KVS RO DELHI REGION कौशल - प्रज्ञता STUDY MATERIAL FOR WORK EDUCATION CLASS 8 (As per National Education Policy 2020)
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Note from Deputy Commissioner The National Education Policy 2020 has given due importance to vocational education, and capacity development of teachers to boost the employability skills and vocational skills of the learners at all levels. It heralds the potentially explosive growth of vocational education in the country since it requires all educational institutions to integrate vocational education into their offerings In a concentrated effort to ensure access and afford opportunity to all students to obtain quality and uniform vocational educational, KVS Delhi Region has designed the content to redefine Work Education as part of Skill Education and integrated vocational education with general education, with focus on social inclusion, gender equality and inclusive education. An attempt is made to introduce vocational indigenous crafts and promote them from class VI onwards and also to integrate new age skills, 21st century skills and entrepreneurship education in schools. A multidisciplinary approach is used to integrate the subject with Science, Math, Social Sciences and Languages to take their learning further, solving problems and thinking of betterment and development of self and community as a whole. Work Education for Class VI to VIII is reimagined as कौशल - प्रज्ञता (Skill Learning), and is an attempt to introduce Vocational courses in a Joyful manner with mainly hands on activities to give practical exposure to child as a series of occupation. It is and endeavor to give them exposure to understand framework of industry. Students are given opportunity to test their skills, learn from mistakes and identify their weak points. The activities are made to encourage self – learning and to familiarize students with tools and equipment’s required. A great effort is made to leverage the effective elements of social learning and experiential learning in a structured manner. We have tried to introduce basket of skills which include, agriculture, crafts, pottery, communication skills, Photography, Robotics, Origami, Electric circuits, stitching etc. Students may learn how to create an idea, connect to relevant stakeholders, and serve the community. Their exposure to the adult world is real and authentic, helping feed their need for meaning and purpose. Note to Teachers The book is a suggestive material for teaching. Teacher can use their own innovative ways to make “Work Education” more experiential, integrated, discovery oriented, useful, fulfilling and enjoyable, to develop creative potential of students with sound ethical moorings and values, while building upon Indian’s traditions and ethics for the purposes of national pride, self-confidence, self-knowledge, cooperation and integration as emphasized in NEP 2020. In the book, we have given 6 Assessment projects, on which teacher is expected to Grade students. It is expected that each child completes at least 4 projects to the perfection under teacher’s guidance.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022-23 Note to students Practice leads to perfection. One cannot be an expert overnight. More the practice, greater the expertise. Learning something new is difficult, especially at the beginning when we’re likely to put an effort and make mistakes. The reality is, the only way to learn something new is to practice for skill development, after understanding the concept. For example, being a parent of swimmers, I can tell you exactly what the butterfly stroke should look like: the kick and the pull, and how the arms have to be, and how the turn need to work. I know how to swim butterfly. But if I have to swim, I will not be able to swim the butterfly at all. That’s the difference between intellectual understanding and the skill development. Practice and experience is the only way to become proficient in a new skill or behavior. Try to experience all the activities in the book and then further explore your creativity and get vocational exposure. It will help you become innovative, adaptable and productive human beings and will give a chance towards entrepreneurship. While trying to get hands on experience in various skills, students are requested to ponder on following- How can you help in growth and development of your community and neighborhood? What are the problems or needs that exist at your school and how can you work with students to develop projects around them? How might you connect yourself with community partners so they can make an impact in the ‘real world?’ What jobs exist in your city/village/town? How might you connect yourself to these occupations?
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby acknowledge the contribution and counsel of Smt. Poonam Mallik, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region) as Chief Coordinator with Content Development Team and Sh. Sanjit Kumar, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region), Smt. Shilbala Singh, Assistant Commissioner (KVS Delhi Region) for their regular support and inputs during various meetings. I also acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Pravin Kumar, Administrative Officer (KVS Delhi Region) and Ms. Shivani Suneja, Finance Officer (KVS Delhi Region) for helping in Printing and Publishing. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution and determination of Ms. Monika Batra, Vice Principal, Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri as Regional Coordinator and author and the authors Ms Amita Rana, TGT WE KV Janakpuri, Mr Avdhesh kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, Mr Shivam TGT WE KV Janak Puri, Mr Pushkar, TGT WE, KV Masjid Moth and Ms Jhanjha Chakravarty, KV DC-3 in content development. The contribution of Ms Jaswinder, TGT WE and Ms Monika TGT KV AGCR is acknowledged for content contribution. The contributions of Ms Monika Batra, (VP), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri, Mr. Avdhesh Kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, NCERT Br., Ms.Jhanjha Chakrabarthi, TGT Eng, KV Delhi Cantt 3. and Ms. Amita Rana TGT (Work Experience), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri are acknowledged for reviewing the manuscript of the series. The untiring efforts of Ms Monika Batra, (VP), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri, Mr. Avdhesh Kumar Lawania, PRT, KV JNU, NCERT Br. for formatting, editing, compilation and final review is highly acknowledged. (Nagendra Goyal) Deputy Commissioner
Sl.No. Units 1.1 Science Of Innovations: Origami Structures 1.2 Origami Robots Activity 1.3 Origami Designs in Space Technology. 1.4 Making an origami Telescope. 2 Electric Circuits 2.1 Basic Electronic Component 3 Electrical Measuring Instrument 3.1 Electrical Measuring Instrument 4.1 Introduction to Food Adulteration 4.2 Types of Food Adulterants/Adulteration 4.3 Reasons for Food Adulteration. 4.4 Methods to detect food adulteration at home. 4.5 How to prevent Food Adulteration 4.6 BioEnzymes 5.1 Pottery 5.2 Paper Mache 5.3 Bottle craft & Lamp 6.1 Recapitulation: Introduction to Fire Extinguisher and its types. 6.2 How to operate Fire Extinguisher 6.3 Activity: Search and Rescue 6.4 Classroom Activity: Skit on fire safety 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Programming step by step in Tinkercad 8.1 What is Entrepreneurship? 8.2 Some successful entrepreneurs. 8.3 Young Entrepreneurs of India 8.4 Steps for becoming an entrepreneur 8.5 Skills Requirement for an entrepreneur 9.1 Importance of Financial Literacy 9.2 Financial Management 9.3 Evolution of Money 9.4 Banking (Offline & Online-Net Banking). 9.5 Modes of Online Net Banking. 9.6 ATM and Security Measures Of using ATM/Debit Cards. 9.7 Difference between Credit &Debit card 8 Entrepreneurial Revolution 9 Financial Literacy 5 Artisan Wisdom 6 First Aid 7 Arduino IDE 4 Food & Nutrition KVS DELHI REGION 2022 WORK EXPERIENCE CLASS 8 Contents 1 Origami
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 1 | P a g e 1. ORIGAMI 1.1 Science Of Innovations: Origami Structures 1.2 Origami Robots Activity 1.3 Origami Designs in Space Technology. 1.4 Making an origami Telescope. Aryan was busy making some spacecraft designs for his space challenge project. Gowri: What are you doing Aryan? Aryan: I am making an origami model of spacecraft equipped with all the latest gadgets. Gowri: Hmm. Sounds interesting! Origami is a wonderful art and we can integrate our core subjects with it. Aryan: Yes! You are right Gowri. We have learned in our previous class how we can make geometrical patterns, infinity cubes, etc. which makes the Mathematics subject more interesting. Similarly, it goes with Science. In our dynamic world, we come across many inventions and innovations in the field of science and technology. It is necessary for the social and economic development of the country. Origami provides answers to real-world problems in mathematics, engineering, and astronomy, proving that origami is more than just a child‘s play. Gowri: I curiously want to know about it. Aryan: Oh yes! Sure 1.1 Science of Innovations: Origami Structures Origami, or the ancient Japanese art of paper folding, is more than just a fun way to pass time. In recent years, it has experienced a spike in popularity. This time, it‘s more than simply an art form; it‘s also a model for mechanical creations with customizable qualities. Origami suggests patterns for making efficient and flexible designs and structures. Some of the innovations are discussed below where origami plays a major role. 1:In the field of electronics- Paper Battery: The advantage of origami is that paper is cheap and easily available. That makes it especially useful for work in remote areas where people might need lightweight and biodegradable instruments. So a team of researchers at Binghamton University in New York had been developing folding paper batteries, powered by bacteria. And in 2016, they came up with a way to make them out of a single sheet of paper. This type of battery is called a microbial fuel cell. These batteries turn cellulose present in food into energy and in the process most bacteria move electrons through a series of chemical reactions called the electron transport chain. At the end of this process, they eject an electron, which is usually absorbed by an
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 2 | P a g e oxygen molecule. But if you remove the oxygen by drawing the bacteria into the centre of the battery, that electron can be captured by something else, like one of the battery‘s electrodes. So the paper is designed to fold in a way that keeps the bacteria isolated, and separates the battery‘s electrodes. It only provides a few microwatts of electricity, but even that tiny amount could be used for small-scale experiments or medical tests in places that don‘t have access to electricity. Almost any drop of dirty water could power this battery since it works with most bacteria. And since the paper is biodegradable, it‘s also easier to dispose of than traditional batteries. 2. In Automobiles: Making of Airbags: We all know the importance of airbags. The making of airbags is tougher than you think. It‘s got to open in a second and become rigid, but not too rigid. It turns out that the best way to model the inflation of a shape of this size is to figure out how to create a 3-D polyhedron from a flat sheet, using the origami folding technique. A German company has developed the software to simulate the opening and folding-up of an airbag and it‘s been widely used by many manufacturing organizations. The folding technique of Airbags is inspired by the origami paper folding pattern of folding and accommodating things in a smaller space. 3. In Architecture and Civil Engineering: Origami is used in the manufacturing of miniature models of bridges and stadiums. One can form the showcase model using origami which is cost-effective. 4. Medicine: Paper folding techniques are used to embody the cell membrane and protein, and are used in modelling DNA samples. 5. Mechanical Engineering: Origami techniques were used in the pipes of the Japanese highspeed trains. In-pipe supports were used to absorb the excess pressure; thus, reducing the risk of accidents. 6. Space technology: Folding space equipment could be useful for low-cost satellites whose size is equal to that of a brick. Origami also has vast implications for radiation shielding that would be used on spacecraft to protect astronauts during future deep-space missions.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 3 | P a g e 14.2 Origami Robot: Foldable A robot is an automated machine that replaces human efforts and performs the function in a human-like manner. Applications of Robots: 1. Helps in fighting forest fires 2. Working alongside humans in manufacturing plants 3. Robots that offer companionship to elderly individuals 4. Surgical assistants 5. Last-mile package and food order delivery 6. Autonomous household robots that carry out tasks like vacuuming and mowing the grass 7. Assisting with finding items and carrying them throughout warehouses 8. Used during search-and-rescue missions after natural disasters 9. Used in war zones. Gowri: Let‘s try to make an origami robot by designing some human figures. Aryan: Yes, we can surely try. For making an origami robot you can modify any human figure to make it look like a robot. It is not restricted to any fixed design. Few things you have to work upon before making an origami robot: 1. Purpose of Robot 2. Functions of Robot 3. Appearance of Robot CLASSROOM ACTIVITY Robot Designing The teacher can conduct an activity by giving a few origami papers to kids and let them design a robot by making different figures, keeping a problem statement in mind, finding a possible solution, and thus creating a robot for it. Different themes can be given by the teacher to think about a problem statement like Education, Medical, Engineering, Agriculture, etc. 1.3 Origami Space Designs Origami Space technology combines art, design, and science into one. Origami is not only limited to kids folding paper in various shapes and patterns as many space agencies have researched the use of origami in outer space designs. Origami offers the potential to take a very large structure, even a vast structure, and you can get it to fit within the rocket, go up, and then fold back out again. So it greatly magnifies what we are capable of building in space." 1. STARSHADE: Origami is used as a star shade which is a project initiated by a technologist. The project's goal is to fit a large object into a rocket. Once the rocket reaches the correct point in space, the Star shade opens like a flower.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 4 | P a g e This large flower shape is meant to block light to permit a space telescope to better see areas close to bright stars. 2. PUFFER: Another design that incorporates features of origami is the Pop-Up Flat Folding Explorer Robot (PUFFER). PUFFER is a lightweight, foldable robot capable of flattening itself out, squeezing into tight spots, and clambering up steep slopes. It is made from a folding circuit board embedded with fabric, according to the statement. NASA ORIGAMI ROBOT: PUFFER 3. TRANSFORMER PROJECT: A tinsel-like material used as spacecraft insulation — and a special polyethene fabric that doesn't form permanent creases. This project is also inspired by origami folding patterns. There are so many patterns yet to be explored and origami paper folding art plays a major role in space design. 1.4 Paper Telescope A telescope is an optical tool that observes distant objects using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of the two. It is used to see magnified images of distant objects. This is the most important and investigatory tool in astronomy used to collect data and analyze celestial objects. Activity Steps for making a Paper Telescope: Materials Required: 1. Cardboard 2. 7 1/2-inch paper tube, 2-inch diameter 3. 7 1/2-inch paper towel roll, 1 1/2- inch diameter 4. 1 1/2-inch double convex lens, 30-cm focal length 5. 1 1/2-inch double convex lens, 5-cm focal length 6. Scissors 7. Box cutter 8. White glue 9. Ruler 10. Colours/Paints to decorate Step 1: Create two cardboard holders for the lenses. Trace around each lens on the cardboard to create two circles. Measure outward a little over 1/2 inch on one circle pattern, and 1/4 inch on the other circle pattern. Draw a second circle around each pattern with these new wider diameters. This creates two ring patterns. Cut out the rings of cardboard, taking care to keep them intact. Step 2: Place the lenses in the cardboard holders. Apply a small amount of white glue to the outside edge of each lens. Squeeze each lens into the centre of each cardboard ring. The long focal lens goes into the ring with a wider
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 5 | P a g e diameter. Check that both lenses are perfectly even with the cardboard. Allow the glue to dry. Step 3: Glue the lenses in place. Apply a small amount of white glue around the edge of the larger lens holder. Press this holder -- with lens - against one end of the paper tube with a wider diameter. The cardboard holder should be just larger than the diameter of the paper tube. Repeat this process with the smaller tube and another cardboard holder. Allow the glue to dry. Step 4: Slide the open end of the smaller cardboard tube inside the open end of the larger diameter tube. Hold the short focal lens to your eye. Try to focus on something in the distance by sliding the tubes along one another. If you find that the smaller tube is too long to bring the object into focus, cut the length of the smaller tube down an inch or two. Mathematical Lamps Cuboctahedron Aryan: Gowri for this year‘s assignment I wish to make mathematical lamps. Now that I have learned about Arduino Uno, don‘t you think I can make use of it in designing these mathematical lamps? Gowri: That‘s a great idea Aryan. We can use squares or triangles. etc. for making mathematical lamps. The use of Arduino will make the lamp function interesting. Aryan: Let us give it a shot then. Gowri: Almost all the articles are with us. Just match the items with the checklist. List of articles for making lamps 1. A4 pastel Sheet -08 number 2. Fevicol 3. Stapler 4. Scissor 5. String Light Ladiya -2 meter 6. Wire and plug Aryan: I am getting the table ready for work and also getting a printout of the design as mentioned in appendix 1. How many printouts do I have to take? Gowri: For a Cuboctahedron lamp we have to take 8 printouts of appendix 1. Remove the squares from two cutouts. Paste the printout on a pastel sheet and cut the pieces. Inner designs can be changed according to your choice. Do not cut the flaps, they will be needed to paste and join the figure. Aryan: I have pasted them on a pastel sheet for cutting as you told me. Gowri: Just place the side of the squares to form a net as shown (appendix02)and paste them. Before placing the last flip and pasting it, let's insert the string lamp (ladiya) inside the structure, close it smoothly and your Cuboctahedron lamp is ready. In place of the surface, use any vertex to make the wire come out so that it hangs diagonally. It will add beauty to it.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 6 | P a g e Appendix-1
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 7 | P a g e Appendix-2 Chamfered -Cube Lamp
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 8 | P a g e Aryan went to Gowri‘s house to do the Project work. In the evening Gowri lit her study table lamp. Aryan: Gowri, this lamp looks awesome. Is there a specific name to it? Gowri: It‘s a Chamfered -Cube Lamp. You too can make it on your own, let me show you how. Aryan: Please provide a list of articles required. Gowri: Ok, This is the list of articles. List of articles for making lamps 1. A4 pastel Sheet-06 number 2. Fevicol 3. Stapler 4. Scissors 5. String Light Ladiya -2 meter 6. Wire and plug Aryan: Let‘s take a printout of appendix -3 on an A4 pastel sheet. I am also getting a print of one copy of the net in appendix -4 so that we can work according to it. I am ready with a string lamp. Gowri: First of all, we will need a plane surface to work on so we will move to our study table. Aryan: Let‘s cut out the design in appendix -3 with flips. Now lay down according to the net in appendix -4. Make flips to be pasted on the inner side of the next Hexagon as shown. Now before closing, let us place our string lamps inside it. Gowri: Yes! I will place a string lamp inside it. Wait for ten minutes and let it dry. After twenty minutes … Aryan: We can test it now. We can program our lighting now. Aryan puts a plug in the socket and switches on the plug. Aryan: Wow! we did it by ourselves. Gowri: Yes, It's awesome and a nice experience also.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 9 | P a g e Appendix -3
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 10 | P a g e Appendix -4 Rhombic Dodecahedron Lamp
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 11 | P a g e Aryan: Gowri, can we make a simple, interesting lamp? Gowri: Yes we can make the easiest of all lamps today. Do we have 6 pastel sheets? Aryan: Yes, we have 6 pastel sheets. Gowri: Ok, we can try in the evening. First of all, arrange all these things so that we can start making the lamp. List of articles for making lamps 1. A4 pastel Sheet-6 Pcs 2. Fevicol 3. Stapler 4. Scissors 5. String Light Ladiya -2 meter 6. Wire and plug Later in the day. Aryan: Gowri, I am ready with the cut-out of the design in appendix 5. I can easily paste it using the net given by you. I know how to paste as I had learned while making tetrahedral and octahedral lamps. After twenty minutes… Gowri: This is very beautiful. Let‘s put string lamps in it and close it. Sometime later… Aryan: This was a really good experience. I was able to do it myself. I was appreciated by my Maths teacher. Thank you Gowri. How come you know making so many types of lamps? Gowri: I was watching the CCLIITGN stem 3030 programs on TV. From there I learned to make different types of lamps. Thanks to the whole team.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 12 | P a g e Appendix -5
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 15 | P a g e
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 16 | P a g e
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 18 | P a g e
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 19 | P a g e Assessment Project 1: Mathematical Lamps Chandelier 1. Make a parallel circuit of bulbs and fix it on a wooden log or piece or any other base of your choice. The figure shown here is for an idea. The child is encouraged to use his or her imagination. 2. Make mathematical lamps as taught in chapter 1. You may make any lamp from class 6 to 8. 3. Cover the bulbs with a paper lamp. The project is complete.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 20 | P a g e 2. Basic Electronic Component Gowri: Hi Aryan! Aryan: Hi Gowri! Gowri: Did you watch yesterday‘s episode of Planet Earth? It was amazing. Aryan: No, our television was not working properly. The electrician told us that there was a fault in my television. Gowri: What happened? What kind of fault has surfaced in your television? Aryan: Some electronic components got damaged. Do you know what are electronic components? Gowri: Yes, let me explain to you what electronic components are. You remember we used resistors and LED in our earlier projects. LED TV Aryan:- Yes, we did use. Gowri:- They are electronic components. There are many like them as explained below. Definition of Electronic Components: Electronic components are the basic building blocks of an electronic circuit that control the flow of electric current in an electronic circuit or electronic device. Different types of electronic components: 1. Resistors 2. Capacitors 3. Diode 4. Light Emitting Diode (LED) 5. Transistors 6. Buzzer 7. DC Motor 8. Sensor 9. Integrated circuit (ICs) Resistors: Gowri: Aryan, do you know what are resistors? Resistors are the passive electronic component that shows the property of resistance. They are twoterminal devices. Aryan: Then, what is Resistance? What kind of property is it?
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 21 | P a g e Gowri: ―Resistance‖ is the property of materials by which it opposes the flow of electric current. Let me show you how the resistor looks. Aryan: Yeah, I saw this electronic component, when the electrician opened my TV. Gowri: Of course, you would have seen this. They are used to control the flow of the electric current in the circuit. Symbol of Resistors: Symbol of Resistor & Variable Resistor Unit of Resistor: Resistors are measured in Ohms or Kilo Ohms. 1 Kilo Ohm or 1000 ohm resistor Capacitors: Gowri: Aryan, now you know what resistors are and what they look like. Aryan: Of course, now I would like to know about Capacitors. What are Capacitors, why do we use them, and in which type of application are they used? Gowri: Let me introduce you to Capacitor. Capacitors are the passive electronic components that store electrical energy in an electric field and are two-terminal devices. The main function of Capacitors is to store electrical energy. Unit of Capacitance: Capacitance of Capacitors is measured in Farad or micro-Farad. Diode: Gowri: Aryan, now you know what capacitors are, what they look like, and what their applications are. The value of this resistor is 1 Kilo Ohm. We can find the value with the help of Multimeter.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 22 | P a g e Aryan: Yes, now could you tell me about another electronic component, Diode. What is Diode, and in which type of application it is used? Gowri: Let me introduce you to Diode. A diode is an active electronic component that essentially acts as a one-way switch for electric current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction but severely restricts the flow of electric current from the opposite directions. A diode is a semiconducting two-terminal device that acts as a switch LED (Light Emitting Diode): Gowri: Next we have is LED. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device, which can emit light when an electric current passes through it. LED has got applications in various fields. You would have seen LED bulbs, LED Tube lights, LED Television, etc. are some applications. Let us see, how they look. Diagram 1.3: Different Colours of Light Emitting Diode Symbol of LED: Transistors: Gowri: Aryan, Now, you know the similarities and the differences between Diodes & LEDs. Aryan: Yes Gowri, the concept of LED & Diode is pretty clear in my mind. Are there any other electronic components.?
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 23 | P a g e Gowri: Yes, of course, there are many more. Let us discuss Transistors. Aryan: Transistor? The name sounds familiar. Gowri: Yes, a transistor is a semiconductor device that is used to control the flow of electricity in electronic equipment and a transistor is a combination of two words, transfer plus resistor that‘s why it sounded familiar. It is a threeterminal device which means it has 3 legs. Let us see how transistors look. PNP Transistor NPN Transistor nMOS Transistor pMOS Transistor (BJT) (BJT) (MOSFET) (MOSFET) nMOS Transistor pMOS Transistor (MOSFET) (MOSFET) Different types of transistors Symbol of Transistor: Aryan: Gowri. What does E, B & C stand for? Gowri: Aryan, E stands for Emitter, B stands for Base & C stands for Collector. Nomenclature for BJT type Transistor. Buzzer & Speaker: Gowri: Now let us talk about the electronic component that produces sound. Aryan: Yeah! I know it, it is a buzzer. Gowri: Yes. First of all, let us discuss the Buzzer. A buzzer is a simple electronic device that converts an electrical signal into an audio signal. Buzzers are powered through DC voltage. Based on the various designs, it could generate different sounds like alarms, music, bell, sirens, etc. Let me show you what it looks like. A simple illustration explaining how when current is passed through the circuit, the buzzer starts producing sound. Symbol of Buzzer:
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 24 | P a g e In an electronic circuit diagram, the symbol which is used for the buzzer is shown in the figure. It has two terminals for connection. When DC current is passed through the buzzer, it starts producing sound depending upon the design & application where it is being used. Application of Buzzer: Some of the applications of buzzer are mentioned below: 1. Security Devices. 2. Communication Devices. 3. Household Appliances. 4. Alarm Circuits. 5. Timers & Controllers. Electric motor: Gowri: Let me introduce you to another device i.e. DC motor or simply say a toy motor. Aryan: Ok Gowri! What is a DC Motor? Gowri: An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The electric motor is used as an important component in toys, electric fans, refrigerators, mixers, etc. Let us see how it looks. DC motor: A simple assembly of a DC Motor with a 9V Battery is shown in the figure. Symbol of DC Motor: The symbol shown below is the DC motor symbol used in electric diagrams. SENSORS: Gowri: Now, let us discuss sensors. Aryan: Sensors! Like our sense organ.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 25 | P a g e Gowri: Yes, our sense organs are like sensors. They receive different data from our surroundings and transmit that information to our brain, where the brain processes that data and converts it into meaningful information. Let us define sensors. Sensors are devices that respond to a physical stimulus such as light, heat, temperature, humidity, force, pressure, sound, motion, etc., and transmit the information to the computer for measuring, processing, and controlling the desired quantity. Sensors are input devices that send information to the computer Integrated Circuit (IC): Gowri: Now, let‘s talk about Integrated Circuit. Aryan: Integrated Circuit? Are they some kind of circuit? Gowri: No. Integrated circuits(IC) which are also called microelectronic circuits or microchips are an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are built upon a thin substrate of semiconductor material (typically silicon). Applications of ICs: 1. Audio & radio communication. 2. Biomedical Instrumentation field. 3. Microcontroller & Microprocessor. 4. Aviation Field. 5. Security System.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 26 | P a g e Gowri: That was all for electronic components. You can connect them either in series or in parallel. Aryan: What are Series circuits and parallel circuits. Gowri: Let us ask the teacher and do our Assessment project on it. Assessment Project 2: Extension Board The teacher will explain in brief about series and parallel circuits and house wiring. Guide the students to make an Extension Board with 3 sockets and 3 switches with a chord to plug.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 27 | P a g e 3 Electrical Measuring Instrument Electrical Measuring Instrument Types of Electrical Measuring Instrument 1. Ammeter 2. Voltmeter 3. Ohm meter 4. Multimeter 5. Energy meter Aryan was playing ludo with his family when suddenly due to an electrical fault, there was a blackout in the house. Then Aryan‘s father called the electrician to look into the matter. The electrician was carrying a multimeter, an electrical measuring instrument that fascinated Aryan. Aryan was eager to know about the multimeter: What it is? What specific purpose does it serve? Is it used to find faults in the electrical system? The very next day… Aryan: Hi Gowri! How are you? Gowri: Hi Aryan! I am fine, what about you? Looking inquisitive again. Aryan: Of course! Yesterday, an electrical fault occurred in our home, and my father called an electrician. The electrician came with an instrument that he employed to find the fault in the electrical system. Gowri: Ohh! That instrument could be the multimeter, an electrical measuring instrument used to measure current, voltage, and other electrical quantities. Aryan: Multimeter! To measure electrical quantities. Are there other instruments like a multimeter? Do you know them and can you briefly explain them? Gowri: Of course Aryan! We can discuss the topic of electrical measuring instruments. Let‘s begin… Electrical Measuring Instruments: The instruments used for the measurement of electrical quantities such as Electric Current, Potential difference or Voltage, Resistance, Electric Power, Electric Energy, etc. are called Electrical measuring instruments. Electrical measuring instruments are used for gauging various electrical aspects. Based
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 28 | P a g e on the broad classification, the electrical measuring instruments are classified into different types: 1. Ammeter 2. Voltmeter 3. Ohmmeter 4. Energy meter Ammeter: An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in Amperes (A), hence the name of the instrument is ―Ammeter‖ which stands for Ampere measurement. The ammeter is always connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. The ammeter can be broadly classified into two categories: 1. Analog Ammeter 2. Digital Ammeter Voltmeter: A voltmeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the potential difference or voltage in a circuit. The potential difference or Voltage is measured in Volt (V), hence the name of the instrument is ―Voltmeter‖ which stands for Volt measurement. The Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to the resistor or component whose potential difference or voltage is to be measured within the circuit. The voltmeter can be broadly classified into two categories: 1. Analog Voltmeter 2. Digital Voltmeter Battery Multimeter as Ammeter Bulb Ammeter is connected in series in circuit
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 29 | P a g e Ohmmeter: An ohmmeter is a measuring instrument used for the measurement of resistance in a circuit. The resistance is measured in Ohm (Ω), hence the name of the instrument is ―Ohmmeter‖ which stands for Ohm measurement. In the ohmmeters, the resistance to be measured is connected to the instrument in parallel or series. Multimeter: A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure different electrical quantities. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM), as the unit is equipped with the voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter functionality. The multimeter can also be broadly classified into two types: 1. Analog Multimeter 2. Digital Multimeter. A Digital multimeter with its function. Continuity tests measure if electricity can flow through the part. Voltmeter Battery Bulb Multimeter as Voltmeter Voltmeter is connected in parallel in circuit
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 30 | P a g e 1. First insert the black test lead into the COM jack. 2. Then insert the red lead into the VΩ jack. When finished, remove the leads in reverse order: red first, then black. 3. With the circuit de-energized, connect the test leads across the component being tested. The position of the test leads is arbitrary. Note that the component may need to be isolated from other components in the circuit. 4. The multi-meter (MM) beeps if a complete path (continuity) is detected. If the circuit is open (the switch is in the OFF position), the MM will not beep. 5. When finished, turn the multi-meter OFF to preserve battery life. Resistance tests how much current is lost as electricity flows through a component or circuit. 1. Turn power to circuit OFF. If a circuit includes a capacitor, discharge the capacitor before taking any resistance reading. 2. Turn the multimeter dial to resistance, or ohms, which often shares a spot on the dial with one or more other tests/measurement modes (continuity, capacitance, or diode; see illustration below). • The display should show OLΩ because, in Resistance mode, even before test leads are connected to a component, a digital multi-meter automatically begins taking a resistance measurement. • The MΩ symbol may appear in the display because the resistance of open (unattached) test leads is very high. • When the leads are connected to a component, a digital multi-meter automatically uses the Autorange mode to adjust to the best range. Resistance Scale When finished, remove the leads in reverse order: red first, then black. • Pressing the Range button allows a technician to manually set the range. Continuity Resistance Scale
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 31 | P a g e • Best results will be achieved if the component to be tested is removed from the circuit. If the component is left in the circuit, the readings could be affected by other components in parallel with the component to be tested. 3. First insert the black test lead into the COM jack. 4. Then insert the red lead into the VΩ jack. 5. Connect test leads across the component being tested. The third common test is for voltage or the force of the electric pressure. Voltage Range 1. Turn the dial to dc voltage. Some multi-meters (MMS) also include dc millivolts. If uncertain of which to choose, start with a dc voltage, which handles higher voltage. 2. First insert the black probe into the COM jack. 3. Then insert the red probes into the V Ω jack. When finished, remove the probes in reverse order: red first, then black. 4. Connect the test probes to the circuit: black to the negative polarity test point (circuit ground), red to the positive test point. 5. Read the measurement in the display. Energy meter: An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed. The most common unit of measurement of electrical energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh) and the commercial unit of electrical energy is the Unit (1 Unit = 1KWh). The energy meter can be broadly classified into two categories: 1. Analog Energy meter 2. Digital Energy meter Energy meter Aryan: Good to know that different instruments are used to measure different electrical quantities. Thank you, Gowri for providing such interesting knowledge. Gowri: You are welcome, an Aryan! Now take note of some symbols of electric components you might be using.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 32 | P a g e Antenna Classroom Activity • Draw the electrical symbols of various electrical and electronics components. • Try the continuity testing using Multi-meter.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 33 | P a g e 4 . FOOD AND NUTRITION 4.1 Introduction to Food Adulteration 4.2 Types of Food Adulterants/Adulteration 4.3 Reasons for Food Adulteration. 4.4 Methods to detect food adulteration at home. 4.5 How to prevent Food Adulteration 4.6 BioEnzymes One Sunday morning Gowri and Aryan went to buy some fruits from the fruit market. Just passing through the market Gowri observed that one shopkeeper was putting apples in a big tub under his table. Gowri was curious to know what he was trying to do with apples. Why was he separating those apples? Gowri: Aryan, did you notice something in that corner shop? Aryan: What Gowri, I am not able to see anything. Gowri: I want to know what that man is trying to do. Aryan: Maybe he is separating rotten apples from the fresh ones. Gowri: I don‘t think so. I have been observing him for a while now. He is putting rotten apples in that tub and after a few minutes they are coming out fresh. Aryan: Maybe you are overthinking. Gowri: No Aryan, I saw he is doing food adulteration. Some profit-making shopkeepers do this. They mix unwanted things in pulses, spices, etc., and also inject and chemically treat fruits to keep them fresh for a long. All this comes under food adulteration. He must be charged for this. Aryan: Food Adulteration? Gowri: Yes. You heard it right. I have read about this. He is playing with the health of people. I will not allow him to do this. Aryan: I never knew about it. What exactly do you mean by food adulteration? Gowri: You should be aware of these facts. Food is a basic requirement of our life. Our body absorbs the food we eat and utilize it to power metabolic processes in our body and keep us alive. Food is required for growth and a variety of biological functions. Vegetables, fruits, pulses, grains, and other foods are all part of our regular diet. However, you may have seen very thin milk due to water mixing, white, yellow, or black pebbles in raw pulses, white microscopic stones combined with rice, and so on, in recent years. Adulteration is the combination of elements with food. As the population is FOOD ADULTERATION
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 34 | P a g e increasing to meet the demands, adulteration in India is increasing at a rapid rate. Our health is seriously harmed by food adulteration. Despite the government's efforts to raise awareness about the dangers of food adulteration, it is nevertheless a common practice in many countries. The food industry uses a variety of chemical and synthetic chemicals to adulterate food in various ways. 4.1 Introduction to Food Adulteration Adulteration of food is the process of adding undesirable substances to food that has a similar appearance/colour for profit, causing the food product to fail to fulfil legal criteria. Adulterants are low-quality products that are added to food for economic or technological reasons, lowering the nutritional content. Milk, tea/coffee, vegetables, sweets, fruits, wheat and other food grains, honey, dal, spices, butter, and ice cream are some of the most commonly contaminated foods in India. What are Adulterants: Adulterants are substances that degrade the quality of food when they are added to it. It's a chemical found in other food ingredients that degrade the meal's inherent quality. The adulterant might have any shape and be present in any proportion. Adulterants are primarily toxic and have the potential to reduce a product's quality. Even if the adulterant isn't dangerous, it lowers the food's nutritional value. 4.2 Types of Food Adulterants: ● Mixing of pulses with sand particles, and pebbles. ● Mix milk with water. ● Mixing oil with chemical derivatives or cheaper oils. ● Packing low-quality food products with fresh and high-quality ones. 1. Mixing of sand, dust, clay, mud, and pebbles with food particles. 2. Substituting- Some healthy constituents are replaced by cheaper and low-quality ones, which alter the nutritional values of the food and may even impose a health hazard. 3. Using Decomposed Food- This method indicates mixing decomposed food with healthy ones. Food that even conceals damage or inferiority of any manner is also considered to be adulterated.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 35 | P a g e 4. Additions of Toxic Substances- Food adulteration also involves the mixing of food with toxic substances to gain higher profit and increase sales. ExampleAddition of colour, dyes, or harmful unpermitted preservatives. 5. Misbranding- Altering the manufacturing dates, expiry dates, list of ingredients or misleading ingredient derivatives, and so on. 6. Artificial Ripening- Adding chemicals to the fruits and vegetables which speed up the process of ripening them, is also considered food adulteration. Example- Mango is ripened with carbide for meeting the commercial demand against supply. Types Of food Adulteration:-There are four types of food adulteration 1. Intentional adulteration: This occurs when substances that appear to be similar to the food's ingredients are added to it to enhance its weight and profit. Mixing pebbles, stones, marbles, sand, muck, filth, chalk powder, contaminated water, etc. are examples. 2. Incidental Adulteration- Incidental adulteration happens when food is handled carelessly. Pesticide residues in cereals, larvae growth, the presence of rat droppings, etc. 3. Metallic Adulteration: This involves the introduction of metallic materials into food, such as lead or mercury. It could happen by mistake or with purpose. 4. Packaging Hazard- The packing materials in which the food is packed may also interfere and mix with the constituents of the food, leading to packaging hazards. Facts to know 4.3 Reason for Food Adulteration Food Adulteration is one of the biggest challenges in India. Despite various measures and penalties, the problem continues to remain a big challenge for the country. It is done for a variety of reasons. Few are stated below. Food adulteration is used as part of a commercial strategy to increase profits by using less expensive methods. FSSAI found a consistent increase in food adulteration cases in the country. National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories tested 1,06,459 food samples during 2018-19 and found 30,415 samples non-conforming. Out of this, 3900 samples were declared unsafe, 16,870 were sub substandard, and the rest had labelling defects. According to the report, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Tamilnadu had the highest percentage (45) of adulterated samples. Besides, Daman and Diu had the least percentage (2.7) of adulterated samples. The National Capital had 485 adulterated samples out of 2461 samples collected.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 36 | P a g e ● It's also done to make the food look more appealing and as a rip-off of a more popular dish. ● Food adulteration is frequently committed by people who are unaware of the risks involved. It is still extensively done due to a lack of awareness and sufficient knowledge. ● Adulteration raises the weight of the product, increases profit, and increases sales more cost-effectively. ● Food adulteration is additionally exacerbated by the world's growing population. 4.4 Methods To Detect Food Adulteration At Home 1. Milk and Milk Products – ● Detection of water in milk by checking the fluidity of the milk sample on a polished slanting surface and leaving behind a white trail in case of unadulterated milk. ● Shaking the milk and water in a container, lather formation shows the presence of detergent in the milk. ● A starch test can be done by boiling the milk product sample with water and adding iodine to it, blue colour shows the presence of starch. 2. Oil and fats – ● Take coconut oil in a glass and refrigerate it for 30 mins, if the oil remains as a separate layer, then it is adulterated but if solidified, then it is coconut oil. ● Add a little amount of yellow butter to the oil sample, immediate formation of red colour indicates the presence of Tri-Ortho-Cresyl-Phosphate (TOCP). 3. Sugar and confectionary – ● Drop honey in water, if it dispenses, then add sugar. ● Take a sugar sample in a transparent glass of water, the chalk added sample will settle at the bottom. 4. Food grains and their products – ● Extraneous matter, red dal, and excess bran can be detected visually by careful examination according to their appearance. ● Add food grains to water, adulterated ones leave colour immediately. ● Add soaked lime in a teaspoon of rice, adulterated ones form red colour. 5. Salt, spices, and condiments –
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 37 | P a g e ● Burn asafoetida in a stainless spoon, pure ones burn like camphor and vice versa. Add black pepper to a glass of water, papaya seeds float on water, hence adulterated. ● Press blackberries with your finger, light ones break easily. ● Add turmeric powder to a glass of water, the natural one leaves a yellow colour while settling down, and the adulterated one shows a strong yellow colour. ● Cut a piece of potato, add salt, wait, and add lemon juice, iodised one shows a blue colour and common salt does not. 6. Fruits and Vegetables – ● Take a cotton piece soaked in water and rub it over the outer surface of vegetables, the presence of malachite green turns cotton green. ● Soak a cotton ball in the water, and rub the outer surface of the sweet potato, if cotton absorbs colour, it indicates the usage of rhodamine B for colouring the outer surface. 7. Beverages – ● Add coffee powder to water, and observe; that coffee powder adulterated with clay particles or chicory will settle at the bottom. ● Take a small number of tea leaves in a glass plate, move the magnet, and iron filings will be seen on the magnet hence detecting adulteration. Aryan: This is simply not done. That means, according to the facts and figures, whatever we are consuming, nearly more than 25 %, is adulterated. Can we do something to prevent this food adulteration? Gowri: Yes, we can. How To Prevent Food Adulteration Food adulteration can only be checked with strict laws and government interventions. 1. To avoid consuming adulterated food, always make sure that you don‘t buy deep or dark-coloured groceries. 2. Stop consuming processed food. 3. Wash or soak your fruits and vegetables well in water before consuming. 4. Canned or tinned foods must be checked for any kind of leakages or puffing before buying. 5. In Indian markets, FSSAI is the government license number which stands for food safety. Thus, always make sure to look for FSSAI, a list of ingredients, manufacturing, and expiry dates on the food packs.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 38 | P a g e How to reduce kitchen waste and help the environment Gowri ate her orange and kept the peels in the tiffin box. Aryan: Gowri, why are you keeping the peel back in the tiffin box. Why do not you throw it in the dustbin Gowri: I try to keep my waste minimal, and I will use this peel to make bioenzymes. Aryan: What are bio- enzymes Gowri: Bio-Enzymes are organic solutions and can be used as multi-purpose cleaners, that use non-pathogenic, ―good‖ bacteria to digest wastes, soils, stains and malodors. It is an alternative solution to toxic chemical-based cleaners. We have been making it at home for a long back. It saves money, protects families‘ health, is environmentally safe and does not pollute water. Aryan: How do you make it. Gowri; That is our next Assessment Project Assessment Project 3: Bio enzymes Method Heat the water in a vessel and start adding jaggery. Make sure the jaggery cubes are cut into small pieces to ensure they dissolve quickly. Keep stirring till all the jaggery is dissolved. Once dissolved, let the solution cool till it reaches room temperature. Meanwhile, fill a plastic bottle with the peels. (Make sure you use a plastic bottle because, unlike metal or glass, the plastic will allow the gases that form during chemical reactions to expand. This is also a great way to reuse disposable plastic bottles at your home). When the jaggery solution attains room temperature, fill it in the bottle along with the peels. Now we just have to wait patiently. The cap needs to be air-tight to allow uninterrupted chemical reaction. However, if the bottle you are using has a small opening, make sure you open the cap twice a day to release the gases formed. The first batch of bio-enzymes takes about 90 days to prepare. The next batch, however, can be quickened if you use a part of the old batch with the fresh one.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 39 | P a g e 5 ARTISAN WISDOM 5.1 POTTERY 5.2 PAPER MACHE 5.3 BOTTLE CRAFT AND LAMP INTRODUCTION Aryan and Gowri were talking to each other just before the class. Gowri: Aryan have you planted the plant I gave you on your birthday? Aryan: Gowri I have to go to the market to buy a flower pot. I am planning to go this weekend. Gowri: Oh you don‘t need to buy that. You can easily make one, you know. Aryan: Really? But will that be as beautiful? Gowri: Just wait and watch. 5.1 POTTERY Pottery is everywhere and is a functional as well as an artistic art form. Clay is the material from which the pottery ware is made, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called pottery. TYPES OF MATERIALS Earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. White cement Activity: Flower vase with cement Step 1) Take 2 plastic glasses. Step 2) Cut its base. Step 3) Join its bases. Step 4) Cut newspaper into pieces. Step 5) Cut cardboard and its base. Step 6) Paste the paper cut-outs on it.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 40 | P a g e Step 7) Add some cement layer to it. Step 8) Paint it black. Step 9) Paint it beautifully. Step 10) Add glitters and it's done. Aryan:- Gowri, can we make flower vases with cardboard also? Gowri:-We can make it with cardboard and for making it strong, we can also use white cement. Aryan:-How can that be done? Gowri:-This is what we will do today. Materials required 1. Newspapers 2. Tape 3. Paint 4. Cardboard 5. Fevicol 6. Decorative items 7. Cement Step 1) Draw the shape on the cardboard and cut accordingly. Draw 4 pieces like this. Using tape join sides and apply glue. Step 2) Paste paper on the glue. Step 3) Using cardboard cover the base. Using a newspaper, cover the base. And let it dry in the sunlight. Step 4) Mix white cement with fevicol and Cover fully using a mixture. Using smoothening sheet smoothen the surface. Step 5) Apply paint beautifully. And decorate it using decorative items. Step 6) Cover the cardboard vase with newspaper. The Project is ready.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 41 | P a g e 5.2 PAPER MACHE INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Paper Mache is a popular crafting technique that uses paper and adhesive to create a variety of objects. The method is named after the French term for ―chewed paper,‖ which makes sense given the steps needed for any paper mache project. Examples have been found dating back to the Han Dynasty (BC 202 – AD 220). From China, the interest in paper mache spread to Japan and Persia, where it was used in mask making and festival activities. PREPARATION METHODS Traditional paper mache involves tearing paper into small pieces and adding them to white glue or wallpaper. The basic methods of applying paper mache are laminating, moulding, or forming with paper mache. PAPER MACHE AS ART The art of paper mache is to mould shapes into paper hardened beforehand with a heated starch preparation. For beginners it is so easy and fun, it doesn‘t require any fancy equipment. We can make some amazing sculptures from paper mache to decorate our room and garden. PAPER MACHE AS A CRAFT Paper mache crafts are one of the favourite ways to make affordable decorations for home. One of the best things about paper mache projects is that there is no need to make a special trip to the craft store as we will most likely have what we need at home. MODERN USE OF PAPER MACHE In modern times plastic is replacing the paper mache which is more stable and looks beautiful. It's a part of skill education for students also. Aryan and Gowri were in their classroom with the students of their class to show the teacher their activity-based assignment. Aryan: -Look Gowri, I had to waste so many papers to improve my handwriting. Gowri: - Aryan why have you wasted so many papers and thrown them to the dustbin? We could have used those waste papers to make beautiful projects out of paper mache Aryan: - How is that possible? Gowri: - Today we will learn this activity in our class. Aryan: - It will be great! Tomorrow is a fancy dress competition. Can we make different masks also with paper mache?
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 42 | P a g e Gowri: - Aryan we can make many things from paper mache today. Let us learn how we can make masks. Aryan: -Today it will be fun then. Gowri:- Yes, You will need… 1. A balloon 2. Liquid starch 3. All-purpose flour 4. A container Step 1) Tear the Newspaper. Add water to it. Cut a piece of white paper into pieces. Blow a balloon Step 2) Take maida (white flour) in a bowl. Add water and paper to the mixture. Take out the paper carefully. Paste it on a balloon. Cover full balloon with bits of paper. Paste many layers so that it becomes thick. Step 3) Let it dry for some time and then Paint it beautifully. It is ready Aryan: -Gowri, can I make a bowl from paper mache? Gowri: - Yes, learn it in today's activity. Tear newspapers into thin strips. Add water to it. Grind it in a mixer with extra water to make the paper pulp soft and mash it properly and carefully.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 43 | P a g e . Let it dry. Add fevicol and make a design. Paint it beautifully. Aryan: - Gowri, can I give my sister a paper mache craft on her upcoming birthday? Gowri: - Yes Aryan. We can make so many decorative materials also. You just need to learn how to make paper mache material. Then you can mould and make anything out of it just like clay. Aryan:- Now I know how to make paper mache clay. Let me tell you. Step First- Required Material Empty Bowl, Waste paper, not a book Scissors. Second Step- Take paper and cut it into smaller pieces. Mix paper with water and grind it. Squeeze the material through a cotton cloth and mash it with your hands. Add corn flour and mix. Then mix glue. Gowri: Material is ready to be used. You can make any of the following using it or explore your creativity.
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