups (macro-minerals and micro-minerals) based on the
quantity required in the diet and the amount present in fish.

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o Common macro-minerals are sodium, chloride, potassium and phosphorous.
These minerals regulate osmotic balance and aid in bone formation and integrity.

o Micro-minerals (trace minerals) are required in small amounts as components in
enzyme and hormone systems. Common trace minerals are copper, chromium,
iodine, zinc and selenium. Fish can absorb many minerals directly from the water
through their gills and skin, allowing them to compensate to some extent for
mineral deficiencies in their diet.

MINERAL REQUIREMENT AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF CATFISH

MINERAL DEFICIENCY SIGN REQUIREMENT

Calcium (Ca) Reduced bone ash -

Phosphorous Reduced bone ash and calcium 0.3-0.4 %
(P)

Magnesium Sluggishness, muscle flaccidity .02-.04 %
(Mg)

Potassium (K) No symptoms 0.26 %

Zinc (Zn) Reduced serum zinc and bone zinc 20 ppm

Selenium (Se) Reduced liver and plasma activity 0.25 ppm

Manganese No symptoms 2.4 ppm
(Mn)

Iron (Fe) Reduced hemoglobin, reduced serum 20 ppm
iron

Copper (Cu) Reduced heart cytochrome 4.8 ppm

ENERGY AND PROTEIN

Dietary nutrients are essential for the construction of living tissues. They also are a
source of stored energy for fish digestion, absorption, growth, reproduction and the other
life processes. The nutritional value of a dietary ingredient is in part dependant on its
ability to supply energy.

To create an optimum diet, the ratio of protein to energy must be determined separately
for each fish species. Excess energy relative to protein content in the diet may result in
high lipid deposition. Because fish feed to meet their energy requirements, diets with
excessive energy levels may result in decreased feed intake and reduced weight gain.
Similarly, a diet with inadequate energy content can result in reduced weight gain
because the fish cannot eat enough feed to satisfy their energy requirements for growth.
Properly formulated prepared feeds have a well-balanced energy to protein ratio.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 2-2

COMMON FEED INGREDIENTS

• PROTEIN SOURCES

Proteins may come from animal or plant sources. Animal sources are commonly
marine animals while plant proteins are from legumes and oil- bearing seeds.

SOME SOURCES OF PROTEIN
SOURCES CHARACTERISTICS

Fish Meal Conventional Animal Protein Sources
Meat and Most common source of protein; expensive
Bone Good source of Calcium

Milk & Milk Non-conventional Animal Protein Sources
Products With essential amino acids resembling egg protein
Poultry feather
meal Rich in choline

Soybean Meal Conventional Plant Protein Sources
Copra Meal Has best amino acid profile; low in sulfur amino acids
Low in protein; Abundant supply in tropics
Yeasts Non-conventional Plant Protein Sources
Ipil-ipil High in protein; Low digestibility
Low digestibility; Contains toxic mimosine

• LIPIDS SOURCES

Lipids come from animals or plants. Lipids that are commonly used in fish feeds
are oils from marine fish such as cod liver oil. Plant lipid sources include corn,
coconut, soybean, etc.

• CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES

Carbohydrates may come from cereals or root crops. They are cheap sources of
energy. Carbohydrate sources include bread and wheat flour, starches, rice bran
and other rice by-products, and sorghum.

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• MINERAL SOURCES

These are likewise normally provided through additives or mineral pre-mixes.
Nevertheless some natural substances like fish meal, shrimp meal, meat and bone
meal, and mussel meal are very good sources of minerals like calcium and
phosphorous.

• VITAMIN SOURCES. Vitamins are normally supplied in feeds through additives or
vitamin pre-mixes. Nevertheless, other feedstuff are also good sources of
vitamins:

Natural Sources of Vitamins

Vitamin Sources

B1 (Thiamin) Legumes, brans, yeasts

B2 (Riboflavin) Yeast, liver, milk, soybeans

B5 (Pantothenic) Brans, yeast, animal offal, fish flesh

B6 (Pyridoxine) Yeast, cereal, liver

B12 Fish meal, slaughterhouse wastes

(Cyanocobalamin)

C (Ascorbic) Fresh fish tissue, insects

Niacin Yeast, legumes, forage

Biotin Liver, yeast, milk products

Folic Acid Yeast, fish tissue, leaf meal

Choline Wheat germ, legumes

Inositol Legumes, wheat germ, yeast

A (Retinol) Fish oils

D (Calciferol) Fish oils

E (Tocopherol) Vegetable oils

K (Menadione) Leaf meals, alfalfa

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INFORMATION SHEET # 2-3

FACTORS IN FEEDS ANALYSIS

Ingredient quality is the foundation upon which an animal ration is built. Therefore,
establishing an ingredient quality evaluation program is an essential component of a
successful feed processing operation. Routine evaluation of finished feed quality will help
ensure that proper ingredient storage, proportioning, grinding, and mixing were
performed. The first step in evaluating ingredients and finished feed quality involves
collecting a representative sample.

1. INGREDIENT SPECIFICATIONS

Ingredient specifications are essential to a quality assurance program.
Specifications serve as the basis from which purchasing agreements are written,
feed rations are formulated, and ingredient inspections are performed.

2. SENSORY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Sensory property evaluation, including inspection of ingredient color, odor, texture,
moisture, temperature, and a visual inspection for physical purity (absence of
foreign material and insect infestation) enables one to quickly assess whether the
ingredient should be rejected. It also enables the person responsible for receiving
the ingredient to confirm product identity (same as recorded on the bill of lading).
The inspection process should be accompanied by a reference sample for
comparison.

• Bulk density of a material represents the mass per unit volume. The bulk
density of a material is measured by weighing the amount of material that
fills a one-cubic-foot box.

• Test weight is a bulk density measurement applied to grain, and the value
represents the weight (expressed as pounds) in a Winchester bushel
(2150.42 cubic inches).

• Ingredient purity refers to the absence of contaminants. The source of
these contaminants may be physical (e.g., glass), chemical (e.g., seed
treatment), and microbial (e.g., mycotoxin).

• Texture of an ingredient is measured visually and with sieves. Soybean
meal texture is described visually as “homogeneous, free-flowing, without
coarse particles or excessive fines.”

O NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES
Nutritional properties of feed ingredients require laboratory analysis; this usually

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entails expensive analytical equipment operated by professional chemists.

• Moisture. Moisture content affects an ingredient’s nutritional content and
its performance during handling, storage, and processing.

• Protein. Proteins are comprised of amino acids which are the building
blocks of protein.

• Fat. Crude fat is a term that refers to both fats and oils or a mixture of the
two and all other organic soluble compounds.

• Fiber. Crude fiber includes the materials that are indigestible to humans
and non-ruminant animals. It is defined as the material that is insoluble in
dilute acid and dilute alkali under specified conditions.

• Minerals

o Calcium constitutes about 2 percent of the body weight and is
important for bones, teeth, and muscle contraction and relaxation,
especially the heartbeat; has a role in the transmission of nerve
impulses; is necessary for blood clotting; and activates a number of
enzymes.

o Phosphorus is closely associated with calcium, thus, a deficiency or
overabundance of one will interfere with the utilization of the other.
Phosphorus is involved with bone formation and maintenance, teeth
development, milk secretion, and building muscle tissue; it is an
essential element in genetic material, metabolic functions, and
osmotic and acid-base balance.

o Magnesium interacts with calcium and phosphorus. If extremely low,
magnesium will cause calcium to be deposited in soft tissues forming
calcified lesions. An excess of magnesium upsets calcium and
phosphorus metabolism.

o Sodium helps control the osmotic pressure and acidbase balance in
body fluids (upon which depends the transfer of nutrients to the cells
and removal of waste material from cells). Sodium is associated with
muscle contraction and nerve function.

• Pepsin Digest. Pepsin digest is a procedure used to determine the protein
digestibility of animal by-product meals.

The proximate analysis of feeds is generally confined to 5 parameters involving the
nutritional properties of feeds. These are subjected prescribed analytical principles for
each of these parameters:

o Moisture. Sample is dried to constant weight at 105-100oC. The loss in weight of
the sample represents the moisture content.

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o Crude Protein. Sample is digested with concentrated sulfuric acid, converting
nitrogen to ammonium sulfate. Strong alkali is added and sample solution is
distilled to liberate ammonia which passes into an absorbing agent. The distillate
is titrated with standard HCl. The total nitrogen is converted into total crude protein
by multiplying an empirical factor, e.g. 6.25 for meat and fish.

o Crude Fat. Fat is extracted with anhydrous ether. The excess ether is evaporated
and the residue dried to constant weight at 105oC.

o Crude Fiber. Defatted sample is digested with dilute acid and alkali. The residue
is dried to constant weight at 105oC and ashed at 550oC.

o Ash. Sample is ignited at 550oC in a furnace to burn organic materials. The
inorganic residue is ash.

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JOB SHEET # 2-1

Title Feed sampling and analysis

Purpose To identify and determine the different nutrient
components of feeds

Equipment, Tools and Materials Writing pad and paper

Precautions None

Procedures

STEP #1. Collecting Feed Samples

1. Collect a representative sample of feeds from each sack of different feed brands
that are available in the producer’s store or processing facility.
2. Place each collected sample in a clean plastic container.
3. Put a proper label on top of the cover of each sample and write down the brand
name and feed type.

STEP#2. Analyzing Nutrient Contentof Feeds

1. Determine the nutrient components of the feeds in each sample.of each brand.
2. Analyze and identify the percentage distribution of nutrient content of feeds in each
sample.
3. Write down the above data gathered about the feed nutrients in your record book.

STEP #3. Recording of Feed Samples Data

1. Compare the data gathered from your feed sample with the product feed
description of ingredient specifications.
2. Write down in your the noted discrepancies in your record book.

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SELF CHECK #2-1

1. Make a list of the major nutrient components of feeds.
2. What are the major natural sources of feed nutrients?
3. Do you know the major factors considered in conducting Feeds Analysis?

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ANSWER KEY #2-1

1. Make a list of the major nutrient components of feeds.

Answer:
PROTEIN

Because protein is the most expensive part of fish feed, it is important to accurately
determine the protein requirements for each species and size of cultured fish. Proteins
are formed by linkages of individual amino acids. Although over 200 amino acids occur in
nature, only about 20 amino acids are common. Of these, 10 are essential
(indispensable) amino acids that cannot be synthesized by fish. The 10 essential amino
acids that must be supplied by the diet are: methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan,
histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine. Of these, lysine and
methionine are often the first limiting amino acids.

LIPIDS (FATS)

Lipids (fats) are high-energy nutrients that can be utilized to partially spare (substitute for)
protein in aquaculture feeds. Lipids supply about twice the energy as proteins and
carbohydrates. Lipids typically comprise about 15% of fish diets, supply essential fatty
acids (EFA) and serve as transporters for fat-soluble vitamins.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates (starches and sugars) are the most economical and inexpensive sources
of energy for fish diets. Although not essential, carbohydrates are included in aquaculture
diets to reduce feed costs and for their binding activity during feed manufacturing.

VITAMINS

Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in the diet for normal fish growth and health.
They often are not synthesized by fish, and must be supplied in the diet. The two groups
of vitamins are water-soluble and fat-soluble.

• Water-soluble vitamins include: the B vitamins, choline, inositol, folic acid,
pantothenic acid , biotin and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Of these, vitamin C
probably is the most important because it is a powerful antioxidant and helps the
immune system in fish.

• The fat-soluble vitamins include A vitamins, retinols (responsible for vision); the D
vitamins, cholecaciferols (bone integrity); E vitamins, the tocopherols
(antioxidants); and K vitamins such as menadione (blood clotting, skin integrity). Of
these, vitamin E receives the most attention for its important role as an antioxidant.

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MINERALS

Minerals are inorganic elements necessary in the diet for normal body functions. They
can be divided into two groups (macro-minerals and micro-minerals) based on the
quantity required in the diet and the amount present in fish.

o Common macro-minerals are sodium, chloride, potassium and phosphorous.
These minerals regulate osmotic balance and aid in bone formation and integrity.

o Micro-minerals (trace minerals) are required in small amounts as components in
enzyme and hormone systems. Common trace minerals are copper, chromium,
iodine, zinc and selenium. Fish can absorb many minerals directly from the water
through their gills and skin, allowing them to compensate to some extent for
mineral deficiencies in their diet.

2. What are the major natural sources of feed nutrients?

Answer:
• Protein Sources. Proteins may come from animal or plant sources. Animal
sources are commonly marine animals while plant proteins are from legumes and
oil-bearing seeds.
• Lipids Sources. Lipids come from animals or plants. Lipids that are commonly
used in fish feeds are oils from marine fish such as cod liver oil. Plant lipid sources
include corn, coconut, soybean, etc.
• Carbohydrate Sources. Carbohydrates may come from cereals or root crops.
They are cheap sources of energy. Carbohydrate sources include bread and
wheat flour, starches, rice bran and other rice by-products, and sorghum.
• Vitamin sources. Vitamins are normally supplied in feeds through additives or
vitamin pre-mixes. Nevertheless, other feedstuff are also good sources of
vitamins:
• Mineral Sources. These are likewise normally provided through additives or
mineral pre-mixes. Nevertheless some natural substances like fish meal, shrimp
meal, meat and bone meal, and mussel meal are very good sources of minerals
like calcium and phosphorous.

3. Do you know the major factors considered in conducting Feeds Analysis?

Answer:
The proximate analysis of feeds is generally confined to 5 parameters involving the
nutritional properties of feeds. These are subjected prescribed analytical principles for
each of these parameters:

o Moisture. Sample is dried to constant weight at 105-100oC. The loss in weight of
the sample represents the moisture content.

o Crude Protein. Sample is digested with concentrated sulfuric acid, converting
nitrogen to ammonium sulfate. Strong alkali is added and sample solution is
distilled to liberate ammonia which passes into an absorbing agent. The distillate
is titrated with standard HCl. The total nitrogen is converted into total crude protein
by multiplying an empirical factor, e.g. 6.25 for meat and fish.

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o Crude Fat. Fat is extracted with anhydrous ether. The excess ether is evaporated
and the residue dried to constant weight at 105oC.

o Crude Fiber. Defatted sample is digested with dilute acid and alkali. The residue
is dried to constant weight at 105oC and ashed at 550oC.

o Ash. Sample is ignited at 550oC in a furnace to burn organic materials. The
inorganic residue is ash.

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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

MODULE TITLE : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

LEARNING OUTCOME # 3 : Store feeds properly

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
• Importance of proper feed storage is explained
• Feed storage is prepared
• Feeds are stored on concrete, well-ventilated, clean and organized area

RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
1. Carpentry tools
Equipment and Facilities 1. Feeds
2.Feed sacks
1. Feed storage 3.Labeling stickers
2. Cold storage or 4.Plastic buckets
refrigerator 5.Plastic jars
6.Disinfectant and soap
7.Dark colored containers
8. Air-tight and light-proof
containers

REFERENCES

Anderson, M.J. and A.W. Fast. Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish
Clarias-fuscus Lacepede growth. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, v. 22
(4), 1991, pp.435-442.

Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines

Robinson, E.H. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish.
Bulletin (Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station), No. 979, Oct
1991, p. 18. NAL Call No.: S79.e3

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Learning Outcome # 3: Store feeds properly

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

o Read and study the following
information:

o Information sheet # 3-1: “Proper
storage practices”

o Information sheet # 3-2:
“Characteristics of an ideal storage
facility for feeds”

o Information sheet # 3-3:
“Preparation and sanitation in feed
storage”

o Perform Job sheet # 3-1: “ Please refer to Job Sheet 3-1 and
Preparing a feed storage follow the instructions indicated.
area”.
Read Self-Check # 3-1 questions and
o Answer Self-Check #3-1. write down your answers.

o Check your answers. Refer to Answer Key # 3-1 and check if
you got the right answers.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 3-1

PROPER STORAGE PRACTICES
Good storage prevents and minimizes deterioration of feed and feed ingredients. Certain
practices are recommended according to type of feeds:

1. Dry feeds and feed ingredients
• Storage area must be secure, clean, dry and well-ventilated but not exposed
to direct sunlight.

• Feeds and feed ingredients must be properly labeled and stocked according
to kind and date.

• Feed bags must be piled on a platform of 12-15cm off the floor no more than
6 bags high. To prevent insects from going to the pile, spread ash around
and under the platform.

• Follow the FIFO (first in, first out) system in using the feeds in storage. Dry
feeds must be stored no longer than 3 months.

• Never step or walk on the feed sacks.

• Pellets are best packed and stored in covered plastic buckets and jars or in
bags in 5,10 or 25kg.

i. Wet or Moist feed and feed ingredients

1. Moist compounded feeds must always be used fresh.

2. Fresh trash fish must be used immediately or kept frozen for future use.

3. Oils and fats must be stored in amber or dark colored containers, sealed and
kept in cold storage or refrigerator.

4. Cold storage or refrigerator must maintain a temperature of below 10ºC.
Unnecessary opening and overloading must be avoided to maintain
temperature fluctuation at a minimum.

5. Vitamins and minerals must be stored separately in air-tight, light-proof
containers inside the refrigerator.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 3-2

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL STORAGE FACILITY FOR FEEDS

Feeds and feed ingredients usually have a short shelf life. Thus, proper packing and
storage is imperative. Conditions for storage must be ideal to prevent deterioration of
feed quality which will result in economic losses to the miller and farmer alike.

Certain factors affect feed quality in storage. Conditions that impact positively on these
factors comprise the characteristics of an ideal storage facility:

1. Relative Humidity. Fungal growth and insect infestation happens when relative
humidity of the storehouse is more than 65%.

2. Temperature Control. Destruction or reduction of the feed nutrients results from
high Temperature conditions.

3. Moisture Content. Moisture content of more than 10% encourages fungal growth
and insect infestation.

4. Oxygen Supply. Oxygen promotes oxidative rancidity and growth of fungi and
insects and pests.

5. Insect and Pest Infestation. Insect infestation also results in feeds consumption
and introduction of bacteria such as salmonella to the feeds through insect feces.
Bacteria releases toxins and causes destruction of proteins and lipids.

6. Fungal Proliferation. Fungal growth in the feeds results in damage, weight loss,
rancidity, discoloration and introduction of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin.

7. Bacterial Contamination. Salmonella destroys proteins and lipids, and releases
toxin. Proper storage sanitation is necessary to avoid contamination.

8. Lipid Peroxidation. Rancidity and off-flavors are caused by oxygen supply and
lipid peroxidation. Peroxides may bind with proteins and vitamins thus reducing
their availability in the feeds.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 3-3

PREPARATION AND SANITATION IN FEED STORAGE

Effective management and proper maintenance of the storehouse and feed mill help assure
good-quality feeds. Sanitation prevents infestation of insects, fungi, and bacteria. Infested
materials should be removed and the infested areas disinfected. Only after an infested
storehouse or equipment has been disinfected can a new batch of feeds or materials be
placed in it again. Disinfection should also be done on a regular schedule.

To prevent and control insect infestation and fungal and bacterial contamination in feeds,
several measures are called for:

• Improve drying practices for feeds and feedstuff to reduce moisture content to 10%
or less.

• Process feedstuff to ensure complete destruction of bacteria, fungi, and virus, or
their reduction to acceptable levels.

• Use varieties of feedstuff that are resistant to fungi and toxins. Feedstuff such as
maize, copra, and peanuts are easily contaminated with aflatoxin.

• Use environmentally benign chemicals such as hypochloride, vinegar, ammonia, and
Lysol for disinfection of feed mills and storage facilities.

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JOB SHEET # 3-1

Title Preparing a feed storage area
Purpose To ensure good quality feeds through effective
Equipment, tools and materials management and maintenance of feed storage area.
Feeds, feed sacks, plastic buckets and jars,
Precautions carpentry tools, labeling stickers, weighing scale,
soap and disinfectant, dark colored containers, air-
tight and light-proof containers, cold storage or
refrigerator.
Make sure that all tools and sections of the storage
area have been disinfected before putting inside the
feed sacks.

Procedures

STEP #1. Preparing and purchasing all tools and materials required

1. Determine the feed types and weight of feeds that will be purchased and stored in the
storage area.
2. Purchase some feed sacks first before buying the feeds from the factory or producer.
3. Prepare your list of tools and equipment to be bought for the storage area.
4. Purchase all the required tools and materials.

STEP #2. Installing additional storage areas

1. Prepare the wooden cabinets (built in or stand-alone cabinets) to be placed against the
walls to provide more storage areas.

STEP #3. Preparations for the Piling of Feed Bags

1. Prepare and set up a platform of 12-15cm. raised above the floor. This will be used for
piling up of feed bags no more than 6 bags high up the elevated platform or plane of
wood above the floor so that they don’t touch the ground and prevent the feeds from
getting infected.
2. To prevent insects from going to the pile, spread ash around and under the platform.

STEP #4. Sanitizing Floors and Containers

1. Sanitize the area first by using soap and disinfectant in cleaning the floors.
2. Also sanitize all containers to be used in the area.

STEP #5. Providing Appropriate Containers

1. Place oils and fats inside the dark colored containers.
2. The air tight and light- proof containers must be used for storing vitamins and minerals.

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STEP #6. Using a Cold Storage Area/Equipment

1. Place all the containers in Step #5 inside the cold storage or refrigerator.
2. The temperature inside the refrigerator must be kept below 10 C.

STEP #7. Labeling of Feed Sacks

1. Prepare the labeling stickers to be placed on the feed sacks/bags.
2. Indicate the feed type, producer brand, date of purchase, and ingredient specifications.

STEP#8. Keeping a Stock Inventory Record

1. Write down all the data placed on the feed sack labels in the Stock Inventory Record
to provide a records trail to the shelf life of feed stocks.
2. Dry feeds must be stored no longer than 3 months. The FIFO (first in, first out) system
must be followed in storing of feeds.

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SELF CHECK #3-1

1. Describe the practices in proper feeds storage.
2. List down the characteristics of an ideal feed storage facility.
3. Do you know the preparations and sanitation practices for proper feeds storage?

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ANSWER KEY #3-1

1. Describe the practices in proper feeds storage.
Answer:

Certain practices are recommended according to type of feeds:

A. Dry feeds and feed ingredients

• Storage area must be secure, clean, dry and well-ventilated but not exposed
to direct sunlight.

• Feeds and feed ingredients must be properly labeled and stock according to
kind and date.

• Feed bags must be piled on a platform of 12-15cm off the floor no more than
6 bags high. To prevent insects from going to the pile, spread ash around
and under the platform.

• Follow the FIFO (first in, first out) system in using the feeds in storage. Dry
feeds must be stored no longer than 3 months.

• Never step or walk on the feed sacks.
• Pellets are best packed and stored in covered plastic buckets and jars or in

bags in 5,10 or 25kg.

•

B. Wet or Moist feed and feed ingredients

• Moist compounded feeds must always be used fresh.
• Fresh trash fish must be used immediately or kept frozen for future use.
• Oils and fats must be stored in amber or dark colored containers, sealed and

kept in cold storage or refrigerator.
• Cold storage or refrigerator must maintain a temperature of below 10ºC.

Unnecessary opening and overloading must be avoided to maintain
temperature fluctuation at a minimum.
• Vitamins and minerals must be stored separately in air-tight, light-proof
containers inside the refrigerator.

2. List down the characteristics of an ideal feed storage facility.

Answer:

Certain factors affect feed quality in storage. Conditions that impact positively on these
factors comprise the characteristics of an ideal storage facility:

• Relative Humidity. Fungal growth and insect infestation happens when relative
humidity of the storehouse is more than 65%.

• Temperature Control. Destruction or reduction of the feed nutrients results from
high Temperature conditions.

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• Moisture Content. Moisture content of more than 10% encourages fungal growth
and insect infestation.

• Oxygen Supply. Oxygen promotes oxidative rancidity and growth of fungi and
insects and pests.

• Insect and Pest Infestation. Insect infestation also results in feeds consumption
and introduction of bacteria such as salmonella to the feeds through insect feces.
Bacteria releases toxins and causes destruction of proteins and lipids.

• Fungal Proliferation. Fungal growth in the feeds results in damage, weight loss,
rancidity, discoloration and introduction of mycotoxins such as Aflatoxin.

• Bacterial Contamination. Salmonella destroys proteins and lipids, and releases
toxin. Proper storage sanitation is necessary to avoid contamination.

• Lipid Peroxidation. Rancidity and off-flavors are caused by oxygen supply and
lipid peroxidation. Peroxides may bind with proteins and vitamins thus reducing
their availability in the feeds.

3. Do you know the preparations and sanitation practices for proper feeds
storage?

Answer:
To prevent and control insect infestation and fungal and bacterial contamination in feeds,
several measures are called for:

• Improve drying practices for feeds and feedstuff to reduce moisture content to 10%
or less.

• Process feedstuff to ensure complete destruction of bacteria, fungi, and virus, or
their reduction to acceptable levels.

• Use varieties of feedstuff that are resistant to fungi and toxins. Feedstuff such as
maize, copra, and peanuts are easily contaminated with aflatoxin.

• Use environmentally benign chemicals such as hypochloride, vinegar, ammonia, and
Lysol for disinfection of feed mills and storage facilities.

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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

MODULE TITLE : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 : Compute feeds ration

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Total bio-mass of breeder is determined
2. Daily feed ration is computed based on percentage of the total bio-mass

RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities 1. Writing instruments
1. Record book
1. Calculator 2. Paper

REFERENCES

Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines

Robinson, E.H. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish.
Bulletin (Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station), No. 979, Oct
1991, p. 18. NAL Call No.: S79.e3

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Learning Outcome # 4: Compute feeds ration

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Read and study carefully the following: Write down each formula for each
calculation and an example on an index
o Information sheet # 4-1: card. Keep these index cards in an
“Calculation of total biomass” index cardbox . Understand and
memorize all basic formulas for
o Information sheet # 4-2: calculations.
“Calculation of daily feed ration”

o Information sheet # 4-3: “Daily
record of feeding”

o Information sheet # 4-4: “Basic
calculations of feed efficiency”

2. Perform the tasks in assignment sheet Please refer to Assignment #4-1. Keep
# 4-1, “Exercises in Calculations”. on working on the exercises repeatedly
until you are able to answer the
calculations correctly.

3. Answer Self-Check # 4-1. Read Self-Check # 4-1 questions and
4. Check your answers. write down your answers.

Refer to Answer Key # 4-1 and check if
you got the right answers.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-1

CALCULATION OF TOTAL BIOMASS

Fish biomass is defined as the total weight of fish per unit area at a particular time and
expressed as kg/hectare (kg/ha), kg/m² or g/m². This information is important in
determining the feeding rate and frequency that will produce optimum results.

Current biomass is determined by three factors:

1. The Original Number of Fish (N). It is essential to keep record of the initial
number of fish put in stock in a particular tank. This data is important in the
computation of biomass.

Example: Tank 012
Grade 17 Fry
10,000 pcs
12 Jan 200x

2. Estimated Survival Rate (SR%). Based on historical records, a survival rate
must be adopted for a given period for the purpose of estimating the number of
feeds consuming fish in stock. An arbitrary number is used initially but is adjusted
as historical data are gathered.

Example: Period Survival Rate
0 - 07 days 95 %
07 - 15 days 90 %
15 - 30 days 85 %
30 - 120 days 80 % (current)

3. Current Average Fish Weight (WAvg). Samples are weighed individually or in
bulk. When weighed in bulk, the total weight is divided by the number of fish in the
bulk, to get the average individual weight. The latter method is more convenient.

Example: Sample Catch 1 23 pcs 1.250 kilos
Sample Catch 2 18 pcs 0.950 kilo
Sample Catch 3 20 pcs 1.050 kilos

Average /Catch 20.33 pcs 1.08 kilos (1,080 grams)
Average / Fish = 1,080 grams / 20.33 pcs.

= 53.123 grams / fish

It is computed using the formula:

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Total Biomass = N x SR% x WAvg

Substituting the figures in the examples above:

Total Biomass = 10,000 x 80% x 53.123 grams
= 424,984 grams
= 424.984 kilos

The current Biomass therefore of fish in Tank 012 is 424.984 kilos.
This figure represents the estimated total body weight of all fish
contained in Tank 012.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-2

CALCULATION OF DAILY FEED RATION

The computation of the Daily Feed Ration is a function of the Total Biomass and a
Feeding Program that is developed for a particular specie of fish. This program is
normally contained in a matrix indicating the amount of feeds that is supposed to be given
for a particular size determined by average weight. The volume of feeds is measured in
weight and as a function of total biomass in the enclosure. Below is an example of a
Feeding Program:

Category Weight of Fry (Grams) Ration (% of Biomass)
1 0.02 – 0.5 gram 30 – 20% of biomass
2 0.5 – 1.0 gram 20 – 15% of biomass
3 1.0 – 5.0 grams 15 – 10% of biomass
4 5.0 – 20.0 grams 10 – 7% of biomass
5
6 20.0 – 50.0 grams 7 – 4% of biomass
50.0 – 100.0 grams 4.0 – 3.5% of biomass

Applying our example in the preceding section, the fingerlings is Tank 012 will be
classified in category 6 of the Feeding Program. This is because the average weight of
the fingerlings of 53.123 grams falls within the range of fish weight (50 – 100 grams) of
that category.

The ration for that category is given in the table as a range of 4.0 – 3.5% of total biomass.
Since the average weight of the fish (53.123 grams) in the tank is closer to the lower limit
of the weight range (50 – 100 grams), the higher limit (4.0%) of the feed ration range (4.0
– 3.5%) will be used. Note that the average weight of fish is inversely proportional to the
ration as a percentage of biomass: The lower the fish weight, the higher the percentage
of biomass; and the higher the fish weight, the lower the percentage of biomass.

Daily Feed Ration (DFR) is computed as a function of Biomass (BM) and the appropriate
ration (R%) as indicated in the Feeding Program:

Daily Feed Ration = BM x R%

Substituting the figures in our examples:

Daily Feed Ration = 424.984 kilos x 4%
= 16.999 kilos
= ~ 17 kilos / day

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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-3

BASIC CALCULATIONS OF FEED EFFICIENCY

There are two (2) basic indicators of feed efficiency: Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) and
Feed Efficiency (FE). These calculations are very important because feed is expensive
and it comprises a large chunk of the total expenses. These indicators indicate the
efficiency converting the feeds to biomass, or the weight of the fish:

FEED CONVERSION RATE

This rate indicates the relationship between the weight of the feeds given, and the
amount of weight gained by the fish. FCR may be computed for the entire life of the fish,
or for a particular period only. But basically, FCR is calculated as follows:

Feed Conversion Rate = Total Weight of Feeds Fed to Fish
Total Weight Gain of the Fish

Let’s extend the scenarios of our examples. Assume that Tank 012 was fed for 15 days
with a feeding ration of 17 kilos a day. On the 15th day, another biomass test was

conducted and the average weight of fish is already 71.5 grams and a biomass of 572

kilos. The Feed Conversion Rate for that 15- day period may be computed as follows:

Day 1 Day 15 15-day Total / Increment

Feeds 17 kilos per day Total Feeds Fed = 255 k
Avg
Weight 53.123 grams 71.500 grams
Biomass
424.984 kilos 572.000 kilos Total Biomass Gain = 147 k

Substituting the figures in the table above to the FCR formula:

Feed Conversion Rate = 255 kilos of Feeds Fed to Fish
147 kilos total biomass gain

FCR = 1.73

Our fish in Tank 012 registered an FCR of 1.73 for the 15-day period. This means that
the fish gained 1 unit of weight for every 1.73 units of feeds fed to them. This rate will be
meaningless unless compared to standards. For this reason, the FCR norm for the
specie being raised must be researched on and used as the yardstick against which
actual FCRs will be compared. Nevertheless, and FCR of 1.5 to 2.0 is generally regarded
as acceptable for a wide variety of aquaculture species.

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