BIOLOGY TUTORIAL SB015 EDITION 2021-2022

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
8.2 Methods in Gene Cloning
Describe the steps in gene cloning by using plasmid as the vector: (CLO 3)
i. Isolation of gene
ii. Cleave/cut
iii. Insertion
iv. Transformation and amplification
v. Screening (blue/white screening)

6. The FIGURE 3 below shows the process of gene cloning in the laboratory.

FIGURE 3 Source : shorturl.at/kpxHM

a) State the process labeled 1, 2 and 3 : (CLO3, C1) [3 marks]
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b) According to your answer in 2. a), what is the purpose of conducting process 3?(CLO3, C2)
[1 mark]

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c) Why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut both plasmid and the target gene? (CLO3, C2)
[2 marks]

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d) Screening is the process of selecting the preferred genes. Give ONE example of screening.
(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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e) Explain how lacZ gene is used for blue-white screening (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
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f) What can be deducted if the bacteria colonies appear white? (CLO3,C3) [1 mark]

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7. FIGURE 4 shows the various steps involved in DNA cloning.

FIGURE 4

a) What is meant by gene cloning? (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
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b) State the enzyme P and the enzyme involved to produce molecule R. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
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c) Name molecule R in FIGURE 4. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]
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d) List THREE tools involved in gene cloning. (CLO3, C1) [3 marks]

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e) State the TWO characteristics of the host cell. (CLO3, C1) [2 marks]
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8. Describe the steps in gene cloning by using plasmid as the vector. (CLO3, C3) [10 Marks]
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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
8.3 Application of Recombinant DNA Technology
a) Briefly explain applications of Recombinant DNA Technology in mass production of
insulin using cDNA. (CLO 3)
b) Describe the steps in production of insulin using cDNA. (CLO 3)

9. Describe the production of human insulin by using E. coli and state its benefits. (CLO3, C3) [10 Marks]

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10. FIGURE 5 below shows the transfer of a useful gene from a donor plant cell to the production of a
transgenic crop plant. The numbers on the figure show the steps in the process.

FIGURE 5

a) Name the process shown in FIGURE 6. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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b) i) State the natural function for this DNA in bacteria (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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ii) Explain why the circular DNA is described as a vector in this process. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
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c) What are the requirements for the formation of recombinant DNA plasmid? (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
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d) Transformation is a process to introduce a cloning vector into a bacterial cell. State one technique
used during the transformation process. (CLO3, C3) [1mark]
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e) Why is it important to use exactly the same restriction enzyme at this stage? (CLO3, C2) [1 mark]
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TUTORIAL 9.0: REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
9.1 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

b) Explain the development of a pollen grain and formation of male gamete. (CLO 3)
c) Explain the development of ovule, embryo sac and formation of female gamete. (CLO 3)

d) Explain double fertilization in the formation of seed. (CLO 3)

1. FIGURE 1 shows a scheme of embryo sac development of a flowering plant.

a) Identify the cell division that is represented by W,and X? (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]

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b) How many nuclei can be found in Y? (CLO3, C3) [1 marks]
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c) Give ONE function of the synergid cell. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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d) In double fertilization, which structures in the embryo sac will combine with sperm [2marks]
cells to produce zygote and endosperm?

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2. FIGURE 2 shows a longitudinal section of a flower as a reproductive structure in a plant.

Figure 2

a) Name the male and female reproductive organ of the flower from FIGURE 2 [2 marks]
above. (CLO3, C3)

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b) In FIGURE 2, label structures A, B, C and D. (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
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c) What is the structure developing just after pollen grains landed on the structure A?
(CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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d) Name the process that takes place after the pollen tube penetrates the ovule through the
micropyle.(CLO3, C3) [1 mark]
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e) Describe how the process mentioned in (d) occurs within the embryo sac. (CLO3, C4) [2 marks]
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3. FIGURE 3 below shows the structure of a carpel immediately after pollination.

FIGURE 3

a) Label the following structures (A, B, D, F, H, J) correctly. (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]

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b) What is the importance of the sticky surface of stigma? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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c) Name the part of the fruit that is formed by the ovule after fertilization occurs. (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]
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d) How is endosperm formed? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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e) What is the function of an endosperm? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
9.2 - Human Reproductive System

a) Explain the structure of spermatozoa. (CLO 3)
b) Explain the role of hormones in spermatogenesis: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

(GnRH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Testosterone.
(CLO 3)
c) Explain the stages of spermatogenesis and its hormonal control. (CLO 3)

4. FIGURE 4 below shows hormonal control during spermatogenesis in human males.

a) Name the structures A, B and C indicated in FIGURE 4. (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
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b) Name the following hormones and explain the function of each. (CLO3, C4) [6 marks]

Hormone D :____________________________________________________________________

Function :____________________________________________________________________

Hormone E : ____________________________________________________________________
Function : ____________________________________________________________________

Hormone F : ____________________________________________________________________
Function : ____________________________________________________________________

c) What is mechanism X? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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5. With the aid of a diagram, explain the hormonal control in spermatogenesis. (CLO3, C4) [8 marks]

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6. Diagram 1 show processes in the formation of the cell R

Diagram 1

(a) i. Name the process in the formation of the cell R.(CLO3, C3 [1 mark]
ii
iii. _______________________________________________________________________

(b) i. Label the structure P and Q .(CLO3, C3 [2 Marks]
ii.
P: _____________________________________________________________________
iii.
Q: _____________________________________________________________________

In which organ cell R is formed. (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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State the number of chromosomes in cell P and Q.(CLO3, C3 [2 marks]
P: ______________________
Q; ______________________

State the ploidy level for each cell of P, Q and R.(CLO3, C3 [3 marks]
P: _____________________
Q : _____________________
R : _____________________

Explain what happened to cause the difference in chromosome number between cell P

and Q. (CLO3, C3) [ 2marks]

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(c) Describe the structure R.(CLO3, C4) [5 marks]

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7. Describe the sequence of events in spermatogenesis (CLO3, C4) [10 marks]

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
9.2 - Human Reproductive System

f) Explain the structure of the secondary oocyte.(CLO 3)
g) Explain the role of hormones in female reproductive cycle: GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogen and

Progesterone.(CLO 3)
h) Explain the stages of oogenesis. (CLO 3)
i) Explain female reproductive cycle and its hormonal control:

i. ovarian cycle
ii. uterine/menstrual cycle(CLO 3)

8. FIGURE 5 below shows the sequence of changes during oogenesis in humans.

a) Name the following structures and state whether it is diploid (2n) or haploid (n). (CLO3, C3)
[5 marks]

A: _____________________________________
B: ____________________________________
C: ____________________________________
D: ____________________________________
E: ____________________________________

b) Name the following cell division stages. (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
X: ____________________________________
Y: ____________________________________
Z: ____________________________________

c) Where does stage Y occur? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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d) Name the stage of cell division where cell B is arrested. (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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e) Explain the structure of the secondary oocyte.(CLO 3, C4) [5 marks]

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9. Explain the hormonal control in the ovarian cycle. (CLO3, C4) [10 marks]

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10. The diagram 2 below shows the stage in the human menstrual cycle.

(a) Name the structure labelled X and Z. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
X: ____________________________________________________________________________

Z: ____________________________________________________________________________

(b) Name the process of Y and explain the main event occurring during this phase. (CLO3, C3)
[4 marks]

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(c) Name the hormone that is secreted by anterior pituitary to stimulate process W (CLO3, C3)
. [1 mark]
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(b) Estrogen and Progesterone are two of hormones that influence the human menstrual
cycle as shown in the diagram. Give a role for each hormone.(CLO3, C3) [2 marks]

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(c) State the changes that would take place to Z if fertilisation does not occur:(CLO3, C3) [1 mark]
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(d) A wife has difficulty in ovulation. Which hormone treatment is the most suitable to help the wife to
Ovulate? (CLO3, C3) [1 mark]

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LEARNING OUTCOMES: [10 marks]
9.3 Fertilization & Foetal Development
Explain stages that lead to fertilization: (CLO 3)

11. Explain what happen during fertilization (CLO3, C4)

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

9.4 Roles of hormones during pregnancy and parturition
a) Explain the roles of hormones during pregnancy
i. Progesterone

ii. Estrogen (CLO 3)
iii. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
b) Explain the role of hormones during the parturition/ birth process.

i. Progesterone,
ii. Estrogen,
iii. oxytocin,
iv. Prostaglandin
(CLO 3)

12. FIGURE 6 shows the process of ovulation, fertilization and implantation in humans.

a) Name the structures labeled M, N, P and Q. (CLO3, C3) [4 marks]
M: ____________________________________________

P: ____________________________________________

N: ____________________________________________

Q: ____________________________________________

b) Name Process Y. State the hormone which triggers this process. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
Process Y : ______________________________________
Hormone : ______________________________________

c) Name one hormone which is produced by M and its function that is helpful for implantation of Q.
(CLO3, C4) [2 marks]

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d) Briefly explain what happens to N immediately after the fertilization process. (CLO3, C4) [2 marks]
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e) Name THREE hormones secreted by the placenta during pregnancy and give the function of these
hormones respectively. (CLO3, C4) [6 marks]

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13. Explain the role of hormones during the parturition in humans.(CLO3, C4) [7 marks]

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TUTORIAL 10.0: GROWTH

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
10.1 Measurement of growth
a) Explain how growth is measured (CLO 3)
10.2 Type of growth
a) Explain absolute growth curve (CLO 3)
b) Explain absolute growth rate curve (CLO 3)

1. FIGURE 1 shows a standard bacterial growth curve grown in a batch culture

a) Bacteria added to fresh media typically go through four distinct phases of growth: A, B, C
and D.

i. Identify all the phases A, B, C and D. (CLO3, C1) [4 Marks]
A: _________________________________
B: _________________________________
C: _________________________________
D: _________________________________

ii. Briefly describe the events that occur at each phase A, B, C and D. (CLO3, C4) [8 marks]

A:
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D:
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b) How does the measurement of growth for unicellular organisms differ from the measurement of

growth for multicellular organisms? (CLO3, C4) [2 marks]

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c) State THREE phases of growth in organisms.(CLO3, C1) [3 marks]

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2. Using the appropriate graphs, explain the Absolute growth rate curve. (CLO3, C4) [5 marks]

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:
10.3 Growth pattern
a) Explain limited growth (annual plants) & unlimited growth (perennial plants) (CLO 3)
b) Explain isometric growth (fish) & allometric growth (human organs) (CLO 3)
c) Explain intermittent growth curve (arthropods) (CLO 3)

3. FIGURE 2 shows the growth patterns of plant S.

Y

a) Name the growth pattern that suits FIGURE 2.(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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b) Identify plant S. (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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c) X shows a small reduction of dry mass at the initial stage. Explain why? (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]
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d) Briefly describe the events that occur at Y.(CLO3, C3) [3 marks]

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4. By the aid of labelled illustration, explain the unlimited growth curve and give examples of organisms that

show the same growth pattern. (CLO3, C4) [10 Marks]

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5. FIGURE 3 shows the growth pattern of a fish.

a) What type of growth pattern is shown?(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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c) Briefly explain the growth pattern in 4(b) (CLO3, C3) [3 marks]

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b) Differentiate between growth pattern in (a) with allometric growth pattern. (CLO3, C3) [2 marks]
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6. FIGURE 4 below shows the growth patterns in the human organs and tissues.

a) What is the name given to the type of growth pattern shown?(CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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b) Which organs correspond to the respective growth patterns in curves P, Q and R?(CLO3, C3)
[3 marks]

P : ______________________________________________
Q : ______________________________________________
R : ______________________________________________

c) Describe the growth patterns in P, Q and R; (CLO3, C3) [6 marks]

Growth patterns in P :

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Growth patterns in Q :
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Growth patterns in R:
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7. The table below shows the result of a group of students obtained from their research on an arthropod’s
growth pattern begins when it hatches until it becomes an adult.

a) What is a growth curve? (CLO3, C1) [1 mark]

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b) Plot a growth curve for this arthropod.(CLO3, C4) [3 marks]

c) What type of growth curve based on question 7(b)? (CLO3, C1) [1 Mark]

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d) How many instars occurred?(CLO3, C3) [1 Mark]

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e) From the graph, explain the growth process of this arthropod.(CLO3, C3). [3 Marks]

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