KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 45 | P a g e 5.3 BOTTLE CRAFT AND LAMP INTRODUCTION Aryan and Gowri were in their classroom discussing the birthday party Aryan threw at his house the day before. Gowri: -Aryan how was your party yesterday? I am sorry I could not attend it this year as I was out of town. Aryani: -Gowri it was great. We had pizzas, burgers and lots of cold drinks. Gowri: - What are you going to do with the plastic bottles? Aryan: -Why? I will just throw them away. Gowri: - Aryan let us learn today about how to reuse plastic bottles in interesting ways. Aryan: - Sounds fun. WHY REUSE PLASTIC BOTTLES Discarded plastic bottles have left a significant carbon footprint and are a menace to our environment. Learning waste bottle craft ideas is crucial, and we should adopt healthy habits of recycling the plastic bottles we use. Plastic bottle craft projects help us transform plastic bottles into beautiful organizers that can be used in your bathrooms or even on your desk to store pencils, scissors, etc. Speciality: Children can easily make this craft because of its easy-to-follow instructions. BASICS OF PAINTING Acrylic paints are perfect for painting plastic bottles, but to protect the surface, you need to cover them with an additional colourless acrylic varnish. It can also be painted with ordinary enamel paints. ● To paint a glass or plastic bottle, we can use a nylon brush, but in this case, it will be very difficult to achieve a perfectly flat surface. ● We can use a sponge, dip it in the paint and apply the paint to the surface. So the traces will not be visible, but we will have to cover the bottle with several layers of paint, each of which should dry out, and it will take some time. ● The quickest and easiest way to achieve even painting is to use spray paint that dries out very quickly. ● We can also use clay to decorate the bottle. ● We may wrap the bottle with jute to give a new texture.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 46 | P a g e TRADITIONAL CRAFT Aryan: - This is so beautiful….How is it possible? Gowri: - Wait Aryan, today we will learn this activity. Aryan:- Amazing! Glass bottle can be reused. Materials required for bottle decoration: Bottle Acrylic colours Dry clay Tissue paper Water Golden dust, Aluminum Foil Glue, Paper Painting brush step 1- Mix water and glue together. step 2- Apply the mixture of glue and water to the bottle. step 3-Paste tissue paper on the bottle with the help of glue. Step 4-Mix clay. We may use M-Seal. Step 5- Make any design on the bottle. With M-Seal or clay. Step 6- Leave for drying.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 47 | P a g e Step 7- Paint black on the designed area. MIX GOLDEN DUST POWDER WITH CLEAR VARNISH AND APPLY IT TO THE DESIGN AS REQUIRED. Aryan: -Gowri, can we also paint on plastic bottles? Gowri: - Yes Aryan, we can also make beautiful drawings on all types of bottles and then paint them with all types of paints, but we do not use plastics at home. Aryan: -How, is it possible? Gowri:- Aryan we will do this exercise today in our class. Bottle painting 2 Material Needed: - 1. Glass bottle 2. Paint and brush 3. Designer Tape 4. Watercolour palate 5. Decorative light wires Mix colours on the plate and paint the bottom part of the glass bottle. Draw a bird and tree on the bottle. You can draw something else too as per your liking. Decorate the bottle. You may use LEDs in the bottles, it looks beautiful. Gowri: You may use your creativity to try more bottle crafts. For example and if you are good, you can gift it too and save money. Aryan:- And yes, later I can make a business out of it. Ha ha ha !!!
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 49 | P a g e Assessment Project 4: INDOOR WATER FOUNTAIN USING PLASTIC BOTTLES INTRODUCTION Plastic bottles are used for water fountain projects because they ● reduce the amount of waste ● look beautiful ● make the recycling of plastic bottles very simple ● save energy ● use fewer resources ● save money INSTRUCTIONS AND STEPS Material required: 1. Water bottles 2. Tape 3. Fevicol 4. Newspaper 5. Cutter 6. Marker 7. Brush 8. White Cement 9. Motor 10. Acrylic colours 1) Take plastic bottles and divide them into two parts each, using a cutter- the upper half and the lower half 2) To make a fountain, divide them according to the shapes and sizes shown and attach them using tape. 3) You can use paint to colour accordingly. 4) Now using mud, cover it. Cover each edge with mud. 9) Install the Motor for watering.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 50 | P a g e SECOND OPTION Material needed 1. Wire 2. Plastic bottles 3. Plate 4. Flowers 5. Stone Now take a plastic bottle. Place a cap in between the plastic plate. Put the plastic bottle above the plate base in the inverted position with the motor. Now, spread decorative stones and flowers on the left-out space of the plate Aryan:- Gowri, can we make a fountain with a mud pot also? In my home, many such pots are lying. Gowri:- Yes Aryan today our teacher will tell us about this project. Aryan:- Great! We will have fun. Step1: Take a plastic bottle and a mud pot. Cut the bottle up and down and wrap it with glue and tissue paper. Paint the bottle and the mud pot. Step 7: Make a hole in the pot. Put the motor pipe in the pot. Put the pot on the plastic bottle and fix it. Take some decorative items and water plants and fix them.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 51 | P a g e 6. FIRE SAFETY 6.1 Recapitulation: Introduction to Fire Extinguisher and its types. 6.2 How to operate Fire Extinguisher 6.3 Activity: Search and Rescue 6.4 Classroom Activity: Skit on fire safety Gowri: Aryan! Do you remember about the fire extinguishers we did in class 7th? Aryan: Yes sure, I remember about the types of fire extinguishers and classes of fire which we have studied in lower classes. Gowri: Yesterday, I noticed a fire extinguisher hanging on the wall outside our class. Did u ever notice that? Aryan: Certainly not. Gowri: I saw a pin and operating handle. Aryan: Do you know how to operate it? Gowri: Yes, I learned in the mock fire drill but didn‘t try. Let me tell you how to operate it. Aryan: Yes, sure. Let‘s recapitulate the things first we have done in class 7th . 6.1 Recapitulation: Introduction to Fire Extinguisher ● A fire extinguisher is active fire-fighting equipment that is used to put out or control small fires, usually in an emergency. A fire extinguisher is typically made of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent that can be discharged to put out a fire. It is portable and used to extinguish a fire by cutting off the supply of oxygen. Fire extinguishers are the first or primary step of defence from fire. The following points should be always noted to keep a proper check on fire extinguishers: ● Make sure to inspect your fire extinguishers regularly. ● They must be placed where they are easily reachable and visible. ● Check for any deficiencies regularly for any broken seal or nozzle. ● Check pressure for any kind of depletion in pressure by looking at the pressure needle. 6.2 Types of Fire Extinguishers ● Dry Powder Type Fire extinguisher ● Water Type Fire extinguisher ● Foam Type Fire extinguisher
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 52 | P a g e ● CO2 Type Fire extinguisher ● Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher 6.1.1 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher Dry powder extinguishers are referred to as ABC extinguishers because they can be used to put out a class A, B, or C fire. This sort of extinguisher, however, should not be used in a confined place. This is because the powder is easily inhaled and is extremely difficult to clean up after a fire has been put out. For fires involving electronic equipment up to 1000 volts, dry powder extinguishers can be used. Furthermore, there are dry powder extinguishers designed specifically for fires caused by combustible metals. Uses of Dry Powder Fire extinguisher: The dry powder fire extinguisher can be used on a variety of organic materials, including the following: ● Wood and Coal ● Fabrics ● Cardboard & Paper They can also be used on flammable gases, such as Liquid Petroleum, electrical equipment up to 1000v, and flammable liquids, such as gasoline. Do not Use a Dry Powder Fire extinguisher when: ● Fires involving electronic equipment more than 1000v. ● Kitchen fires involving cooking oil. ● Fires raging in enclosed spaces. 6.1.2 Water Type Fire Extinguisher The most common form of fire extinguisher is a water fire extinguisher, which is best for class A fires. To put out fires, they spray water at high pressure.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 53 | P a g e Uses for Water Fire Extinguishers:- Water fire extinguishers are used for fires caused by: ● Textiles ● Coal ● Wood ● Cardboard ● Paper and fabrics. Do not use Water Fire Extinguishers when: ● In case of an electrical fire ● Kitchen fire ● Fire due to flammable liquid 6.1.3 Foam Fire extinguisher Foam fire extinguishers are the most common type of fire extinguishers and are used in class-B fires as foam-type fire extinguishers which are water-based, hence they can be used in class-A fires also. Uses of Foam Fire Extinguishers ● Foam fire extinguishers can be used for fires Involves organic materials such as cardboard, paper, fabrics, wood, and coal. ● They can also be used on flammable liquids including petrol or paint. Do not use a Foam fire extinguisher when: ● In case of an electrical fire ● Kitchen fire ● Fire due to flammable metal 6.1.4 CO2 Fire Extinguisher CO2 Fire Extinguisher is a primary Fire Extinguisher used in case of an electrical fire. We usually find CO2-type Fire Extinguishers in computer server rooms. Uses for CO2 Fire Extinguishers The CO2 extinguisher can be used to extinguish electrical fires and fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol. Do Not Use CO2 Fire Extinguishers The carbon dioxide extinguisher should not be used in the following cases: ● Fires involving flammable metals ● Kitchen fires ● Fires involving materials like paper or textiles.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 54 | P a g e 6.2.5 Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher Class F flames are tackled using wet chemical fire extinguishers. Cooking oils and fats are a Class F fire. Although this type of fire extinguisher can be used to put out Class A flames, it is recommended that you have a foam or water extinguisher within easy reach in case of a Class A fire. Uses of Wet Chemical Fire Extinguishers It is used in fires that involve cooking oil or fats. Do Not Use Wet Chemical Fire Extinguishers The Wet Chemical extinguisher should not be used in the following scenarios: ● Fires involving flammable liquids or gasses ● Electrical fires ● Fires involving flammable metals 9.3 How to operate Fire Extinguisher Gowri: Before operating a fire extinguisher always remember the PASS acronym: ● Pull: Pull the pin, this will break the tamper-proof seal. ● Aim: Aim low, pointing the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. Do not touch the horn on a CO2 extinguisher, it gets very cold and can damage the skin. ● Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing agent. ● Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire, the fuel source, until the fire is out. 6.4 Activity: Fire and Rescue Choose a spot in the room that is far from the escape door. • Place the blindfolded person(s) against the wall. • Tell the first person to start walking toward the exit door, maintaining one hand on the wall at all times and staying low. • If there are two participants, the second keeps low and maintains constant touch with the first participant's other hand. • Throughout the session, encourage participants to communicate with one another. • As they travel around the perimeter of the room, ask the participants to identify whatever they see or feel (chair, desk, book bag, person, window). • Once they have found and identified the exit door, they should pretend to check it with the back of their hand to make sure it's locked.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 55 | P a g e ● Stop the participants in place, remove their blindfolds, and ask them to visually assess their journey if they miss the exit door. • After the activity is completed, tell students to share their experiences. Assessment Project 5:- Skit on Fire Safety Make a group of 5-6 students. Let them play the roles of firefighters, create emergencies, and show different firefighting methods. Students can show the use of different types of fire extinguishers in different emergencies.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 56 | P a g e 7. Arduino IDE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Programming step by step in Tinkercad 7.1 Introduction While waiting for the teacher‘s arrival, Gowri started talking about Arduino Unobased projects with Aryan. Aryan was curious to learn more about Arduino Uno after listening to a few things from Gowri. Let us now see how and what they talk about Arduino Uno. Activity 1: To control the LED using the Temperature Sensor(TMP36) in Arduino Board using Codeblocks Tinkercad. Gowri: Hey Aryan! How are you doing? Aryan: I‘m fine, tell me about yourself. Gowri: I‘m fine too. Today, I tried controlling LED using a temperature sensor on Arduino Board. Aryan: Is it? How did you do it? Can you explain to me, how to control LED using a temperature sensor on Arduino Board? Gowri: No need to worry, I will explain the whole process using Tinkercad Code in virtual mode. You remember, we wrote a program to blink an LED in Arduino Uno using code block in tinkercad in Class VI. Aryan: Yes we did. But Can you please revise it? It would be very difficult to write a program in Tinkercad. Gowri: No, it‘s very simple to write a program in Tinkercad using the codeblock. Just drag & drop your set of instructions to execute a program and start simulating it. If the set of instructions is in order, your program will execute with no error in it, and if not, then a syntax error will be shown in the program which you can correct by reorganizing your instructions. Aryan: Ohh! But it sounds tough. Gowri: Don‘t worry, Let‘s write a program to control LED using a temperature sensor in Arduino Uno using Tinkercad. 7.2 Programming step by step in Tinkercad I will explain the process of programming step by step in Tinkercad. Once you have written a program in codeblock, Arduino‘s set of instructions is generated in the text block. You can copy these instructions from the Codeblock and upload them to the
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 57 | P a g e Arduino board. Once you have uploaded the set of instructions in your Arduino, it will work fine. Step 1: Log in to your Tinkercad account. https://www.tinkerca d.com/ Step 2: On your Tinkercad Dashboard, toward the left-hand side corner, click ―Circuits‖. Step 3: Click on ―Create new Circuit‖ and a new page will appear. Step 4: Drag & drop the Arduino Uno board into the workspace. Step 5: Now, drag & drag other electronic components: LED, resistor & temperature sensor (TMP36) in the workspace. The resistor is used to limit the flow of current through the LED so that LED does not get damaged. Temperature Sensor LED Resistor
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 58 | P a g e 6: Connect the LED Anode terminal to the Ground & LED cathode terminal to PIN No. 11 through the resistor. Now, for the temperature sensor, we have 3 pins i.e. Power Pin (Power), Ground pin (GND) & Signal pin (Vout). Connect Power pin to 5V and Ground pin to Ground and Vout to Analog input Pin A0. To write a program in Tinkercad Circuits, Open Codeblock by clicking ―Code‖ beside ―Start simulation‖. Step 7: To control the LED using the temperature sensor, we must design the logic to execute our program. . The temperature sensor measures the temperature of the surroundings and sends signals to the Arduino If the temperature is below or equal to the desired level, then Arduino sets the LED to an ―OFF‖ state. If the temperature is above the desired level, then Arduino sets the LED to an ―ON‖ state. LED connect between Pin No. 11 & Ground Power Pin connec Signal Pin Connected to Analog Input A0 Ground Pin Codeblocks Space to drag & drop your codeblock to write set of
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 59 | P a g e Step 8: Let us write our program according to the logic that we created. Step 8.1: Create a variable ―Temp‖ in the Code block by clicking ‗Create variable‘. Step 8.2: Set the ―Temp‖ variable to the value of the temperature received from the temperature sensor which is connected to Analog Pin A0 in the Input Panel. Step 8.3: To execute the logic, Select the ―If.. else..‖ condition block from the Control panel. The ―If…else…‖ condition will execute the code in the ‗If‘ block if the condition is ―True‖ & if the statement in the ‗If‘ block is false then the ‗else‘ block code will be executed. 1 3 2 4
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 60 | P a g e Step 8.4: Drag & drop the comparison operator from the math block & equate the ―Temp‖ variable by dropping it in the space with the desired temperature. In this case, we have taken 30 ℃. Step 8.5: Drag & drop the comparison operator to the ‗If‘ condition space. Step 8.6: According to the logic, the ―If condition‖ is executed if the temperature is below or equal to 30 ℃. Drag & drop the LED block from the Output panel & select the ―Pin No. 11‖ where the LED is connected & the LED state is ―LOW‖. Step 8.7: According to the logic, the ―Else condition‖ is executed if the temperature is above 30 ℃. Drag & drop the LED block from the Output panel & select the ―Pin No. 11‖ where the LED is connected & the LED state is ―HIGH‖.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 61 | P a g e Step 9: Now, the set of instructions is ready to control the LED using a temperature sensor. Run your program by clicking ― Start Simulation‖. When the temperature is below or equal to the desired temperature level, the LED is set to the ―OFF‖ state by Arduino. When the temperature is above the desired temperature level i.e. 30 ℃, the LED is set to the ―ON‖ state by Arduino. Step 9: To run the code on Arduino Board, Click on Blocks & select Blocks +Text, you can see the code written. Just download the code and upload it to your Arduino Uno software and run it. Your code will function the same as Tinkercad. Gowri: Now, Aryan! What do you feel about writing your program in Tinkercad? Aryan: Wow! Now, I understand how easy it is to write and use logic in programming in Tinkercad. I would love to write these programs in Tinkercad. And watching these programs executed simultaneously fills me with more enthusiasm to write more logic programs using different sensors & their logic in Tinkercad. Thank you, Gowri!
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 62 | P a g e Gowri: You are welcome! Now, let us perform our 2nd Activity: Controlling the buzzer using an ultrasonic sensor. Activity 2: To control the buzzer using an ultrasonic distance sensor in Arduino Board using Codeblocks Tinkercad. Step 1: Log in to your Tinkercad account. https://www.tinkercad.com/ Step 2: On your Tinkercad Dashboard, toward the left-hand side corner, click ―Circuits‖. Step 3: Click on ―Create new Circuit‖ and a new page will appear. Step 4: Drag & drop the Arduino Uno board into the workspace. Step 5: Drag & drop other electronic components such as a buzzer or a speaker and ultrasonic distance sensor in the workspace. 6: Connect the buzzer between the digital output Pin No. 09 & the ground. Now, connect the ultrasonic distance sensor‘s 3 pins i.e. Power Pin (Power) to 5V, GND Pin to ground & Signal pin to Digital Input inside Pin No. 05. To write a program in Tinkercad Circuits, Open Codeblock by clicking ―Code‖ beside ―Start simulation‖. Buzzer Ultrasonic distance sensor Arduino Board Buzzer connected Connect Ultrasonic distance Signal Pin Power Pin Ground
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 63 | P a g e Step 7: To control the buzzer using the ultrasonic distance sensor, we must design the logic to execute our program. The ultrasonic distance sensor measures the distance of the object and sends the information to the Arduino for the necessary action according to the given set of instructions. If the distance ―D‖ is greater than the desired level, then Arduino sets the Buzzer to an ―OFF‖ state. If the distance ―D‖ is less than or equal to the desired level, then Arduino sets the Buzzer to an ―ON‖ state. Step 8: Let us write our program according to the logic that we created. Step 8.1: Create a variable ―Distance‖ in the Code block by clicking ‗create a variable‘.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 64 | P a g e Step 8.2: Set the ―Distance‖ variable to the signal value received from the ultrasonic distance sensor which is connected to Digital Pin (Pin No. 05) on the Input side. Step 8.3: To execute the logic, Select the ―If.. else..‖ condition block from the Control panel. The ―If…else…‖ condition will execute the code in the ‗If‘ block if the condition is ―True‖ & if the statement in the ‗If‘ block is false then the ‗else‘ block code will be executed. Step 8.4: Drag & drop the comparison operator from the math block & equate the ―Distance‖ variable by dropping it in the space provided in the comparison operator & comparing it with the desired distance. In this case, we have taken the desired distance to 25 cm. Step 8.5: Drag & drop the comparison operator to the ‗If condition‘ space. Step 8.6: According to the logic, the ―If condition‖ is executed only if the distance measured by the ultrasonic distance sensor is below or equal to 25 cm. Drag &
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 65 | P a g e drop the buzzer or speaker block which sets the buzzer or speaker to play mode from the Output panel & select ―Pin No. 09‖ where the buzzer or speaker is connected. Step 8.7: According to the logic, the ―Else condition‖ is executed if the distance measured by the ultrasonic distance sensor is 25 cm. Drag & drop the buzzer or speaker block which sets the buzzer or speaker to ―off mode‖ from the Output panel & select ―Pin No. 09‖ where the buzzer or speaker is connected. Step 9: Now, the set of instructions is ready to control the buzzer or speaker with the ultrasonic distance sensor. Initiate the program by clicking ―Start Simulation‖ and observe the working of your project. When the distance measured by the ultrasonic distance is above the desired level i.e. 25 cm, the Buzzer or speaker is set to the ―OFF‖ state by Arduino. Drag & drop the command to be executed Drag & drop the command to be executed only when “If condition” is False.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 66 | P a g e When the distance measured by the ultrasonic distance is below or equal to the desired level i.e. 25 cm, the Buzzer or speaker is set to the ―ON‖ state by Arduino. Step 10: To run the code on Arduino Board, Click on Blocks & select Blocks +Text, you can see the code written. Just download the code and upload it to the Arduino Uno software and run it. Your code will function the same as Tinkercad. Gowri: Now Aryan, What do you feel about writing your program in Tinkercad? Aryan: Wow! It‘s so effortless to write these programs in Tinkercad. We can build our alarm system using Arduino boards. And observing these programs executed simultaneously makes me more enthusiastic. Let us design more programs using another sensor in Tinkercad. Gowri: Let us perform Activity No. 03 designing Tone Pitch Follower. Activity 3: To design a Tone pitch follower using a photoresistor, a piezo, a 100 Ω resistor, a 4.7 kΩ & Arduino board using Codeblock in Tinkercad. Step 1: Log in to your Tinkercad account. https://www.tinkercad.com/
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 67 | P a g e Step 2: On your Tinkercad Dashboard, toward the lefthand side corner, click ―Circuits‖. Step 3: Click on ―Create new Circuit‖ and a new page will appear. Step 4: Drag & drop the Arduino Uno board into the workspace. Step 5: Drag & drop other electronic components i.e. photoresistor, a 100 Ω resistor & 4.7 kΩ resistors & a Piezo in the workspace. Step 6: Connect Piezo between the digital output Pin No. 09 & the ground through a 100 Ω resistor & connect the photoresistor between 5V (Power Pin) & GND (Ground Pin) through a 4.7 kΩ resistor & also connect Analog Pin A0 to one terminal of photoresistor through a common wire. Step 7: To control the buzzer using the ultrasonic distance sensor, we must design the logic to execute our program. A photoresistor is a lightsensitive sensor. When the light intensity is low, the resistance is high & when the light intensity is high, it offers low resistance. Step 8: Let us write our program according to the logic that we created. Step 8.1: Create a variable ―sensor reading‖ in the codeblock by clicking ‗create a variable‘. Connect Piezo between Digital output Pin No. 09 & ground through a resistor of 100 Ω. Connect Photoresistor between 5V (Power) & Ground through a 4.7 kΩ resistor & also connect a connect Analog Pin A0 to photo resistor through a common wire as shown in the image.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 68 | P a g e Step 8.2: Set the ―sensor reading‖ variable to the value received from the photoresistor signal Pin which is connected to Analog Pin (A0) in the Input Block. . Step 8.3: To execute the designed logic, firstly, measure the maximum & minimum reading of sensor value connected to the Analog Pin A0 by using the serial monitor function in the Output block. Step 8.4: Now, map the range of sensor reading to the Piezo using the map function from Math Block. Step 8.5: Drag & drop the map function to the command in the Output block to control the tone of Piezo which is connected between Digital Pin no. 09 & ground through a 100 Ω resistor. Command to print the values at serial monitor Values on
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 69 | P a g e Step 9: Now, the set of instructions is ready to control the tone of Piezo with the help of a photoresistor. Initiate the program by clicking ― Start Simulation‖ and observe the working of your project. When the intensity of light is low, the photoresistor shows high resistance. Due to high resistance, a small current signal passes through the Analog Pin A0 which controls the Piezo sound tone effect. When the intensity of light is high, the photoresistor shows low resistance. Due to low resistance, a large current signal passes through the Analog Pin A0 which controls the Piezo sound tone effect. Step 10: To run the code on Arduino Board, Click on Blocks & select Blocks +Text, you can see the code written. Just download the code and upload it to the Arduino Uno software and run it. Your code will function the same as Tinkercad.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 70 | P a g e Assessment Project 6: Smart Dustbin using Arduino Board, Ultrasonic Sensor and Servo motor. Materials Required for the Project: 1. Arduino Uno Board 2. Ultrasonic Sensor 3. Servo motor 4. Basic Connectors 5. Coloured Chart paper 6. Glue 7. Scissors 8. Plastic Bucket 9. 9V Battery 10. Double-sided tape 11. Tape 12. Soldering Iron 13. USB Cable 14. PC or Laptop (To upload the programming in Arduino Board) Step 1: First, we design the connection using a virtual platform Tinkercad. 1.1 Drag and drop Arduino Uno Board, ultrasonic sensor, and servo motor to the workspace in Tinkercad Circuit. 1.2 Connect Ultrasonic sensor to Arduino Uno board. Vcc Pin — 5 V Trig Pin — Digital I/O Pin No. 06 Echo Pin — Digital I/O Pin No. 05 GND — Ground Ar Servo Ultra Ultrasonic to Arduino Vcc — 5V
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 71 | P a g e 1.3 Connect the Servo Motor to Arduino Uno Board. Signal Pin — Digital I/O Pin No. 07 Power Pin — 3.3 V GND — 0 V. 1.4 Connect the 9V battery to the Vin of Arduino Board and the Smart Dustbin circuit diagram is complete. 1.5 Now, Let us design the logic to write a program for Arduino Uno Board. The ultrasonic distance sensor measures the distance of the object and sends the information to the Arduino for the necessary action according to the given set of instructions. If the distance ―D‖ is greater than the desired level, then Arduino sets the Servo motor either to an ―OFF‖ state or brings it back to its original position from 180°.to 0°. If the distance ―D‖ is less than or equal to the desired level, then Arduino rotates the servo motor from 0° to 180°. 1.6 Now, let us write the program to operate the ―SMART DUSTBIN‖ in Tinkercad. Signal Pin — Digital I/O Pin Gr Po Si V Gr Ground Ground Power Power Trigger Ech Signal
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 72 | P a g e Step 2: Construction of ―SMART DUSTBIN‖. Step 2.1: Take the plastic bucket and outline the top surface of the bucket on the coloured chart paper. Cut the outline shape and divide it into two equal parts.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 73 | P a g e Step 2.2: Stick the cutout chart paper on the surface of the bucket as shown in fig. Step 2.3 Measure the Ultrasonic sensor on a plastic bucket and create a hole according to the measurement so that the ultrasonic sensor can be fitted inside that hole. Step 2.4 Insert the ultrasonic sensor in the hole. Step 2.5 Connect the ultrasonic sensor after taping it Step 2.6: Stick the servo motor on the top surface of the bucket and create a hole in the chart paper. Connect it to the ultrasonic sensor.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 74 | P a g e Step 2.7 Stick Arduino Uno Board and 9 V battery on the side of the bucket using double-sided tape. Step 2.8: Connect Arduino board, Ultrasonic sensor, Servo motor, and battery with connectors( M-M, M-F, F-F). Now, the project is ready to upload the ―SMART DUSTBIN‖ program in the Arduino. Connect the USB cable and upload the program in Arduino. Step 3: Once the program is uploaded, we can work on the project ―SMART DUSTBIN‖. Step 3.1: When there is no object near the ultrasonic sensor, it senses and conveys this information to the Arduino which in turn commands the servo motor to remain in the same position as earlier. Step 3.2: When there is an object near the ultrasonic sensor, it senses and conveys this information to the Arduino which sets the motor to ―HIGH‖ which in turn is connected to the top of the bucket and opens the cover. Step 3.3: When the object is removed, the ultrasonic sensor senses and conveys the information to the Arduino which in turn sets the motor to ―LOW‖ and closes the cover of the top of the bucket. Designing such a project is a lot of fun with learning. Try making these projects using Arduino Boards and design your program and execute it. It will give you immense happiness and pride.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 75 | P a g e 8. Entrepreneurial Revolution 8.1 What is Entrepreneurship? 8.2 Some successful entrepreneurs. 8.3 Young Entrepreneurs of India 8.4 Steps for becoming an entrepreneur 8.5 Skills Requirement for an entrepreneur 8.6 Classroom Activity Gowri: Given the explosive pace with which you are upgrading your skills after getting exposure to these vocational skills, and with your sheer creativity, imagination and innovative ideas, I feel you have the opportunity to be a Local Entrepreneur. Aryan: I didn‘t understand what you are saying. Gowri: In simple words, I mean that, the hard work and interest you are showing in vocational skills, you can start your own business and become and Entrepreneur. You know Entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up of a business is Entrepreneurship. Aryan : Is it. Can I become E. Entre… Entrepreneur. Is it right? Gowri: You pronounce it as awn·truh·pruh·nyoh. The word "entrepreneur" comes from the French verb entreprendre, meaning "to undertake" Aryan: Got it. But how do you become that. Gowri: Let me tell you a story of Karsanbhai Patel. The ‗Nirma‘ success story of how an Indian Entrepreneur took on the big MNCs and rewrote the rules of business: It was in 1969 that Dr. Karsanbhai Patel started Nirma and went on to create a whole new segment in the Indian domestic detergent market. During that time the domestic detergent market only had the premium segment and there were very few companies, mainly the MNCs, which were into this business.Karsanbhai Patel used to make detergent powder in the backyard of his house in Ahmedabad and then carry out door to door selling of his hand made product. He gave a money back guarantee with every pack that was sold. Karsanbhai Patel managed to offer his detergent powder for Rs. 3 per kg when the cheapest detergent at that time was
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 76 | P a g e Rs.13 per kg and so he was able to successfully target the middle and lower middle income segment. ― Sabki Pasand Nirma!‖ Nirma became a huge success and all this was a result of Karsanbhai Patel‘s entrepreneurial skills . The best case of – Give your consumer what he wants, when he wants, where he wants and at the price he wants, selling will be done quite automatically. This is the marketing ‗mantra‘ of Nirma. The company that was started in 1969 with just one man who used to deliver his product from one house to the other,today employs around 14 thousand people and has a turnover of more than $ 500 million. In 2004 Nirma‘s annual sales were as high as 800000 tonnes. According to Forbes in 2005 Karsanbhai Patel‘s net worth was $640 million and it‘s going to touch the $1000 million mark soon. Aryan: That‘s really inspiring ! Gowri: let me tell you one more inspiring story of none other than an Indian business tycoon Dhirubhai Ambani. Aryan: I would love to hear his success story of becoming an entrepreneur Gowri: Dhirubhai Ambani who was born in a poor family and founded one of the most renowned companies called Reliance in Bombay. I hope you are going to learn a lot by knowing his journey You may get surprised by knowing his qualifications that Dhirubhai Ambani had passed the only 10th. After completing high school, he was doing a small job. According to Aajtak, his starting salary was 300 rupees. However, by giving extra effort and time, he became a business tycoon. When he turned 17, he went to yamen where his brother Ramniklal was working. In yamen, Dhirubhai Ambani was working at a petrol pump. Later he became filling manager at the company. He worked in yamen for a while, after a few years he returned to India. Living in yamen, he dreamed to become a businessman. Dhirubhai Ambani returned to India in 1958 He started a textile business “Majin” along with his cousin Champaklal. Majin used to export goods like spices and rayon in yamen and import polyester. Ambani had good marketing knowledge, he was also known as a risk-taker and believed that in building inventories to rise income. In 1966 he launched a company called Reliance Commercial Corporation which later renamed the company, now this company known as Reliance industries.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 77 | P a g e Aryan: Listening to all these stories is really motivating me to know more about this but I think we are so young to think something like this Gowri: Do you know Aryan some of the youngest entrepreneurs in India have proved that age does not matter when it comes to knowledge and innovation. These entrepreneurs have achieved great heights of success through their innovative ideas even before turning 18. The will, determination, creativity, and innovation helped them to achieve their dreams and succeed in life. YOUNGEST ENTERPRENEURS OF INDIA One of the youngest entrepreneurs of India who gained success even before turning 18 is Tilak Mehta. He is the founder of ‗Papers and Parcels‘–an app-based digital courier company that provides one-day parcel services. He collaborated with the Mumbai Dabbawalas to ensure the same-day delivery of goods at a low cost within the region of Mumbai. The company offers door-to-door pick-up and delivery services even for small items including pens, important paperwork, and many other items. We could never think of such an innovative and expressway of delivering goods at such low cost. The youth of today is the future of tomorrow. It is nearly impossible to believe that a 10-yr old kid can develop gaming apps
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 78 | P a g e instead of playing. These tech-savvy brothers have co-founded the company called ‗GoDimensions‘–a development unit at their home at the age of 10. To date, the duo has developed 11 gaming applications, out of which 7 apps are available in the Apple store, and the rest 3 apps are available in Google‘s Android Play store. 3. Another youngest entrepreneur in India, Aadithyan Rajesh, developed his first mobile application at the age of 9. Before founding his company, Trinet Solutions, he would design logos and website interfaces as a hobby. Gradually, he started coding and developing games and developed his first app called ‗Ashirwad‘–a web browser similar to Google Chrome. The app was developed using Android Studio and was uploaded over the Aptoide marketplace. Apart from operating his own IT Company, Rajesh is also a successful YouTube Advait Thakur–CEO and founder of Apex Infosys India–is a computer programmer and Teenage Internet entrepreneur who launched his first website at the age of 9. Apex Infosys India is primarily involved in AI, ML, and IoT sector providing digital solutions. Being an exceptional leader and innovator, Advait holds the 4th rank
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 79 | P a g e under the ‗Wikia‘s Young Entrepreneurs Under 20 List‘ of 2017. Apart from being a successful entrepreneur, the multi-talented and all-rounder kid also works with Google‘s AI and Cloud platform and is a Google, Bing, and Hubspot certified professional. He also contributes to social causes and has worked for NGOs named ‗Satish Haware Divyang Center‘ and ‗Beautiful Tomorrow Foundation‘. Advait developed an app ‗Autism Awareness‘ for Google Assistant that will help spread awareness about autism and other related disorders along with their symptoms. Aryan: wooo! This is simply unbelievable Gowri. Being a CEO and founder of a company at such a young age is truly exceptional and encouraging too. I also want to be an entrepreneur . what I have to do for it? Gowri : Let‘s think for a business plan or an idea and be business partners Aryan: hahaha…..That Sounds good Gowri: But to start a business first we need is an idea which is a primary step. Come learn about the Six steps to becoming an entrepreneur: Step 1: Think of an idea Step 2: Get to work Step 3:Consider the risks involved Step 4: Research your idea Step 5: It's time to build/Create Step 6: Launch your product
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 80 | P a g e Gowri : If I conclude this it means simply to ideate ,innovate ,iterate and create. Aryan: Yup! I understood Gowri : Also, Aryan to be a successful entrepreneur you have to master some skills as well Aryan: Skills as in?? Gowri : I will introduce you to some of the basic skills of entrepreneurship Introduction To Entrepreneur Skills Entrepreneur skills include various skill sets such as leadership, business management, time management, creative thinking and problem-solving. These entrepreneur skills are vital for promoting innovation, business growth and competitiveness. Developing these skills means developing many skills together. For example, to be a successful entrepreneur, you may need to develop your risktaking skills and sharpen your business management skills. Types of Entrepreneur Skills: 1. Communication and active listening skills 2. Risk Taking skills 3. Networking skills 4. Critical thinking skills 5. Problem Solving Skills 6. Creative Skills 7.Leadership Skills 8.Time Management and Organisational Skills 9.Customer Service Skills 10.Financial Skills Mastery of these entrepreneur skills can help you outperform at your job and can drive your business to success.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 81 | P a g e Classroom Activity: Pitch Business Ideas Students of class can be told to brainstorm and produce some business ideas.The class as a whole will give feedback on three top business ideas demonstrated by their class mates. Innovate/create and setup your business kiosk in classroom Students can be told to use their vocational skills and innovate .Setup their product kiosk in classroom and apply their entrepreneur skills to convince their classmates that how your product is better than others.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 82 | P a g e 9 Financial Literacy 9.1 Importance of Financial Literacy 9.2 Financial Management 9.3 Evolution of Money 9.4 Banking (Offline & Online-Net Banking). 9.5 Modes of Online Net Banking. 9.6 ATM and Security Measures Of using ATM/Debit Cards. 9.7 Difference between Credit &Debit card 9.1 Importance of Financial Literacy Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage financial resources effectively for a lifetime of financial well-being. Financial Literacy is a combination of financial awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude, and behaviour necessary to make sound financial decisions and ultimately achieve individual financial well-being. Aryan:- Hey Gowri, Will you come to play tomorrow morning, now that vacation has started. Gowri:- I would love to … but not tomorrow as I have to go to Bank Aryan:- Bank !!!! Why Gowri. Gowri:- I am opening an account in the bank. Aryan:- Oh great .. Do you know how to operate the bank account. Gowri:- Not yet, but I know little about financial management and my mother will help me learn about the same. 9.2 Financial Management Aryan:- What is Financial Management? Gowri:- It means planning, organizing, and controlling financial activities. Aryan:- What activities do you manage. Gowri:- My pocket Money… and my parents also involve me in daily household finances for me to learn and love to manage finances. You can help your parents in many ways if you learn financial management Few Finance Management Tips: 1. Creating a Budget: Budgeting is the process of estimating in advance the expenses which are expected to be incurred in future. Students can prepare a category-wise budget like food budget, travel budget and telephone budget.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 83 | P a g e 2. Keep a track of your expenses/Managing pocket money: Any person needs to know where the money is coming from and where it is going. Keeping a track of your expenses will help you identify your over-spend and wasteful spend areas. Once your overspending and wasteful spending areas have been identified – you should try reducing them. Gowri: My parents also told me the difference between money and currency. Do you know about this? Aryan:- Oh no ..can you please tell me all these. Gowri:- Yes, please… Money is a recognised medium of exchange in the form of Currency. And Currency is the Physical form of the system of money in a particular country issued by the Government. It is in the form of Coins and Bank Notes. You know what is the currency of India. Aryan:- Yes, It's Indian Rupee and its symbol is ₹. Gowri:- Good Aryan…We have been using Indian currency at various places. Activity:- Name at least 5 places where you have used Indian Currency. Aryan:- All countries have their different currencies. Can you name some? Activity:- Name 5 different currencies with their countries. Aryan:- Do you know what we used to have before the Rupees system. My Dadiji told me about many different coins that were used in her time. 9.3 Evolution of Money Activity:- Ask elders in your house about different coins used in their age and name them. Gowri:- Yes Aryan, Actually Historically speaking, Humans have been managing the trade of goods much before money was invented. Aryan:- Yes My Dadiji told me about Barter System, where goods were exchanged. Gowri:- Yes and limitations of the Barter system led to the evolution of money and later on vaults or nowadays Banking system. A bank is a place where people deposit their funds as savings and withdraw the amount when required. You can also take a loan from banks when you do not have sufficient money to purchase high valued products. Aryan:- Yes, I have seen many banks at various places, but I have heard much about RBI in news. Is it also a bank.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 84 | P a g e Gowri:- Yes, it‘s a bank but not a commercial one. You cannot have an account in the Reserve Bank of India. It is the Central Bank of India and is an extremely important institution that manages the national currency. It acts as a banker to the government and implements monetary policies. All other banks are commercial banks. Aryan:- How can I open an account? Gowri:- To open an Account you need a passport size photo, ID Proof, Address proof and opening balance. You will need to fill up a form and after opening an account you will get an account number, cheque book and a debit/ATM card. Aryan:- What is a cheque book and what is its use of it? Gowri:- Chequebook is a collection of cheques which are papers printed by the bank which you can sign and use to pay someone from your bank account. A cheque is one of the most traditional ways to transfer money from one bank account to another. The payee signs a cheque in the name of the receiver, mentioning the amount that needs to be paid. The receiver can further visit the bank and submit the cheque to the concerned official at the bank. The money will be deducted from the payee‘s bank account and will be transferred to the receiver‘s bank account as soon as the cheque gets cleared. It is important to note that if there‘s not enough money in the payee‘s bank account, the cheque will bounce back and the payee will have to pay an additional fee for the same. There are no restrictions on the minimum/maximum amount that can be transferred to a bank account via cheque. Few tips you should keep in mind while handling a chequebook Record all details of cheques issued. Do not leave your chequebook unattended. Always keep it in a safe place, Whenever you receive your cheque book, please count the number of cheques in it. If there is a discrepancy, bring it to the notice of the Bank immediately. Verify serial continuity of the cheque numbers. If there is a discrepancy, bring it to the notice of the Bank immediately. Inform the Bank immediately if you lose/misplaced your cheque book, a cheque or a requisition slip. We can use cheque books and Atm Card for offline money transfer which is a part of offline banking. But most people don‘t use cheques book nowadays which is a part of offline banking. They use internet banking/Net-Banking for faster money transactions.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 85 | P a g e Aryan:- Yes, I have heard about it. But I am scared to use it. Gowri:- There is no need to be scared of it. Just we need to be cautious while using digital banking. Come Let‘s first understand the different ways to transfer money online 9.5 Modes of Online Payment 1. UPI 2. IMPS 3. NEFT 4. RTGS UPI- Unified Payment Interface: this is a popular mobile payment method that allows you to transfer funds from one bank account to the other, quick and free of charge. Transferring money through UPI requires each user to have an ID, termed the UPI ID. The UPI ID is a unique identification for a bank account that is used to send and receive funds from one bank to another. The UPI PIN is a 4-digit personal identification number required to transfer money through UPI. Every account holder has the option to choose his/her UPI PIN. To perform direct bank-to-bank transfers, you can simply download the Paytm UPI payment application, create your UPI account and enter the receiver‘s contact number to send money. IMPS- Immediate Payment Service A Method that allows users to transfer funds from one bank to another. IMPS stands for Immediate Payment Service, implying that using this method, you can transfer funds immediately. IMPS transactions have a daily maximum limit of Rs. 1 Lakh and levy an additional service tax. The charges on transactions made through IMPS vary between Rs. 5 to Rs. 15, depending on the bank‘s conditions. Immediate payment service is a robust, real-time fund transfer option that offers a 24*7 inter-bank fund transfer facility, which is safe and economical for all users. NEFT- National Electronic Fund Transfer NEFT is a one-to-one payment facility wherein the transactions can be processed only between the banks that offer NEFT-enabled services. Transactions made through NEFT do not take place in real-time; implying that it takes a few days for NEFT transactions to complete. To transfer funds through NEFT, you must add
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 86 | P a g e beneficiaries on the internet banking portal of your required bank. There are no limits on the number of NEFT transactions. There is a fee applicable on all NEFT transactions; the amount varies from Rs. 2.5 to Rs. 25, depending on the amount being transferred. As per RBI guidelines, the payments made via NEFT are processed and settled in batches of half-hour. RTGS- Real Time Gross Settlement It is a money transfer system that allows the transfer of funds from one bank account to another in real-time and on a gross settlement basis. The term, ‗real-time‘ implies that transactions through RTGS are processed right when they are initiated by the sender, and ‗gross settlement‘ means that the instructions regarding the transfer of funds occur on a one-to-one basis. Transactions made through RTGS are processed on a one-to-one basis and can be performed at any time, on any day of the year. The Real-Time Gross Settlement method is mostly used for transactions of high value. RTGS transactions can be used using both online and offline modes. Aryan: You know so much Gowri and thanks to you for sharing such valuable information. I never knew that there are so many ways of online banking which can save our time and effort. Gowri: Yes, you got it right Digital banking allows a very flexible approach for payment and other bank services using a laptop or mobile app. One just has to keep some safety measures while using online banking. Safety Measures while using digital banking 1. Do not share your User id and password with anyone, remember it and do not note down the password anywhere. 2. Register for an SMS alert to keep track of transactions. 3. Always pick a strong password for digital banking which include upper case, lower case and special characters. 4. DO not reveal your user id or password or any OTP received to anyone. 5. DO not use remember password feature of web browsers.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 87 | P a g e 6. Change your password regularly 7. DO not open your bank site from any message or mail, only use the official site. 8. Do not use public computers to log in to internet banking 9. Always use licenced anti-virus software 10. Beware of fraudulent apps Gowri:- Ok so if we follow these points, our account is safe digitally too. Aryan: I will remember these tips for sure. Aryan: Gowri, when today I was reading a newspaper I read a news that fraud of 50000 Rs. Was done by an old man who misuse his ATM. Gowri: Yes Aryan! I also heard that many people had gone through these frauds just because they have given their ATM/Debit card to strangers to withdraw their money. Similarly, like online banking, we have to be a little bit alert and cautious while using ATMs. 9.6 Safety Tips while using ATM 1. Keep your identification number (PIN) confidential - Never write it down or share it with anyone - not even family members. It's also a good idea to update your PIN once a year to keep it fresh. 2. Report theft or misplacement as soon as possible: Immediately notify the bank if you lose or card or if someone steals it from you. 3. Be aware of your surroundings, particularly at night. If you see any suspicious activity, like a person waiting for a few feet away or if there aren't any lights around, avoid using that machine and find another in a more public area. 4. Use your body to ―shield‖ the ATM keyboard as you enter your PIN. If someone seems to be lingering behind you, walk away and come back later. 5. Always take your receipts or transaction records with you. This will avoid any of your personal information getting into the wrong hands. 6. Do not count or visually display any money you received from the ATM. After taking your money out of the ATM, immediately place the cash in your purse or wallet, and count it later. 7. Check the ATM for a card skimmer. A card skimmer
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 88 | P a g e is a device attached to the payment terminal of an ATM that is used to steal your card information when inserting your card to withdraw money. You can often spot a card skimmer with your inspection. If the card reader slot feels loose or is oddly a different colour scheme than the bank's branding, or the keyboard doesn't feel right (too thick, buttons don't press easily, etc.), these are often signs that a skimmer is in place. Aryan: I have never thought that ATM frauds can be done in this way also. Now I knew why my mother always check the keypad of the ATM before entering her PIN. Gowri: This is a good practice of safe banking.With debit cards chances of fraud are a little bit higher than with credit cards. Aryan: Credit cards??? Aren‘t credit and debit cards the same ?? Gowri: They appear the same in size and shape but they are not the same when it comes to banking operations Credit cards are much safe and more secure than debit cards. Aryan: How?? Gowri: let me tell you about this. 9.7 Difference Between Debit and Credit Cards. Debit Card: A debit card is a payment card that deducts money directly from a consumer‘s checking account when it is used. Also called ―check cards‖ or "bank cards," they can be used to buy goods or services; or to get cash from an automated teller machine or a merchant who'll let you add an extra amount to purchase. Pros There is no debt involved since you are using your own money. It is cheaper to use since there are no interest charges involved. Serves as an ATM card as well, so you can use it to withdraw money from an ATM. Approval for a debit card is easier and faster. Doesn‘t help build a credit history.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 89 | P a g e Cons You can‘t leave disposable cash in your account since money is directly debited. It can complicate balancing your passbook at the end of the month if you don‘t keep track of your spending. You may be charged a fee if you withdraw money from a different bank ATM. There is very little protection when it comes to debit card fraud. Credit Cards: A credit card is a type of payment card in which charges are made against a line of credit instead of the account holder‘s cash deposits. When someone uses a credit card to make a purchase, that person‘s account accrues a balance that must be paid off each month. Although failure to pay off the credit card on time could result in interest charges and late fees, credit cards can also help users build a positive credit history. Pros Credit cards are extremely convenient and prevent you from having to carry cash with you. Credit cards help you build your credit score. The rewards you earn are much higher than those on debit cards. They provide you with flexibility when it comes to spending since they come with relatively high credit limits. Cons If you don‘t pay your bills on time or in full, you are charged a high rate of interest. Credit cards have multiple fees. Missing a payment (even due to genuine reasons) could end up adversely affecting your credit score. You then must work much harder to build it. While there is a credit limit, you could always be tempted to spend more than what you have. This leads to debt.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 90 | P a g e Classroom Activities Family Budget Game Here‘s a game created to help students understand not only budgeting but budgeting for a family on a low income. You can click on each of their ―Family 1‖, ―Family 2‖, etc. packages, and print out each of the materials. Create four envelopes (or ―Family Packets‖) for each family, and give each to a group of students. Each packet includes: Family Scenario Family Budget Worksheet Family Crisis 1 (possible a Family Crisis 2) Family Good News Family Income Family Bills The group is then in charge of filling out a budget and paying bills based on their family‘s means. This also makes for a good budget simulation for high school students, because it throws crises (and good news situations) that change the dynamics of their ―family‘s‖ financial situation, meaning they have to think on their feet about how to move forward Children Bank Students of the class could be told to make groups and make different banks with interesting bank names. Tell them to set up customer satisfaction rules and interesting offers for their bank. Few students can act like customers with children's money and let them decide whose offers and customer service are more convincing. In which bank do they wish to open an account and why? Pocket Money Management As a kid, receiving pocket money at the beginning of the month holds a lot of value as well as emotion. It‘s like the very first experience of financial independence. It‘s about what the amount received lets you do – spending it at the moment or saving it for the future. While some dutifully save it in a piggy bank, others spend the amount on stationery, sweets, or treats. All in all, receiving physical coins or notes as a kid has always been exciting. Let students do their pocket money management and tell them to record their savings and expenditure for the past few months. Let them analyze how can they save more while understanding the concept of wants and needs.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 91 | P a g e 10. HYDROPONICS 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 TYPES OF HYDROPONICS 10.3 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANAGESOF HYDROPONICS 10.4 AQUAPONICS Gowri : Oh! I forgot to change water for my money plant at home. Aryan : Change water!!! How do you change water in soil. Gowri : No Aryan, I am growing my plant hydroponically. So it needs regular change in water to keep it healthy. Aryan : Hydroponically means? Gowri : Hydroponics is the soil less process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients. Aryan : Without soil… Oh like we put a stem of money plant in any old plastic bottle, isn’t it. Gowri: Yes Aryan, and after few days you will see the roots in water. Aryan: Got it, I too have grown money plant hydroponically. Gowri: Yes Aryan, Many of us have done it, but some people grow fruits and vegetables too hydroponically and sell them. Like we have seen in Entrepreneurial Revolution, one can turn any idea into a business plan, and with vision it can be executed profitably. Today in India, visionary farmers are adopting this innovative and original cultivation technique Aryan: Yes, But first let us study in detail about hydroponics. 10.1 INTRODUCTION: Hydroponics is a method for growing plants without using soil. The nutrients that plants need to grow are put into water and then delivered to the roots of the plants. The term hydroponics comes from Latin word parts hydro, meaning water, and ponos, meaning labor. So in hydroponics, the water does the work of delivering the nutrients to the plants. The soil itself is not really needed by the plants - just the nutrients in it. So if the nutrients are put in water, the plants can get what they need to grow without the soil. Hydroponics is usually grown indoors or in greenhouses. This means that growers have complete control over the surrounding climate, temperature, lighting, ventilation and more. 10.2 HYDROPONICS SYSTEM TYPE Wick System: Wick System is a simple type of system. The wick is used to draw nutrients from the water solution into the growth medium. Perlite, vermiculite, ProMix,
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 92 | P a g e and coir are the most popular growth media used in this system. In home we can make it using a plastic bottle and cutting it into half and arranging as shown in fig. It is great for small plants and beginners. In business system, the culture tray is filled with nutrient solution and then returned to the reservoir. A submersible pump with a timer is used for this action. Use a timer to turn on the pump and allow the nutrient solution to enter the growth tray When the timer turns off the pump, the solution returns to the reservoir. It depends on the type and size of the plant how many times the timer comes in a day. Temperature and humidity, and the type of medium that grows, are other factors. N.F.T. (Nutrition Film Technology): The nutrient film technique (NFT) supplies the plants roots with a thin film of nutrients. The water and nutrient solution is held in a large reservoir, which has an air pump and air stone to stay oxygenated A water pump, set on a timer, pushes water through the channel. This delivers a thin film of nutrients and water to the plants, where the roots are not completely submerged. At the end of the channel, the solution drops back into the main reservoir to be reused in the system. Aeroponics: Aeroponics system is a high-tech hydroponic cultivation system. Air is mainly used as a growth medium like N.F.T. The roots of the plant are hanging in the air and sprayed with nutrient solution. If the spray cycle is interrupted, the roots will dry out due to exposure to the air. The feeding pump here is timer controlled like any other system, but this system requires a short cycle timer that runs the pump every few minutes for a few seconds. Deepwater culture (DWC):- In deep hydroponics, the roots of the plant are suspended in nutrient-rich water and the air is supplied directly to the roots via airstones. The hydroponic bucket system is a classic example of this system. The plants are placed in net pots and the roots are suspended in nutrient solution, where they grow
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 93 | P a g e rapidly in large quantities. Since algae and mold can grow rapidly in reservoirs, it is essential to monitor oxygen and nutrient levels, salt and pH. This system is suitable for larger crops that produce fruits, especially cucumbers and tomatoes that grow well on this system. DWC is also known as bubbleponics. Ebb and flow:- This is the first commercial hydroponic cultivation system using the flood and drainage principle. This system uses a growth dish and a reservoir filled with nutrient solution. The pump periodically floods the plant tray with nutrient solution, which is slowly drained. Although different types of plants can be grown, root rot, algae and mold problems are so common that a system with a filter unit needs to be modified. Also known as deep hydroponics. 10.3 Advantages of Hydroponics • Plants get all the nutrients directly from the solution without having to look for food in the soil. All of this energy is instead used for its growth and fruit and flower production. • Hydroponics saves water. This soilless farming method uses only 10% water compared to soil farming due to its efficient recirculation system. • No grounding is required here. The main advantages are: a. Crops can be grown anywhere, on arable land or in heavily polluted areas. The plants are grown in suitable locations such as large greenhouses, apartments and patios. In this way you can save most of the land b. This system can avoid all kinds of soil-borne pests and diseases. You don't have to worry about weed problems here. • Effective use of nutrients. All nutrients are added to the solution, giving you 100% control over the supply of the specific amount of food (nutrients) that the plant needs. Potential drawbacks of hydroponics: • Because the entire hydroponics system setup requires a greenhouse or similar location, hydroponics air pump, timer , Initial cost is a little too high, lighting, air filters, fans, containers, growth media, nutrients etc. • Depending on the size of the system, the producer may need to have sufficient knowledge and experience to operate the system normally. Specific knowledge helps growers set up, maintain and monitor the system. • A power outage can destroy the entire facility. Here, the plant relies on a completely artificially created system. Aryan: Gowri, It all seems so complicated. Gowri: Not at all Aryan, See the concept of hydroponics is to grow plant in water, oxygen, and some nutrients. Like money plant as discussed.
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DELHI REGION 2022 94 | P a g e Aryan: Yes and I guess when I will try one, it will be more clear. Classroom Activity: Take a plastic bottle and cut it into half. Place a knotted wick on the bottle neck. Add 1 small cup of water to the bottom half of bottle and place the top part over it as shown. Fill the top part with any growing medium, you can use coconut coir or rock wool. Pour more water onto it. You can now add seeds to grow or any small plant in ti. Ensure that the wick is submerged in water. Check the water level every week. 10.4 AQUAPONICS Gowri: Aryan, Now that you know about hydroponics, let me introduce you to Aquaponis. Aryan: What is Aquaponis Gowri. Gowri: Aquaponics integrates aquaculture and hydroponics into one production system. Aquaponics relies on the food introduced for fish, which works as the system’s input. As fish eat this food and process it, they transform it into urine and fecal matter, both rich in ammonia, which in sufficient quantities can be toxic to plants and fish. Afterward, the water (now ammonia-rich) flows, together with un-eaten food and decaying plant matter, from the fish tank into a biofilter. Afterward, inside this biofilter, bacteria break everything down into organic nutrient solutions (nitrogen-rich) for growing vegetables. As we can see, aquaponics freshwater systems rely on 3 main components: freshwater aquatic animals (the fish), nitrifying bacteria, and plants – and all three living entities depend on each other to survive. Without the bacteria to consumer the fish waste, plants wouldn’t have a usable form of nutrients either – which is why biological filtration is crucial. And thanks to plant growth, nutrients are removed from the water, leaving it clean for the fish. Aryan: Again, I think you will tell me that it is a great business idea. Gowri: Yes Aryan, and Government is providing subsidy to promote these technologies. It is going to be future farming. Aryan: Yes I got it. Best part about learning this is I can grow my own veggies in my home without needing much space. Gowri: Yes, Little bit of research and patience you will be able to. Just think how much fun it will be. Aryan: Yes definitely, I will start from today itself.