PET225- EBOOK

WHAT IS A
CONJUNCTION?

A conjunction is a glue that hold
words, phrases and clauses

together. There are three different
kinds of conjunctions; coordinating,

subordinating and and correlative.
Each of then serves its own distinct

purpose but all working to bring
words together

https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-
speech/conjunctions/what-is-a-conjunction.html

3 TYPES OF
CONJUNCTIONS

1. COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating conjunctions are what
come to most people's minds when they
hear the word "conjunction." They can
join together words, phrases and
independent clauses. There are seven
of them, and they're easy to remember
if you can just remember FAN BOYS:

· For - Explains reason or purpose (just

like "because") 
Eg: Ali goes to the field
everyday, for he loves to play sepak
takraw with his friends there.

· And      - Adds one thing to another 

Eg: Siti plays batu seremban and

teng-teng yesterday.

·      Nor - Used to present an alternative

negative idea to an already stated
negative idea 

Eg: Kamelia doesn’t like gasing
nor congkak. She prefers flying wau.

2. SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS

A subordinating conjunction always
introduces a dependent clause, tying it to an
independent clause. In English, there are
lots of subordinating conjunctions, but the
most common ones are "after," "although,"
"as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once,"
"since," "than," "that," "though," "until,"
"when," "where," "whether," and "while."

· because    I ate alone I was too hungry

· while    Siti sings Ali sleeps.

· once    We can only play batu seremban we

have enough players.

· After     lunch, we went straight to play

football.

· when     Uncle Lim gave us drinks we were

playing near the beach.

· But       - Shows contrast 

Eg: Flying wau bulans in the evening is

really fun, but it is better in the breezy

evenings.

· Or       - Presents an alternative/choice

Eg: We can use small bean bags or

small stones to play batu seremban.

· Yet        - Introduces a contrasting idea

that follows the preceding idea logically

(similar to "but")

Eg: Danish seems to be around the field

every day, yet he never joins our sepak

takraw team.

· So   - Indicates effect/result

/consequence
Eg: Ali saw Danish standing all by
himself so he invited Danish to play
together with the other boys.

3. CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS

Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-
team conjunctions. They come in pairs, and
you have to use both of them in different
places in a sentence to make them work.
They include pairs like "both/and,"
"whether/or," "either/or," "neither/nor,"
"not/but" and "not only/but also."

 

·      She either sleep or run in the evening.

· both and      I'll have   lemang, please.
 ketupat 

· whether      I didn't know   you'd want the

orspicy   the sweet sambal, so I got you both.

·      Oh, you want neither the n o rs p i c y    the

sweet sambal? No problem.

· not only but      I'll eat them both - 
 the spicy 

also sweet sambal.

· not for      I see you're in the mood  traditional

but also food  fast food. I'll help you with those

too.

LET'S TEST
YOUR

UNDERSTANDING

EXERCISE 1 

Fill in the boxes with conjunctions that you
have learned! Refer to the questions in the

next page.

-QUESTIONS-

HORIZONTAL

1. Siti ___ Ali are siblings
2. They can’t play gasing ________it is raining
heavily
3. We will never forget ___ kind Uncle Lim was.
 

VERTICAL

1. ________ our houses are far apart from each
other, we gather at the football field every
evening to play together.
2. He can play everything, ___ the congkak.
4. We have been playing together _____ we
were young

** After you have finished answering, check your answer in the
next page!

-ANSWER SHEET-

HORIZONTAL

and1. Siti Ali are siblings

because2. They can’t play gasing it is raining

heavily

how3. We will never forget kind Uncle Lim was.

 

VERTICAL
Although1. our houses are far apart from each

other, we gather at the football field every

evening to play together.

but2. He can play everything, the congkak.

since4. We have been playing together we

were young

Congratulations!

You have finished the first exercise! Let's try
exercise number 2.

EXERCISE 2

Match the boxes to their suitable pairs

-ANSWER SHEET-

Good job!

Practice makes perfect so make sure to work
harder in the future!

UNIT 5

ARTICLES

Goal:

Students should be able to understand the
types of articles and use the correctly in
writing sentences.
 

Learning Objective:

1. Students must recognize the functions of
each article and use them correctly

2. Students will be able to identify errors
is the usage of articles in the given
paragraph.

WHAT IS AN
ARTICLE ?

An article, like an adjective, modifies
the noun. It add the meaning of the

noun. An article is  always used before
a noun or an adjective that modifies
the noun. There are two types of
articles:

DEFINITE ARTICLE INDEFINITE ARTICLES
(‘the’) (‘a’ or ‘an’) 
Example:
Example:
The sun, The moon A book, an apple

DEFINITE
ARTICLES

1. ‘A’ – countable singular nouns
starting with consonant or a vowel
that sounds like a consonant
Eg: A book, a university
 
2. ‘An’ – countable singular nouns
starting with a vowel or a consonant
which sounds like a vowel
Eg: An umbrella, an hour
 
3. Before a countable noun referring
to major group of things
Eg: A potato is rich in carbohydrates
 

4. For name of a profession
Eg: I want to be a singer like Yuna

5. For expression of quantities
Eg: A million, a thousand
 
6. Before a noun of exclamatory
sentences
Eg: What a beautiful song!
 
7. Articles cannot be used before
uncountable nouns
Eg: milk, water

INDIFINITE
ARTICLES

1. Before proper nouns which are
particular and thought to be particular
Eg: The moon, The sun
 
2. Before a noun which become particular
by being discussed earlier, and now is
used again.
Eg: Lee Chong Wei had a match last
night. The match was intense.
 
3. For such noun that has become
specific in a phase or a clause
Eg: The young energetic singer

 

 4. For superlatives or other adjectives
making the noun very particular
Eg: The very first trophy, the most
powerful man
 
5. For a phase whics is a combination
of a common and proper noun
Eg: The river Batang Kali, The
handsome P. Ramlee
 
6. For the names of organizations
Eg; The National Badminton
Association

LET'S TEST
YOUR

UNDERSTANDING

EXERCISE 1 

boldFrom the articles in, identify whether it is a definite

article or an indefinite article.

(1. the)Yuna is by far Malaysia’s best export to

global music industry. Collaborating with big names

(2. the)of industry, Yuna‘s sweet voice and chill vibe

(3. the)serenade senses with lyrics that are at times

(4. the)profound, hitting you right in feels.Despite

her many international success, she has never

forgotten her roots.

            The LA-based Malaysian singer who is best

known worldwide for featuring in Usher’s “Crush”

(5. the)and working with several big names of

industry – from Pharrell to Owl City – brings her music

back home in her latest single Forevermore.

(6. an)            The single is best seen as ode to

(7. the)Malaysia, particularly small state of Perlis!

According to Star2, the song Forevermore is inspired

(8.the) (9. a)by form of classical
melody of a Syair,

Malay poetry. Interestingly, the music video pays

homage to her small town upbringing and serves as

(10. a) reminder that “we shouldn’t forget about the

simple and beautiful things in life.”

-ANSWER SHEET-

1. Definite article
2. Definite article
3. Definite article
4. Definite article
5. Definite article
6. Indifinite article
7. Definite article       
8. Definite article       
9. Indifinite article     
10. Indifinite article

Congratulations!

You have finished the first exercise! Let's try
exercise number 2.

EXERCISE 2

Select the suitable article to match the sentences in the
passage below

National shuttler Datuk Lee Chong Wei has made

(1.an/ the) nation proud at (2. the / a) Rio Olympics

(3. an/ a)despite missing out on gold medal to

China’s Chen Long. Many Malaysians took to social

(4. the/ a)media moments after conclusion of the

(5. an/ - )match on Saturday to express their

gratitude to Lee for winning his third Olympic silver

medal. “No one will know what it feels like to be

@LeeChongWei right now. No one. Send him your

support, your love & your thanks,” said Youth and

Sports Minister, Khairy Jamaluddin.

(6.            Meanwhile, some Malaysians also took to
The/ -) Star Online’s Facebook page to congratulate

Lee on winning his third Olympic silver medal. Aman

Abdur Rahman also thanked Lee for his contribution to

Malaysian badminton and for “putting us back on the

map for (7. a/ the) right reasons by being (8. the/ an)

(9. -/ the)champion you are”. “You lost game but won

(10. an/ the)our heart. Maybe real Gold is that you

never gave up. Proud of you, Datuk,” said Wai Kit.

-ANSWER SHEET-

1. the  
2. the    
3. the  
4. the  
5. an   
6.  the
7. the
8. the
9. the
10. the

Good job!

Practice makes perfect. So let's move on to
exercise 3!

EXERCISE 3

Fill in the blanks with the following articles : a, an, the.

Golden era of the Malaysia's movie industry
was during a time when the silver screen was still
black and white, a time when movies were
beautifully crafted with rhetorics and humour. That
era was brought on by (1.______ )  wonderful man
who became the pride of the country, originating
from Penang island. He was (2. _____ ) Tan Sri
Datuk Amar Dr. P. Ramlee.

GP. Ramlee's original name was Teuku Zakaria
bin Teuku Nyak Puteh. He was born on the
auspicious day of (3. ______ ) first day of the Eid
festival of year 1929, which was 22 March. His
father was (4. ______ )  sailor from Acheh, which
then contributed to P Ramlee's reputation later on in
life as an icon of Malay entertainment in Malaysia,
Singapore and Sumatra, especially Acheh. He
attended the Sekolah Melayu Kampung Jawa and
Sekolah Francis Light primary schools and ascended
to (5. ______ ) renowned Penang Free School for
his secondary school education. His education
stopped during (6. ______ ) World War Two, and
during the time of (7. ______ ) Japanese
Occupancy, he studied at the Japanese Navy
Academy instead. After the war ended, P Ramlee
went back to Penang Free School.

P Ramlee passed away when
he was only 44 years old due
to (8. ______) heart attack.
His death was unexpected
and everyone felt the loss of
this legend, while at the same
time felt guilty for not treating
him better when he was alive.

For a while, he was being rejected by his own nation
and there were unkind remarks about his songs and
films no longer being in demand anymore. It took a
while for everyone to accept his death as (9. ______)
irreversible event, and after many years, the
government started conferring him (10. ______) titles
and other honors in his memory. It may be a little too
late, but until today his works are still cherished and
enjoyed by everyone, young and old.

-ANSWER SHEET-

1. a
2. -
3. the
4. a
5. the
6. the
7. the
8. a
9. an
10. –

Well done!

You have complete all exercise for articles!

-REFERENCE-

r1.https://www.studyandexam.com/english-
aticles.html

2. https://www.worldofbuzz.com/netizens-
are-shocked-by-the-beautiful-aesthetics-
of-perlis-in-yunas-new-music-video/

3.https://www.thestar.com.my/news/natio
n/2016/08/20/chong-wei-reaction-
malaysians-proud

4.http://georgetownpenang.com/archives
/2182