PET225- EBOOK

UNIVERSITY SAINS
MALAYSIA

GRAMMAR
101

PET 225
EBOOK

A BOOK BY:
ALIA NADIA BT MASNO (139632)
NOR SYUHADA BT NOR AZAM (139653)
SAYANG SYAHIRA BINTI MOHD SAIPUDIN (139672)
WAN NOOR HAMIMI BT WAN ABDULLAH (139677)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Theme : People and Culture

UNIT 1: ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS.................1

Goal and Learning Objectives.........................2
Definition of Adjectives....................................3
Definition of Adverbs........................................4
Comparative Adjectives ..................................5
Superlative Adjectives .....................................6
Exercises...........................................................7
Answer sheet...................................................13
Reference........................................................15
 

UNIT 2: NOUNS ............................................16

Goal and Learning Objectives.........................17
What is a noun?...............................................18
Types of noun...................................................19
Exercise 1 .......................................................20
Exercise 2 ......................................................22
Exercise 3 .......................................................25
Answer sheet ..................................................27
References .....................................................29

UNIT 3: VERBS..............................................30

Goal and Learning Objectives.........................31
What is a verb?...............................................32
Action Verbs ..................................................33
Activity ...........................................................34
Answer for Activity 1 .......................................35
Auxiliary Verbs ...............................................36
Test your knowledge! .....................................38
Modal Verbs ...................................................39
Exercise ..........................................................41
Answer ...........................................................42
Reference .......................................................43

UNIT 4: CONJUNCTIONS ............................44

Goal and Learning Objectives .......................45
What is a conjunction? ...................................47
Types of conjunction ......................................49
Test your knowledge! ......................................53
Exercise 1 ........................................................54
Answer for Exercise 1 ......................................56
Exercise 2 .......................................................57
Answer for Exercise 2 ....................................58

UNIT 5: ARTICLES ........................................59

Goal and Learning Objectives .......................60
What is an article? ..........................................61
Types of article ...............................................62
Let’s Test Your Knowledge! .............................66
Exercise 1 ........................................................67
Answer for Exercise 1 ......................................68
Exercise 2 .......................................................69
Answer for Exercise 2 .....................................70
Exercise 3 ........................................................71
Answer for Exercise 3 .....................................74
Reference .......................................................75

Let's get
started!

Unit

ADJECTIVES,
ADVERBS

Unit

Goal:
Students can differentiate between adjectives

and adverbs.

Learning Objectives:
1. Students should be able to list out the superlative

and comparative adjective with no error.
2. Students should be able to identify the adjectives
and adverbs with at least 5 out of 6 correct answers.
3. Students should be able to identify the adjectives in

the given passage with no error.
4. Students should be able to choose the adjectives
from the options given in the questions accurately.

Definition of Adjective:

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e.,
describes) a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives may come before the word they modify.
Examples:
That is a cute puppy.
She likes that red dress.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:
Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

Definition of Adverb:

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs
answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how
often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Examples:
He speaks slowly (tells how)
He speaks very slowly (the adverb very tells how slowly)
She arrived today (tells when)
She will arrive in an hour (this adverb phrase tells when)
Let's go outside (tells where)
We looked in the basement (this adverb phrase tells where)
Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)
Jorge works out strenuously (tells to what extent)
Jorge works out whenever possible (this adverb phrase tells to
what extent)

Comparative Adjective:

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two
objects they modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher).

They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared, in this pattern:
Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context
(final example below).

My house is larger than hers.
This box is smaller than the one I lost.
Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog.
The rock flew higher than the roof.
Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is
understood)

Superlative Adjective:

Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the
upper or lower limit of a quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the
highest).

They are used in sentences where a subject is compared to a group of
objects.
Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the
context (final example below).

My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.
This is the smallest box I've ever seen.
Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race.
We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew
the highest. ("of all the rocks" is understood)

SUPERLATIVE
AND

COMPARATIVE

Adjectives Comparatives Superlatives
Big Spicier
Tastier Healthiest
Small Mildest

Salty

Sweet
Fresh

HOW TO COOK BEEF RENDANG

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box below.

Add the coconut into a wok over medium heat and dry-fry until ( )

Cool slightly before grinding ( ) in mortar and pestle, or in food

processor.

Chop the chili into 1 inch sections and soak in ( ) water until

softened.

Discard half the seeds and place the chillies in electric blender jug with

shallots, garlic, ginger, galangal, turmeric and lemon grass.

Add 1/2 cup water and grind to a medium paste

Place the spice paste, beef, coconut milk, and water in a ( ) wok.

Bring to a boil and simmer on medium heat, stirring now and then until

mixture is ( )reduced. It should be ( ) and the oil has

surfaced – approximately 45 minutes.

Add the ground toasted coconut, turmeric leaf, torn up kaffir lime leaf,

salt, sugar, and asam keping

Cook another 5-10 minutes, taste, and adjust seasonings if necessary.

Take pan off heat.

thick big slightly golden brown toasted hot finely well

HOW TO COOK FRIED RICE

Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box below.

Gather the ingredients.

Wash and ( )chop the ( ) onion.

( ) beat the eggs with the salt and pepper.

Heat a wok or frying pan and add 2 tablespoons oil. When the oil is

( ), add the eggs.

Cook, stirring, until they are ( ) scrambled but not too ( ).

Remove the eggs and clean out the pan.

Add 2 tablespoons oil. Add the rice. Stir-fry for a few minutes, using

chopsticks or a ( ) spoon to break it apart.

Stir in the soy sauce or oyster sauce as desired.

When the rice is heated through, add the scrambled egg back into

the pan. Mix thoroughly.

Stir in the green onion. Serve ( ).

lightly hot dry finely wooden green

DESCRIBING FOOD!

Taste Shape Texture Colour

bitter blobby crispy blue
flavoured crooked crunchy black
brown
fresh flat sticky dark
juicy oval hard green
mild round melted orange
salty square mushy pink
sour sleek prickly purple
spicy straight ripe
hot triangular rotten red
sweet wavy slimy white
tasteless soft yellowish

PIZZA FOR DINNER!

Identify all adjectives in the passage below.

For dinner my mother is cooking pizza! I am watching her
while she makes it. Her small hands pick up the big bag of
flour and she tips it into the red bowl. She mixes in some
warm water, a pinch of white salt and a packet of yeast. I
watch as she mixes the sticky dough together and then
kneads it on the clean table top. Next, she shapes the
dough into a big circle and spreads on the fresh, red tomato
sauce. I ask if I can help and she lets me sprinkle on the
dried herbs from the tiny jars- this job is fun! Finally we add
some gooey mozzarella and my slides the pizza into the
hot oven. I can't wait to eat it!

Adjectives Vs. Adverbs

Choose the correct adjective or adverb for the following sentences.

1. Maria can cook (good , well)
2. Ahmad eats the rice (fast, fastly).
3. I am very (hungry, hungrily) as I have not eaten since
yesterday.
4. Ah Chong is a (successful , successfully) pastry chef.
5. She asked the lady for some bread (polite, politely).
6. Farah was so (happy , happily) when she got her ice
cream.
7. His favourite restaurant is very (close, closely) to his
house.
8. He reads the menu (close, closely) as he cannot see very
(clear, clearly).
9. Suparjo was told by his mother to eat (silent , silently).
10. It is not that (difficult, difficultly) to cook Chicken Vindaloo.

ANSWERS:

1. bigger, biggest 1. golden brown
2. smaller, smallest 2. finely
3. Spicy, spiciest 3. hot
4. Healthy, healthier 4. big
5. Mild, milder 5. well
6. Saltier, saltiest 6. thick
7. Tasty, tastiest
8. Sweeter, sweetest
9. Fresher, freshest

1. finely 1. small 11. dried
2. green 2. big 12. tiny
3. Lightly 3. red 13. fun
4. hot 4. warm 14. gooey
5. wooden 5. white 15. hot
6. hot 6. sticky
7. clean
8. big
9. fresh
10. red

ANSWERS

1. Well
2. fastly
3. hungry
4. successful
5. politely
6. happy
7. close
8. closely, clearly
9. silently
10. difficult

REFERENCES

https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-
grammar/comparative-and-superlative/
https://www.eslprintables.com/vocabulary_worksheets/food/food
_adjectives/
https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155163149647843988/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/7177680642638445/
https://www.thespruceeats.com/basic-recipe-for-fried-rice-
695055
https://www.asian-recipe.com/malaysia/beef-rendang.html

UNIT 2:
NOUNS

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

GOAL

Students can
identify different types

of nouns

OBJECTIVES

Students can classify nouns
Students can distinguish
nouns in their respective
category
Students will be able to
categorize nouns and use
them correctly.

WHAT IS A
NOUN?

A noun is a word that functions as the name
of something.

There are 6 different types of nouns.

Common Countable Abstract
Nouns Nouns Nouns

Proper Uncountable Concrete
Nouns Nouns Nouns

TYPES OF NOUNS

Exercise 1 (Common Nouns and Proper Nouns)

Read the passage below and place the words in bold according to
their category.

attire Baju KurungTraditional
is enchanting in its own way. Whether it is the ,

SariCheongsam or , each packs its charm.

Unlike mix-and-match ensembles which young women prefer now, traditional

Hair footwearattire requires proper planning. need to be taken into
and

consideration, otherwise, you look sloppy, doing injustice to the beauty of the

clothes.

societyTraditional clothes showcase the country’s multiracial at cultural shows

festivals Hari Rayaand
. They are also common attire during festive seasons - ,

Chinese New Year and Deepavali as well as weddings and special occasions.

However, in recent years, the choice of attire to celebrate these festivals has

evolved, especially among the younger generation. And unfortunately, traditional

attire is slowly disappearing from the mainstream, day-to-day wardrobe.

This raises one question - are traditional costumes slowly becoming irrelevant in

museumstoday’s society, confined to or cultural shows?

Universiti Teknologi Mara Faculty of Art and Design postgraduate (research)

coordinator Dr Rosita Mohd Tajuddin says the younger generation no longer

favour traditional attire during festivities due to lifestyle changes and fashion

trends.

“They want clothes that are trendy, practical and versatile. They find Baju Kurung,

Cheongsam and Sari traditional and suitable only for certain occasions.

jubah“Teenagers and those in their 20s prefer to wear during Hari Raya. For the

Turkey,last 10 years, the influx of jubah from Jordan, Syria and among other

sneakerscountries, has changed their fashion choices. They wear jubah with ,

which they consider fashionable and trendy.

“For them, Baju Kurung is more suited to older people and not the young. Plus,

top sarongBaju Kurung comes with a
and which is a hassle to wear and can

dresslimit their movements compared to the jubah, which is just a long , easier

for movement.”

Passage abstracted from
https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/207137/traditional-way-forward

Common Nouns Proper Nouns

Exercise 2 (Countable and Uncountable Nouns)

Read the article below and circle the correct answer.

How to Wear Your Nyonya Kebaya

By Madam ZoZo

(1) (There are so many ways to wear a Nyonyakebayas / kebaya)! Here are a few tips for

(2) (3) (incorporating this signature
 (pieces / piece) into your everyday wardrobe / wardrobes):

If you are print or colour shy, start with a monochrome kebaya for all that gorgeous

(4) ( (5) (embroidered
detail / details) with a more subtle overall feel. Light colours / colour) are

great for day wear while darker tones evoke a more formal, evening air.

(6) (Maximalists might be more inclined to team a kebaya with printed pants / pant) or a maxi

(7) (skirts / skirt) that echo the batik sarong style with which the kebaya is traditionally paired.

(8) (Pack a kebaya for your next beach holiday. The light cottonfabric / fabrics) generally used

to construct a kebaya makes it perfect as a beach cover up or summer top when matched

(9) (with shorts. It also makes a perfectaccessory / accessories) for covering your shoulders

when the sun goes down or the air conditioning gets a little chilly.

(10) (A kebaya worn open over acamisole / camisoles) is a stylish, dressed-down look when

(11) (matched with your favourite pair ofjean / jeans).

(12) (Worn over a summer dresses / dress), the kebaya gives an air of elegance perfect for a

wedding or other occasion that requires something more special than your average

 daytime outfit.

 I wear my vibrant, peacock embroidered kebaya over navy, silk pants and camisole. My shoe

and accessory choices depend on the occasion.

(13) ( (14)A
belts / belt ) is a modern way to close a kebaya in place of traditional (kerosangs

(15) (/ kerosang). Here is belted kebaya inspiration by two youngfashionistas / fashionista).

Adapted from https://duendebymadamzozo.com/nyonya-kebaya/

Exercise 3 (Concrete and Abstract Nouns)

Read the excerpt below and match the words in bold to their category.

sumandak “Why did you participate in the Unduk Ngadau contest?” I asked the from

Penampang, which is also my hometown.

sister“I wanted to experience it, just like my,” she said, referring to her elder sister, 22-year-

old Samantha Sharon, who won two district level contests – Penampang Unduk Ngadau 2012

and Putatan Unduk Ngadau 2014.

self-“I actually didn’t want to participate. But my family persuaded me. I have low

confidence, seriously. That is why I got issues answering the questions last night. I was so

stage frightnervous. But I managed to pull it off. I got. I’ve never done public speaking.”

“Why did your family persuade you to join the contest?” I asked.

exposure“They thought it would be a great to the real world. I am the kind of girl who is an

homeintrovert ... who always stays at. All I do is study. I’m not really a social person,” she

said.

dad“Dia pendiam, geng (She is a quiet person),” interjected her ever-smiling 52-year-old .

(Geng is the Sabah equivalent of “bro” or “boss”.)

“If you ask her a question, she will answer one word. That is why I wanted her to join the

friendscontest. To expose her. She doesn’t have many .”

“Let me throw her a hard question and see if she can answer with more than one word,” I

thought.

“Some critics say that the Unduk Ngadau competition is not relevant to Kaamatan?” I said.

tradition beauty“It is a and her sacrifice for her people,”
. It is to remember Huminodun ... her

she said.

Abstracted from https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/one-mans-
meat/2016/06/04/remembering-a-womans-sacrifice-in-sabah-unduk-ngadau-

is-all-about-honouring-huminodun-and-not-gettin/#r6HET6R4ECygfxTq.99

Concrete sumandak
Nouns sister
self-
Abstract
Nouns confidence
stage fright
exposure

home
dad
friends

tradition
beauty

ANSWER SHEET

Exercise 1 Proper Nouns
- Baju Kurung
Common Nouns - Sari
- attire - Hari Raya
- hair - Chinese New Year
- footwear - Dr Rosita Mohd Tajudin
- clothes - Cheongsam
- society - Turkey
- festivals
- weddings
- museums
- jubah
- sneakers
- top
- sarong
- dress

Exercise 2 9. accessory
10. camisole
1. kebaya 11. jeans
2. piece 12. dress
3. wardrobe 13. belt
4. detail 14. kerosang
5. colours 15. fashionistas
6. pants
7. skirt
8. fabric

Exercise 3 sumandak
beauty
Concrete
Nouns self-
confidence
Abstract stage fright
Nouns
home
exposure

dad
friends

tradition
sister

REFERENCES

https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/207137/traditio
nal-way-forward
https://duendebymadamzozo.com/nyonya-kebaya/
https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/one-
mans-meat/2016/06/04/remembering-a-womans-
sacrifice-in-sabah-unduk-ngadau-is-all-about-
honouring-huminodun-and-not-
gettin/#r6HET6R4ECygfxTq.99

UNIT 3 : VERB

THEME: MALAYSIA'S
FESTIVALS

GOAL AND
OBJECTIVES

GOAL

Students can
recognize and
analyze verbs forms

OBJECTIVES

Students can differentiate
different forms of verbs.

Students can recognize verb
forms.

Student will be able to analyze
and use verb forms correctly.

WHAT IS VERB

Verbs are the action words in a
sentence that describe what the subject
is doing. Along with nouns, verbs are the

main part of a sentence or phrase,
telling a story about what is taking

place. In fact, without a verb, full
thoughts can’t be properly conveyed,
and even the simplest sentences, such

as "Amira sings", have one.

Verbs can be divided into three
catagories:

Action Auxiliary Modal
Verbs Verbs Verbs

ACTION VERBS

Action verbs, also called dynamic verbs,
specifically describe an action whether it be

physical or mental. An action verb explains
what the subject of the sentence is doing or

has done.
As their name suggests, action verbs create

drama and movement in a sentence by
showing what the subject is doing. This is
fundamentally different from "to be" verbs,
which only show a state of being and set up

description.

Example(s) :
1. KeanChong danced as a lion for Chinese

New Year yesterday.
2. Opah is teaching Mustafa how to weave

a 'ketupat'.

ACTIVITY

CROSS OUT WORDS THAT DOES NOT BELONG IN

THE ACTION VERB FAMILY

Act Temple Ask Bring Buy Star Come

Drink Eat Fall Wolf Ketupat Help Hit

Angpow Laugh Pretty Make Move Open Play

Saree Sing Talk Think Visit Coffee Write

ACTIVITY

ANSWER

CROSS OUT WORDS THAT DOES NOT BELONG IN
THE ACTION VERB FAMILY.

Act Temple Ask Bring Buy Star Come

Drink Eat Fall Wolf Ketupat Help Hit

Angpow Laugh Pretty Make Move Open Play

Saree Sing Talk Think Visit Coffee Write

AUXILIARY VERBS

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used
together with the main verb of the
sentence to express the action or
state.
The main auxiliary verbs are :
Be, am, is, are, was, were,
do, did, have, has, had.

Example(s):
1. Fitrah is going to walk up the 272

steps of the Batu Caves temple to
experience Thaipusam with her
friends.
2. Gagandeep had eaten 10

mooncakes during the mid-autumn
festival last night.

EXAMPLE

TEST YOUR
KNOWLEDGE

Head over to this link to play and test your
knowledge about auxiliary verbs.

https://www.eslgamesplus.com/verb-to-be-auxiliary-verb-am-is-are-esl-
grammar-activity/

MODAL VERBS

A modal verb is a type of verb that is
used to indicate modality – that is:

likelihood, ability, permission, request,
capacity, suggestions, order and
obligation, and advice etc.

The main modal verbs are :
Must, shall, will, should, would, can,

could, may, and might.

Example(s):
1. Syafiq will be helping Ramu
decorate a Kolam during Deepavali

celebration tomorrow.
2. Awin might be crowned as 2019's

Unduk Ngadau because of how
beautiful she looks tonight.

MODAL VERBS

Watch this YouTube video for
additional information about modal

verbs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dLeXOr6JBLs

EXERCISE

Find the matching sentences

below.

Anis and her They could be
family living at Sabah.

celebrates That must be Batu
Hari Gawai. Caves where people

I can hear the celebrates
sound of gong Thaipusam.
coming from

the streets

That is a lot of He might be
staircase. fasting.

Zakaria looks They must be
tired today. from Sarawak.

The lion dance
could have started

already.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

Find the matching sentences

below.

Anis and her They could be
family living at Sabah.

celebrates That must be Batu
Hari Gawai. Caves where people

I can hear the celebrates
sound of gong Thaipusam.
coming from

the streets

That is a lot of He might be
staircase. fasting.

Zakaria looks They must be
tired today. from Sarawak.

The lion dance
could have started

already.

REFERENCES

- https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-
speech/verbs/action-verbs.html

https://tefltastic.wordpress.com/worksheets/grammar/aux
/

https://www.eslgamesplus.com/verb-to-be-auxiliary-verb-
am-is-are-esl-grammar-activity/

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/action-verb-
examples.html

Unit 4:

CONJUNCTIONS

Goal:
 

Students can recognize the types of
conjunctions which are coordinating,

subordinating and also correlative
conjunctions.
 

Learning Objectives:
 

1. Students will be able to list out the
conjunctions used in the given paragraph

with no error
2. Students should be able to identify the

types of conjunctions used in the
paragraph with minimum error.

3. Students should be able to utilize
conjunctions in different context of

sentences.

TRADITIONAL
GAMES

Malaysia’s multicultural society is rich with variety
of traditional games. Traditional games is also

one of nation’s hidden gem and also considered
as our nation’s cultural heritage. They have been

passed down from a generation to another
without losing their timeless quality. These games

are usually played by people of all ages during
their leisure times. In villages, traditional games
are played on a daily basis as a form of physical

exercise and also one of the many ways to
socialize with their neighbours. The most popular
traditional games are congkak, wau, gasing, batu

seremban and many more. However, certain
games may differ in terms of method and rules
because certain region have their own methods

and rules of playing the games.

Are you curious about the games ? Before that,
can you detect the conjunction words used in the

paragraph above? Let’s find out more!