Conducting Feed Ration Computations and feeding for both catfish fry and breeders

FEED EFFICIENCY

Feed Efficiency (FE) is simply the reciprocal of FCRs: or 1 divided by the FCR. In our
example, the FE would be:

Feed Efficiency = 1 / FCR

Substituting the figure in our example: 1 / 1.73
FCR = .578
= 57.8%

or, expressed as % =

Expressed in another way, the feed efficiency of Tank 012 was 57.8%. This
means that 57.8% of weight of total feeds fed to the group was converted to
fish weight. Same as with the FCR, industry and specie norms on FE must
be researched. Nevertheless, and FE of more than 50% is generally
regarded as acceptable.

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
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INFORMATION SHEET # 4-4

DAILY RECORD OF FEEDING

As our examples will show, daily feeding records are very important to the fish farmer. It
provides invaluable data that will allow him to assess the feeding efficiency in past and
current culture periods of each tank holding.

Depending on the type of system employed and the level of detail of analysis desired,
some of the most important key data elements are the following:

4. Record Headers

a. Tank Number
b. Species/Source of Stock
c. Size of Stock : Stocking Density
d. Date of Stocking
e. Estimated Survival Rate

5. Record Columns
ƒ Row Number
ƒ Calendar Days
ƒ Type of Feeds
ƒ Daily Ration
ƒ feeding frequency
ƒ Remarks for: Biomass, FCR, FE

This record may appear as follows:

Tank Number 012
Species / Source of Stock
Size of Stock / Stocking Oreochromis / Hatched Infarm
DDate iot f Stocking
Estimated Survival Rate 10,000 / 500/m2

01 December

85%

Row Date Feed Daily Feeding Schedule Remarks

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Type Ration (1) (2) (3) (4)
(kg) _A _AM _PM _PM
M (kg) (kg) (kg)
(kg)

1 Jan 12 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k BM=425K

2 Jan 13 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

3 Jan 14 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

4 Jan 15 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

5 Jan 16 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

6 Jan 17 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

7 Jan 18 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

8 Jan 19 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

9 Jan 20 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

10 Jan 21 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

11 Jan 22 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

12 Jan 23 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

13 Jan 24 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k

14 Jan 25 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k BM = 572k

15 Jan 26 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - - 8.5k FCR= 1.73
FE = 57.8%

16 Jan 27 XXX 17.0 K 8.5k - -

17 Jan 28 XXX 17.0 K --

18 Jan 29 XXX 17.0 K --

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EXERCISE 1: ASSIGNMENT SHEET # 4-1
Exercises on Calculations

COMPUTING BIOMASS

INSTRUCTIONS:

Given the following data, determine the estimated total body weight of all fish
contained in Tank J. by computing for biomass.

1. The original number of fish (N) is 15,000 pieces.
2. The current estimated survival rate is 85 percent based on the record for the past
30 to 120 days.
3. There are at least three fish sample catches from Tank J. Then the weight of each
sample catch in bulk was obtained. The total weight is divided by the number of fish in
the bulk in order to get the average invidual weight.

Sample catch 1 35 pcs. 1.850 kilos
Sample catch 2 20 pcs. 0.950 kilos
Sample catch 3 15 pcs. 0.750 pcs.

Average/catch 23.33 pcs. 1.183 kilos
Average/ fish 1,183 grams / 23.33 pcs.

_ 50.707 grams /fish

Now compute the biomass of all fish stock in Tank J.

EXERCISE 2: CALCULATING DAILY FEED RATION

Using the same data above, calculate for the daily feed ration.

EXERCISE 3: CALCULATING FEED EFFICIENCY

Make a calculation of the feed efficiency.

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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT #4-1

EXERCISE 1
Using the formula,

Total Biomass = N x SR% x WAvg

Substituting the figures in the examples above:

Total Biomass = 15,000 x 85% x 50.707 grams
= 646514 grams
= 646.514 kilos

The current Biomass therefore of fish in Tank J is 646.514 kilos. This
figure represents the estimated total body weight of all fish contained
in Tank J..

EXERCISE 2

As indicated in the feeding program, the appropriate feed ration is 4 percent of biomass.
So the daily feed ration is calculated as follows:

Daily feed ration_= Biomass x 4%
646.514 kilos x 4% = 25.86 kilos

EXERCISE 3

In calculating for the feed efficiency, the following formula is used :

Feed efficiency = 1 / FCR

Then we have to compute for FCR,.

Assume that Tank J was fed for 15 days with a feeding ration of 25 kilos a day. On the
15th day, another biomass test was conducted and the average weight of fish is already
80.5 grams and a biomass of 760 kilos. The Feed Conversion Rate for that 15- day
period may be computed as follows:

Thus, on Day 1 the ave. weight is 50.707 kilos and on the Day 15 it is 80.5 kilos , so the
total feeds fed is 131.207 kilos.
Now the total biomass gain = 760 kilos – 646.514 kilos = 113.486 kilos. Substituting the
figures above to the FCR formula:

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Thus, Feed Conversion Rate = 131.207 kilos of Feeds Fed to Fish /
113.496 kilos total biomass gain

FCR = 1.16

Feed efficiency = 1/ FCR
= 1/ 1.16 = .86

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SELF CHECK #4-1

1. Discuss the calculation process for determining total biomass.

2. Do you know the calculation process for determining the Daily Feed Ration?

3. Can you perform calculations for Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Feeds
Efficiency (FE)?

4. Do you know how to develop a Record for Feeds Management ?

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
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ANSWER KEY #4-1

1. Discuss the calculation process for determining total biomass.

Answer:
Fish biomass is defined as the total weight of fish per unit area at a particular time and
expressed as kg/hectare (kg/ha), kg/m² or g/m². This information is important in
determining the feeding rate and frequency that will produce optimum results.
It is computed a using the formula:

Total Biomass = N x SR% x WAvg
This means total biomass is equal to the original number of fish (N) multiplied by the
estimated survival rate multiplied by Current Average Fish Weight (WAvg).
So, for example:

Total Biomass = 10,000 x 80% x 53.123 grams
= 424,984 grams
= 424.984 kilos

The current Biomass therefore of fish in Tank 012 is 424.984 kilos. This figure represents
the estimated total body weight of all fish contained in Tank 012.

2. Do you know the calculation process for determining the Daily Feed Ration?

Answer;
Daily Feed Ration (DFR) is computed as a function of Biomass (BM) and the appropriate
ration (R%) as indicated in the Feeding Program:

Daily Feed Ration = BM x R%
The computation of the Daily Feed Ration is a function of the Total Biomass and a
Feeding Program that is developed for a particular specie of fish. This program is
normally contained in a matrix indicating the amount of feeds that is supposed to be given
for a particular size determined by average weight. The volume of feeds is measured in
weight and as a function of total biomass
Thus, for example, we say:
Daily Feed Ration = 424.984 kilos x 4%

= 16.999 kilos
= ~ 17 kilos / day

3. Can you perform calculations for Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Feeds
Efficiency (FE)?

Answer:
Daily Feed Ration (DFR) is computed as a function of Biomass (BM) and the appropriate
ration (R%) as indicated in the Feeding Program:

Daily Feed Ration = BM x R%
The computation of the Daily Feed Ration is a function of the Total Biomass and a
Feeding Program that is developed for a particular specie of fish. This program is

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
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normally contained in a matrix indicating the amount of feeds that is supposed to be given
for a particular size determined by average weight. The volume of feeds is measured in
weight and as a function of total biomass
Thus, for example, we say:
Daily Feed Ration = 424.984 kilos x 4%

= 16.999 kilos
= ~ 17 kilos / day

4. Do you know how to develop a Record for Feeds Management ?

Answer;
Depending on the type of system employed and the level of detail of analysis desired,
some of the most important key data elements are the following:

A. Record Headers

• Tank Number
• Species/Source of Stock
• Size of Stock : Stocking Density
• Date of Stocking
• Estimated Survival Rate

B. Record Columns
• Row Number
• Calendar Days
• Type of Feeds
• Daily Ration
• feeding frequency
• Remarks for: Biomass, FCR, FE

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders Developed Revised: 58

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QUALIFICATION : AQUACULTURE NC III

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : OPERATE CATFISH HATCHERY

MODULE TITLE : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and
Feeding for Both Catfish Fry and Breeders

LEARNING OUTCOME # 5 : Feed fry with high crude protein

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Feeding method is identified
2. Proper feeding is demonstrated
3. Feed given is recorded

RESOURCES Tools and Instruments Supplies and Materials
Equipment and Facilities
1. Calculator ƒ Feeds
2. Weighing scale ƒ Record book
3. Feed container ƒ Writing Pad and Pen

REFERENCES:

Anderson, M.J. and A.W. Fast. Temperature and feed rate effects on Chinese catfish
Clarias-fuscus Lacepede growth. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, v. 22
(4), 1991, pp.435-442.

Lovell, R.T. and M. Li. Are fish farmers feeding too much protein to catfish?
Highlights of Agricultural Research, v. 38(4), Winter 1991, p. 6.
NAL Call No.: 100 Al1h

Proceedings of the National Seminar-Workshop on Fish Nutrition and Feeds. SEAFDEC
Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, Philippines

Robinson, E.H. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish.
Bulletin (Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station), No. 979, Oct
1991, p. 18. NAL Call No.: S79.e3

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Learning Outcome # 5: Feed fry with high crude protein

LEARNING ACTIVITIES SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

• Read the following information: Study carefully the information in order
to master the basic concepts of feeding
• Information sheet # 5-1: “Feeding fry/fingerlings
management”

• Information sheet # 5-2: “Feeding of
breeders”

• Information sheet # 5-3: ‘Feeding of
fry / fingerlings”

• Perform Job sheet # 5-1: “Feeding fry” Please refer to Job Sheet #5-1 and
(include proper feeding procedure and follow the instructions.
record keeping activities)

• Answer Self-Check Read Self-Check # 5-1 questions and
write down your answers.

• Check your answers. Refer to Answer Key # 5-1 and check if
you got the right answers.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-1

FEEDING MANAGEMENT

The fish culturist should be aware that both feeds and proper feeding management are
essential for a profitable enterprise. Poor feeding management can bring about diseases,
slow growth, low survival, environmental degradation, and poor harvest. As the stocking
density is increased, there is a proportionate increase in the metabolic wastes produced.
Feed ration must be continually adjusted to reduce feed and metabolic wastes.

FEEDING STRATEGIES

Feeding strategies depend on the stocking densities and the food supply. The four major
feeding strategies employed in aquaculture are:

• No Fertilizer nor Feed Input. Fish are totally dependent on naturally occurring live
animals, plants, and bacteria for nourishment. This strategy is practiced in
extensive culture systems where fish density is very low.

• Fertilizer Application. Inorganic or organic fertilizers are applied to increase
production of natural food. This is practiced in extensive and in some semi-
intensive systems.

• Supplemental Feeding. The nutrient requirements of the fish are supplied by a
combination of natural food and a supplemental diet that contains much energy but
low levels of other nutrients. Supplemental feeds is added when natural food
cannot maintain maximum fish growth. This strategy is typical in a semi-intensive
farming system.

• Complete Feeding. The provision of nutritionally complete, high-quality diet is
necessary in intensive systems where the contribution of natural food is assumed
to be negligible. A complete feed contains all nutrients at levels required by the
fish; it is designed to be the fish’ only source of nourishment.

The relative importance of natural food and artificial feeds varies among the four feeding
strategies. At lower stocking densities, natural food plays a greater role. But as stocking
density increases, artificial feeds become more important.

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INTENSIVE SYSTEM STOCKING ARTIFICIAL
SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM DENSITY FEEDS
EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
NATURAL
FOOD

In general, the most cost-effective way of producing fish is, undoubtedly, to grow natural
food and to provide supplemental feed when natural food becomes inadequate.
However, for breeders, where there is very high need to control all factors that affect their
general well-being for the purpose of developing them to high productivity, high
dependence on artificial feeds is preferred.

FEEDING RATE, FREQUENCY, AND TIMING

Feeding rates and frequencies are in part a function of fish size. Small larval fish and fry
need to be fed a high protein diet frequently and usually in excess. Small fish have a high
energy demand and must eat nearly continuously and be fed almost hourly. Feeding
small fish in excess is not as much of a problem as overfeeding larger fish because small
fish require only a small amount of feed relative to the volume of water in the culture
system.

As fish grow, feeding rates and frequencies should be lowered, and protein content
reduced. However, rather than switching to a lower protein diet, feeding less allows the
grower to use the same feed (protein level) throughout the grow-out period, thereby
simplifying feed inventory and storage.

• Feeding is labor-intensive and expensive. Feeding frequency is dependent on
labor availability, farm size, and the fish species and sizes grown. Large catfish
farms with many ponds usually feed only once per day because of time and labor
limitations, while smaller farms may feed twice per day. Generally, growth and feed
conversion increase with feeding frequency. In indoor, intensive fish culture
systems, fish may be fed as many as 5 times per day in order to maximize growth
at optimum temperatures.

• Many factors affect the feeding rates of fish. These include time of day, season,
water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and other water quality variables. For
example, feeding fish grown in ponds early in the morning when the lowest
dissolved oxygen levels occur is not advisable. In contrast, in recirculating
aquaculture systems where oxygen is continuously supplied, fish can be fed at
nearly any time. During the winter and at low water temperatures, feeding rates of
warmwater fishes in ponds decline and feeding rates should decrease
proportionally.

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• Feed acceptability, palatability and digestibility. These vary with the ingredients
and feed quality. Fish farmers pay careful attention to feeding activity in order to
help determine feed acceptance, calculate feed conversion ratios and feed
efficiencies, monitor feed costs, and track feed demand throughout the year.

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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-2

FEEDING OF BREEDERS

A high dependence on commercially-available artificial feeds which are high quality
nutritionally complete diets is preferred because natural food is assumed to be negligible
in intensive tank systems. This diet contains all nutrients at levels required by the fish. It
is designed to be the only source of nourishment of the fish. Further, complete diets
sustain high fry production.

Catfish brood stock is usually fed the same feed used for growout. Some catfish
producers prefer feeding sinking feeds because broodfish are often hesitant to feed at the
surface.

Type of Feed : Sinking Pellets

Feeding Management : Commercial Artificial Feeds (28-32% CP)
Supplemented by trash feeds or innards

Feeding Schedule : Once a day

Feeding Rate : 0.5 – 1% of Biomass

In the absence of these ready-mix feeds, a practical internally-mixed diet formula for
brood stock catfish in tanks is the combination of easily sourced ingredients that would
produce the following proximate composition (as % of dry matter):

Crude protein of : 28-32 %
Crude fat of : 6.0 % (max)
Crude Fiber of : 7.0 % (max)

The following mixture of easily sourced ingredients would yield a 40-44% protein diet. A
feeding ration of 1-2% of the biomass distributed in two (2) feedings is sufficient to
enhance both growth and fry production.

SAMPLE INGREDIENT COMPOSITION OF CATFISH BROODSTOCK FEEDS

INGREDIENTS 32% CP 32% CP 32% CP 28% CP 28% CP

Soybean Meal 35.0 k 34.6 k 48.4 k 24.4 k 29.7 k
10.0 k 12.0 k - 10.0 k 10.0 k
Cottonseed Meal 4.0 k - 4.0 k
4.0 k - 4.0 k -
Fish Meal 29.9 k 8.0 k 4.0 k 35.5 k 4.0 k
15.0 k 30.3 k 30.2 k 20.0 k 34.0 k
Meat/Bone/Blood 1.5 K 15.0 k 15.0 k 1.5 k 20.0 k
0.5 k 1.5 k 1.5 k 0.5 k 1.5 k
Corn Grain 0.5 k 0.75 k 0.75 k
+ +
Wheat / Rice bran + + + + +
+ + +
Fat / Oil

Dicalcium Phosphate

Catfish Vitamin

Catfish Mineral

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INFORMATION SHEET # 5-3

FEEDING OF FRY / FINGERLINGS

FROM YOLK SACS TO FRY IN INCUBATORS & HOLDING TANKS

Newly hatched catfish fry, which are only about ¼-inch in length, are usually held in
indoor troughs and tanks for about 10 days before release into outdoor nursery
ponds/tanks. Initially, catfish fry use their yolk sac as an energy and nutrient source. Once
the yolk sac is absorbed (approximately 3 to 5 days after hatching), fry begin to seek
food, and should be fed frequently. In the hatchery, fry should be fed:

Type of Feed : Finely ground meal / flour-type feeds

Crude Protein % : 45 – 50% crude protein

Feeding Schedule : 8 – 10 times equal feeding / day

Feeding Rate : 25% of biomass per day

The following mixture of easily sourced ingredients would yield a 50% protein diet:

Fish Meal 60.2 kilos
Meat/Bone/Blood Meal 15.3 kilos
Wheat / Rice Bran 19.0 kilos
Fat / Oil
Vitamin Premix 5.0 kilos
Mineral Premix As recommended
As recommended

Larvae are fed to satiation, or about 30% of their biomass daily. As the fry grow, the
feeding rate is gradually decreased to about 15% of their biomass daily. Larvae are fed
four (4) times daily. The feed is evenly distributed by hand over a large area in the
nursery so that fry do not have to travel distances in search for food.

NURSERY TANK/POND FEEDING OF FRY

It is difficult to effectively feed catfish fry recently stocked into large nursery ponds/tanks.
The tiny fish spread out over the pond/tank are relatively weak swimmers so they are not
able to move rapidly to areas where manufactured feeds are offered. The best way to
ensure good growth and survival of newly stocked fry is to make sure that plenty of
natural food is available in the fry nursery pond/tank when the fish fry are stocked.

Natural foods for catfish fry include insects, insect larvae, and zooplankton (microscopic
crustaceans). Insects and zooplankton eat plant material in the pond/tank, so to produce
them in abundance you must either increase natural plant production within the pond by
fertilization or, as in tank, apply the plant material directly to the tank. Regardless of how
you manage the pond or tank for increased production of natural foods, it is important to

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plan ahead because time is needed for the population of insects and zooplankton to
become established in the pond.

Even though fry presumably meet their nutrient needs from natural food organisms, they
should be fed once or twice daily using finely ground feed at a rate equal to 25 to 50% of
fry biomass. Since the feed serves primarily to fertilize the pond, it is not necessary to
feed a high-protein feed as is used in the hatchery. Fines from regular 28 or 32% growout
feeds are suitable for catfish fry during this phase. Some catfish producers do not feed
the flour-type feeds, but feed a pelleted or crumbled feed, which is largely uneaten but
breaks up in the water and serves to keep the pond fertile. After a few weeks, the fry will
have grown into fingerlings of 1 or 2 inches in length and will come to the pond surface
seeking food.

Type of Feed : Finely ground meal

Crude Protein % : 28 – 32% crude protein

Feeding Schedule : 1 – 2 times equal feeding / day

Feeding Rate : 25 - 50% of biomass per day

FROM FRY TO FINGERLINGS

Initially, small fingerlings (1-2 inches) should be fed once or twice daily to satiation using
a crumbled feed or small pellets (1/8-inch diameter) containing 35% protein part of which
should be supplied by fishmeal, meat and bone/blood meal, or a mixture of the two
protein sources. Some catfish producers feed fingerlings the same feed they feed to fish
for grow-out. Fingerlings consume large feed pellets by nibbling on the feed after the
pellets soften and begin to break up in the water. Fingerlings appear to grow well using
this feeding strategy, but nutrient losses, especially micronutrients, are likely due to
leaching of nutrients because of the extended time the pellet is in contact with the water.

Type of Feed : Crumbles of Small Pellets

Crude Protein % : 35% crude protein

Feeding Schedule : 1 – 2 times equal feeding / day

Feeding Rate : To satiation

The following mixture of easily sourced ingredients would yield a 35% protein diet:

Soybean Meal 38.8 kilos
Cottonseed Meal 10.0 kilos
Fish Meal
Meat/Bone/Blood Meal 6.0 kilos
Corn Grain 6.0 kilos
Wheat / Rice Bran 16.1 kilos
Fat / Oil 20.0 kilos
Dicalcium Phosphate 2.0 kilos
Vitamin Premix 1.0 kilo
Mineral Premix As recommended
As recommended

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JOB SHEET # 5-1

Title Feeding fry
Purpose To identify and determine the proper feeding method
and feeds recording procedure
Equipment, Tools & Record book, Weighing scale, Writing Pen and Paper
Materials
Precautions None

Procedures

STEP #1.Distinguising Feeding Strategies

H. Make a list of the feeding strategies for observing proper feeding
management. Distinguish their differences in features and considerations.

STEP #2. Preparing a Feeding Program for Breeders

1. Prepare a sample feeding program for breeders. Make a statement of the planning
considerations and assumptions used in preparing the feeding program.

2. Specify the

Type of Feed :

Feeding Management :
Feeding Schedule :

Feeding Rate :

Diet Formula :

Ingredients :

Percentage distribution of ingredients

Source of nutrients/ingredients

STEP #3. Preparing a Feeding Program for Fry/Fingerlings

3. Prepare a feeding program for fry/ fingerlings

Type of Feed :

Crude Protein % :

Feeding Schedule :

Feeding Rate :

4. Specific the diet formula
ƒ Ingredients
ƒ Percentage distribution
ƒ Source of ingredients/nutrients

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SELF CHECK #5-1

1. Discuss the proper management of feeding fish: feeding strategies and feeding rate,
frequency, and timing.

2. Discuss the feeding practices and norms for catfish breeders.
3. Do you know the feeding practices and norms for catfish yolk sac to fingerlings?

Code No. Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Date: Date Page #
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ANSWER KEY #5-1

1. Discuss the proper management of feeding fish: feeding strategies and feeding
rate, frequency, and timing.

Answer:
FEEDING STRATEGIES

Feeding strategies depend on the stocking densities and the food supply. The four major
feeding strategies employed in aquaculture are:

• No Fertilizer nor Feed Input. Fish are totally dependent on naturally occurring live
animals, plants, and bacteria for nourishment. This strategy is practiced in
extensive culture systems where fish density is very low.

• Fertilizer Application. Inorganic or organic fertilizers are applied to increase
production of natural food. This is practiced in extensive and in some semi-
intensive systems.

• Supplemental Feeding. The nutrient requirements of the fish are supplied by a
combination of natural food and a supplemental diet that contains much energy but
low levels of other nutrients. Supplemental feeds is added when natural food
cannot maintain maximum fish growth. This strategy is typical in a semi-intensive
farming system.

• Complete Feeding. The provision of nutritionally complete, high-quality diet is
necessary in intensive systems where the contribution of natural food is assumed
to be negligible. A complete feed contains all nutrients at levels required by the
fish; it is designed to be the fish’ only source of nourishment.

FEEDING RATE, FREQUENCY, AND TIMING

Feeding rates and frequencies are in part a function of fish size. Small larval fish and fry
need to be fed a high protein diet frequently and usually in excess. Small fish have a high
energy demand and must eat nearly continuously and be fed almost hourly. Feeding
small fish in excess is not as much of a problem as overfeeding larger fish because small
fish require only a small amount of feed relative to the volume of water in the culture
system.

As fish grow, feeding rates and frequencies should be lowered, and protein content
reduced. However, rather than switching to a lower protein diet, feeding less allows the
grower to use the same feed (protein level) throughout the grow-out period, thereby
simplifying feed inventory and storage.

• Feeding is labor-intensive and expensive. Feeding frequency is dependent on
labor availability, farm size, and the fish species and sizes grown. Large catfish
farms with many ponds usually feed only once per day because of time and labor
limitations, while smaller farms may feed twice per day. Generally, growth and feed
conversion increase with feeding frequency. In indoor, intensive fish culture

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systems, fish may be fed as many as 5 times per day in order to maximize growth
at optimum temperatures.

• Many factors affect the feeding rates of fish. These include time of day, season,
water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and other water quality variables. For
example, feeding fish grown in ponds early in the morning when the lowest
dissolved oxygen levels occur is not advisable. In contrast, in recirculating
aquaculture systems where oxygen is continuously supplied, fish can be fed at
nearly any time. During the winter and at low water temperatures, feeding rates of
warmwater fishes in ponds decline and feeding rates should decrease
proportionally.

• Feed acceptability, palatability and digestibility. These vary with the ingredients
and feed quality. Fish farmers pay careful attention to feeding activity in order to
help determine feed acceptance, calculate feed conversion ratios and feed
efficiencies, monitor feed costs, and track feed demand throughout the year.

2. Discuss the feeding practices and norms for catfish breeders.

Answer;
A high dependence on commercially-available artificial feeds which are high quality
nutritionally complete diets is preferred because natural food is assumed to be negligible
in intensive tank systems. This diet contains all nutrients at levels required by the fish. It
is designed to be the only source of nourishment of the fish. Further, complete diets
sustain high fry production.

Catfish brood stock is usually fed the same feed used for growout. Some catfish
producers prefer feeding sinking feeds because broodfish are often hesitant to feed at the
surface.

Type of Feed : Sinking Pellets

Feeding Management : Commercial Artificial Feeds (28-32% CP)
Supplemented by trash feeds or innards

Feeding Schedule : Once a day

Feeding Rate : 0.5 – 1% of Biomass

In the absence of these ready-mix feeds, a practical internally-mixed diet formula for
brood stock catfish in tanks is the combination of easily sourced ingredients that would
produce the following proximate composition (as % of dry matter):

Crude protein of : 28-32 %
Crude fat of : 6.0 % (max)
Crude Fiber of : 7.0 % (max)

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3. Do you know the feeding practices and norms for catfish yolk sac to
fingerlings?

Answer:
FROM YOLK SACS TO FRY IN INCUBATORS & HOLDING TANKS

Newly hatched catfish fry, which are only about ¼-inch in length, are usually held in
indoor troughs and tanks for about 10 days before release into outdoor nursery
ponds/tanks. Initially, catfish fry use their yolk sac as an energy and nutrient source. Once
the yolk sac is absorbed (approximately 3 to 5 days after hatching), fry begin to seek
food, and should be fed frequently. In the hatchery, fry should be fed:

Type of Feed : Finely ground meal / flour-type feeds

Crude Protein % : 45 – 50% crude protein

Feeding Schedule : 8 – 10 times equal feeding / day

Feeding Rate : 25% of biomass per day

Larvae are fed to satiation, or about 30% of their biomass daily. As the fry grow, the
feeding rate is gradually decreased to about 15% of their biomass daily. Larvae are fed
four (4) times daily. The feed is evenly distributed by hand over a large area in the
nursery so that fry do not have to travel distances in search for food.

FROM FRY TO FINGERLINGS

Initially, small fingerlings (1-2 inches) should be fed once or twice daily to satiation using
a crumbled feed or small pellets (1/8-inch diameter) containing 35% protein part of which
should be supplied by fishmeal, meat and bone/blood meal, or a mixture of the two
protein sources. Some catfish producers feed fingerlings the same feed they feed to fish
for grow-out. Fingerlings consume large feed pellets by nibbling on the feed after the
pellets soften and begin to break up in the water. Fingerlings appear to grow well using
this feeding strategy, but nutrient losses, especially micronutrients, are likely due to
leaching of nutrients because of the extended time the pellet is in contact with the water.

Type of Feed : Crumbles of Small Pellets

Crude Protein % : 35% crude protein

Feeding Schedule : 1 – 2 times equal feeding / day

Feeding Rate : To satiation

The following mixture of easily sourced ingredients would yield a 35% protein diet:

Soybean Meal 38.8 kilos
Cottonseed Meal 10.0 kilos
Fish Meal
Meat/Bone/Blood Meal 6.0 kilos
Corn Grain 6.0 kilos
Wheat / Rice Bran 16.1 kilos
Fat / Oil 20.0 kilos
Dicalcium Phosphate 2.0 kilos
Vitamin Premix 1.0 kilo
Mineral Premix As recommended
As recommended

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Performance Assessment

EVIDENCE PLAN

Sector: AGRI-FISHERY

Unit of Competency: Operate catfish hatchery

Module Title: Conducting feed ration computations and feeding for both catfish fry and
breeders

Ways in which evidences will be collected: Interview
Written test
(tick the column) Demonstration
with Questioning
The evidence must show that the candidate … Observation with
Questioning
1. Can determine and locate potential sources of Presentation of
breeders Final Product
Third Party Report
2. Can identify and describe feed types and Portfolio
characteristics of available feeds in the local market
x x
3. Can identify and determine the nutrient ingredients of x x
feeds x
x x
4. Can distinguish what nutrient requirements are x
appropriate for each type of nutrient deficiency x

5. Can demonstrate knowledge in feed analysis and
identify the factors that should be considered

6. Can demonstrate knowledge in preparing a feed
storage area

7. Can identify and discuss best practices in proper feed
storage management

8. Can demonstrate basic calculations of feed ration and
feed efficiency

9. Can demonstrate the procedure for feeding breeders
and feeding management

Note: *Critical aspects of competency

Prepared by: Date:
Date:
Instructor
Supervisor

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PERFORMANCE TEST

Learner’s Name Date:
Competency: Operate Catfish Hatchery
Test Attempt
1st 2nd 3rd

OVERALL EVALUATION

Directions: Level PERFORMANCE LEVELS
CALL Achieved
INSTRUCTO 4 - Can perform this skill without supervision and with
R. Ask initiative and adaptability to problem situations
instructor to
assess your 3 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily without assistance or
performance supervision
in the
following 2 - Can perform this skill satisfactorily with assistance and/
critical task or supervision
and
performance 1 – Can perform parts this skill satisfactorily, but requires
criteria below. considerable assistance and/or supervision.

You will be Instructor will initial the level achieved.
rate based on
the overall
evaluation on
the right side.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Yes No N/A
For acceptable achievement, all items should receive a
“Yes” or “No response”
1. Have you sourced feeds for reliable brand?
2. Did you identify and select the various feed types?
3. Have you selected appropriate feeds?
4. Did you identify and explain the nutrient content of
feeds?
5. Have you done periodic feed sampling?
6. Did you conduct and interpret feed analysis?
7. Have you explained proper feed storage?
8. Have you prepared a feed storage area?
9. Have you stored feeds in concrete, well-ventilated,
clean and organize area?
10. Have you determined total biomass?
11. Have you computed daily feed ration based on

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percentage pf total biomass?
12. Have you identified the appropriate feeding methods?
13. Have you demonstrated proper feeding?
14. Did you record feeds given and feeding schedules?

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Assessment Instruments

DEMONSTRATION WITH QUESTIONING

Candidate’s name

Assessor’s name

Competency Assessment Title Operate Catfish Hatchery

Qualification Aquaculture NCIII

Date of Assessment

Time of Assessment

Instructions for Demonstration

While performing the job sheets above, the facilitators will use this assessment tools in assessing

your skills in the following:

feed analysis

preparing feed storage

calculations of feed ration and feed efficiency

feeding breeders and feeding management

Given the following materials tools and equipment, the candidate must be able to
Operate a Catfish Hatchery

Feeds, feed sacks, plastic buckets and jars, carpentry tools, labeling stickers, weighing scale, soap and
disinfectant, dark colored containers, air-tight and light-proof containers, cold storage or refrigerator,
notebook, pen, calculator and writing pad

OBSERVATION Tick (/) to show if evidence is
Demonstrated.

During the demonstration of skills, did the Yes No Actual
5.0
candidate: 1.0-3.0

1. Demonstrate knowledge in feed analysis
and identify the factors that should be
considered?

2. Demonstrate knowledge in preparing a
feed storage area?

3. Demonstrate basic calculations of feed
ration and feed efficiency?

4. Demonstrate the procedure for feeding
breeders and feeding management ?

The candidate’s demonstration was :

Rating ________

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DEMONSTRATION (continued)

Questions Satisfactory Response

The candidate should answer the following Yes No
questions:
1. What are the different factors that affect the

feeding rates of fish?
2. Discuss the characteristics of an ideal feed

storage facility.
3. What are the best practices in proper feed

storage sanitation?
4. Discuss the feeding practices and norms of

catfish breeders.

The candidate’s underpinning knowledge was:

Rating_______

Feedback to candidate

The candidate’s overall performance was: Date:
Rating:__________ Date:
Candidate’s signature

Assessor’s signature:

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INTERVIEW

Candidate’s name:

Unit of competency Operate Catfish Hatchery

Competency Standards

Oral/ Interview Questions Competency Response

YES NO

1. Discuss the four major feeding strategies

employed in aquaculture.

2. Why is high dependence on artificial

feeds being preferred than naturally

grown feeds?

3. Why is proper feeding management

important? What are the negative results

of poor feeding management?

Feedback to candidate:

Acceptance answer are: Date:
Assessor’s signature:

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Record of Achievement

Module 4 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Feeding for Both
Catfish Fry and Breeders

Learning Outcome # 1: Source catfish feeds
Performance Criteria

• Feeds are sourced for reliable brand
• Types of feeds are identified and selected

Comments
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Learner has satisfied the above performance criteria.
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Record of Achievement

Module 4 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Feeding for Both
Catfish Fry and Breeders

Learning Outcome # 2: Sample and analyze feeds for nutrients content
Performance Criteria

• Appropriate feeds are selected
• Nutrients content of feeds are identified and explained
• Feeds are sampled periodically
• Feed analysis is conducted and interpreted

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Record of Achievement

Module 4 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Feeding for Both
Catfish Fry and Breeders

Learning Outcome # 3: Store feeds properly
Performance Criteria

• Importance of proper feed storage is explained
• Feed storage is prepared
• Feeds are stored on concrete, well-ventilated, clean and organize area
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Record of Achievement

Module 4 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Feeding for Both
Catfish Fry and Breeders

Learning Outcome #4: Compute feeds ration
Performance Criteria

• Total bio-mass of breeder is determined
• Daily feed ration is computed based on percentage of the total bio-mass

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Record of Achievement

Module 4 : Conducting Feed Ration Computations and Feeding for Both
Catfish Fry and Breeders

Learning Outcome # 5: Feed fry with high crude protein
Performance Criteria

• Feeding method is identified
• Proper feeding is demonstrated
• Feed given is recorded

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Learner’s Diary

Diary Notes

Record important dates, jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist in
providing further details to your Assessor.

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GLOSSARY

LIST OF ACRONYMS

A Vitamin A (Retinol)
BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
BM Biomass
B1 Vitamin B (Thiamin)
B2 Vitamin B (Riboflavin)
B5 Vitamin B (Pantothenic Acid)
B6 Vitamin B (Pyridoxine)
Ca Calcium
CP Crude Protein
CS Competency standards
Cu Copper
C12 Vitamin C (Cyanocobalamin)
D Vitamin D (Calciferol)
DFR Daily feed ration
E Vitamin E (Tocophenol)
EFA Essential Fatty Acids
FCR Feed Conversion Rate
FE Feed Efficiency Rate
Fe Iron
FF Feeding frequency
FIFO First in – first out
FR Feeding rate
K Potassium
K Vitamin K (Menadione)
LO learning outcomes

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Mn Manganese
Mg Magnesium
N Original count of fish in an enclosure
P Phosphorous
Ppm parts per million
QB Quality breeders
R% Ration of feed as percentage of biomass
Se Selenium
SD Stocking density
SR% Survival Rate
TESDA Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
TTL temperature tolerance limit
WAvg Average weight of Fish
Zn Zinc

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LIST OF TERMS

Biomass: is defined as the total weight of fish per unit area at a particular time and
expressed as kg/hectare (kg/ha), kg/m² or g/m².

Broodstock: A specific high-purity genetic line of breeders; specie purity must be
maintained; high quality broodstock must be selected in order to produce fry
that will prove to be financially-rewarding in tilapia grow-out operations.

Breeders: are developed with appropriate methods, promoting their reproductive
maturation, maintaining specie purity, under favorable environmental
conditions.

Bulk Density: Mass per unit of volume

Complete Diets: Complete diets supply all the ingredients (protein, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, and minerals) necessary for the optimal growth and health of the
fish.

Complete Feeding: Feeding strategy where the provision of nutritionally complete,
high-quality diet is necessary as in intensive systems where the contribution
of natural food is assumed to be negligible.

Daily Feeding Ration: The volume of feeds to be given in a day, measured in weight
and as a function of total biomass.

Extruded Feeds: a type of feeds processing whose feeds output is designed to float in
water

Feed Conversion Rate: indicates the relationship between the weight of the feeds
given, and the amount of weight gained by the fish

Feeds Efficiency: the reciprocal of FCRs: or 1 divided by the FCR. Indicates the what
percentage of total feed weight consumed is converted to fish weight.

Feeding rate: The feeding rate is the amount of feeds given daily to the cultured stock,
expressed as percentage of fish biomass. Biomass is the total weight of
fish per unit area at a particular time, and is expressed as kg/ha (kilogram
per hectare), kg/m2 (kilogram per square meter).

Fingerling: a young fish with weight of approximately 25 grams or more

Fry: young fish

Larvae: an immature fish

Flexible delivery: a combination of delivery modes and attendance patterns are used
to create a program that suits the needs of the learner.

Pepsin Digest: a procedure used to determine the protein digestibility of animal by-
product meals

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Pressure-pelleted feeds: a type of feed processing whose ouput feeds are designed to
sink to the bottom of water.

Purity of Ingredients: refers to the absence of contaminants.

Supplementary Diets: supplemental (incomplete, partial) diets are intended only to
help support the natural food (insects, algae, small fish) normally available
to fish in ponds or outdoor raceways.

Supplemental Feeding: Feeding strategy where the nutrient requirements of the fish
are supplied by a combination of natural food and a supplemental diet that
contains much energy but low levels of other nutrients.

Stocking density: desired/prescribed volume of breeders placed in a chosen
environment.

Test Weight: is a bulk density measurement applied to grain, and the value represents
the weight (expressed as pounds) in a Winchester bushel (2150.42 cubic
inches).

Texture: the feel and appearance of a surface.

Yolk Sac: synonymous to fry; the membrane surrounding the embryo

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Acknowledgment

We acknowledge the contribution of the following project team members
1. Mr. Conrado S. Navarro for project advisory services,
2. Mr. Alvin R. Manalang for technical writing and review of outputs,
3. Ms. Yolanda C. Velez for overall technical supervision and editing,
4. Mr. Jesus Sy for IT services,
5. Romulo Oller and Ms. Mina Lim for administrative support, project monitoring and

coordination.

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