Class 6 Kaushal Pragyata

KVS RO DELHI REGION कौशल - प्रज्ञता STUDY MATERIAL FOR WORK EDUCATION FOR CLASS 6 (As per National Education Policy 2020)

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Note from Deputy Commissioner The National Education Policy 2020 has given due importance to vocational education, and capacity development of teachers to boost the employability skills and vocational skills of the learners at all levels. It heralds the potentially explosive growth of vocational education in the country since it requires all educational institutions to integrate vocational education into their offerings In a concentrated effort to ensure access and afford opportunity to all students to obtain quality and uniform vocational educational, KVS Delhi Region has designed the content to redefine Work Education as part of Skill Education and integrated vocational education with general education, with focus on social inclusion, gender equality and inclusive education. An attempt is made to introduce vocational indigenous crafts and promote them from class VI onwards and also to integrate new age skills, 21st century skills and entrepreneurship education in schools. A multidisciplinary approach is used to integrate the subject with Science, Math, Social Sciences and Languages to take their learning further, solving problems and thinking of betterment and development of self and community as a whole. Work Education for Class VI to VIII is reimagined as कौशल - प्रज्ञता (Skill Learning), and is an attempt to introduce Vocational courses in a Joyful manner with mainly hands on activities to give practical exposure to child as a series of occupation. It is and endeavor to give them exposure to understand framework of industry. Students are given opportunity to test their skills, learn from mistakes and identify their weak points. The activities are made to encourage self – learning and to familiarize students with tools and equipment’s required. A great effort is made to leverage the effective elements of social learning and experiential learning in a structured manner. We have tried to introduce basket of skills which include, agriculture, crafts, pottery, communication skills, Photography, Robotics, Origami, Electric circuits, stitching etc. Students may learn how to create an idea, connect to relevant stakeholders, and serve the community. Their exposure to the adult world is real and authentic, helping feed their need for meaning and purpose. Note to Teachers The book is a suggestive material for teaching. Teacher can use their own innovative ways to make “Work Education” more experiential, integrated, discovery oriented, useful, fulfilling and enjoyable, to develop creative potential of students with sound ethical moorings and values, while building upon Indian’s traditions and ethics for the purposes of national pride, self-confidence, self-knowledge, cooperation and integration as emphasized in NEP 2020. In the book, we have given 6 Assessment projects, on which teacher is expected to Grade students. It is expected that each child completes at least 4 projects to the perfection under teacher’s guidance.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Note to students Practice leads to perfection. One cannot be an expert overnight. More the practice, greater the expertise. Learning something new is difficult, especially at the beginning when we’re likely to put an effort and make mistakes. The reality is, the only way to learn something new is to practice for skill development, after understanding the concept. For example, being a parent of swimmers, I can tell you exactly what the butterfly stroke should look like: the kick and the pull, and how the arms have to be, and how the turn need to work. I know how to swim butterfly. But if I have to swim, I will not be able to swim the butterfly at all. That’s the difference between intellectual understanding and the skill development. Practice and experience is the only way to become proficient in a new skill or behavior. Try to experience all the activities in the book and then further explore your creativity and get vocational exposure. It will help you become innovative, adaptable and productive human beings and will give a chance towards entrepreneurship. While trying to get hands on experience in various skills, students are requested to ponder on following- How can you help in growth and development of your community and neighborhood? What are the problems or needs that exist at your school and how can you work with students to develop projects around them? How might you connect yourself with community partners so they can make an impact in the ‘real world?’ What jobs exist in your city/village/town? How might you connect yourself to these occupations?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby acknowledge the contribution and counsel of Smt. Poonam Mallik, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region) as Chief Coordinator with Content Development Team and Sh. Sanjit Kumar, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region), Smt. Shilbala Singh, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region) for their regular support and inputs during various meetings. I also acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Pravin Kumar, Administrative Officer (KVS Delhi Region) and Ms. Shivani Suneja, Finance Officer (KVS Delhi Region) for helping in Printing and Publishing. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution and determination of Ms. Monika Batra, Vice Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri as Regional Coordinator and author and the authors Ms Amita Rana, TGT WE KV Janakpuri, Mr Avdhesh kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, Mr Shivam TGT WE KV Janak Puri, Mr Pushkar, TGT WE, KV Masjid Moth and Ms Jhanjha Chakravarty, KV DC-3 in content development. The contribution of Ms Jaswinder, TGT WE and Ms Monika TGT KV AGCR is acknowledged for content contribution. The contributions of Ms Monika Batra, (VP), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri, Mr. Avdhesh Kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, NCERT Br., Ms.Jhanjha Chakrabarthi, TGT Eng, KV Delhi Cantt 3. and Ms. Amita Rana TGT (Work Experience), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri are acknowledged for reviewing the manuscript of the series. The untiring efforts of Ms Monika Batra, (VP), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri, Mr. Avdhesh Kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, NCERT Br. for formatting, editing, compilation and final review is highly acknowledged. (Nagendra Goyal) Deputy Commissioner

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 2 KVS DELHI REGION 2022-23 WORK EXPERIENCE CLASS 6 Sl. No. Units Contents Introduction to Work Education 1 Origami 1.1 Introduction to Origami 1.2 Basic Paper Fold Patterns & Geometrical Shapes 1.3 Animals/Bird making through Origami 1.4 2D & 3D Geometrical patterns 1.5 Mathematical lamps 2 Electric Circuits 2.1 Introduction to Electric Circuit 2.2 Sign up in Tinkercad 2.3 Circuits Dashboard in Tinkercad 2.4 Design different circuits using Tinkercad 2.5 Components of Electric Circuit. 3 Conductor, Insulators & Electrical tools 3.1 Conductors 3.2 Insulators 3.3 Semiconductors 3.4 Applications of different types of Materials Electrical Tools 3.4.1 What are Electrical tools? 3.4.2 Different types of Electrical tools 4 Food & Nutrition 4.1 Raw food vs Cooked Food 4.2 Balanced Diet Plate 4.3 Know Your Appetite: Portion control 4.4 Sensitization on food wastage 5 AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND ENVIORNMENT 5.1 Vertical Garden 5.2 Soil Testing

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 3 5.3 Seeds to Sapling 6 Artisan Wisdom 6.1 Stitching & sewing 6.2 Soft/Stuff Toys 6.3 Block Printing 7 First Aid 7.1 Basic of First Aid 7.2 Choking 7.3 Bleeding 7.4 Fracture 7.5 Burns 8 Fire Safety 8.1 Introduction to Fire 8.2 Classes of Fire 8.3 Factors that promote Fire. 8.4 Pros and Cons of fire. 8.5 Fire Safety Do’s and Don’ts 9 Arduino IDE 9.1 Arduino IDE Interface 9.2 Identification of Arduino Uno Board 9.3 Tinkercad account 10 Photography 10.1 Basic Rules of Photography 10.2 Controls of Camera 10.3 ISO, Shutter speed & Aperture 11 Appendix

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 4 WORK EDUCATION Work Education provides the basis for building up a proper attitude towards work, developing favorable work values and habits, imparting necessary knowledge related to work, and developing appropriate work skills, which can help the children to become productive and self-reliant in meeting their day-today needs and those of their families and communities. Definition of Work Education: - Work Education is viewed as purposive and meaningful manual work, organized as an integral part of the learning process, and resulting in goods or services useful to the community, besides the pleasure of self-fulfillment. It should be an essential component at all stages of education and must be provided through a well-structured and graded programmer. The competencies to be developed in this field should include knowledge, understanding skills, and values through need-based life activities. Major categories of work, which need to be specifically emphasized include: ● Work on the needs of an individual, such as health, hygiene, clothing, cleanliness, etc. ● Work at home to be performed as a member of the family. ● Work in the classroom, school, and in the out-of-school activities integrated with school life. ● Work as a learning experience through other subjects such as physical education, art education, social studies, science, etc. ● Work in the community focused on selfless service. ● Work relating to vocational development, production, social usefulness and exploration of the opportunities and care pathways.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 5 1. ORIGAMI 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORIGAMI 1.2 BASIC PAPER FOLD PATTERNS & GEOMETRICAL SHAPES 1.3 ANIMALS/BIRD MAKING THROUGH ORIGAMI 1.4 2D AND 3D GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS 1.5 MATHEMATICAL LAMPS INTRODUCTION: Aryan and Gowri were playing in the park when it started raining. They ran towards their house; Aryan’s Grandma was sitting on a chair on the porch. Gowri: Namaskaar Dadi. We were playing outside when it started raining. Grandma: Yes dear, it looks so beautiful. You know when we were of your age, we used to play with paper boats once it stopped raining. Aryan: Oh, paper boat! What is that? Gowri: It is a boat made of paper. Grandma: We used to take an old newspaper and make a boat from it using ORIGAMI. Aryan: What is ORIGAMI? Gowri: ORIGAMI is an art of paper folding. You can make many things from it. Aryan: Origami! Will you tell me more about this amazing Paper Art form? Gowri: Yes, sure! I would love to. 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORIGAMI Origami is a Japanese art form of folding paper into different shapes and patterns. There is no cutting and tearing of paper involved. You can also make 2D and 3D objects like animals, birds, and human figures. Aryan: I’m so thrilled to learn this art form. Will you tell me how to make the paper folds the way you are doing it? Gowri: We need origami sheets to make these paper folds. For starters, we can use newspapers too. Some of the basic paper fold patterns are: 1.2 BASIC PAPER FOLD PATTERNS/ GEOMETRICAL SHAPES: - Some basic paper fold patterns are listed below: 1. Mountain fold: Fold the paper into two halves. With a Mountain Fold, the crease bends the paper down and the crease looks like a mountain.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 6 Mountain fold Valley Fold 2. Valley Fold: Valley fold is like (similar to) the mountain fold. One has to fold the paper into two halves. With a valley fold the crease bends the paper up and the crease looks like a valley. 3. Book fold: It is the simplest fold in origami and looks like a valley fold. You have to fold the paper into two halves so that it looks like a book. 4. Squash fold: With this type of fold, you have to take a flap of paper and squash (press) it flat. You have to flatten the flaps of paper. The steps for a squash fold are shown in the figure: Step a: Make a mountain fold or a valley fold. Step b: Unfold the flaps which are to be squashed. Step c: Keep the flap which is to be squashed towards you. Step d: Pry apart the layers of paper. It will create a valley fold or a mountain fold. Step e: Squash down the layer of paper in its place. This completes the squash fold. 5. Inside Reverse Fold: In this type of fold the paper is usually folded inside the model. Steps for making Inside Reverse fold: Step a: Take an origami paper. Step b: Fold the top point to the bottom point Step c: Fold the right part diagonally down. Step d: Unfold the previous Step Step e: Open the right section a little and reverse the front across the diagonal crease. Step f: Push the corner inside and flatten the paper. This completes the Inside Reverse Fold. Inside Reverse Fold

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 7 Outside Reverse Fold: In this type of fold, the paper is usually folded outside the model. Steps for making Outside Reverse fold: Step a: Fold the paper to make a triangle and at the corner tips make a dashed line. Make a valley fold on the dashed line. Fold the outer layers of the paper. Step b: Flip the paper over. Make a valley fold on the outer layers of the paper only. Step c: Flip the paper over. Step d: Open the paper slightly and fold the corners. Aryan: These paper fold patterns sound interesting. Would you tell me if I can use origami in making my projects for different subjects? Gowri: Yes, of course, you can use origami in different subjects like Mathematics for making different geometrical patterns. You can also make paper toys or objects. Aryan: I am wondering if I can make animals, birds, and human figures also from origami. Gowri: Yes! Definitely. Come, I will tell you how to make different animals or bird figures which will help you in your science projects. 1.3 ANIMAL/BIRD MAKING THROUGH ORIGAMI 1.3.1 Origami frog: Gowri: Lets us make a frog first. It’s easy and we can play with this too. Steps for making an origami frog 1. Begin with a square sheet, if you have a regular origami sheet fold it diagonally and cut the remaining part. A square sheet will be formed. 2. Take the square sheet, fold the paper horizontally and then unfold it. 3. Now fold the paper vertically, repeat with the vertical fold and then unfold. We will use these creases for making a frog. 4. Fold the paper as shown along the dotted line and then unfold. 5. Fold the paper along the dotted line from the left side and then unfold 6. Turn the paper. 7. Fold the paper in half along the crease that is already present. 8. Place everything flat following the crease. 9. Along the dotted line, fold the bottom part of the paper up. 10. Along the dotted line, fold the left side of the paper towards the center. That top triangle should not be folded. It will be tucked behind the paper.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 8 11. Along the dotted line, fold the right side of the paper towards the center. Don't fold the top triangle this time; instead, tuck the paper behind it. 12. Follow the remaining steps as shown in figure 1.4.1 An Origami Frog Aryan: This is fantastic, and you know when I press it from the back it hops! My younger brother would love it. Gowri: Yes, it’s amazing. You can try various other animals too like Fish and Birds. See the classroom learning activity below. Please follow the steps mentioned in the activity. LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.3.2 Origami Fish Steps for making an origami fish: - 1. Take a square sheet. 2. Fold the paper diagonally by folding the upper left corner to the lower right corner and then unfold it. 3. Fold the paper diagonally by folding the upper right corner to the lower-left corner and then unfold it. 4. Fold the top half back and then unfold. 5. Place your finger at the center and then tuck the paper inwards from the center to form a triangle. 6. Fold the top flap over the bottom. 7. Fold the lower flap upwards, a little up from the center. 8. Turn the fish over. Draw the eyes and add some strips to make it more attractive. 9. Your origami fish is ready.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 9 STEP BY STEP PICTURES FOR MAKING AN ORIGAMI FISH Making an origami fish 1.3.3 Origami Bird Steps for making an origami Bird: 1. Take a square Origami paper. 2. Fold the upper right corner to the lower-left corner and form a triangle. 3. Keep the triangle with the paper opening pointing below (upside-down triangle) as shown in the picture step 3. 4. Fold one layer of the front flap up, from about the middle of the section behind. Don't make this flap too thin because this will become the wings. 5. Fold the left section over to the right, aligning the wings together. 6. Fold the right section back over to the left, leaving a gap. Notice the triangular section aligns with the edge underneath. Take the bottom corner of the top layer and fold it up as shown. 7. Fold the paper by folding the left side to the right side. 8. Turn a little and fold to make a beak. Draw eyes with a pen. Your bird is ready. Draw the eyes of the bird and make it fly high in the sky.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Making an origami Bird 1.3.4 Making an Origami Butterfly STEP BY STEP PICTURES FOR MAKING AN ORIGAMI BUTTERFLY STEP BY STEP PICTURES FOR MAKING AN ORIGAMI BIRD

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 11 1.4 - 2D AND 3D GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS Aryan: Gowri! my dear, it was fun to make and play with my paper animals. I was wondering if I can make some objects for Math’s project as these paper objects are lightweight and it would be useful for me. Gowri: Yes Aryan, we can make mathematical objects too, but sometimes it needs a little cutting too. Let me show you some basic shapes like cubes, cuboids, and cones. 1.4.1 CUBE Steps for Making Paper Cube: Take a paper, best try to use a newspaper or a rough sheet for practice. 1. In the center of your paper, draw a long rectangle and divide it up into four 2.5-inch squares 2. From the top draw another square to the right of the second square. 3. Draw another square to the left of the second or third square from the top. 4. With scissors, cut along the outside edges of the shape. 5. Fold the paper inward and put tape on the ends. The cube is ready. 1.4.2 CUBOID Steps for making Paper Cuboid: 1. Take a paper, best try to use newspaper or a rough sheet for practice. 2. Divide the paper into four equal-sized rectangles. 3. In one section draw and cut two squares and remove the other section. 4. With scissors, cut along the outside edges of the shape. 5. Cut the paper as shown in the cuboid template 6. Fold and put glue on the ends. Your cuboid is ready.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 12 1.4.3 Cone Steps for Making a Paper cone: 1. Cut a big circle out of paper. 2. Cut the wedge out of paper as shown in the figure. Cut along the arrow and wrap it up 3. Use glue or tape to secure the ends. 4. Your cone is ready. Gowri: Now that we are done with basic shapes let’s make a pyramid. Aryan: Pyramids, what are they? Gowri: Like the pyramids in Egypt. It has a square base and four triangles. Aryan: Could you please elaborate? Gowri: Sure! A pyramid is a shape with a flat base and three or four sides in the shape of triangles. Aryan: Thanks a ton! 1.4.4 Square Based Pyramid Steps to make a square-based pyramid. 1. Take a square of paper and cut it as shown in the figure below 2. A pyramid template pattern will have a square base with a triangle attached to each side of the base. 3. Tabs will be on two or all four of these triangles. 4. The four triangles will come together and unite at the top to form the pyramid faces once they've been cut out. 5. Secure the ends by taping or applying glue. 1.5 MATHEMATICAL LAMPS Gowri: See how beautiful your square pyramid is looking. Do you want to make a lamp out of it? Aryan: Yes, I would love to. But I do not know anything about electric circuits. Gowri: Do not worry about it. I will explain it to you, but before that let us make the paper structures as Vaidurya and Pratibha have made. I would love to learn from them. We will make tetrahedron first. Before that let’s understand the difference between a square pyramid and a tetrahedron. A squarebased pyramid has a square base, and all its other faces are triangles, whereas, a

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 13 tetrahedron has a triangular base and all its faces are equilateral triangles. Thus, a square-based pyramid is not a tetrahedron. Tetrahedron Lamp Vaidurya: Yes, I had seen it on the eklavaya series. But never thought of making them. Will you try with me? Pratibha: Yes, I have downloaded the design for Tetrahedron lamp. Templates can be printed or traced on paper.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 14 Vaidurya: What all will we need for it? Let's collect all material and make a list of things we need. Pratibha: You collect the material. Meanwhile, I will trace the design. We can also take prints After a few moments, they paste them on a pastel sheet for cutting. Vaidurya: Cut them neatly and please ensure that you do not cut the flaps. These will be used for pasting. Pratibha: Yes, will place the triangle side by side as shown in fig below to form a structure of tetrahedron, and using flaps paste it. Before placing the last flap your tetrahedron lamp is ready. Aryan: Wow! So, our lamp is ready. Can I use it? Pratibha: Not yet Aryan, be patient. We will need to put wiring and lights in it. Aryan: But I have no idea about electric components. Gowri: Do not worry, as we proceed, we will learn about these too. But before that let me show you more template designs. You can make Octahedron Lamp and Icosahedron Lamp. Aryan: What are those? Gowri: See, in tetrahedron we had four triangles and pasted them. In Octahedron we will have eight triangles and in Icosahedron we use 20 triangles. Aryan: Then it will be a big lamp. Pratibha: Yes, but for the Icosahedron lamp we can make smaller triangles and make 2 or maybe 4 triangles on a single page. Aryan: Ok, got it. Pratibha: And you know, it is special because each vertex contains 5 triangles and the last of its series. Vaidurya: Can you guess something in the same pattern with vertex containing 6 or 7 triangles? Pratibha: No, this is not possible for 6 or more triangles.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 15 LEARNING ACTIVITY Make Octahedron and Icosahedron lamps. Hint: Make triangles as in the template above and paste them as shown below. For Octahedron you will need 8 triangles as Octa means 8 and it will have 8 faces, and Icosahedron will need 20 triangles as it has 20 faces. Octahedron Lamp Icosahedron Lamp

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 16 2. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 2.2 SIGN UP IN TINKERCAD 2.3 CIRCUITS DASHBOARD IN TINKERCAD 2.4 DESIGN DIFFERENT CIRCUITS USING TINKERCAD 2.5 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. Gowri: Hi Aryan! Have a look at my Icosahedron Lamp. I have also put LED in it. Aryan: Oh… It is so beautiful Gowri. How did you put that LED and wiring in it? Gowri: I brought a few electronic components from the market and made an electric circuit. Aryan: I don’t understand what you are saying. Gowri: Don’t worry Aryan! Let us learn the concept of the Electric circuit, then you will be able to understand the proper connection between these electronic components. Aryan: Oh! Electric Circuit. Gowri: Yes, the concept of the Electric Circuit is very easy to understand, and you would be able to apply it. Now, let us discuss first what Electric Circuit is. 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: An Electric circuit is a closed path consisting of various types of electronic components such as electric cells, electric bulbs, switches, connecting wires, etc. When an electric circuit is complete, electricity (current) passes through it. When one terminal of the electric cell is connected to the other terminal through connecting wires passing to and from the electric bulb. A simple connection between the electric cell and the electric bulb with the help of connecting wire is shown in fig 2.1 below. This type of arrangement is an example of a simple electric circuit. The electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to pass (current to flow) between the two terminals of the electric cell. The bulb glows only when current flows through the circuit. Fig. 2.1 A Simple Electric Circuit An Electric Circuit is a closed path consisting of various electronic component Electric Bulb Connecting Wires Electric Cell

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 17 Gowri: You can try this also. Aryan: I do not have the components to try it. Gowri: If you don’t have electrical components, you can design a virtual circuit. It will work the same as the genuine electrical circuit works. You can even buy the components from the market. Aryan: Virtual circuit? How can we design virtual circuits? Gowri: Yes, we can use Tinkercad to design virtual circuits and almost every component is available to you in Tinkercad’s Circuits. It works the same way your actual circuit works. Aryan: Oh! Thank you so much dear for sharing such wonderful information. Can you provide more information on how it works? 2.2 SIGNUP TO CIRCUIT IN TINKERCAD: Gowri: Aryan! The process of signup is very simple. Just follow the steps as follows Step 1: Visit https://www.tinkercad.com/ to sign up for a free account. Step 2: Choose ‘Join now’.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 18 Step 3: Sign up by creating a Personal Account or existing google account or join as a student through class code if your teacher has provided it. You may use the kvsrodelhi email provided by the school. Step 4: After logging into your Tinkercad account, your screen will appear like the below. Click on ‘Circuits’ to design virtual circuits in Tinkercad. Step 5: After clicking on ‘Circuits’, click on “Create new Circuit” as shown in fig. below.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 19 Step 6: Once you click on “Create new Circuit”, a whole new page will appear on the screen as shown in fig below with components and workstation. 2.3 CIRCUIT DESIGNING IN TINKERCAD: Let’s start with a simple Will be used to rotate in Step 3 circuit of a battery and bulb. Step 1: Click on the project’s name to rename it to “My first Circuit” and then type ‘battery’ in the search box to select battery from a basic component. Step 2: Drag and drop the 1.5 V battery and repeat the process for the bulb too. Step 3: Rotate the battery by clicking the rotate button at the topmost left-hand side and adjust the battery. Work Station Components Project Name Drag the battery Will be used in step 3 to rotate

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 20 Step 4: Click on the positive terminal of the battery. Two-axis i.e., horizontal axis and vertical axis will appear in blue. Step 5: Once the blue line gets converted into wire (you need to move the mouse), click on the screen and turn the wire to connect it to the terminal of the bulb. Note: Wire will be of green colour and when you want to bend or turn the wire, click at that point (where you want to turn). Step 6: Once both the terminals are connected, click on the wire to change the color of the wire as shown in the figure below and select the wire’s color to red. Step 7: Repeat the process for the negative terminal of the battery. Connect it to the other terminal and change the color of the wire to black. Step 8: Now, click on the ‘start simulation’ button to examine the working of your circuit design. If the bulb is glowing, then your design is perfect. If not, make necessary corrections in your design. In this way, you can design your first virtual working circuit. 2.4 DIFFERENT CIRCUITS USING THINKERCAD Aryan: Ok, I understood that an electric circuit is a closed path consisting of various electronic components such as batteries, bulbs, switches, LEDs, etc. in which electric current can flow. An electric circuit is an interconnection of electronic components in such a way that an electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful tasks. Gowri: There is one more term - The circuit diagram. Aryan: The circuit diagram must be the pictorial representation of the circuit. Gowri: Perfect, Aryan. A circuit diagram is a simplified conventional graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 21 of components, while a schematic diagram shows the components of the circuit as simplified standard symbols. Learning Activity 1: - Try and make the circuit diagram of the above circuit. In an electric circuit, the direction of current is taken to be from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the electric cell. When the circuit is complete, the electricity flows through the circuit and when the current flows through the circuit, the bulb glows. There are two types of circuits. 1. Open Circuit: Open circuit is a type of circuit in which the circuit is broken with the help of a switch and no current flows through the circuit. An example of the open circuit has been shown in the figure below. When the switch is in the off state, the circuit breaks, no current flows through the circuit, and hence the bulb doesn't glow. As in a fan, tube, etc. Open circuit diagram showing switch in the off state 2. Closed-circuit: Closed-circuit is a type of electrical circuit in which the circuit is completed with the help of a switch (“ON” state) and current flows through the circuit. When current flows through the circuit, the electric bulb glows. An example of a closed-circuit has been shown in the figure below. When the switch is in the ON state, the circuit is complete, and current flows through the circuit, hence the bulb glows. Closed-circuit diagram showing switch in an off state

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 22 An Electric circuit is simple when it has fewer electronic components and complex when multiple electronic components are added to the circuit. So, here we will talk about a simple electric circuit consisting of fewer than 3-4 electronic components. Learning Activity 2: Design a circuit consisting of a battery, bulb, and switch. Step 1: Drag and drop all the required components such as battery, bulb, and switch to the workspace. Step 2: Connect the positive terminal of the battery to the bulb terminal. Choose the color of the wire to red. Connect the negative terminal of the battery to the common terminal of the switch and choose the terminal of the wire to black. Step 3: Connect terminal 2 of the bulb to terminal 1 of the switch and choose the color of the wire to green. Step 4: Click on the ‘Start Simulation’ button to examine your circuit design. The circuit is working properly if the bulb glows when it is switched “ON”, and the bulb does not glow when it is switched “OFF” 2.5 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT: The main components of a simple Electric Circuit: 1. Electric Cell 2. Electric Bulb 3. Switch 4. Connecting wires, etc.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 23 There are many more components, but we will discuss them in higher classes. Let us discuss the above-mentioned electronic components one by one. Electric Cell: The electric cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Electricity to the bulb in a torch is provided by the electric cell. Electric cells are used in wall clocks, remote control, and many more devices. Aryan got late for school today as his clock had stopped which he realized after his school bus had left. Gowri asked him the reason for his late coming to the school. Gowri: Aryan how come you were late today and missed your assembly? Aryan. You know my clock had stopped. When I got up it showed 7. After I got ready for school, it still showed seven. It was then that I came to know I had got up an hour late. The clock has to be repaired, I guess. Gowri: Or maybe the cell has to be replaced with a new one. Aryan: Point. But Gowri why does the cell stop functioning, I wonder. Gowri: Have you ever pondered over Electric Cells? Let us discuss this in detail today. An electric cell has two terminals, the positive (+) terminal & the negative (-) terminal. A Simple Electric Cell The metal cap that every cell has, is the positive terminal of the electric cell and the metal disc below the electric cell is the negative terminal of the electric cell. Aryan: Yes, I have noticed the plus, minus signs on the cells. But tell me something. How does the electric cell help run remotes, clocks, and toys? Gowri: The electric cell produces electrical energy with the help of chemical reactions happening inside it. Aryan: You mean the cell has chemicals inside them? Positive (+ve) Terminal Negative (-ve) terminal

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 24 Gowri: Yes. The chemicals inside the cell react with each other and in the process produce electrical charge (electrons) which flows through the closed circuit and produces current. Aryan: But why do the electric cells stop working? Gowri: When the chemicals in the electric cell are used up, the electric cell stops producing electricity. The electric cell then has to be replaced with a new one. Aryan: Hmm. I better remember to buy a new cell after school. Symbol of Electric Cell: The Electric cell symbol which is used in circuit diagrams is shown below. Electric Bulb: An electric bulb is a device that converts electrical energy into heat or light energy. An electric bulb has a thick glass outer cover that is fixed on a metallic base. When we see inside the bulb, we find a thin wire which emits light that is called the filament of the bulb. The filament is fixed to two thicker wires, which also provide support to it. One of these thick wires is connected to the metal case at the base of the bulb. The other thick wire is connected to the metal tip at the center of the base. The base of the bulb and the metal tip of the base are the two terminals of the bulb. These two terminals are fixed in such a way that they do not touch each other. The electric bulbs used at home also have a similar design. The figure of an electric bulb is shown below: Positive (+ve) Terminal Negative (-ve) terminal Longer leg Shorter Leg Glass Cover Filament of Bulb 1st Terminal 2nd Terminal

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 25 An Electric Bulb When the two terminals of the bulb are connected to the two terminals of the electric cell with the help of connecting wires, the circuit is complete and the current flows through the circuit. Symbol of Electric bulb: The Electric bulb symbol shown below is used in the electric circuit diagram. Electric Switch: The switch is an electric device that is used in the electric circuit to regulate the flow of electric current in the circuit. The electric switch when in the “OFF” state, breaks the circuit and no current can flow through the circuit, and in the “ON” state, completes the circuit and allows the current to flow through the circuit. A simple circuit diagram when the switch is in the “OFF” state A simple circuit diagram when the switch is in the “ON” state Shown above is the circuit diagram of the simple circuit where both conditions of switches have been shown. When the switch is in the “OFF” state, no current flows Switch in “ON” State Electric Bulb Electric Cell Switch in “OFF” State Electric Bulb Electric Cell

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 26 through the circuit and the bulb doesn’t glow whereas when the switch is in the “ON” state, current flows through the circuit and the bulb glows. The symbol of the switch in both conditions (“OFF” and “ON” state is shown in the figures.) Connecting Wires: Wires are made up of conducting materials on which a thin coating of insulating materials is used. They are used in the circuit to connect different electric components in the circuits. Wires are made of conducting materials such as Copper, Aluminum, etc. A thin coating of insulation is used to cover the conducting materials to prevent them from short-circuiting. Different types of wires and symbols of wire Gowri: Aryan! Now can you design your circuit? Aryan: Of course, Gowri! After all the information you have provided, I will design my working electric circuit with different electric components in it and with the proper connection between them. Gowri: Don’t forget to show me. Wire symbol Wires with joint connection Wires with no connection

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 27 Assessment Project 1 LED Origami Frog Material Required: - Origami Paper 2 LEDs Aluminium Foil tape or copper tape Coin cell 1. Make Origami Frog as taught in Chapter 1. 2. Test your LEDs on the coin cell. Please ensure that LEDs work together by sliding them both onto the coin cell as shown in the figure. The positive wire of the LED must touch the positive (smooth) side of the battery. 3. Draw the eyes of the Frog with the pen, then unfold the origami. Dig the LEDs through the eyes and ensure the positive end of the LED is closer to the nose of the Frog. 4. Cross both the negative LED wires (smaller) and tape them to the paper. You may use aluminum to conduct the current. 5. Bend the top (positive) leads up and wrap the other piece of foil tape around them tightly. 6. Place the battery, positive side up, over the foil tape. Use clear tape to hold it in place — making sure to leave the part of the positive side closest to the positive wires uncovered. 7. Bend both the positive wires down until they are touching the positive side of the battery and test that the LED lights up. Fold the frog back up. 8. No test your Origami LED-eyed Frog. LEDs should light up when the back is pressed and the lights should go out, as the frog leaps forward when you release. The student is recommended to research copper tape and its applications in paper circuits. -ve +ve

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 28 3. CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS & ELECTRICAL TOOLS 3.1 CONDUCTORS 3.2 INSULATORS 3.3 SEMICONDUCTORS 3.4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS During school time break, Aryan collected several materials from the school playground to perform a work experience experiment. He collected leaves, aluminium foil, zinc plate, rubber, thread, metal key, plastic scale, thermocol, paper, and pencil lead. He started using these materials in his electric circuit to work as a switch. During the experiment, he found out that through some materials when electricity passed, the bulb glowed but with others, it didn’t happen. It made him curious to find out the reason behind it. Gowri: Aryan! You are looking very curious. How did your work experience experiment go? Aryan: Yes Gowri! It did go well but now I have some questions. To conclude my work experience experiment I need some answers. Gowri: Oh! You can ask your questions. Let us together find the answer. Aryan: Ok. During the work experience experiment, I found out that when some materials are connected in the electric circuit, the bulb glows and for some, it doesn’t. What is the reason? Gowri: Aryan! Let us discuss the concept of Materials. When the discussion ends, you will be able to find your answers. 3.1 CONDUCTORS: Conductors are the materials that allow the flow of electricity (electric current) through them. They allow the electricity to pass through them. Examples like aluminum foil, the zinc plate, keys, and pencil lead allow the flow of electricity through it. Aluminium Foil

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 29 When aluminium foil is used in the electric circuit When Aluminum foil is connected in between the broken electric circuit, we can see that the electric current flows through the circuit and the bulb glows. Hence, we can say that Aluminum foil acts as a conductor. 3.2 INSULATORS: Insulators are materials that don’t allow the flow of electricity (electric current) through them. They do not allow the electricity to pass through them. Examples like leaves, rubber, thread, and plastic scale do not allow the flow of electric current through them. When leaves are connected in between the broken electric circuit, we can see that no electric current flows through the circuit & the bulb does not glow. Hence, we can say that leaves act as insulators. Leaf used in the electric circuit There are some types of materials that are not in the category of conductors & insulators. They behave differently. These types of materials are called Semiconductors. 3.3 SEMICONDUCTORS: Semiconductors are the types of materials that behave like insulators at room temperature but if the temperature of the material is increased, their conductivity increases, and the material starts behaving as a conductor. At room temperature, they behave as insulators and do not allow the electricity (electric current) to pass through them but if we raise the temperature, the conductivity of materials increases with an increase in temperature, and the materials change their properties from insulator to conductor. The materials that show semiconductors’ properties are Silicon (Si) & Germanium (Ge). You will learn more about semiconductor materials in higher classes. The semiconductor has extensive applications in various fields. They are extensively used in the manufacturing of various kinds of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Such devices have Le LEAF

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 30 found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost. 3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL TOOLS & EQUIPMENT USED IN HOUSEHOLD While performing a work experience experiment, Aryan damages the switch in an electric circuit. Now, he needs to change the damaged switch so that the electric circuit could work properly. But, to replace the switch, an electrical tool is needed. But Aryan does not have any idea about the electrical tool, and this makes him disappointed. So, he decides to know about the electrical tool with the help of his friend Gowri. The next day… Aryan: Hey Gowri! How are you? Gowri: I am fine, what about you? Aryan: I am fine too but needed some help. Gowri: Aryan, What kind of help? Aryan: Gowri, yesterday while performing my work experience experiment, I broke my switch. Now, I need to change that but don’t know which electrical tool to use. Could help me in understanding the electrical tool? Gowri: Of course, Aryan! Let us both understand the topic of Electrical tools. 3.4.1 What are Electrical tools? Electrical tools and equipment are tools required during electrical operation for measuring, soldering, drilling, driving, and striking operation. These include a wide range of tools such as wire and cable cutters, wire strippers, pliers, screwdrivers, compression tools, telephony tools, wire cutter/strippers, cable tie tools, accessories, etc. The various tools and equipment used by a technician while working with electrical circuits are explained below: (a) Screwdriver: It is used to turn, tighten, or remove screws from electrical or electronic appliances.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 31 Screwdriver Types of Screwdrivers (b) Ratchet: It is used to allow rotary motion in only one direction and prevent the motion in opposite direction. It is used to tighten nuts of various sizes. (c) Spanner: It is used to provide grip to apply torque for turning objects such as nuts or bolts. A spanner is available with variable diameter to tighten nuts and bolts of various sizes. (d) Wrench: It is a hand tool used for tightening and loosening the nuts and bolts. These tools hold slippery or small nuts and bolts for loosening or tightening it (e) Wire cutter and Plier: A wire cutter is used for stripping and cutting wires whereas a plier is used to hold objects like nuts and bolts firmly and at times also used for cutting metal wires. (f) Tester: It is used to verify the presence of electric voltage in electrical equipment. (g) Hammer: It is used to fix nails on walls and wood, fit parts, or forge metal and break different materials.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 32 (h) Soldering or De-soldering Iron: It is used to embed/ remove the components on/from the panel. (i) Soldering or De-soldering Station: It is used to hold the hot iron when it is not in use and adjust the temperature of the tip. (l) Crimping Tool: It is used to cut various objects such as wires, cords, tapes, and so on. It is also used to join wires with metal or plastic objects. (i) Combination Pliers: It is used for cutting, removing insulation, joining, and twisting the electric wires and cables even on live line. A lineman’s pliers have a special design, which multiplies force through leverage. These pliers usually have grips for better handling than bare metal handles. The grips also have insulation for protection against electric shock when working with live circuits. (j) Adjustable Wrench: It is used to open and close nuts and bolts in case of proper size spanner not being available. Common sizes range from 8” (Inch) to 12” (Inch). Adjustable wrenches are designed to provide a wide range of capabilities in a single tool and are a convenient service wrench. (k) Pipe Wrench: It is used to open, close, and conduit GI pipes and valves. The common size is 10” (Inch). The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to lock in the frame, such that any forward pressure on the handle tends to pull the jaws tighter together.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 33 (l) Measuring Tape: It is used to measure the length of wires, cables, and space. The use of measuring tape makes cable savings efficient for cleaning and reduces wastage. (m) Electric Drill Machine: (i). It is a portable electric-powered tool used for drilling the surface. (ii). It has a high-speed motor. (iii). It is used to make holes smoothly and easily. Aryan: oh... I got to know about different electrical and electronic tools and their uses. I didn’t know these many tools are available. My damaged switch can be changed by screwdriver and pliers. Thanks, Gowri. Gowri: You are welcome, Aryan. Be careful while working with these tools.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 34 Assessment Project 2 Simple Circuit to light a bulb with a switch. Replace the switch with items as below and check what all are conductors and insulators. Zinc Plate Metal Key Pencil Lead Rubber Cotton Thread Plastic Scale

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 35 4. FOOD AND NUTRITION 4.1 RAW FOOD VS COOKED FOOD 4.2 BALANCED DIET PLATE 4.3 KNOW YOUR APPETITE: PORTION CONTROL 4.4 SENSITIZATION ON FOOD WASTAGE During the recess hours, all students were enjoying their lunch, but Aryan was not eating anything. Gowri went to Aryan’s seat to enquire why he was not having his lunch. Gowri: Aryan, why you are not having your lunch? You can share with me if you have not brought yours. Aryan: No, Gowri. I have my lunch with me, but I am suffering from stomach aches since morning. Gowri: Oh! You were perfectly fine yesterday. What did you have at dinner last night? Aryan: I went out with my friends and had delicious and spicy food. Gowri: Aryan, eating so many spices and overcooked food leads to health issues. Aryan: Yes, I know that’s why my mother has given me a salad for lunch. She wants me to eat raw food for a few days as she says it is quite healthy Gowri: Your mother is correct! Raw food is much healthier than cooked food. It is much high in nutrition. Aryan: High in nutrition? I never knew that. Gowri: Let me tell you about this. 4.1 RAW FOOD VS COOKED FOOD Raw Food: Food that has not been cooked or processed is known as Raw Food. 1. Raw food diet includes fresh green leafy vegetables, sprouted grains, nuts, and seeds. 2. Raw food is much high in nutrition as many nutrients are lost when food is cooked. 3. Fiber content is higher in raw food as compared to cooked food.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 36 4. Vitamins and mineral content are also high in raw food. 5. Most raw foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, are naturally gluten-free. Cooked Food: Food that is boiled, steamed, blanched, or fried is known as cooked food. Cooked food is lower in nutritional value as compared to raw food however some foods need to be eaten cooked. Some of the benefits of cooked food are: 1. Cooking food kills harmful bacteria and micro-organisms that could be present in food and make you sick. 2. Cooking food makes food much more digestible and edible. 3. Cooking your vegetables may make certain antioxidants more available to your body than they are in raw foods. 4. Raw meat, fish, and poultry may contain bacteria that can cause food-borne illnesses. Cooking these foods kills harmful bacteria. Aryan: So, Gowri is raw food good or cooked food? I am now confused. Gowri: It is better to eat some foods raw and some are healthier when cooked. Eat a combination of cooked and raw foods for maximum health benefits. This is also known as a balanced diet. Aryan: And now what is a balanced diet? Gowri: Wait, I’ll elaborate. 4.2 BALANCED DIET A diet that contains different types of food in certain quantities is known as a balanced diet. A balanced diet contains foods from the following groups: fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, and protein. Learning Activity: Let’s draw a balanced diet plate Students will have to arrange the materials listed below: A Disposable paper Plate or draw a circle in a notebook to represent the plate. Sketch Pens. Students will take a disposable plate and draw what they had on their plate in the morning or last night. After drawing they will exchange plates with their partners/bench mates. They will analyze their plate and mark their friend’s plates for a balanced diet plate.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 37 Aryan: This was intriguing. Gowri: Yes, for sure but always remember this while filling food on your plate. Eat whatever you take on a plate. We should always know our appetite and should go for a controlled portion for a healthy food habit. Aryan: Is that so? Gowri: Yes! Portion control is very important to keep yourself energetic and healthy. 2.3 KNOW YOUR APPETITE: PORTION CONTROL Portion control means selecting a reasonable amount of a certain food. Portion control allows you to keep the nutritional benefits of your diet without overeating. Portion management is beneficial since it allows you to digest food easily and maintain healthy and ideal body weight. Benefits of Portion control: 1. It saves money. 2. It reduces the chances of overeating 3. It helps in digestion. 4. It balances the glucose level. Assessment Project 3 Salad Decoration Competition Students will bring fruits and vegetables to the class for decorating their Salad Plates.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 38 5. AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT 5.1 Vertical garden 5.2 Testing of Soil 5.3 Seeds to saplings Aryan: - (With some plastic and glass bottles) Hmm...Shall I sell these bottles to the junk seller; I’ll have some more coins in my piggy bank. Gowri: - Hey Aryan, what are you doing with these bottles? Aryan: - I am going to sell these bottles to the junk seller. Gowri: - Why sell these bottles? We can use them at home for various purposes. Aryan: - Are you serious? How can we use waste bottles now? Can you explain Gowri? Gowri: - You will be amazed to know. There are many ways by which we can use these bottles, like for planting saplings of some indoor plants. Also, we can make a vertical garden at home. Even a lot more uses are there. Aryan: - Interesting! Can you please tell me about them in detail? Gowri: - Yes why not! Look, the easiest way is to plant some money plants (Ornamental plants), or some indoor plants. Aryan: - That’s interesting, so what things do we need for developing a sapling or growing a plant in a plastic or a glass bottle? Gowri: - The easiest way to grow a plant in a glass/plastic bottle is to cut a fragment of a money plant (Figure 1) and keep it in a water-filled bottle (Figure 2). Aryan: -Really! Don’t we need soil and other things for growing a plant or sapling? Gowri: - It’s not like that. Money plant is just an example where we don’t need soil. Soil-less farming is done through Hydroponics or Aeroponics, which we will study in class VIII. But in most cases, we need soil, water, air, sunlight, and extra nutrients for growing a sapling out of the seed. Aryan: - Yes, that’s what I was thinking last year our EVS teacher told us about these essential elements required for a growing plant. Could you please elaborate on the process of developing a sapling out of the seed using soil in detail? Also, share some simple tricks for easy and effective plantation. Gowri: - Oh… Sure... Just have a look. There are some important components needed for plantation like Sunlight, Water, Air, Soil & Nutrients. 1 2

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 39 Aryan: Ok, I would like to know about each component. Can you explain? Gowri: - yes 1. Sunlight: - It is the most important component for the growth or development of the plant. A developing plant or growing sapling needs at least 6 hours of sunlight. 2. Water: - The second most important component is water. Plants need water depending on the climatic conditions. In winters less water is needed but in summers one needs twice the amount. Excess water can rot the roots of the plant and plants may die. 3. Air: - Indoor plants, as well as outdoor plants, need fresh air for healthy development. 4. Soil: - It is also an important component that can be altered as per our needs on a small scale. On a large scale, we need to select the plant according to the quality of the soil. 5. Nutrients: - Plants do need extra diet/nutrient/supplements for proper or healthy growth. Here, we can use manure, compost, or chemical fertilizers (Not safe for human consumption). Soil fertility: How healthy is my soil? Soil is considered to be fertile if all the essential nutrients are available in the soil and the content of humus is between 5% -10%. Aryan: Gowri, I really don’t know what’s the meaning of fertile? Gowri: It means producing or bearing many crops in great quantities. Aryan: - Okay, and what is this humus? Gowri: Humus is dead and the remaining part of plants like leaves, flowers, grass, etc. that mixes with soil, which increases the water-holding capacity of the soil. Humus can increase the water holding capacity up to 5 times. Aryan: Oh, I see. Is there any way to test your soil? Gowri: Yes! There is a way. 5.2 TESTING OF MY SOIL For testing the soil that we are going to take for the plantation process, we need to add the soil three times water, shake/mix it well with a spoon and leave it for 2 hours. The result will tell you what quality of soil we have. (Figure 3) We can see that in jar 1, we have a soil with uniform texture with water, penetrating the soil properly, and ample humus. But in jar 2 it is different. All the humus gets deposited on the top and the water is unable to penetrate the soil, which is not considered a good soil for plantation. Gowri: Aryan, do you have any questions? Figure 3

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 40 Aryan: -Yes, if the soil is not as per our need, then what do we do Gowri? Gowri: - No problem, we will make the soil as per our need. We call this soil potting soil. For this, we will take 700 grams of good soil, 100 grams of sand, and 200 grams of dried crushed leaves, twigs, and grass. Aryan: - Oh! Now I understand how much important the soil for growing plants is and how to prepare a good soil for pots. What else can be added to the soil as humus? Gowri: - Aryan we can use lots of things as humus, that too from our surroundings or mummy’s kitchen like used tea bags, refuse of vegetables/fruits, eggshells, shells of groundnuts, etc. Aryan: - What is the Next Step? Gowri: You seem curious! That’s good. Now we will learn about the process of sapling. 5.3 SEEDS TO SAPLING Let us now start developing a sapling out of some seeds. ● Take some seeds like Gram, Whole Green pulse, Rajma, or any whole grain you have. (Figure 4) ● Soak them for 2 days so that their outer shell becomes soft and starts crackling. (Figure 5) ● Wrap the soaked seed on a damp cloth for 1 day and keep sprinkling the water every 6 hours to keep the cloth damp. ● After 1 day we can see some development in the seed i.e., small plants start sprouting out of the seed. Subject the semi-sapling to 10 minutes of sunlight and again wrap it up for the next 48 hours. Don’t forget to sprinkle water on the cloth. ● After 48 hours we will find the seed with saplings (Root part & Shoot Part) SAPLING TO PLANT ● Take an egg tray (as it is made up of biodegradable paper) and cut it into pieces as shown in figure 6. ● Place one sapling on each mold and place the mold with the sapling in a pot. (Here it is very important to mention that the sapling should be sown with light hands, should be 5-7 cm deep and soil should be perforated for air passage.) ● Cover the sapling with good quality soil with at least 40%-50% humus. 4 5 6

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 41 ● Sprinkle some water. (Don’t add more water, only sprinkle) No worries about the egg tray as it is biodegradable and will get converted to manure in the soil. As Aryan was going to throw the household garbage into the dustbin, but the person refused to accept some specific garbage so, Aryan was a bit confused. Now he wants to know the reason and he again approached Gowri. Aryan: - Gowri, today when I was going to drop the garbage in the pit, the person refused to take the specific garbage and said, “yeh hamarey kisi kaam ka nahi hai” I wonder, why he said that. Gowri: - Aryan, maybe he was telling you about adopting good environmental practices. Aryan; - What’s that? Gowri: - Good Environmental practices are the series of activities that one should adopt for the respectful development of the environment. In other words, we can say that our (human) activities should not harm the environment. Aryan: - Seems good, but I didn’t get this. Gowri: - Ok, tell me how many dustbins were there? Aryan: - There were many small dustbins, but they were colored either blue or green. Gowri; - Right, have you ever thought why it is so? Aryan: - No…… why is it like that? Gowri: - There are mainly 4 types of dustbins i.e., Blue, Green Yellow, and Red. These colored dustbins are there to differentiate their use. Let’s learn the meaning of all. Biodegradable Non-biodegradable Green Blue Yellow Red kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden Plastic, Polythene, clothes, batteries, and metals Paper, Glass, Tube lights, Bulbs Old medicine, paints, chemicals, hospital waste Aryan: - Got it! I have also noticed that there many items in the non-biodegradable list.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 42 Gowri: Yes, in case we mix biodegradable & non-biodegradable items, then the whole stuff will be refused and will be of no use. Also, some items out on the nonbiodegradable list can be recycled like paper and glass. Aryan: - Now I understand why that uncle refused to take the garbage. Gowri, can you please tell me how we can develop some good environmental practices. Gowri: - Sure, there are some points that one should keep in mind to keep our environment healthy. Let’s see ● Always follow colour coding for garbage dumping i.e., at home only don’t mix or keep biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste together. ● Avoid using polythene or plastic bags, preferably carry your jute or cloth bags. ● Reduce, Reuse & Recycle principle should be followed at home or office. ● Always use eco-friendly material that can be recycled or reused. ● Reduce the use of non-biodegradable substances, as they will remain in the environment and causes hazards to the environment and human health also. Aryan: - Gowri, Now I understand that non-biodegradable substances will remain in the environment for a long time. Something can be recycled but not everything. What do I want to know about is what happens to biodegradable substances? Gowri: - Good question Aryan. Biodegradable substances are processed on barren land and are converted to manure, which is also called Natural Fertilizers. Also, it is very safe for plants and humans. Aryan: - Thank You Gowri for the useful information. Now onwards I’ll also follow good environmental practices to keep our surroundings healthy. Assessment Project 4 Try and make sprouts from any gram and make a salad.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 43 6. ARTISAN WISDOM 6.1 STITCHING AND SEWING 6.2 SOFT/STUFFED TOYS 6.3 BLOCK PRINTING: - INTRODUCTION 6.1 STITCHING AND SEWING: - INTRODUCTION Gowri: - Aryan, I have something wonderful to show you. See my hand-stitched drawing. How do you like it? Aryan: - Oh Gowri, it’s beautiful but seems quite complicated. Gowri: - No dear, it’s not at all complicated. It is very easy; you just need to know the basics. You can reuse the old clothes to make Bags, door mats, book covers, Laptop/Tablet covers/sleeves, coasters, face masks, cushion covers, or any decorative item, etc. Aryan: - It’s fascinating! How did you make it? Gowri: -It’s not rocket science. You just need to know a little bit of hand stitching and you are good to go. You know hand stitching improves hand-eye coordination and is very relaxing. It provides a creative outlet and is a confidence booster. It is an easy method for small sewing projects and to make customized gifts. I know various types of hand stitching. I learned as my mother said it is very important for everyone to learn this skill to be independent. Let me tell you about them. You will need a thread and needle. You can stitch using single or double thread. And do not forget the knot at the end. There are 5 basic stitches Running Stitch – It is best for simple seams, basting, and gathering Backstitch – It is best used for strong seams

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 44 Whipstitch – It is best for felt seams Ladder Stitch (Invisible stitch) – It is best for mending split seams or closing gaps Embroidery Stitches – It is best for decorative stitches. There are many types of Embroidery Stitches. Aryan: Today I’ve learnt something useful. Gowri: - Good that you know about basic hand stitches. Please ensure to secure your thread at the end with a knot. Even if you do not have tried it earlier, you will be able to do it easily. Aryan: Okay. Let me try the stitches on an old cloth. PROJECT - RECYCLING OF CLOTHES 6.1 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT Recycling clothes benefits the environment. We can make beautiful things and derive pleasure from doing so. Then there are many things that we can create from waste material around us. Using waste material to make new objects is friendly for the environment too. 6.2 HOW WE CAN GIVE OUR CLOTHES NEW LIFE Old clothes are such versatile and useful objects. We can use old waste clothes to make a variety of objects. We can make lampshades with objects you can easily find at home such as wool or yarn, door mats, bags, etc. MATERIAL REQUIRED Old cloth Scissor Thread Needle Decorative material

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 45 Step 1 Take old trousers or jeans and cut them as shown in fig. Sew (Ladder stitch) the lower part and side of the jeans like this Step 2. Now take the legs part and divide it into strips of the same size. Braid them as shown. Make 2 Braids. Stitch them in the bag as shown. Step 3 - From the leftover pieces makes a small circle and cut it into half. Take 5 semi-circles and stitch them to make a flower. Stitch the flowers on the bag. Aryan: This cheers me up as I can still use my torn jeans as a bag. This sets off my imagination. There are so many clothes that we no longer wear as we grow taller, then there are clothes that fade and become out of fashion. We have donated some old clothes but there are many I find stuffed in the cupboards and wardrobes. I am excited to find out what more can be made from them. Gowri: yes, you can make many different things, like a mat, and decorative items. Cushion cover etc. You need to explore your creativity. Project Work: - On a similar basis use some old clothes and make toys, Door mats, Table /Stool Cloths, or Cushion Covers.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 46 6.2 SOFT/STUFF TOYS: - INTRODUCTION In the English class today, the teacher had asked the students to come with a toy of their choice. Now whereas Gowri had brought a doll made by her mother, Aryan had purchased a new doll from the market. Aryan: -Gowri, look at this doll that I purchased from the market Gowri: - Aryan look at my doll. This is made by my mother. Aryan: This is so lovely. I see that the dress of the doll is stitched at home too. Gowri: Yes, and do you see that there are buttons used for the eyes and red wool for the lips. Aryan: I had never thought that such pretty dolls can be designed and crafted at our home. Gowri: Oh, they are not so difficult to make and are fun too. We can make them like a stuffed toy. Aryan: - Stuffed toy? What are they? Gowri: - Soft toys or stuffed toys are toys sewn from any cloth and stuffed with a soft material like cotton. It can be a doll or any animal or pattern. Let us make a stuffed doll. TYPES OF MATERIAL USED FOR DOLL MAKING Paper Cloth Socks Wool HOW IT IS RELATED TO EDUCATION Social Skills: Playing with dolls solidifies social skills that are gained in a child’s early developmental years. When children play house, they learn to communicate with one another kindly and cooperate. By taking care of a doll, they learn how to take care of one another. Dolls can be used as characters in dramatization for teaching children. STEPS TO PREPARE DOLLS WITH OLD SOCKS ● We will take a pair of socks to make a doll. They can be of any size. ● First, we will take one sock and cut the socks as described in the picture. ● Reverse the ankle side of the sock and cut it from the bottom side to give a leg shape as shown in the pic. ● Using needle thread, we will stitch it and will stuff the legs with cotton. ● Stitch the upper part along with the legs to give a proper shape to the face. ● With the help of a needle and thread only we can shape the hands.