STPM CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

6 An organic compound Z undergoes a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. Z also reacts with
hydrogen bromide to form 2-bromopropane.

The structural formula of Z is
A CH3CH2CH3
B CH2 CH2
C CH3CH CH2
D CH3CH(OH)CH3

7 The following statements are about nitration of benzene.
I Nitric acid acts as an electrophile.
II The reaction involves free radicals.

III Nitronium ion, NO2+, is an electrophile.
IV Nitronium ion, NO2+, is formed from concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3.
Which statements regarding the mechanism of nitration of benzene are true?
A I and II
B I and IV
C II and III
D III and IV

8 Which reaction occurs through SN1 mechanism?

A C6H5CH2Br + NH3 C6H5CH2NH2 + HBr

B (CH3)3CBr + NaOH (CH3)3COH + NaBr

C CH3CHBrCH3 + KCN CH3CH(CN)CH3 + KBr

D CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH CH3CH2CH2OH + KBr

9 When an optically active compound Z is heated with chromic acid, the product formed is not
optically active but react with alkaline iodine. Compound Z could be

A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3

D CH(OH)CH2CH3

10 Compound X is oxidised to compound Y. Y does not reduce Fehling‟s solution. X could be
A CH3CH2CH2OH
B CH3CHOHCH3
C (CH3)3COH
D CH3COCH3

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6 Satu sebatian organik Z mengalami tindak balas penghidrogenan bermangkin. Z juga bertindak
balas dengan hidrogen bromida untuk membentuk 2-bromopropana.

Formula struktur Z ialah
A CH3CH2CH3
B CH2 CH2
C CH3CH CH2
D CH3CH(OH)CH3

7 Penyataan yang berikut adalah tentang penitratan benzena.
I Asid nitrik bertindak sebagai elektrofil.
II Tindak balas melibatkan radikal bebas.

III Ion nitronium, NO2+ ialah elektrofil.
IV Ion nitronium, NO2+, terbentuk daripada H2SO4 pekat dan HNO3.
Penyataan yang manakah yang betul berkaitan dengan mekanisme penitratan benzena?
A I dan II
B I dan IV
C II dan III
D III dan IV

8 Tindak balas yang manakah yang berlaku melalui mekanisme SN1?

A C6H5CH2Br + NH3 C6H5CH2NH2 + HBr

B (CH3)3CBr + NaOH (CH3)3COH + NaBr

C CH3CHBrCH3 + KCN CH3CH(CN)CH3 + KBr

D CH3CH2CH2Br + KOH CH3CH2CH2OH + KBr

9 Apabila sebatian Z yang aktif optik dipanaskan dengan asid kromik, hasil yang terbentuk tidak
aktif optik tetapi bertindak balas dengan iodin beralkali. Sebatian Z mungkin

A (CH3)2CHCH2OH
B CH3CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
C CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3

D CH(OH)CH2CH3

10 Sebatian X dioksidakan kepada sebatian Y. Y tidak menurunkan larutan Fehling‟s. X mungkin
A CH3CH2CH2OH
B CH3CHOHCH3
C (CH3)3COH
D CH3COCH3

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11 Which compound produces a yellow precipitate when reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine?
O

A CH3CH2CH2C OH
O

B CH3CH2C OCH3
O

C CH3CH2CH2C Cl
O

D CH3CH2CCH3

12 Phenol is used to prepare CH3COOC6H5 through an intermediate X as shown in the following

scheme.

Reagent I Reagent II CH3COOC6H5

C6H5OH X

What are reagent I and reagent II in the above scheme?

Reagent I Reagent II

A Na CH3COCl

B PCl5 CH3COCl

C PCl5 CH3COOH

D NaOH CH3COOH

13 An amine is produced in a two-step reaction as shown below.

KCN/ethanol Na/ethanol Amine

2-Bromopropane

What is the structural formula of this amine?
A CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
B CH3CH2CH(CH3)NH2
C (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
D CH3CH(NH2)CH3

14 The structural formula of a peptide is as follows.

OOO

H2N CH C N CH C N CH C OH

CH2OH H CH3 H CH2CH2CH2NH2

The peptide is

A a dipeptide

B a tripeptide

C a neutral compound

D an acidic compound

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11 Sebatian yang manakah yang menghasilkan mendakan kuning apabila bertindak balas dengan
2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina?

O

A CH3CH2CH2C OH
O

B CH3CH2C OCH3
O

C CH3CH2CH2C Cl
O

D CH3CH2CCH3

12 Fenol digunakan untuk menyediakan CH3COOC6H5 melalui perantaraan X seperti ditunjukkan

dalam skema yang berikut.

Reagen I Reagen II

C6H5OH X CH3COOC6H5

Apakah reagen I dan reagen II dalam skema di atas?

Reagen I Reagen II

A Na CH3COCl

B PCl5 CH3COCl
C PCl5 CH3COOH

D NaOH CH3COOH

13 Suatu amina dihasilkan dalam dua langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.

2-Bromopropana KCN/etanol Na/etanol Amina

Apakah formula struktur amina ini?

A CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
B CH3CH2CH(CH3)NH2
C (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
D CH3CH(NH2)CH3

14 Formula struktur suatu peptida adalah seperti yang berikut. O
OO

H2N CH C N CH C N CH C OH

CH2OH H CH3 H CH2CH2CH2NH2

Peptida itu ialah
A dipeptida
B tripeptida
C sebatian neutral
D sebatian berasid

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15 The following is a pair of a polymer and its possible repeating unit.

Polymer Repeating unit

I Poly(propene) CH(CH3)CH2

II Poly(styrene) CHCH2CHCH2

III Terylene OCH2CH2OCO CO

IV Nylon-6,6 CO(CH2)5NH

Which is the correct match between a polymer and its repeating unit?

A I and II

B I and IV

C II and III

D III and IV

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15 Padanan yang berikut adalah tentang polimer dan unit ulangan yang mungkin.

Polimer Unit ulangan

I Poli(propena) CH(CH3)CH2

II Poli(stirena) CHCH2CHCH2

III Terilena OCH2CH2OCO CO

IV Nilon-6,6 CO(CH2)5NH

Padanan yang manakah yang betul antara polimer dan unit ulangannya?

A I dan II

B I dan IV

C II dan III

D III dan IV

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BLANK PAGE

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Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini.

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103 HALAMAN KOSONG

Section B [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

16 (a) Starting with 1-bromopropane, CH3CH2CH2Br, show the reaction schemes to synthesise the

following carboxylic acids. [4 marks]

(i) CH3CH2COOH

(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH

(b) Write equations for the reactions between benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl, and the following

compounds, and name the organic products according to the IUPAC nomenclature. [4 marks]

(i) CH3NH2

(ii) C6H5OH

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Bahagian B [15 markah]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

16 (a) Bermula dengan 1-bromopropana, CH3CH2CH2Br, tunjukkan skema tindak balas untuk

mensintesiskan asid karboksilik yang berikut. [4 markah]

(i) CH3CH2COOH

(ii) CH3CH2CH2COOH

Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini. (b) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara benzoil klorida, C6H5COCl, dengan sebatian yang

berikut, dan namakan hasil-hasil organik itu mengikut tatanama IUPAC. [4 markah]

(i) CH3NH2

(ii) C6H5OH

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17 (a) Compound X is a phenylalanine which is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the
diet for healthy growth. The structural formula of X is given below.

NH2

CH2 CHCOOH

(i) Name the functional groups in compound X. [2 marks]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Draw the structure of X at isoelectric point. State the direction of the movement of X

when a potential difference is applied to an aqueous solution of X at isoelectric point. [2 marks]

(iii) Draw the structure of X at pH = 2. [1 mark]

(iv) Draw the structure of dipeptide formed from two molecules of X. [1 mark]

(v) Name the lingkage in the dipeptide. [1 mark]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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17 (a) Sebatian X ialah fenilalanina yang merupakan asid amino perlu disediakan dalam diet untuk
pertumbuhan yang sihat. Formula struktur X diberikan di bawah.

NH2

CH2 CHCOOH

(i) Namakan kumpulan berfungsi dalam sebatian X. [2 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Lukis struktur X pada takat isoelektrik. Nyatakan arah gerakan X apabila satu beza

keupayaan dikenakan pada larutan akueus X pada takat isoelektrik. [2 markah]

Sila koyakkan di sepanjang garis putus-putus ini. (iii) Lukis struktur X pada pH = 2. [1 markah]

(iv) Lukis struktur dipeptida yang terbentuk daripada dua molekul X. [1 markah]

(v) Namakan rangkaian dalam dipeptida itu. [1 markah]

....................................................................................................................................................................

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BLANK PAGE

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108

HALAMAN KOSONG

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109

Section C [30 marks]

Answer any two questions in this section.

18 (a) Methylbenzene is obtained from benzene using Friedel-Crafts reaction.

(i) State the reagent and conditions required for the reaction. [2 marks]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. [1 mark]

(iii) State the electrophile involved in this reaction. [1 mark]

(iv) Describe a simple chemical test to detect the presence of methylbenzene. Write an

equation for the reaction involved. [3 marks]

(b) Chlorine gas is bubbled into methylbenzene in the presence of light and in the absence of a
catalyst.

(i) Draw structural formulae of any two organic compounds formed and name them.
[4 marks]

(ii) Write the mechanism for the reaction. [4 marks]

19 The table below lists the acid dissociation constants, Ka, for three hydroxy compounds in aqueous
solutions at 298 K.

Name of compound Formula Ka/mol dm 3

Cyclohexanol OH 1.0 10 18

Phenol OH 1.0 10 10

4-Methylphenol H3C OH 6.8 10 11

(a) Arrange the three compounds above in the order of increasing acidity. Justify your answer.
[7 marks]

(b) Describe a chemical test to differentiate the acidity between cyclohexanol and phenol.
[4 marks]

(c) State the reagents and reaction conditions in the oxidation and bromination of

4-methylphenol, and draw the structural formula of the products formed. [4 marks]

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110

Bahagian C [30 markah]

Jawab mana-mana dua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

18 (a) Metilbenzena diperoleh daripada benzena menggunakan tindak balas Friedel-Crafts.

(i) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan yang diperlukan bagi tindak balas itu. [2 markah]

(ii) Tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas itu. [1 markah]

(iii) Nyatakan elektrofil yang terlibat dalam tindak balas tersebut. [1 markah]

(iv) Perihalkan satu ujian kimia ringkas untuk mengesan kehadiran metilbenzena. Tulis

persamaan bagi tindak balas yang terlibat. [3 markah]

(b) Gas klorin dilalugelembungkan ke dalam metilbenzena dalam kehadiran cahaya dan dalam
ketakhadiran mangkin.

(i) Lukis formula struktur mana-mana dua sebatian organik yang terbentuk dan

namakannya. [4 markah]

(ii) Tulis mekanisme bagi tindak balas itu. [4 markah]

19 Jadual di bawah menyenaraikan pemalar penceraian asid, Ka, bagi tiga sebatian hidroksi dalam
larutan akueus pada 298 K.

Nama sebatian Formula Ka/mol dm 3

Sikloheksanol OH 1.0 10 18

Fenol OH 1.0 10 10

4-Metilfenol H3C OH 6.8 10 11

(a) Susun tiga sebatian di atas mengikut tertib menaik keasidannya. Justifikasikan jawapan anda.
[7 markah]

(b) Perihalkan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan keasidan antara sikloheksanol dengan fenol.
[4 markah]

(c) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan tindak balas dalam pengoksidaan dan pembrominan

4-metilfenol, dan lukis formula struktur hasil yang terbentuk. [4 markah]

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20 A monobasic carboxylic acid Z has the following composition by mass: carbon, 54.5%; hydrogen,
9.1%; and oxygen, 36.4%. Titration of 0.10 g of Z requires 11.40 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm 3 sodium
hyroxide for complete neutralisation. Z can be synthesised from 1-propanol by a three-step reaction as

shown below.

I II III

CH3CH2CH2OH XY Z

(a) Determine the empirical and molecular formulae of Z. [6 marks]

(b) State the reagents and the conditions required in each of the steps. [3 marks]

(c) Draw the structural formulae of X, Y and Z. [3 marks]

(d) A mixture of 1-propanol and Z is refluxed with concentrated sulphuric acid. Name the
reaction and the organic product formed, and write a balanced equation for the reaction involved.

[3 marks]

[Relative atomic masses of H, C and O are 1.0, 12.0 and 16.0 respectively.]

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20 Satu asid karboksilik monobes Z mempunyai komposisi mengikut jisim: karbon, 54.5%; hidrogen,
9.1%; dan oxigen, 36.4%. Pentitratan 0.10 g Z memerlukan 11.40 cm3 natrium hidroksida
0.100 mol dm 3 untuk peneutralan lengkap. Z dapat disintesiskan daripada 1-propanol melalui tiga

langkah tindak balas seperti ditunjukkan di bawah.

I II III

CH3CH2CH2OH XY Z

(a) Tentukan formula empirik dan formula molekul Z. [6 markah]

(b) Nyatakan reagen dan keadaan yang diperlukan dalam setiap langkah itu. [3 markah]

(c) Lukis formula struktur X, Y, dan Z. [3 markah]

(d) Satu campuran 1-propanol dan Z direfluks dengan asid sulfurik pekat. Namakan tindak balas
dan hasil organik yang terbentuk, dan tulis persamaan berimbang bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.

[3 markah]

[Jisim atom relatif bagi H, C, dan O masing-masing ialah 1.0, 12.0, dan 16.0.]

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114

SPECIMEN EXPERIMENT

962/4 STPM

CHEMISTRY
PAPER 4

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)

STPM 962/4 © Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia
115

STPM CHEMISTRY STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___

Topic : Thermochemistry

Purpose : To determine the heat of neutralisation of a strong acid with a strong base

Materials : KA 1 is 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
KA 2 is a 1.0 mol dm-3 solution of a strong acid W.
KA 3 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.
KA 4 is 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid.
KA 5 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous potassium hydroxide.

Procedure : (a) By means of a pipette, place 10.0 cm3 of KA 1 into a plastic cup. Record the
temperature of KA 1 as the initial temperature of mixture X in the table below.

By means of a measuring cylinder, add 30 cm3 of solution KA 3 into the plastic
cup containing KA 1. Stir mixture X carefully with a thermometer and record the
highest temperature attained in the table below. Pour away mixture X from the
plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water.

Repeat the above procedure using

(i) 10.0 cm3 of KA 2 to replace KA 1 to obtain mixture Y, and

(ii) 10.0 cm3 of KA 4 and 30 cm3 of KA 5 to replace KA 1 and KA 3
respectively to obtain mixture Z.

Results : (b) Complete the table below.

Mixture X Mixture Y Mixture Z

KA 1 + KA 3 KA 2 + KA 3 KA 4 + KA 5

Highest temperature/ C
Initial temperature/ C
Increase in temperature/ C

Questions : (c) If 4.2 Joules is required to raise the temperature by 1 C for 1 cm3 of solution,
calculate the heat released for each of the experiments conducted.

(d) Calculate the number of moles of the following solutions added into the plastic
cup.
(i) Sodium hydroxide
(ii) Potassium hydroxide
(iii) Hydrochloric acid
(iv) Nitric acid
(v) Acid W

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STPM CHEMISTRY STUDENT’S MANUAL 20___/20___

(e) Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixtures X, Y, and Z.

(f) Calculate the heat of neutralisation for each reaction.

(g) (i) Explain why the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtained differ in
mixtures X, Y, and Z.

(ii) The heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong base is
57.3 kJ mol 1. How would you improve the given procedure so that an

approximate value of 57.3 kJ mol 1 could be obtained?

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118

Identity card number: …………………………. Centre number/index number: ……………................

(Nombor kad pengenalan) (Nombor pusat/angka giliran)

SPECIMEN PAPER

962/5 STPM

CHEMISTRY (KIMIA)

PAPER 5 (KERTAS 5)

One and a half hours (Satu jam setengah)

MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)

SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA

(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE)

Instructions to candidates: For examiner‟s use
(Untuk kegunaan
DO NOT OPEN THIS QUESTION PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO. pemeriksa)

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1

Answers may be written in either English or Bahasa Malaysia. 2

All working should be shown. Numerical answers should be given to 3
an appropriate number of significant figures or decimal places; units
should be quoted where appropriate. Total
(Jumlah)
For your calculations, use the following relative atomic masses:

H = 1.0; Mn = 54.9; N = 14.0; C = 12.0; O = 16.0; K = 39.1.

Arahan kepada calon:

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA ANDA DIBENARKAN BERBUAT
DEMIKIAN.

Jawab semua soalan. Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.

Jawapan boleh ditulis dalam bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia.

Semua kerja hendaklah ditunjukkan. Jawapan berangka hendaklah diberikan hingga bilangan
anga bererti atau tempat perpuluhan yang sesuai; unit hendaklah dinyatakan di mana-mana yang
sesuai.

Untuk penghitungan anda, gunakan jisim atom relatif yang berikut:

H = 1.0; Mn = 54.9; N = 14.0; C = 12.0; O = 16.0; K = 39.1.

This question paper consists of printed pages and blank page.
(Kertas soalan ini terdiri daripada halaman bercetak dan halaman kosong.)

© Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia

STPM 962/5

119

1 An experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of ammonium ethanedioate,
(NH4)2C2O4, in a mixture of two ethanedioate salts.

An aqueous solution of X was prepared by dissolving a mixture of (NH4)2C2O4 and KHC2O4 in
distilled water.

(a) In this experiment, 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X was pipetted into a titration flask
followed by 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid and then heated to a temperature of approximately 60 oC. The
aqueous solution of X was then titrated with 0.02 mol dm 3 aqueous solution of potassium

manganate(VII) . The reactions involved are shown by the following equation.

2MnO4 (aq) + 5C2O42 (aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O(l)

(i) State the steps taken in transferring 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X into the

titration flask by using a pipette. [3 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) The burette readings for the rough and accurate titrations are shown in the table below.

Complete the table. [1 mark]

Titration Rough First Accurate Third
30.75 Second 30.90
Final reading/cm3 30.0 2.20 30.05 2.20
Initial reading/cm3 1.1
Volume of KMnO4 28.9 1.30
aqueous solution/cm3

(iii) By showing the suitable values of titres chosen, calculate the average titre value.
[2 marks]

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1 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk menentukan peratusan ammonium etanadioat, (NH4)2C2O4,
dalam satu campuran dua garam etanadioat.

Larutan akueus X disediakan dengan melarutkan campuran (NH4)2C2O4 dan KHC2O4 dalam air
suling.

(a) Dalam uji kaji ini, 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dipipetkan ke dalam kelalang pentitratan diikuti
25 cm3 asid sulfurik dan kemudian dipanaskan ke suhu lebih kurang 60 °C. Larutan akues X kemudian
dititratkan dengan larutan akues kalium manganat(VII) 0.02 mol dm 3. Tindak balas yang terlibat

ditunjukkan dengan persamaan yang berikut.

2MnO4 (ak) + 5C2O42 (ak) + 16H+(ak) 2Mn2+(ak) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O(c)

(i) Nyatakan langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk memindahkan 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus

X ke dalam kelalang pentitratan dengan menggunakan sebuah pipet. [3 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Bacaan buret bagi pentitratan kasar dan jitu ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.

Lengkapkan jadual ini. [1 markah]

Pentitratan Kasar Pertama Jitu Ketiga
30.75 Kedua 30.90
Bacaan akhir/cm3 30.0 2.20 30.05 2.20
Bacaan awal/cm3 1.1 1.30
Isi padu larutan akueus 28.9
KMnO4 /cm3

(iii) Hitung nilai purata titer dengan menunjukkan nilai-nilai titer yang sesuai digunakan.
[2 markah]

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(iv) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm 3, of ethanedioate ions C2O42 in the aqueous

solution of X. [2 marks]

(v) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 25 cm3 of sulphuric acid. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) When 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous solution of X was titrated with 0.05 mol dm 3 aqueous solution
of sodium hydroxide using a suitable indicator, it was found that 12.40 cm3 of aqueous solution of

sodium hydroxide was needed for a complete reaction.

(i) State a suitable indicator used for this titration. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) State the colour of the solution at the end point of the titration. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm 3, of KHC2O4 in the aqueous solution of X.
[2 marks]

(iv) Calculate the percentage by mass of (NH4)2C2O4 in the aqueous solution of X.
[2 marks]

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(iv) Hitung kepekatan, dalam mol dm 3, ion etanadioat C2O42 dalam larutan akueus X.
[2 markah]

(v) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 25 cm3 asid sulfurik.
[1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Apabila 25.0 cm3 larutan akueus X dititratkan dengan larutan akueus natrium hidroksida
0.05 mol dm 3 dengan menggunakan penunjuk yang sesuai, didapati bahawa 12.40 cm3 larutan akueus

natrium hidroksida diperlukan bagi tindak balas lengkap.

(i) Nyatakan penunjuk yang sesuai digunakan dalam penitratan ini. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Nyatakan warna larutan pada takat akhir penitratan. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Hitung kepekatan, dalam mol dm 3, KHC2O4 dalam larutan akueus X. [2 markah]

(iv) Hitung peratusan mengikut jisim (NH4)2C2O4 dalam larutan akueus X. [2 markah]

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2 An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

In the experiment, 50.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm 3 hydrogen peroxide solution and 20.0 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid are added into a conical flask containing 25.0 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm 3
potassium iodide solution, 10.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3 sodium thiosulphate solution and 10.0 cm3 of

0.5% starch solution.

(a) The duration from the instant hydrogen peroxide solution is added to the mixture until the
appearance of the blue colouration at different temperatures is recorded in the table below.

Complete the table. [1 mark]

Temperature T/ C 18.0 28.0 38.0 48.0

Time t/s 73.0 49.0 36.0 25.0

1 /s–1
t

(i) Name a suitable apparatus used to measure 50.0 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution.
[1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) What causes the blue colouration? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Write the equation for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide.
[1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) What is the relationship between the rate of reaction and 1 ? [1 mark]
t

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2 Satu uji kaji telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap kadar tindak balas.

Dalam uji kaji itu, 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen peroksida 0.10 mol dm 3 dan 20.0 cm3 asid sulfurik
1.0 mol dm 3 ditambahkan ke dalam satu kelalang kon yang mengandung 25.0 cm3 larutan kalium
iodida 0.15 mol dm 3, 10.0 cm3 larutan natrium tiosulfat 0.050 mol dm 3, dan 10.0 cm3 larutan kanji

0.5%.

(a) Tempoh masa dari ketika larutan hidrogen peroksida ditambahkan ke dalam campuran
sehingga kewujudan warna biru larutan pada suhu yang berlainan direkodkan dalam jadual di bawah.

Lengkapkan jadual ini. [1 markah]

Suhu T/ C 18.0 28.0 38.0 48.0
Masa t/s 73.0 49.0 36.0 25.0
1 /s–1
t

(i) Namakan alat radas yang sesuai digunakan untuk menyukat 50.0 cm3 larutan hidrogen

peroksida. [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Apakah yang menyebabkan warna biru larutan? [1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas antara hidrogen peroksida dengan kalium iodida.
[1 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Apakah hubungan antara kadar tindak balas dengan 1 ? [1 markah]
t

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(b) Plot a graph of 1 against T. [2 marks]
t

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(b) Plot graf 1 lawan T. [2 markah]
t

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(c) Based on the graph, [1 mark]
(i) state the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(ii) compare the rates of the reaction at 30 C and 40 C. Explain your answer. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...
…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(d) Describe a method to determine the appearance of the blue colouration. [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(e) Suggest an experiment to study the effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the rate of

reaction. [3 marks]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

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(c) Berdasarkan graf itu, [1 markah]
(i) nyatakan kesan suhu terhadap kadar tindak balas.

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(ii) bandingkan kadar tindak balas pada 30 C dan 40 C. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
[2 markah]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(d) Perihalkan kaedah untuk menentukan kemunculan warna biru larutan. [2 markah]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

(e) Cadangkan satu uji kaji untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan hidrogen peroksida terhadap kadar

tindak balas. [3 markah]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

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3 When water is added to a white solid U, a solution containing Al3+, NH4+ and SO42 ions is
obtained. The scheme below shows some observations obtained when certain reagents are added to
the white solid U and its aqueous solution.

(iv) K2CrO4(aq) White solid U Na2CO3(aq) Gases X and Y
Δ

Water Gas Z

White fumes

Aqueous solution of U Nessler
reagent
NaOH(aq) Ba(NO3)2(aq) Pb(NO3)2(aq)
NH3(aq) (iv)
White precipitate (i)
(iii) (v)
Excess Dilute II
NaOH(aq) HNO3
(ii)
Colourless
Δ solution Colourless
solution

I

White precipitate

Gas W

(a) What is the colour of an aqueous solution of U? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

Using Appendix A and Appendix B, answer the following questions.

(b) State the observations (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi). [6 marks]

(i) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ……………….……………………………………………………………………………

(iii) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(v) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(vi) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

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3 Apabila air ditambahkan kepada satu pepejal putih, U, satu larutan mengandung ion Al3+, ion
NH4+ dan ion SO42 diperoleh. Skema di bawah menunjukkan beberapa pemerhatian yang diperoleh

apabila reagen tertentu ditambahkan kepada pepejal putih U dan larutan akueusnya.

(iv) K2CrO4(ak) Pepejal putih U Na2CO3(ak) Gas X dan gas Y
Δ

Air Gas Z

Wasap putih

Larutan akueus U Reagen
Nessler
NaOH(ak) Ba(NO3)2(ak) Pb(NO3)2(ak)
NH3(ak) (iv)
Mendakan putih (i)
(iii) (v)
NaOH(ak) HNO3 II
berlebihan cair
(ii)
Larutan tak
Δ berwarna Larutan tak
berwarna

I

Mendakan putih

Gas W

(a) Apakah warna larutan akueus U? [1 markah]

…………………………………………………………...…………………………………..…………...

Dengan menggunakan Lampiran A dan Lampiran B, jawab soalan yang berikut.

(b) Nyatakan pemerhatian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), dan (vi). [6 markah]

(i) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) ……………….……………………………………………………………………………

(iii) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(v) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

(vi) ……….……………………………………………………………………………………

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(c) Name the gases W, X, Y and Z. [4 marks]

W:….……………………………………………………………….……………………..……...............

X:………………………………………………………………….……………………..……………….

Y:………………………………………………………………….………………..…………………….

Z: ………………………………………………………………….………………..…………................

(d) Name the reagents I and II, and state the conditions where appropriate. [2 marks]

I: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..

II:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Describe a method to test gas W. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..

....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(c) Namakan gas W, X, Y, dan Z. [4 markah]

W:….……………………………………………………………….……………………..……...............

X:………………………………………………………………….……………………..……………….

Y:………………………………………………………………….………………..…………………….

Z: ………………………………………………………………….………………..…………................

(d) Namakan reagen I dan II, dan nyatakan keadaan di mana-mana yang berkenaan. [2 markah]
I: …………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..
II:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Perihalkan satu kaedah untuk menguji gas W. [2 markah]

……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..

....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Table of Cat

Reagent NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq)
Cation White precipitate. White precipitate.

Al3+ White precipitate
soluble in excess.

Ba2+ White precipitate in White precipitate.
concentrated
solution

Ca2+ White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate in
excess reagent.

Cr3+ Greyish green Greyish green Greyish green

134 precipitate, soluble precipitate soluble in precipitate.

in excess to form excess to form purple

green solution. solution.

Cu2+ Blue precipitate, Blue precipitate, Blue precipitate, Redish brown

turns black when soluble in excess to turns black when precipitate soluble

heated. produce dark blue heated. in excess NH3(aq)

solution. Soluble in to produce blue

NH4Cl. solution.

Fe2+ Dirty green Dirty green precipitate, Dirty green Blue precipitate.
precipitate.
soluble in NH4Cl. precipitate.

Fe3+ Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Dark blue
precipitate.

tions Reactions H2S in acid medium H2S in alkaline Appendix A
medium or (NH4)2S
Na2HPO4(aq) Others reagen

White precipitate, White precipitate. (a) Aluminon reagent: red precipitate.
soluble in mineral (b) CH3COONa: no precipitate; white
acid and NaOH, Greyish green
insoluble in precipitate. precipitate when boiled.
CH3COOH. Black precipitate. (c) K2CrO4: orange yellow precipitate,

White precipitate, dissolve in mineral asid.
soluble in HNO3 or
HCl. (a) Dilute H2SO4 or CaSO4(aq): white
precipitate.
Green precipitate,
soluble in mineral (b) (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate,
acids. dissolve in hot CH3COOH.

Blue precipitate. Black precipitate, (c) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
soluble in hot
HNO3. (NH4)2C2O4: white precipitate, insoluble
in CH3COOH.

(a) Excess NaOH + H2O2: yellow
solution.

(b) Acidified solution + H2O2: blue
solution blue precipitate
yellow solution.

(a) SCN : black precipitate.
(b) KI: white precipitate in brown

solution.

Black precipitate. (a) K3Fe(CN)6(aq): dark blue precipitate.
(b) KMnO4/H+: decolourisation at room
Yellowish white Yellow precipitate. Black precipitate.
precipitate, soluble temperature.
in mineral acids,
insoluble in (a) SCN : blood red solution.
CH3COOH. (b) K3Fe(CN)6: brown solutin.
(c) KI: brown solution/yellow/black

precipitate.
(d) K2CrO4: orange brown precipitate.
(e) CH3COONa: red solution, brown

precipitate when heated.

Jadual bagi Tin

Reagen NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) Na2CO3(ak) K4Fe(CN)6(ak)
Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.
Kation Mendakan putih,
larut dalam
Al3+ berlebihan.

Ba2+ Mendakan putih Mendakan putih.
dalam larutan pekat.

Ca2+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih
dalam berlebihan.
135

Cr3+ Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau

kelabu, larut dalam kelabu, larut dalam kelabu.

berlebihan berlebihan membentuk

membentuk larutan larutan ungu.

hijau.

Cu2+ Mendakan biru, Mendakan biru, larut Mendakan biru, Mendakan coklat

menjadi hitam dalam berlebihan menjadi hitam kemerahan, larut

apabila dipanaskan. membentuk larutan apabila dalam NH3 (ak)

biru tua. Larut dalam dipanaskan. berlebihan

NH4Cl. membentuk larutan

biru.

Fe2+ Mendakan hijau Mendakan hijau kotor, Mendakan hijau Mendakan biru.
kotor.
larut dalam NH4Cl. kotor.

Fe3+ Mendakan coklat. Mendakan coklat. Mendakan coklat. Mendakan biru tua.

Lampiran A

ndak Balas Kation

Na2HPO4(ak) H2S dalam medium H2S dalam medium Reagen lain
berasid beralkali atau
(NH4)2S

Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. (a) Reagen Aluminon: mendakan
larut dalam asid merah.
mineral dan NaOH,
tak larut dalam (b) CH3COONa: tiada mendakan;
CH3COOH. mendakan putih apabila dididihkan.

(c) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning jingga,
larut dalam asid mineral.

Mendakan putih, Mendakan hitam, Mendakan hijau (a) H2SO4 cair atau CaSO4(ak):
larut dalam HNO3 larut dalam HNO3 kelabu. mendakan putih.
atau HCl. panas.
Mendakan hitam. (b) (NH4)2C2O4: mendakan putih, larut
Mendakan hijau, dalam CH3COOH panas.
larut dalam asid
mineral. (c) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning.

Mendakan biru. (NH4)2C2O4: mendakan putih, tak larut
dalam CH3COOH.

(a) NaOH berlebihan + H2O2: larutan
kuning.

(b) Asidkan larutan + H2O2: larutan
biru mendakan biru larutan
kuning.

(a) SCN-: mendakan hitam.
(b) KI: mendakan putih dalam larutan

coklat.

Mendakan hitam. (a) K3Fe(CN)6: mendakan biru tua.
(b) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan pada
Mendakan putih Mendakan kuning. Mendakan hitam.
kekuningan, larut suhu bilik.
dalam asid mineral,
tak larut dalam -
CH3COOH. (a) SCN : larutan merah darah.
(b) K3Fe(CN)6: larutan coklat.
(c) KI: larutan coklat/ kuning/

mendakan hitam.
(d) K2CrO4: mendakan coklat jingga.
(e) CH3COONa: larutan merah,

mendakan coklat apabila dididihkan.

Reagent NaOH(aq) NH3(aq) Na2CO3(aq) K4Fe(CN)6(aq)
Cation
White precipitate, White precipitate,
Mg2+ White precipitate, soluble in NH4Cl. soluble in NH4Cl.
soluble in NH4Cl.

Mn2+ White precipitate, White precipitate, Yellowish brown
turns brown. turns brown, soluble in precipitate.
NH4Cl.

Ni2+ Green precipitate. Green precipitate, Green precipitate. Green precipitate.

soluble in excess

forms blue solution.

Soluble in NH4Cl.

136 Pb2+ White precipitate, White precipitate. White precipitate. White precipitate.
soluble in excess.

Zn2+ White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate. White precipitate,
soluble in excess. soluble in excess, soluble in alkali,
soluble in NH4Cl. insoluble in
mineral acid.

NH4+ Pungent gas Pungent gas liberated
liberated when when heated.
heated.

Na2HPO4(aq) H2S in acid medium H2S in alkaline Others reagent
medium or (NH4)2S

White precipitate, Yellowish brown (a) Magneson reagent + NaOH: blue
soluble in mineral precipitate. precipitate.
acid.
(b) Na3PO4: white precipitate.
Yellowish brown
precipitate turns (a) Sodium bismutate + HNO3: violet
brown when heated. solution.

(b) PbO2 + HNO3 (conc): violet
solution.

(c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: violet solution.
(d) NaClO + NaO: dark brown

precipirate.

Green precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dimetilglioksima reagent + NH3:
red precipitate.

(b) NaClO + NaOH: black precipitate.

White precipitate. Black precipitate. Black precipitate. (a) Dilute HCl: white precipitate,
White precipitate. soluble when heated; reforms when
White precipitate, cool.
soluble in NaOH,
mineral acid or (b) Dilute H2SO4: White precipitate,
NH4Cl. soluble in (NH4)2C2O4.

(c) KI: yellow precipitate, soluble
when is heated, reforms when cool.

(d) K2CrO4: yellow precipitate.
(e) NaClO: dark brown precipitate.

K3Fe(CN)6: orange brown precipitate.

(a) Nessler reagent: brown precipitate.
(b) Heated with NaOH, gases evolved

tested with concentrated HCl: white
fume.

Reagen NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) Na2CO3(ak) K4Fe(CN)6(ak)
Kation
Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih,
Mg2+ Mendakan putih, larut dalam NH4Cl. larut dalam NH4Cl.
larut dalam NH4Cl.

Mn2+ Mendakan putih Mendakan putih Mendakan coklat
bertukar menjadi bertukar menjadi kekuningan.
coklat. coklat. Larut dalam
NH4Cl.

Ni2+ Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hijau, larut Mendakan hijau. Mendakan hijau.

dalam berlebihan

membentuk larutan

137 biru muda. Larut

dalam NH4Cl.

Pb2+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.

larut dalam

berlebihan.

Zn2+ Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih,
NH4+ larut dalam larut dalam berlebihan. larut dalam alkali,
berlebihan. Larut dalam NH4Cl. tak larut dalam
asid mineral.

Gas berbau hancing Gas berbau hancing
dibebaskan apabila dibebaskan apabila
dipanaskan. dipanaskan.

Na2HPO4(ak) H2S dalam medium H2S dalam medium Reagen lain
berasid beralkali atau
Mendakan putih, (NH4)2S
larut dalam asid
mineral. (a) Reagen Magneson + NaOH:
mendakan biru.
Mendakan coklat
kekuningan menjadi (b) Na3PO4: mendakan putih.
coklat apabila
dipanaskan. Mendakan coklat (a) Natrium bismutat + HNO3:
kekuningan. larutan ungu/lembayung.
Mendakan hijau.
(b) PbO2 + HNO3 pekat: larutan ungu/
lembayung.

(c) K2S2O8 + AgNO3: larutan ungu/
lembayung.

(d) NaClO: mendakan coklat tua.

Mendakan hitam. (a) Reagen dimetilglioksima + NH3:
mendakan merah.

(b) NaClO + NaOH: mendakan hitam.

Mendakan putih. Mendakan hitam. Mendakan hitam. (a) HCl cair: mendakan putih, larut
Mendakan putih. apabila panas; terbentuk semula
Mendakan putih, apabila disejukkan.
larut dalam NaOH,
NH4Cl, atau asid (b) H2SO4 cair: mendakan putih,
mineral larut dalam (NH4)2C2O4.

(c) KI: mendakan kuning, larut
apabila panas; terbentuk semula
apabila disejukkan.

(d) K2CrO4: mendakan kuning.
(e) NaClO: mendakan coklat tua.

K3Fe(CN)6: mendakan coklat jingga.

(a) Reagen Nessler: mendakan
coklat.

(b) Panaskan dengan NaOH, uji gas
dengan HCl pekat: wasap putih.

Table of Anio

Reagent Dilute HCl or Concentrated H2SO4 BaCl2(aq) or AgNO3(aq)
H2SO4 Ba(NO3)2(aq)
Anion Gas burned with a blue
flame is liberated.
HCOO Choking gas is White precipitate tur
liberated. black.

CH3 COO Gas smell of vinegar is Gas of vinegar smell is White precipitate in
released when heated. released. concentrated solutio
soluble in HNO3 or
NH3(aq).

C6 H5 COO White precipitate, White precipitate, White precipitate,
soluble in hot water, soluble in hot water; soluble in hot water
white crystal formed white crystal formed NH3(aq).
upon cooling. upon cooling.

138 C2 O42 Gas burned with blue White White precipitate,
flame and gas turned lime precipitate, soluble in HNO3 or
water chalky when soluble in HCl, NH3(aq).
heated. HNO3 or H2SO4.

Cl White fume is formed. White precipitate,

insoluble in HNO3 b

soluble in NH3(aq).

Br Redish-brown gas is Light yellow
liberated. precipitate, insoluble

in dulute HNO3 or

NH3(aq).

I Brown fume is formed; Yellow precipitate,

purple fume formed when insoluble in dilute

heated. HNO3 or NH3(aq).

Appendix B

on Reactions

Pb(NO3)2(aq) atau FeCl3(aq) Others reagent
Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)
rns Dark red solution; brown (a) KMnO4/H+: decolouration.
precipitate when heated. (b) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
on,
fragrant smell
White precipitate.
or Red solution; brown (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
precipitate when heated. fragrant smell.
White precipitate,
soluble in HNO3. (b) Sodalime: gas burned with blue flame
without soot.

Yellowish-brown (a) CH3CH2OH + a little concentrated H2SO4:
precipitate. fragrant smell.

(b) Sodalime: gas burned with yellow flame
without soot.

(a) KMnO4/H+: decolourised when heated.
(b) CaCl2(aq): when precipitate.

White precipitate, MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): greenish-yellow gas
but soluble in hot water; or is liberated.

concentrated HCl; white (a) MnO2(s) + H2SO4 (conc): redish-brown gas
crystal formed upon is liberated.
cooling.
(b) Cl2 /NaOCl(aq) + CCl4: redish-brown
White precipitate, colouration at the bottom layer.
e soluble in hot water,
(c) Concentrated HNO3 and heated: redish-
white crystal formed brown gas is liberated.
upon cooling.
(a) Cl2 water/NaOCl(aq)/Br2 water + CCl4:
Yellow precipitate, Redish brown solution. redish violet colouration formed at the
soluble in hot water; bottom layer.
yellow crystal formed
upon cooling. (b) NaNO2(aq) + dilute asid: brown solution
and brown gas is liberated.

Jadual bagi Tind

Reagen HCl cair atau H2SO4 pekat BaCl2(ak) atau AgNO3(ak)
Anion H2SO4 cair Ba(NO3)2(ak)

HCOO Gas berbau sengit Gas terbakar Mendakan putih
dibebaskan. dengan nyalaan biru menjadi hitam.
dibebaskan.

CH3 COO Gas berbau cuka Gas berbau cuka Mendakan putih
dibebaskan apabila dibebaskan. dalam larutan peka
dipanaskan. larut dalam HNO3
atau NH3(ak).

C6 H5 COO Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas; larut dalam air panas; larut dalam air pana
hablur putih apabila hablur putih apabila atau NH3(ak).
disejukkan. disejukkan.

139 C2 O42 Gas terbakar dengan Mendakan putih, Mendakan putih,
nyalaan biru dan gas larut dalam HCl, larut dalam HNO3
mengeruhkan air kapur HNO3 , atau atau NH3(ak).
apabila dipanaskan. H2SO4.

Cl Wasap putih dibebaskan. Mendakan putih,
tidak larut dalam

HNO3 tetapi larut

dalam NH3(ak).

Br Gas coklat kemerahan Mendakan kuning
dibebaskan. pucat, tidak larut

dalam HNO3 cair

atau NH3(ak).

I Wasap coklat dibebaskan; Mendakan kuning,
wasap ungu dibebaskan tidak larut dalam

apabila dipanaskan. HNO3 cair atau

NH3(ak).

dak Balas Anion Lampiran B

Pb(NO3)2(ak) atau FeCl3(ak) Reagen lain
Pb(CH3COO)2(ak)
(a) KMnO4/H+: penyahwarnaan.
Larutan merah tua; (b) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
mendakan coklat
apabila dipanaskan. bau buah-buahan/wangi.

Larutan merah; (a) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
at, mendakan coklat bau buah-buahan/wangi.

apabila dididihkan. (b) Kapur soda: gas terbakar dengan
nyalaan biru tanpa jelaga.
Mendakan putih. Mendakan coklat
as kekuningan. (a) CH3CH2OH + sedikit H2SO4 pekat:
bau buah-buahan/wangi.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam HNO3. (b) Kapur soda: gas terbakar dengan
nyalaan kuning berjelaga.
Mendakan putih,
larut dalam air panas (a) KMnO4/H+: dinyahwarnakan apabila
atau HCl pekat; dipanaskan.
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan. (b) CaCl2(ak): mendakan putih.

Mendakan putih, MnO2(p) + H2SO4 pekat: gas kuning
larut dalam air panas; kehijauan dibebaskan.
hablur putih apabila
disejukkan. (a) MnO2(p) + H2SO4 pekat: gas
coklat kemerahan dibebaskan.
Mendakan kuning, Larutan coklat
larut dalam air panas; kemerahan. (b) Air Cl2 /NaOCl(ak) + CCl4: lapisan
hablur kuning apabila bawah berwarna coklat kemerahan.
disejukkan.
(c) HNO3 pekat dan panas: gas coklat
kemerahan dibebaskan.

(a) Air Cl2/NaOCl/air Br2 + CCl4: lapisan
bawah berwarna ungu.

(b) NaNO2(ak) + asid cair: larutan coklat
dan gas coklat dibebaskan.