KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 47 ● We will take the remaining pieces of socks and give them the shape of a cap. Decorate the doll. Gowri: Aryan I am sure you now understand how simple and easy it is to design a doll. Aryan: My mind is overflowing with ideas about the different kinds of dolls I can make. With the right colour and texture of cloth, I think, I can put up a Spiderman too. Gowri: Sure, you can. You can make different stuff toys as you like. See what I made with my spare woolen sock. You can try this too. It is so easy to make. Aryan: - It is so beautiful Gowri. I think we can start a soft toy business. Gowri: - That can be an idea. We can make different stuffed toys using many patterns. For example, see this bunny. It is not made from spare socks but felt material. You can draw the template on a felt sheet and cut it. Sew the two cutouts and leave some space to stuff. After stuffing close it. Make cutouts of different colours for the belly and ears and sew them too. You can make any stuffed toy as per your creativity, you just need to first draw it on paper to see how it will look. Learning Activity: - Try making the above bunny or any other animal of your choice. For example, fish, penguins, etc.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 48 6.3 BLOCK PRINTING: - INTRODUCTION It was Gowri’s birthday next week. And she was preparing the return gifts she had planned to gift her friends. Aryan happened to see that she had a stack of handkerchiefs, all colorful, but in similar designs. Aryan: He said to Gowri that the design of these handkerchiefs is familiar. Gowri: Yes, it is. Take your time to guess what design it is. Aryan: Mm mm. Oh yes. They look like the insides of a lady finger. Did you draw these designs? So many of them! Gowri: Of course, not Aryan. I have used exactly that - a lady finger. Aryan: Oh my! What painting is it? Gowri: It is called block painting and several vegetables and other items can be used for the purpose. Watch it carefully. Aryan: Yeah! I am all eyes. Block printing is a fun social activity for all. The pictures which will be made will turn out to be different from the others. The basic idea is to dip different fruits and vegetables into paint and imprint the impression onto the paper in random or ordered patterns. Students may instead wish to apply paint or ink directly to the vegetables with a paintbrush and then exercise their creativity. 6.3.1 HISTORY OF BLOCK PRINTING It has been practiced around the world, with its roots in India, China, and Japan. Since there is such a long history associated with block printing, there are various techniques too. It is essentially done using a carved material covered in ink to transfer an image onto the paper or fabric. But we can do it with the vegetables also that can be used as blocks. In India, the art of block printing has spread from Gujarat to Rajasthan. Here colorful prints of birds, animals, human figures, Gods and Goddesses, etc. are quite popular. The important centers of Rajasthan for this form of hand printing are Jaipur, Bangru, Sanganer, Pali, and Barmer. 6.3.2 TYPES OF BLOCK PRINTING AND MATERIALS REQUIRED 1) Leaf, Wood, Vegetables 2) Vegetables, colours, a piece of cloth, a brush, etc. 6.3.3 ADVANTAGE OF BLOCK PRINTING: Block printing is good for making images and repeating patterns. 6.3.4 STEPS OF BLOCK PRINTING Aryan: - How do I start vegetable block printing?
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 49 Gowri: -It’s very easy Aryan. Take any vegetable like potato, lady finger, or onion. Cut a large potato in half. Then wipe off the moisture of that piece with some tissue paper or waste cloth. Thereafter make a design by using the skull only. Then we will carefully cut around the template. Cut around the sides of the potato and remove the unwanted parts, leaving a raised design perfect for dipping in the paint to give wings to your creativity. You can use different types of leaves, flowers, and the bottom part of the bottle or balloon for block printing too. Just be creative.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 50 LEARNING ACTIVITY: - CUT THIS POTATO IN HALF Draw a flower. Then cut it forming a raised design and colour the flower to print the pattern on the cloth. Do it yourself: Make one tablecloth with block printing. Assessment Project 5 Make a stuffed toy from textile after block printing it. Explore your creativity.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 51 7. First Aid 7.1 BASIC OF FIRST AID 7.2 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (CHOKING) 7.3 BLEEDING 7.4 FRACTURE 7.5 BURNS First Aid is the emergency care given to the sick, injured, or wounded before being treated by medical personnel. Injuries can be sustained by anyone and at any time. The basic knowledge of First Aid will be a great help to anyone in times of need and the first aider will be able to provide urgent and immediate life-saving assistance to the victims. It is a common experience that medical personnel may not always be readily available at any time and place and non-medical services providers will have to rely on their skills and knowledge of life-sustaining methods to survive in a situation. 7.1 BASIC OF FIRST AID Most injured or ill service members can return to their units to fight or support primarily because they are given appropriate and timely first aid followed by the best medical care possible. Therefore, all service members must remember the basics. Check for BREATHING: Lack of oxygen intake (through brain damage or death in a few minutes Check for BLEEDING: Life cannot continue without an adequate volume of blood to carry oxygen to tissues Check for SHOCK: Unless shock is prevented, first aid performed, and medical treatment provided, death may result even though the injury would not otherwise be fatal Emergency action principles 1. Survey the scene Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred and decide to act, you must make sure the scene of the emergency is safe for you, the victim/s, and any bystander/s. Element of the Survey of the Scene Scene safely Mechanism of injury or nature of the illness Determine the number of patients and additional resources. 2. Activate Medical Assistance and Transfer Facility: -In some emergencies, you will have enough time to call for specific medical advice before administering first aid. But in some situations, you will need to attend to the victim first.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 52 Phone First and Phone Fast: - Both trained and untrained bystanders should be instructed to Activate Medical Assistance as soon as they have determined that an adult victim requires emergency care “Phone First”. While for infants and children a “Phone fast” approach is recommended. 3. Do a Primary of the Victim In every emergency, you must first find out if there are conditions that are an immediate threat to the victim’s life. Check for consciousness Check for airway Check for breathing Check for circulation Do a Secondary Survey on the Victim It is a systematic method of gathering additional information about injuries or conditions that may need care. Interview the victim Check vital signs Perform head-to-toe examination. 7.2 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (CHOKING) Choking is a common breathing emergency. It occurs when the person’s airway is partially or completely blocked. If a conscious person is choking, his /her airway has been blocked by a foreign object, such as a piece of food or a small toy; by smelling in the mouth or throat; or by fluids, such as vomiting. Airways obstruction: There are two types of airway obstruction: Partial: Breathing is laboured; Breathing may be noisy; some escape of air can be felt from the mouth. Complete: There may be an effort at breathing; there is no sound of breathing; there is no escape of air from the nose/ or mouth. Signs and symptoms: The indication that someone may be struggling with an obstruction are: Panic Grasping the throat Inability to speak Inability to breathe Colour of the face (pallor) Inability to cough
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 53 Treatment for choking adults and children Effective cough (Partial Airway Obstruction) A casualty with an effective cough should be given reassurance and encouragement to keep coughing to expel the foreign material. If the obstruction is not relieved the rescuer should call an ambulance. Ineffective cough (Severe Airway Obstruction): Conscious Victim: - If the casualty is conscious, call an ambulance Perform up to five sharp, back blows with the heel in the middle of the back between the shoulder blades. Check to see if each back blow has relieved the airway obstruction. The aim is to relieve the obstruction with each blow rather than to give all five blows. Supporting the casualty/delivering back blows If back blows are unsuccessful, the rescuer should perform up to five chest thrusts. Checked to see if each chest thrust has relieved the airway obstruction with each chest thrust rather than giving all five-chest thrusts. To perform chest thrusts, identify the same compression points as for CPR and give up to five chest thrusts. These are similar to chest compressions but sharper and delivered at a slower Unconscious victim The finger can be used in the unconscious victim with an obstructed airway if solid material is visible in the airway. Commence CPR immediately! If you are alone and choking. Bend over and press your abdomen against any firm objects, such as the back of a chair. Or give yourself abdominal thrusts by using your hands; just as you would do to another person. 7.3 BLEEDING Bleeding is one of the most rectifiable causes of death trauma; therefore, controlling external bleeding is the main priority when administering care in a pre-hospital environment. There are three main types of blood vessels. Arteries Veins Capillaries Internal Bleeding is most likely to occur in the stomach, lungs, or bowels. Blood from the lungs is coughed up; from the stomach vomited; from the bowels, it appears in the
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 54 stools. With internal bleeding, the sign of restlessness, weakness, pallor, thirst, and a faint, rapid pulse is usually present. In an accident where internal bleeding may have occurred, contact a doctor as soon as possible. While you wait, keep the patient quiet, comfortably warm, and lying flat. Give him nothing to drink- not even water. When moving an injured person to advanced medical facilities, only transport (if possible) in a lying position. Place a pressure dressing (several layers of sterile gauze) over the wound. Secure it in place firmly enough to stop the bleeding or hold it in a place with firm hand pressure. Whenever possible, elevate the wound. Types of bleeding Arterial bleeding will be profuse and rapid because it is under pressure. It will be spurting as the heartbeat, which will make it difficult to control and difficult for clots to form. This bleeding will be bright red as arterial blood is comprised of highly oxygenated red blood cells. Arterial bleeding is a significant and life-threatening blood loss. Venous bleeding is easier to control because the blood in the veins is under less pressure, which assists in clotting. Because it carries less oxygen, venous blood is a much darker red. Dangerous levels of blood loss can occur from venous bleeding. Capillary bleeding is the most common and easiest to control as capillaries are closest to the surface of the skin. Blood tends to ooze rather than floe or spurt as the pressure in the capillaries is very low. Carry out primary assessment, Danger Response Send for Help, Airway Breathing CPR (cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) + control Major Bleeding Defibrillation (DRSABCD) Seek medical attention Make sure there isn’t a foreign body in the wound before applying direct pressure Apply direct pressure Elevation If unresponsive and breathing is adequate, place the casualty in the recovery position. Carry out a secondary survey Severe bleeding may lead to unconsciousness and may require life support (CPR) Rest and reassure Direct pressure Direct pressure is the main treatment eased to manage to bleed: 1. After checking for any foreign objects in the wound, apply firm pressure, directly onto and into the wound, using a large sterile trauma dressing
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 55 2. If blood soaks through the initial dressing, apply further dressing as required 7.4 FRACTURE A fracture is any break in the continuity of a bone. Fractures can cause total disability or in some cases death by serving vital organs and/or arteries. Causes Direct force: - fractures occurs at the site of serve force is applied. e.g., Bullet injury, fall on projecting stone, the wheel passing over the bone. Indirect force: - Fracture occurs away from the site of application of force. E.g., Collarbone – due to falling on an outstretched hand. Types of fractures Open fractures are fractures that have punctured the skin. The bone end may have returned and is not visible, but this is still an open fracture Closed fractures are fractures where the surrounding skin remains intact. Complicated fractures are fractures that have caused damage to internal structures, such as punctured lung, or fractures that involve significant bleeding Signs and symptoms A casualty experiencing a fracture may experience one or more of the following signs and symptoms: Pain at the injury site Bleeding (internal or external) Open wounds with or without exposed bone ends Deformity Shortening or rotation of the limb Inability to move or stand The casualty reports hearing the bone break The steps for the management of fractures are: Carry out primary assessment, Danger Response Send for Help, Airway Breathing CPR (cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) + control Major Bleeding Defibrillation (DRSABCD) Seek medical attention Control nay external bleeding using direct pressure and elevation if possible For a closed fracture, ice packs may be used to assist with pain relief and swelling. Minimize any unnecessary movement unless for safety reasons If the injured limb needs to be immobilized, make use of whatever you have got at hand to do so e.g., pillows, magazines, or a dressing to support the limb
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 56 Check the circulation below the fracture site Carry out secondary assessment Reset and reassure Immobilizing using splints: Improvised splints: It can be made of cardboard, rolled newspapers, magazines, umbrellas, rolled blankets, pillows, etc. 7.5 BURNS Burns can be one of the most traumatic injuries to deal with. The victims can be in severe pain, there can be the smell of burnt flesh and depending on the degree of the burn, and charred clothing can be attached to the victim’s flesh. The First Step in Dealing with burns is to determine the level of the burn. It should be realized that First and second-degree burns can be caused by prolonged exposure to intense sunlight. Classification of burn: First degree- skin is reddened Second degree – skin is blistered Third-degree – skin is cooked or charred; the burn may extend into the underlying tissue. In severe cases, skin or appendages may be burned off. Treatment First-degree and second-degree burns, only covering up to about 1% (like the size of a hand) of body surfaces: Wash/soak burned portions in cold water Wash burned area in soapy water Place sterile gauze over the burned area Bandage burned area snugly Large burn of any degree 1. If a doctor is available within 30 minutes or less Treat the victim for shock Get the victim to advanced medical treatment, attempt no treatment 2. If advanced medical aid is not readily (like in an outdoor/ camping/ backpacking setting): Remove clothing from the burned area. Apply antiseptic cream to the burned area Cover burned area with a sterile dressing Bandage snugly (not too tight, however) Treat for shock If the victim is conscious, allow them to drink all the water they desire. Commercially sports drinks are even better than water if available Get victim as soon as possible to advanced medical support.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 57 8. FIRE SAFETY 8.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIRE 8.2 CLASSES OF FIRE 8.3 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE FIRE. 8.4 PROS AND CONS OF FIRE. 8.5 FIRE SAFETY DO’S AND DONT’S It was a wintry morning. Gowri and Aryan were rushing towards their school. They passed a gathering of people sitting around a fire on their way there. Aryan: Look Gowri why are so many people gathered over there. I am not able to see anything interesting there. Gowri: Aryan! Look carefully, they all are standing around the fire. Aryan: Fire!!!!! Gowri: Yes! Fire provides us heat and these people are using the heat energy released by fire to fight this chilly morning. Aryan: Oh! I see. Does fire provide us anything else too? Gowri: Yes, it provides us with light too. Come let me tell you more facts about fire. 8.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIRE Fire is a chemical reaction that gives us energy in the form of heat and light. This process is also known as combustion. Three things fire needs for combustion are: ● Oxygen ● Fuel ● Heat These three things collectively form a fire triangle.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 58 Gowri: Fire is useful in many ways such as providing us warmth, cooking, purifying water, drying clothes, etc. Aryan: Wow! Gowri: But wait, let me tell you if the fire is not handled cautiously it can lead to accidents and be dangerous too. Aryan: But how? Gowri: There are different types of fire and so there are different ways to handle them. I will tell you more about classes of fire. 8.2 CLASSES OF FIRE 1. CLASS A Ordinary flammable materials, such as fabric, wood, paper, rubber, and many polymers are involved in Class A fires. A-rated fire extinguishers are designed to put out fires involving these common flammable materials. 2. CLASS B: Liquids that are flammable and combustible, such as gasoline, alcohol, oil-based paints, and lacquers are used in Class B fires. As a result, B-type extinguishers are designed to put out flames involving flammable and combustible substances. 3. CLASS C: This type of fire is due to electrical equipment. Extinguishers with a C type are designed for use with fires involving energized electrical equipment. 4. CLASS D: Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, and sodium. Extinguishers with a D type are designed to extinguish fires involving combustible metals. 5. CLASS K: Class K fires involve vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats in cooking appliances. K-type fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish fires involving vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats utilized in commercial cooking appliances.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 59 8.3 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE FIRE Three important factors needed to promote fire are 1 Oxygen (Air): To start and maintain combustion, the most important thing is the presence of oxygen. The air supply can be increased by windy circumstances. 2 Heat: Heat is used to raise the temperature of the fuel to its ignition point and to ignite it. Lightning and human activity are two common sources of heat. 3 Fuel: Fuel is used to keep or carry flames. Trees, shrubs, grasses, and constructions are all combustible materials. 8.4 PROS AND CONS OF FIRE Advantages of fire 1. It is used for cooking food. To make food edible and tastier we need to cook it and, in that fire, plays a major role. 2. It is used in the generation of electricity in power plants such as in thermal power plants where coal is burnt with the help of fire in a furnace to produce heat which boils and produces steam. 3. It is used to give us warmth during the chilly winters. 4. It is used in industries for melting metals like iron, copper, etc. 5. It is used in agriculture also for the burning of hay in fields. 6. It is used to provide us light when dark. Aryan: That’s interesting! We are using fire in so many day-to-day activities. Gowri: Do you know? Once I had a burn while I was boiling water for myself. Aryan: Oh my god! It means it has some disadvantages too. Gowri: Yes, this is one of the disadvantages of fire. Let me tell you more about this.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 60 Disadvantages of fire: 1. Fire can lead to burns and accidents which are life-threatening. 2. If we neglect basic precautions, fire can burn houses and factories to ashes. 3. It can lead to the blasting of gas cylinders. 4. Fire in forests can affect the life of wild species and disturb the life cycle. . Aryan: You were right. Gowri: - If precautions are not taken while handling fire, it can be dangerous and deadly. Gowri: Don’t be so afraid! We just have to keep in mind the dos and don’ts while handling fire. If we are extra careful while handling fire, we can prevent all accidents. I read an article about fire safety a few days back. It highlighted all the points of fire safety. Aryan: Tell me in detail about fire safety. Gowri: Yes sure. 8.5 FIRE SAFETY DO’S AND DONT’S DO’S 1. Keep all flammables, like paper, clothing, bedding, or rugs at least 3 feet away from the heater, open flames, stove, or fireplace. 2. Never keep Electrical equipment plugged when not in use. 3. To avoid short circuits which can cause fire never to overload the socket with too many plugs. 4. Stay in the kitchen while you are cooking, frying, or boiling to prevent fire accidents. 5. Keep a check on your Gas cylinders and pipes for any kind of leakage. If a leakage is found, discontinue its use immediately. 6. In case of an emergency, always know the school and house building evacuation plan. 7. Be calm and quick when you hear a fire alarm or an emergency siren.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 61 8. If you encounter smoke during an evacuation, stay low on the floor. 9. Make sure that all windows open easily outside. 10. Avoid escalators and always use stairs if you live in a multistory building. 11. Practice getting out with eyes closed, crawling low to the floor, and keeping your mouth covered 12. Practice how to “Stop Droll Roll” If your clothes catch fire. 13. Keep your safety first. If you know you are safe and know how to use fire extinguishers, remember the acronym PASS: Pull the pin. Aim low at the base of the fire. Squeeze the handle slowly. Sweep the nozzle side to side. 14. Once you are out of the building of your school or house which is under fire, go out to an open place. 15. Call for help DONT’S 1. Do not panic in any situation. 2. Do not push or pull anyone while evacuation. 3. Do not make use of elevators. 4. Do not operate the fire extinguisher if you don’t know how to operate it. 5. Do not use water in case of an electrical fire. 6. Do not ignore any kind of siren or fire alarm warnings. 7. Do not waste your time looking for any valuables. Remember nothing is more valuable than your life. Call 101
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 62 9. Educational Robotics 9.1 Arduino IDE Interface 9.2 Identification of Arduino Uno Board 9.3 Tinkercad account Introduction Aryan: This Diwali I bought lights for house decoration. We could set them to blink or fade mode. But in my circuit, I could not do it. Gowri: Do you know why? For those effects, we need to program the circuit. Aryan: How can we program the circuit? Gowri: Nowadays some of my friends in the colony where I reside talk about Arduino Uno, a device used for learning the basics of electronics and programming associated with it for preparing projects related to developing technology. Aryan: What is Arduino Uno? Gowri: It is a device that can be programmed and used for making electronic projects such as blinking of LED etc. as per the instructions given to it using Arduino IDE. Aryan: How can we program a device like Arduino Uno? Gowri: We have to use Arduino Integrated Development Environment (Arduino IDE) to program Arduino Uno. Aryan: How can we download, install, and run this Arduino IDE? Gowri: Let me give you a link from where you can download Arduino IDE: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software You can download Arduino IDE from the above-mentioned link as per the operating system available on your computer. After downloading your need to simply run the downloaded file for its installation in your system. Aryan: How would I get to know whether Arduino IDE is installed on my computer or not? Gowri: You would see the following logo either on your home screen or in the program list of your system: Aryan: Oh, Now I understand the method of downloading, running, and installing Arduino IDE. Thanks for your help. Gowri: Anytime. 9.1 Arduino IDE Interface Aryan: Gowri, you are my true friend. You have always helped me in learning new things. I have now learned how to install and run Arduino IDE. Now I wish to learn more about its interface. Gowri: Ok Aryan, let me show you how it looks when we run it the very first time
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 63 Aryan: Would you please elaborate on a few aspects of it? Gowri: Yes. Now you can see the following picture showing various areas. 9.2 Identification of Arduino Uno Board After talking to Gowri, Aryan was curious to see an Arduino Uno Board. He wanted to identify it by simply looking at its design. As his curiosity rose, they again start their conversation from where they left earlier. Aryan: Thank you for telling me about Arduino IDE, Gowri. Gowri: You're welcome. Aryan: Now, would you please tell me how to identify the Arduino Uno board? Gowri: Yes, why not? It is very simple. Aryan: How? Gowri: Simply look at the following picture to identify Arduino Uno Board
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 64 Learning Activity 1: How to blink an LED in Arduino Uno using Tinkercad. Gowri: Aryan, can you write a program to blink an LED in Arduino Uno using code block in Tinkercad. Aryan: It would be very difficult to write a program in Tinkercad. Gowri: No, it’s very simple to write a program in Tinkercad using a code block. Just drag & drop your set of instructions to execute a program and start simulating it. If the set of instructions is in order, your program will execute with no error in it, and if not, then a syntax error will be shown in the program which you can correct by reorganizing your instructions. Aryan: Oh! But it sounds tough. Gowri: Don’t worry, let’s write a simple program to blink an LED in Arduino Uno using Tinkercad. I will explain the process of programming Step by Step in Tinkercad. Once you have written a program in the code block, Arduino’s set of instructions is generated in the text block. You can copy these instructions from the Code block and upload them to the Arduino board. You can watch the LED blink in Arduino. 9.3 Tinkercad account Step 1: Log in to your Tinkercad account. https://www.tinkercad.com/
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 65 Step 2: Switch on your Tinkercad Dashboard, toward the left-hand side corner, and click “Circuits”. Step 3: Click on “Create new Circuit” and a new page will appear. Step 4: Drag & drop the Arduino Uno board into the workspace. Step 5: Now, drag & drag two electronic components, an LED & a resistor. The resistor is used to limit the flow of current through the LED so that LED does not get damaged. Now, connect the LED negative terminal to the ground & the LED positive terminal to the resistor, & the resistor terminal to PIN No. 13. Step 6: To write a program, Open the Code block by clicking “Code” beside “Start simulation”. Step 7: To blink an LED, once the LED will be set as “High” which means the LED will be “ON” and then after a delay, the LED will be set as “LOW” which means the LED will be “OFF”. To run the program continuously, we will apply a loop function. Let us write: Step 7.1: Drag & drop set built-in LED to High Code block so that LED could switch ON. Code blocks Space to drag & drop your code block to write set of
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 66 Step 7.2: Drag & drop the Wait Code block to set LED to be set as High for some time duration. The duration of time can be adjusted by selecting seconds or milliseconds. Step 7.3: Drag & drop Code block set built-in LED to LOW so that LED could switch OFF. Step 7.4: Drag & drop the “Wait” Code block to set LED to Low for some time duration. The duration of time can be adjusted by selecting seconds or milliseconds. Step 8: Now, your set of instructions is ready, just run your program by clicking “Start Simulation”. Step 9: To watch the Arduino program code, Click on Blocks & select Blocks +Text. You can see the code written. Just copy the code and upload it to your Arduino Uno software and run it. Your code will function the same as Tinkercad. Gowri: Now, Aryan! What do you feel about writing your program in Tinkercad? Aryan: Wow! Now, I can understand, how easy it is to write a program in Tinkercad. I would love to write these programs in Tinkercad. And watching our program executed simultaneously
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 67 makes me more eager to write more programs in Tinkercad. Thank you, Gowri! For introducing to such a wonderful concept of Tinkercad. Gowri: You are welcome! Now, let us write more programs in Tinkercad using Code blocks. Practical with Arduino Uno Board and Hardware Components Here are the steps to execute a program inside Arduino IDE: Start Arduino IDE interface using its icon or logo. Write your program inside a sketch editor using keywords. Build hardware as mentioned in the program using Arduino and other components. Verify your program. Upload it inside Arduino for execution after proper verification/compilation. Note: Always ensure the following before verification/compilation and upload of a program: (i) Always select the board as Arduino Uno from Tools->Board->Arduino Uno option. (ii) Set Port as per the availability after connecting Arduino Uno Board through USB cable
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 68 10. PHOTOGRAPHY 10.1 BASIC RULES OF PHOTOGRAPHY 10.2 CONTROLS AND PREVIEW OF SMARTPHONE CAMERA 10.3 ISO, SHUTTER SPEED, AND APERTURE Aryan: - Gowri I went on trekking to Chopta Chandershila. It was amazing. I clicked lots of photographs. But what my sister clicked was the best. I wish I could click like her, but I do not have a good camera device. Gowri: No worries, Aryan. Even if you do not have a good camera, you can best use the camera in hand if you know the tricks and good photography techniques. Aryan: Is it Gowri? Gowri Yes... See Photography is sort of just taking a picture. Photography is something that shows your vision, creativity, and imagination. It can offer you a way of purpose, a mode of storytelling, and a distinct perspective on things. It can even take you to new places and facilitate your meeting new people. And mobile/smartphone photography is different from photography employing a camera because it's so instant and accessible. You can click an image and see the results on an outsized screen. You have the option to instantly edit it with a photograph editor, and to send or post it online to share instantly together with your friends and followers. You just need to know basic Photography rules 10.1 BASIC RULES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Rule 1: - Rule of Thirds Gowri: - It is a composition guideline. Aryan: - What is a composition? Gowri: - Composition in photography is about what to include or leave out of your frame and how you decide to place the elements in the scene. To achieve good composition, you will have to train yourself to split the camera screen into 9 pieces using4 grid lines. Try and place key points of the picture on the intersection and grids for visual appeal for asymmetric composition. Some Camera settings offer grid Overlay. For example, when shooting a flower position the stem on any vertical gridline, and for sunset, you can place the horizon along any horizontal gridlines.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 69 Rule 2: - • Rule of Odds Gowri: - This rule is simply a complex scene. We need to compose photographs with an odd number of subjects to make them more appealing. Three is a magic number though five or seven also work. This rule guides us on what to include and what to leave out. Rule 3: - Rule of Space Gowri: For this, we need to understand the concept of negative space. Aryan: - What is that Gowri: - Negative space is the use of space between or around the subjects as an important element of an image. It can become its subject and show scale or emotion like emptiness. You can click images with negative space to create a sense of motion, activity, or conclusion. Rule 4: - • Viewpoint Gowri: -Find a unique perspective. Aryan: - What is perspective Gowri: - It means your position in relation to your subject. Generally, everyone sees from the same perspective which is eye level. You can make images more interesting by using a different perspective.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 70 Aryan: - Yes, I have seen photographers sitting down and using ladders. We can get low to the ground and shoot up or find a higher vantage point and shoot down. We can take multiple shots from different viewpoints. Gowri: - Yes Aryan, photographing from a low angle makes the subject looks more powerful as in the pic below. Rule 5: - Fill the Frame Gowri: - Aryan if you want to focus your subject, you can do so by filling the frame. Get close so your subject takes up most if not all your photograph. Cuts out distractions from around your subject. Aryan: But sometimes, it can be dangerous to get close. Then we can use zoom and crop out the extras.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 71 Rule 6: - Leading lines Gowri: - Our eyes follow lines through the image automatically and then direct them to the subject. We can use this to create a sense of depth in our image. Aryan: - Like a rail track or bridge. Gowri: - Yes Aryan, Lines can be actual or implied by the elements in the image. We need to take advantage of structures or natural landscapes. Sometimes they are straight or curved. S curve is the best used by photographers. Aryan: - Is it necessary to lead them to the subject? Gowri: - It is good... but if they are not leading to a subject then they must lead out of the frame.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 72 Rule 7 Diagonals Gowri: Just like leading lines, we can make use of diagonals. It helps to create an illusion of movement in the photograph. It can add energy and interest to the scene. But make sure your diagonal is obvious. Rule 8: Framing Gowri: - Framing is to Frame one element of your picture in another element. It is used to add depth and draw the eyes into the image. Aryan: - Yes, for example, we can click through a window or between trees or mirrors.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 73 Gowri; - Yes Aryan Gowri: - These were the basic rules. You can explore more rules as you click more photographs like The Golden Rule, Rule of pattern and repetition, adding depth by blurring background or layering, using light, Symmetry, etc. Aryan: - Yes, I will try all but first I will click some photographs using basic techniques. Gowri: - Yes Aryan, but before you start let me tell you some basic controls of a smartphone camera. 10.2 CONTROLS AND PREVIEW OF SMARTPHONE CAMERA
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 74 Aryan: - You know Gowri I clicked pictures from the bus, but they came out to be a blur. Gowri: - Yes Aryan, Pictures can be blurred when click in motion. For this, you need to set the aperture and shutter speed. Aryan: - Oh… Could you please elaborate on these terms and their relevance in photography? Gowri: - Sure… but I must tell you that mobile cameras don’t have these features, you need to have a digital camera or professional camera that the cameraman has an SLR/DSLR camera. Aryan: - Ok … I don’t have those cameras but still you tell me about ISO, aperture, and shutter speed… Gowri: Let’s learn in detail about them. 10.3 ISO, SHUTTER SPEED, AND APERTURE When you take a photograph, the photo sensors are exposed to light. There are three parts to exposure: The ISO, shutter speed, and the aperture. • The ISO controls the amount of light by the sensitivity of the sensor. • The shutter speed controls the amount of light by the length of time. • The aperture (the size of the lens opening) controls the amount of light by the intensity via a series of different-sized openings. ISO International Standards Organization The ISO camera settings will tell the camera how much light it needs to be able to produce an image. In other words, it is the amount of light needed to create a photo. It also means that the higher the ISO number, the faster the shutter speed you can use in low light situations using the same aperture. See examples below: ISO number Shutter speed increase in exposure ISO 100 f5.6 aperture at 1/30 sec shutter speed. ISO 200 f5.6 aperture at 1/60 sec shutter speed.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 75 ISO 400 f5.6 aperture at 1/125 sec shutter speed. ISO 800 f5.6 aperture at 1/250 sec shutter speed. The difference between each setting is equal to one-stop. 100 ISO Benefits: • Low noise & fine resolution. • Good Colour Saturation. • Good Tonal Graduation Disadvantages: • Not very sensitive. • Needs to be used with a fast lens or tripod in very low light Best Uses: • Studio. • Still Life with a tripod & natural light. • Outdoors on a bright day. 200 ISO Benefits: • Good noise/sensitivity balance. • Acceptable sharpness, colour, and tone. • Can be used with a good range of apertures and shutter speeds. Disadvantages: • Slightly less quality capable by the camera. • May not be fast enough in low light or action scenarios. Best Uses: • General handheld shooting. 400 - 800 ISO Benefits: • Very Sensitive. • Can be used with fast shutter speeds and smaller aperture numbers. Example f: 5.6 or long lenses (300mm +). Disadvantages: • Grainy Noise starts to appear in the picture. • Speckled colors in shadow areas. Best Uses: • Sports. Low light situations with no flash.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 76 • Indoors. SHUTTER SPEED The purpose of the shutter is to control the length of time light reaches a sensor. Shutter speeds are measured in fractions of seconds, minutes, and sometimes many hours. The image will explain how it works. 1/1000 sec 1/500 sec 1/250 sec 1/125 sec 1/60 sec 1/30 sec 1/15 sec 1/8 sec 1/4 sec 1/2 sec (0.5”) 1 sec (1”) The difference between each setting is twice or half as long, depending upon the direction the control is turned. The difference between each setting is equal to onestop. Example: The difference between shooting at 1/60 second and changing to 1/30 second results in twice the amount of light reaching the sensor. 1/30th second is considered the cutoff point where one can successfully hand hold a camera without causing camera shake or subject movement blurred Apertures or “f: stops” Aryan: - What are these? Gowri: - An aperture is an opening. Much like the opening of our eyes (the pupil). The larger the opening the more light is allowed in. The smaller the opening, the less light is let in. The pupil adapts to bright or low light. The aperture controls the intensity of light reaching the sensor.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 77 So, these are the skills that are needed for the photography, Gowri: - You know Aryan every year NCERT conducts one festival for 5 days where any student can send their entries for photography and videos. Aryan: - that’s very good, now I’ll also send my entries by clicking good educational photographs and videos. Assessment Project 6 Click a picture of the marketplace following any 2 rules as taught above.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 78 Appendix Golden Safety Rules SAFETY RULES: - A principle or regulation governing actions, procedures, or devices intended to lower the occurrence or risk of injury, loss, and danger to persons, property, or the environment. Gowri: - What is the importance of safety rules in our life? Teacher: - Yes Gowri, we all have to save from any hazard. Because…. WHY WE NEED SAFETY RULES: - Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm or other danger. Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. TYPES OF GOLDEN SAFETY RULES 1. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits. 2. Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or energized. 3. Disconnect the power source before servicing or repairing electrical equipment. 4. Use only tools and equipment with non-conducting handles when working on electrical devices. 5. Never use metallic pencils or rulers, or wear rings or metal watchbands when working with electrical equipment. This rule is very easy to forget, especially when you are showing some electrical part pointing with a metallic pencil. 6. When it is necessary to handle equipment that is plugged in, be sure hands are dry and, when possible, wear nonconductive gloves, protective clothes, and shoes with insulated soles. 7. If it is safe to do so, work with only one hand, keeping the other hand at your side or in your pocket, away from all conductive material. This precaution reduces the likelihood of accidents that result in current passing through the chest cavity. If you ever read about current passing through the human body you will know, so remember – work with one hand only. 8. Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold rooms or other areas where condensation is likely. If equipment must be used in such areas, mount the equipment on a wall or vertical panel. 9. If water or a chemical is spilt onto equipment, shut off power at the main switch or circuit breaker and unplug the equipment. NEVER try to remove water or similar from equipment while energized. 10. If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not touch the equipment, cord, or person. Disconnect the power source from the circuit breaker or pull out the plug using a leather belt. 11. Equipment producing a “tingle” should be disconnected and reported promptly for repair.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Page | 79 12. Do not rely on grounding to mask a defective circuit nor attempt to correct a fault by insertion of another fuse or breaker, particularly one of larger capacity. 13. Never touch another person’s equipment or electrical control devices unless instructed to do so. 14. Enclose all electric contacts and conductors so that no one can accidentally come into contact with them. 15. Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or body are wet or perspiring, or when standing on a wet floor. 16. When it is necessary to touch electrical equipment (for example, when checking for overheated motors), use the back of the hand. Thus, if the accidental shock were to cause muscular contraction, you would not “freeze” to the conductor. 17. Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical equipment. 18. be aware that interlocks on equipment disconnect the high voltage source when a cabinet door is open but power for control circuits may remain on. 19. De-energize open experimental circuits and equipment to be left unattended. 20. Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical equipment.