KNOELGEEJ RMIASTERMIKBUILLAANSI SB015
BIOLOGYE D I T I O N 2021/2022
TUTORIAL
TUTORIAL 1.0: MOLECULES OF LIFE [2 marks]
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.1 Water.
a)State the structure and properties of water molecules
b) Relate the properties of water & its importance.
1. a) Draw water molecules to show hydrogen bonds formed between them. (CLO3, C1)
b) FIGURE 1 shows a polar molecule of water. Explain briefly how this happens.(CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
FIGURE 1
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
c) Explain what happens when salt (NaCl) is added to water..(CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
d) Water achieves its highest density at 40C. What is the benefit of this property of water to aquatic organisms?
(CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
e) Explain FOUR properties of water and it’s important in living organisms. (CLO3, C3) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.2 Disaccharides
(b) Illustrate the formation & breakdown of maltose.
(c) Compare the structures & functions of starch, glycogen & cellulose
2. FIGURE 2 below shows five different types of monosaccharide.
Molecule A Molecule B Molecule C
Molecule D Molecule E
FIGURE 2
a) Identify the following molecules and classify them into classes.(CLO3, C3) [5 marks]
Name Classes (pentose or hexose)
Molecule A :
Molecule B :
Molecule C :
Molecule D :
Molecule E :
b) What is the name of the disaccharide formed from the following reaction?(CLO3, C3)
i) Molecule A + Molecule A : _____________________________ [1 mark]
ii) Show the formation of the above disaccharide. [3 marks]
c) Molecule B can join together to form polysaccharide W. Identify the type of bond formed from this
reaction.(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
d) State the function of polysaccharide W. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
e) How are polysaccharides formed from monosaccharides? Give two examples of polysaccharides and `
state their functions. (CLO3, C3) [8 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
f). FIGURE 3 shows forms of polysaccharide. Differentiate between molecule A and molecule B. [10 marks]
FIGURE 3 Molecule B
Molecule A
Name
Dissolve in water
Location
Function
Monomer
Rotation
Bond
Branching
Cross-linked
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.3 LIPID
b) Describe the structure of fatty acids and glycerols
c) Describe the formation & breakdown of triglycerides
3. FIGURE 4 below shows the structural formula of two organic molecules P and Q.
a) Name the molecules P and Q. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
Molecule P : ______________________________________
Molecule Q : ______________________________________
b) Molecules P and Q combined to form a new product. Name the type of chemical reaction involved
and its end product. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
i. Type of chemical reaction : ____________________________________________
ii. End product : ____________________________________________
c) Show how molecules P and Q combined to form the product. Circle the atoms that are removed
during the formation of the product. (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
d) Lipid and carbohydrates function as energy-storage molecules. Why lipids store more energy per
gram compared to carbohydrates. (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
e) State ONE other function of lipid in living organisms. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.4 Protein
a) Describe the basic structure of amino acids.& classes of amino acids.
d) Describe the effect of pH and temperature on the structure of protein.
e) Describe the formation & breakdown of dipeptide.
f) Classify protein according to structure and composition.
4. FIGURE 8 shows the structural formula of two organic monomers, P and Q
PQ
FIGURE 8
a) Give the common name for the monomer in FIGURE 8. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
b) State the polymer that is produced from the bonding of :(CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
One molecule P and one molecule Q : _______________________________________
One molecule P and seven molecules Q: _____________________________________
c) Give two functional groups found in monomers P and Q and state the characteristics of each
functional group. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
Functional Group Characteristics
d) Organic monomers P and Q bind to form a new compound. With a diagram, show the combination
of P and Q until the formation of the product.(CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
e) Name the type of chemical reaction and its product formed from this chemical reaction. (CLO3, C1)
[2 marks]
Chemical reactions : _____________________________________________________________
Products :_____________________________________________________________
f) Differentiate between globular protein and fibrous protein. Give an example for each.(CLO3, C3)
[10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1.5 DNA and RNA molecules
b) Illustrate the structure of DNA based on the Watson & Crick Model.
d) Compare DNA and RNA.
5. FIGURE 9 shows a part of a DNA molecule.
FIGURE 9 [3 marks]
a) Identify the above molecule.(CLO3, C3)
i. MoleculeP : _______________________________________
ii. MoleculeQ : _______________________________________
iii. MoleculeR: _______________________________________
b) Name the basic unit of DNA.(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
i. Basic unit: ___________________
c) Identify the following: (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
i. Bond 1 : _______________________________
ii. Bond 2 : _______________________________
d) If the base sequence for strand 1 is 5’ GATC 3’, what is the base sequence for strand 2?
(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
e) Give the importance of this macromolecule to living organisms.(CLO3, C1 [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
f) State TWO similarities between DNA and RNA .(CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
g) Explain the differences between DNA and RNA molecules.(CLO3, C3) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
h) Describe the structure of DNA based on the Watson and Crick Model. (CLO3, C3) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
TUTORIAL 2.0: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
2.1 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells.
b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells.
c) Illustrate and compare the structures of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells).
1. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (CLO3, C2) [6 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. FIGURE 1 below shows a generalized animal cell and plant cell as seen through an electron microscope.
a) Give the names of two parts found in plant cells but not in animal cells. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b) Differentiates between plant cells and animal cells. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
2.2 Structure & functions: Cell membrane & organelles
b) Explain the structures and functions of the following organelles: Nucleus, rough, endoplasmic
reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, ribosome, mitochondria, chloroplast
and centriole
d. Explain the structure of plasma membrane and the functions of each of its components
3. Describe the structures of chloroplast. (CLO3, C2) [5 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. FIGURE 2 shows the structure of the plasma membrane.
FIGURE 2 Source : shorturl.at/gnwOT
a) Name the structures A, B, and C. (CLO3, C1) [3 marks]
A : _____________________________________________
B : _____________________________________________
C : _____________________________________________
b) Name the model shown in FIGURE 2. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) Why is this model known as in 4.b)?. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
d) State the functions for structure D. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
e) State the THREE functions of plasma membrane. (CLO3, C2) [3 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the structure of cell membrane using Fluid Mosaic Model. (CLO3, C2) [10 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
2.3 Cells are grouped into tissues.
a) Describe animal tissues and plant tissues (CLO3).
b) Explain the following types of cells and tissues i) Animal cells & tissues: (CLO3)
- Epithelial cells (simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous),
- Nerve cell (motor neuron),
- Muscle cells (smooth, striated and cardiac muscle),
- Connective tissues (compact bone, hyaline cartilage and blood)
6. FIGURE 3 below shows different types of tissues located around a movable knee joint. Based on the diagram,
answer the following questions.
FIGURE 3
a) Identify Tissue A and B. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
Tissue A: ____________________ Tissue B : _____________________
b) Differentiate between tissue A and B. (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) Name the following cells and give the importance of each. (CLO3, C2) [4 marks]
Cell Importance
Cell 2 :
Cell 5 :
d) Describe the structure of cell 1. How is it adapted to its function? (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the distribution and functions of three types of simple epithelial tissues. (CLO3, C3) [8 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
2.3 Cells are grouped into tissues.
c) Explain the following types of cells and tissues - Plant cells & tissues: (CLO3)
Meristem, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem.
8. Briefly describe the structure and function of the following tissues: (CLO3, C2) [10 marks]
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
2.4 Cell transport
a) Overview the various transport mechanisms across the membrane (CLO1)
b) Explain the various transport mechanisms across the membrane (CLO3)
i) Passive transport: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
ii) Active transport: Sodium-potassium pump and Bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)
9. FIGURE 4 below shows a plant cell immersed in a sucrose solution with a solute potential of -400 kPa. The
Pressure potential (ψ p) and the solute potential (ψ s) of the cell and sucrose solution are shown in figure below.
ψ s sucrose solution = -400kPa
Plant cell
ψ p = 340 kPa
ψ s (cell) = -1000 kPa
FIGURE 4
a) Define osmosis in terms of water potential. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b) i. Calculate the water potential of this cell. Show your calculation. (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
ii. Predict whether water will move in or out of the cell. Explain. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) What happens to the volume of the cell? (CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________
d) State TWO types of passive transport. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
e) Why does the red blood cell burst when placed in a hypotonic solution but not the plant cell? [1 mark]
(CLO3, C3)
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. FIGURE 5 below shows certain activity takes place in an animal cell.
FIGURE 5 Source : shorturl.at/iHM47
a) Name process A and B. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
A: ________________________ B: _______________________
b) Differentiate between process A and B. (CLO3, C3) [5 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) Function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion of particles engulfed by phagocytosis. Describe this
process and give an example of human cells that carry out phagocytosis? (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. FIGURE 6 shows the passive transport of cell A, B and C in plant cells.
a) Write an equation to express the relationship between the following terms. (CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
b) What is the value of the water potential (in kPa) of this cell at full turgor? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) Calculate the water potential of cell A. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
d) Show the direction of water movement by drawing the arrows between cell A, B and C in Figure 6.
(CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
e) Explain why the water potential of a sucrose solution has a negative value. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
f) Determine the water potential of cell B and C at equilibrium. (CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
12. FIGURE 7 shows the mechanism of Sodium- potassium pump.
X
Y
FIGURE 7
a) Identify regions labeled X and Y. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b) What type of transport protein is involved in active transport? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
c) How is ATP used in Sodium-potassium pumps? (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
d) Why is the sodium- potassium transport mechanism called a ‘pump’? (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
e) On which side of the membrane are Na+ released from the pump? (CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
13. Distinguish between active and passive transport. (CLO3, C2) [4 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
TUTORIAL 3.0: CELL DIVISION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
3.1 The cell cycle
b) Explain the stages in cell cycle: Interphase and Mitotic phase. (CLO 3)
1. FIGURE 1 shows a normal cell cycle.
FIGURE 1
a) Define cell cycle. (CLO 3,C1) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b) What is the longest phase in interphase? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
c) State the events that occur in b). (CLO 3,C1) [2marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d) Describe what happens during the G1 phase. (CLO 3,C1) [3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e) What happens at M- phase?(CLO 3,C1) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the stages in the cell cycle. (CLO 3,C3) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
3.2 Mitosis
a) Describe the four stages of mitosis and the behaviour of the chromosome for
each stage. (CLO 3)
b) Describe briefly the cytokinesis process in animal and plant cells. (CLO 3)
c) Compare the cell division in animal and plant (CLO 3)
3. a) Define mitosis. (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b) List ONE function of mitosis. (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
c) In which phase in mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the equator? (CLO 3,C1)
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) In which phase does the spindle form in mitosis? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
e) In which phase in mitosis can sister chromatids be observed for the first time?(CLO 3,C1)
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
4. The diagram 3 below depicts stages in the mitotic division of a cell.
AB C D E
DIAGRAM 3
a) Write the letters in the order in which these stages occur. (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
b) State ONE event occurs during stage C. (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
c) What is the behavior of the chromosome in stage A? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) A cell in the basal layer of the skin contains 46 chromosomes and divides by
mitosis to produce new skin cells. After 46 successive divisions, how many chromosomes will the
basal cell have? have? (CLO 3,C3) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
e) An animal has 36 chromosomes in each of its body cells. How many of these
chromosomes came from its male parent? (CLO 3,C3) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
5. With a suitable diagram, explain cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. (CLO3,C3) [10 marks]
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
3.3 Meiosis
c) Explain the behaviour of the chromosome at each stage. ( CLO 3)
6. The graph below shows the changes in quantity of DNA within a cell as it goes through
a series of cell divisions.
a) What type of cell division is occurring during period A? (CLO 3, C1). [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
b) What type of cell division is occurring during period B? (CLO 3, C1). [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
c) What event is occurring at the point marked X? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) What do we call the cells produced at the point marked Y? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
e) What event is occurring at the point marked Z? (CLO 3,C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
f) If 6 chromosomes are observed in a cell at anaphase II of meiosis, how many
chromosomes the cell would have contained at : (CLO 3,C3) [2 marks]
Metaphase I :______________________________
G1 of Interphase :______________________________
7. Diagram 2 shows cell P and cell Q undergoes one of the stages for two types of cell
division.
a) (i) Name the type of cell division. (CLO 3,C1) [2 marks]
[2 marks]
Cell P : _____________________________
Cell Q :_____________________________
(ii) Give one reason for your answer. (CLO 3,C3)
Cell P : ______________________________________________
Cell Q : ______________________________________________
b) State the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell after cell division process
shown in Cell Q is completed. Explain. (CLO 3,C3) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. FIGURE 4 shows a cell division in animals.
a) Draw a diagram of the stages as below (CLO3, C2)
i) Anaphase in mitosis
ii) Metaphase I
iii) Anaphase II
b) Suggest why it is an advantage for the chromatids to condense independently during
prophase? (CLO3,C3) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________________
c) Suggest why it is important that the chromatids remain attached at the centromere [1 mark]
until anaphase?(CLO3, C3)
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis. (CLO3, C2) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TUTORIAL 4.0: GENETIC INHERITANCES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
4.1 Mendelian genetics: Monohybrid & Dihybrid.
d) Construct genetic diagram on the monohybrid cross and include the
genotypic ratio (1:2:1) and phenotypic ratio (3:1) of F2 generation. (CLO 3)
e) Construct genetic diagram on Mendelian monohybrid test cross and
include the genotypic ratio (1:1) and phenotypic ratio (1:1). (CLO 3)
1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and
they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of who is blue-eyed.
a) What is the man’s genotype? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________
b) If that’s his genotype, what kind(s) of gametes (sperm) can he produce? (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________
c) If blue is recessive, what must the woman’s genotype be? (CLO3, C1) [ 1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________
d) If that’s her genotype, what kind(s) of gametes (eggs) can she produce? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________
e) What are the genotypes of the children? (CLO3, C1) [2marks]
__________________________________________________________________
f) Draw a genetic diagram to verify your answer. (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
2. In horses, black (B) is dominant to brown (b) and trotter (T) is dominant to a pacer (t). [3 marks]
a) Consider the cross Bb x bb. Complete the genetic diagram below and state the
probability of getting black coat and brown coat horses. (CLO3, C3)
b) Consider the cross Tt x Tt. What is the phenotypic ratio for trotter and pacer [1 marks]
horses? (CLO3, C2)
__________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
4.1 Mendelian genetics: Monohybrid & Dihybrid
g) Construct a genetic diagram on dihybrid cross and include only the phenotypic ratio (9:3:3:1) of
F2 generation using Punnett square. (CLO 3)
h) Construct a genetic diagram on Mendelian dihybrid test cross and include phenotypic ratio
(1:1:1:1) of F2 generation using Punnett square. (CLO 3)
3. Pure–bred pea plants with grey seed coats and long stems were crossed with plants
with white seed coats and short stems. All offspring in the F1 generation had grey seed-coats and long stems.
a) Suggest symbols for seed coat colour and stem height alleles. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________
b) Using a genetic diagram, explain the phenotype ratio you would expect if the F1 generation were self-
fertilised. (CLO3, C3) [10 marks]
c) Explain how you would find out the genotype of a plant with grey seed coats and long stems. (CLO3, C4)
[6 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. In one of his breeding experiments, Mendel crossed peas with purple, terminal flowers with
white, axial flowers. All the F1 progeny show purple and axial flowers.
a) Assuming P is dominant allele for purple while A is dominant allele for axial, predict
the genotype of parental plant and F1 progeny.(CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
genotype of parental plant :____________________________
genotype of F1 progeny :____________________________
b) Draw the genetic diagram for the test cross of F1 and state the genotypic and phenotypic ratio.
(CLO3, C4) [ 6 marks]
5. a) State Mendel’s First Law and Second Law. Under what conditions are these laws
Applicable.(CLO3, C3) [10 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous. (CLO3, C4) [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) State the differences between Mendel’s First and Second Law. (CLO3, C4)
[ 2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
4.2 Deviation from Mendelian Inheritance
a) Explain briefly types of inheritance that deviate from Mendelian: Codominant alleles, incomplete
dominant alleles, multiple alleles, linked genes, sex-linked genes and polygenes.
6. a) A man with group A blood married a woman with group B blood. Their child has
group O blood.
i) What are the genotypes for these individuals? (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
Genotypes for Man : _____________________________
Genotype for Woman :______________________________
ii) Draw the genetic diagram for this marriage. (CLO3, C3) [ 4 marks]
7. Fur colour in the Canadian Bigfoot is controlled by three alleles Cb, Cr,and c, (c is recessive) . A black-coated
male mated with a red-coated female over a number of years, producing a family of ten offspring; 2 black, 3red,
2 chestnut (a mixture of black and red hairs), and 3 white.
a) What term would you use to describe the alleles Cb and Cr? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) What is the genotype of the white-coated offspring? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) What are the genotypes of the two parents? (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
d) What ratio would you have predicted for the four phenotypes listed above?
(CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________
e) What phenotype would you expect from the crossing of chest-nut coated and [2 marks]
white coated bigfoot? (CLO3, C2)
_________________________________________________________________________________
f) If two chestnuts coated Bigfoot mated, what would the probability be of their first baby also being
Chestnut coated? (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
8. The mosquito, Aedes aegypti has spotted or spotless forms on a grey or yellow body. The allele for spotless
body, S, is dominant to the allele for spotted body, s. The allele for grey body G is dominant to the allele for yellow
body, g. A cross was made between homozygous spotless, grey bodied mosquitoes and spotted, yellow bodied
mosquitoes. The F1 individuals were then crossed with the homozygous recessive and the number of the
resulting phenotypes was counted. The results are shown below:
Phenotypes Number
Spotless, grey bodied 442
Spotted, yellow bodied 458
Spotted, grey bodied 46
Spotless, yellow bodied 54
i. State the genotype and the phenotype of the F1 using the above symbols. (CLO3, C1)
[2 marks]
The genotype : ____________________________________
The phenotype : ____________________________________
ii. Using a genetic diagram, explain the results shown above and state the map unit between both
genes. (CLO3, C3) [8 marks]
9. A fruit fly with heterozygous grey body (Bb) and normal wing (Ww) is crossed with another
fruit fly with black body (bb) and vestigial wing (ww). The progeny produced consists of:
154 grey body and normal wing
24 black body and normal wing
26 grey body and vestigial wing
156 black body and vestigial wing
i. State whether the genes are linked. Give reasons for your answer. (CLO3, C2) [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
ii. If the genes are linked, calculate the distance in map unit between these genes (CLO3, C4) [2 marks]
iii . Map these genes. (CLO3, C4) [1 marks]
iv. Draw a genetic diagram to show the cross. (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
10. Color blindness is sex linked, recessive trait in human.. A man with normal vision married a woman who is
color blind. The woman has a color blind daughter. Assume that A dominant allele is normal.
i. What are the genotypes of all persons involved? (CLO3, C1) [3 marks]
ii. Based on the genetic diagram, explain whether the man is the daughter’s father. State the genotypic
ratio and phenotypic ratio. (CLO3, C3) [7 marks]
TUTORIAL 5.0: POPULATION GENETICS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
5.2 Hardy-Weinberg Law
a) State the Hardy-Weinberg Law. (CLO 1)
b) Explain FIVE assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law for genetic equilibrium. (CLO 2)
c) Calculate allele & genotype frequency. (CLO 3)
1. a) State the Hardy-Weinberg principle. [CLO 3, C1] [2 marks
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
b) In a randomly breeding population of mice, black coat (H) is dominant to white coat (h). In the
population,36% have white coats. Calculate the genotypic frequency of black coated mice in this
population.[CLO 3, C3] [4 marks]
c) In a human population, the frequency of the recessive individuals for extra-long eyelashes is 90 per
1000. What is the individual percentage of this population that carries recessive allele but displays the
phenotype of short eyelashes? [CLO 3, C1] [4 marks]
2. A species of insects may exist as a dark variety or a fair variety. The dark trait is dominant. In a population of
5000 insects, there are 950 dark insects. By using the Hardy-Weinberg equation (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1) calculate:
i. The frequency of the ‘fair’ allele. [CLO 3, C3] [3 marks]
ii. The frequency of the ‘dark’ allele. [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
iii. The number of heterozygous and homozygous dominant insects in the population. [CLO 3, C3] [3 marks]
3. The allele for black hair (B) is dominant over that for grey hair (b). The alleles for B and b have frequencies p
and q respectively. In a randomly mating population of 600 hamsters, 216 have grey hair.
a) What is meant by a randomly mating population? [CLO 3, C1] [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
b) Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg principle applied, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele and
recessive allele in the population. [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
c) If all the 216 hamsters with grey hair were killed and the rest were allowed to mate randomly,
i. Calculate the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles in the new generation. [CLO 3, C3]
[7 marks]
ii. Calculate the various genotypes of the F1 offspring and their frequencies. [CLO 3, C3]
[3 marks]
iii. Calculate the percentage of the hamsters with black hair and grey hair in the F1 population.
[CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
4. In the large population of butterflies, 557 are white while 396 are brown. Assume that white color is dominant,
determine the following.
i. Allelic frequencies of each allele [CLO 3, C3] [4 marks]
ii. Expected genotypic frequencies [CLO 3, C3] [3 marks]
iii. Number of heterozygous butterflies [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
iv. Expected phenotypic frequencies [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
v. Assuming that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, how many white butterflies would you expect to find
among the 1234 butterflies of the next generation? [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
5. Hardy and Weinberg developed a mathematical relationship between the frequencies of the alleles and
genotypes in populations.
a) State three conditions that must be fulfilled when using the Hardy –Weinberg equation [3 marks]
[CLO 3, C1]
b) In sheep, the characteristic of normal fur is controlled by a dominant allele R, while non-uniform fur
controlled by a recessive allele, r. In a population of 1000 sheep, it is found that 750 sheep have normal
fur. By using the Hardy -Weinberg equation, calculate:
i. The frequency of the recessive allele. [CLO 3, C3] [2marks]
Ii. Calculate the percentage of sheep in the population which have the heterozygous genotype for the
normal fur characteristic. [CLO 3, C3] [5 marks]
6. The groundsel plant can produce three types of flowers. The type of flowers produced is controlled by a pair of
alleles, both have no dominance. The type of flowers and their genotypes are as shown below.
phenotype Genotype
Floret with long spikes :RR
Floret with short spikes :Rr
Floret without spikes :rr
In a population of 500 plants, it is found that:
142 plants have Florets with long spikes
248 plants have Florets with short spikes
110 plants have Floret without spikes
a) Calculate the frequencies of allele R and r. [CLO 3, C3] [2 marks]
b) Calculate the observed frequencies of different genotype in the population and by using the equation
p+q =1, calculate the frequencies expected for the different genotypes in the population.[CLO 3, C3]
[5 marks]
c) Is the population obeying the principles of the hardy-Weinberg Law? [CLO 3, C1] [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease controlled by the recessive allele. It is also an inborn error
of phenylalanine metabolism and leads to severe mental retardation. Table below shows the number of the
normal and the abnormal individuals in a population.
YEAR 1995 2005
The number of the normal individuals 4996 4992
The number of the abnormal individuals (having (PKU)
Total 48
5000 5000
a) Calculate the frequency of the recessive allele in 1995 and 2005. [CLO 3, C3] [4 marks]
b) Give the conclusion of the allele frequency at (a) (i). [CLO 3, C1] [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) Give three assumptions to calculate the allele frequency. [CLO 3, C1] [3 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
TUTORIAL 7.0: MUTATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
7.2 - Gene Mutation
a) Explain four types of gene mutation: (CLO 3)
b) Explain base substitution (e.g.sickle cell anaemia as missense mutation). (CLO 3)
c) Explain base insertion and base deletion as a frameshift mutation. (CLO 3)
1. FIGURE 1 below shows the changes in the normal base sequence through gene mutation.
FIGURE 1
a) What is meant by gene mutation?. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b) Give specific type of mutation occur in : (CLO 3, C1) [2 marks]
Mutant A: ___________________________________________________
Mutant B: ___________________________________________________
c) What is ‘mutant’?. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) i. From FIGURE 2, which individual will face harmful effects?. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
____________________________________________________________________________
ii. Why individual in d) i. facing harmful effects?. (CLO 3, C2) [4 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e) Give a disease or abnormality which is derived from gene mutation. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain what happens when one nucleotide is inserted into the middle of the DNA molecule. (CLO 3, C3)
[6 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss various types of gene mutation. (CLO 3, C2) [10marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain why the deletion of one base pair in any part of the DNA strand can be lethal compared to the
substitution of one base pair. (CLO 3, C2) [10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
7.3 Chromosomal Mutation
a) Explain changes in chromosomal structure/chromosomal aberration. (CLO 3)
b) Explain types of chromosomal aberration:(CLO 3)
c) Explain alteration of chromosome number. (CLO 3)
d) Explain aneuploidy. (CLO3)
e) Explain autosomal abnormalities and their effects (CLO3)
f) Explain sex chromoseme abnormalities
g) Explain euploidy/polyploidy
6. What is chromosomal aberration and explain four types of chromosomal aberration. (CLO 3, C3)[ 10 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. FIGURE 3 shows a condition of a cell that has undergone non-disjunction during Meiosis II. Based on the
figure, answer the following questions.
a) What is meant by non-disjunction?. (CLO 3, C1) [ 2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b) Fusion of gametes between chromosome (n+1) and normal gamete (n) will produce embryo with
chromosome (2n+1), Down’s syndrome. State TWO characteristics of this individual. (CLO 3, C1)
[ 2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
c) Fusion of gametes between chromosome (n-1) and normal gamete (n), produced embryo with
chromosome (2n-1). Name ONE abnormality of an individual having this number of sex
chromosomes.
(CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) State TWO characteristics to describe the individual mention at c). (CLO 3, C1) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e) Briefly describe the condition when non-disjunction occurs in Meiosis I. (CLO 3, C2) [3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. FIGURE 7 shows the karyotype of an individual having Down syndrome. Karyotype is a picture that shows
the chromosomes owned by an individual.
a) Identify the gender of the individual from FIGURE 1 above and give your reason. (CLO 3, C2)
[2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b) i. Down Syndrome is a genetic disease caused by chromosomal mutation, a type of aneuploidy.
What is meant by aneuploidy? (CLO 3, C2) [1mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ii. Name two conditions of aneuploidy above and explain how they are produced. (CLO 3, C1,C2)
[4marks]
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
c) Referring to the information above, state the reason for Down syndrome. (CLO 3, C2) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) State two characteristics of a person having Down syndrome. (CLO 3, C1) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
9. FIGURE 1 shows non disjunction that occurs to the sex chromosomes during oogenesis. P, Q, R and S are
the types of offspring produced when these abnormal oocytes are fertilized by normal sperm.
a) i. Name the type of abnormality shows by offspring R. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
ii. If individual R is married to a normal male, what is the probability of having a normal offspring?.
(CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
b) i. State the types of gametes that will be produced by individual P. (CLO 3, C1) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
ii. If P is married to a normal male, name the type of abnormality that might be inherited by her son.
(CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) What will happen to individual S?. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
d) Individual Q is a man with sex chromosome abnormality caused by non disjunction during his
mother’s oocyte formation (during oogenesis). (CLO 3, C1)
i. State TWO characteristics exhibited by individual Q. [2 marks]
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
ii. If the abnormality in individual Q is caused by non disjunction during spermatogenesis in his father,
at what level during cell division does this non disjunction occur?. (CLO 3, C2) [1 mark]
____________________________________________________________________________
10. The plant genus Spartina contains a number of species. Hybridisation between Spartina alternifora (2n=62)
And Spartina maritima (2n=60) has produced F1 hybrid Spartina townsendii.
a) i) State whether F1 hybrid is sterile or fertile and what is the number of chromosome for F1
hybrid?. (CLO 3, C1,C2) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ii) Explain why the F1 hybrid plant cannot reproduce sexually?. (CLO 3, C2) [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
iii) Name an asexual method by which the F1 hybrid can propagate in its habitat. (CLO 3, C1)
[1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
b) A chromosomal change has occurred naturally in the sterile F1 hybrid and a fertile F2 tetraploid
Plant Spartina anglica is produced.
i) Give the suitable term used to describe the F2 tetraploid. (CLO 3, C1) [1 mark]
______________________________________________________________________________
ii) With the aid of a diagram, show how the chromosomal changes that may have occurred to
produce the fertile grass. (CLO 3, C2) [4 marks]
TUTORIAL 8.0: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES: AATTC) &
8.1 Recombinant DNA technology
Explain restriction enzymes & examples of enzymes that produce sticky ends. (EcoRI: G
blunt ends (SmaI: CCC GGG). (CLO 3)
1. Restriction enzymes are widely used in genetic engineering. FIGURE 1 shows the act of restriction enzyme
on DNA. Two types of restriction enzymes according to how the DNA is cut.
PQ
FIGURE 1
a) What is meant by restriction enzymes? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b) Based on how the DNA is cut, structure P and Q will be formed. [2 marks]
i) Name P and Q (CLO3,C1)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
ii) Draw structures P and Q in the space given below. (CLO3,C2) [2 marks]
iii) State the term for the bases sequences in the DNA that is cut by restriction enzymes [1 mark]
(CLO3, C1)
_____________________________________________________________________________
iv) Name the restriction enzyme that produces fragment Q. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
c) Is insulin produced by DNA recombinant technology effective as natural insulin? Give TWO reasons
for your answer.(CLO3, C2) [3 marks]
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
8.1 Recombinant DNA technology
d)Explain the characteristics of plasmid as cloning and expression vectors. (CLO 3)
e) Explain the characteristics of E. coli as host cell (bacteria) and its characteristics. (CLO 3)
f) Explain modifying enzyme and its function: (CLO 3)
i. DNA ligase for DNA ligation
ii. Taq polymerase for DNA amplification using PCR
2. FIGURE 2 shows a typical cloning vector.
FIGURE 2
a) i) Identify the type of cloning vector in FIGURE 2. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
ii) Name the source of the cloning vector 1. a.i). (CLO3, C1) [3 marks]
_____________________________________________________________________________
b) i) State THREE characteristics of the cloning vector that are shown in FIGURE 2. (CLO3, C1)
[3 marks]
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
ii) State the importance of the characteristics stated in 1. b. i). (CLO3, C1) [2 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
iii) What is the function of a cloning vector? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the characteristics of plasmid as cloning and expression vectors. (CLO 3) [ 8 marks]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the characteristics of E. coli as host cell (bacteria) (CLO 3) [3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain modifying enzyme and its function: (CLO 3) [5 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
BIOLOGY TUTORIAL SB015 EDITION 2021-2022
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search