03. Architect_s Data

3 Maisonettes in 4-storey blocks in high-density development in London England; levels on site permit access at second-storey h & demand single aspect house plan: note screening of stair & escape balc at bedr storey in upper maisonette Arch Yorke Rosenberg Mardall BUILDING TYPES Habitat 89 Flats & apartments This section discusses bldg divided horizontally to provide separate and self-contained dwellings which need not necessarily be on 1 floor only. Types can be distinguished as follows. Low-rise or high-rise In UK accepted max height of entrance door to dwelling normally reached by ramp or stairs 4 storeys from ground level or from main entrance to bldg. Beyond that limit elevator access must be provided: bldg containing such flats called high-rise. In practice low-rise flatted bldg often provided with elevators; in public sector housing these required where more than 2 storeys have to be climbed to any private entrance door. Such bldg, from 3 to 5 storeys, often called medium-rise. Point block or slab block In point block all dwellings share single vertical access system —*(1). Vertical access must always include stairway; according to height and layout bldg might also have 1 or more elevators and secondary escape stairs. Slab block continuous bldg in which dwellings reached by 2 or more separate vertical access systems —(2). Maisonettes Separate dwelling in low or high-rise blocks having rm arranged on more than 1 storey known as maisonettes: have been built in UK in 4-storey blocks —(3), in slab blocks and in combination with flats —u(4). Such arrangements can show savings over flats of similar accn because common access space less. In USA similar 'skip floor' design halves elevator stops in high rise. 4 Housing at Runcom Cheshire England on 5 storeys: section comprises 2 x 2-storey maisonettes, lower entered from ground level & upper from second-storey walkway, & top-storey flat approached by stairs from ground or walkway, connected by ramps & bridge to main shopping ar of town centre Arch J Stirling I cr 1 Upper floor plan of 1 2-storey point block at Battersea London England designed 1963: balc provide escape routes between flats Arch George Trew & Dunn 2 Slab block: 9-storey flats with balc access built 1953 at Pimlico London; in-situ rc construction: note use of sto to insulate bedr from stairwell Arch Powell & Moya pñvate bale upper tloor plan ri rt 3rd floor 2nd floor sedoo a 4 gar floor plans b 2 3 4

90 Habitat Flats & apartments: access TYPES OF ACCESS Access can be classified as stairway, balcony or corridor. Stairway access Stairway access, with 2, 3 or 4 flats per landing allows grouping of services and can provide high degree of privacy: standard solution in point blocks. In slab blocks, however, disadvantages where more than 2 flats served from each landing: usually involves back-to-back planning and consequently some form of artificial ventilation —(1). Balcony & corridor access Balcony and internal corridor access, usually employed in slab blocks, permit savings in common access space. Exposure to weather obvious disadvantage of balconies, particularly in high rise, and internal planning constrained by potential lack of privacy on balcony side; window design can modify this constraint. Internal corridors escape weather but introduce new problems of sound insulation, lighting and ventilation and require higher standards of management in use. Open corridors or roof-streets avoid most of these difficulties. In medium rise development open corridors and sheltered balconies giving access to small flats over larger dwellings can accommodate wide variety of household sizes at high densities. —(2). Balcony and corridor access have been much used in conjunction with split-level flats and maisonettes. Such arrangements —*p96 97. Bridge access For sites with steep or varied slopes bridge access —÷(3) offers flats with 1 storey at bridge level with 1 or 2 down and up. Stairs and landings covered but not enclosed in all but severest climates: if closed possible by orientation use them as passive solar trap. 1 3 x 2-rm flats/landing achieve good daylighting & cross-ventilation but extra length of wall has to be weighed against economy of circulation Arch E Gutkind a _____ I 4 1 rm/1 P bedr 2 hi L 1 4rm/5P b ground brid1 I I-n-I ground dr first a garden 1 +U roof street 4...1 cc C 3 Bridge access a section b plan 2 Medium-rise housing at high density (618 B-space/ha) at Lillington Street London England: each family house entered at ground level through private garden; smaller maisonettes & flats have access from open corr or roof streets' which bridge between blocks & are served by elevators a site plan b floor plans c typical section Arch Darbourne & Darke

Habitat 91 Flats & apartments: access FIRE PRECAUTIONS: PLANNING CRITERIA Horizontal escape routes Every storey containing entrance door to flat or maisonette should be planned to ensure that fire in any 1 dwelling will not obstruct escape of other occupants from bldg. Problem related to type of access. Permissible travel distances in relation to access and plan arrangement given as designer's guide ie planning criteria not code/legal information —(1). In USA national, state and local codes apply; inspections and approvals usually administered by local authority in cooperation with state departments: designers should seek early review of their proposals. Protection of stairways Every stairway serving flat or maisonnette more than 2 storeys above ground level should be enclosed and separated from remainder of bldg by fr walls and self-closing fr doors. No dwelling should open directly from such stairway but should be reached through intervening lobby, access balcony or corridor. Enclosure requirement does not apply to subsidiary access stairways serving small groups of dwellings from open corridors or access balconies, subject to conditons stated in (1) and in p93(l). 1 Travel distances in storeys containing flats & maisonettes: table has no legal authority but is designer's guide to escape requirements within bldg more than 2 storeys h which contain flats or maisonettes, based on various codes & reg currently applied in UK (1979); it gives max travel distance to storey exit which must either be door opening direct to open air at ground level ordoorto protected stairway as described —.p931. layout conditions travel distance iron, private entrance door to storey exit flats & maisonettes entered from corr: no alternative escape route from each dwelling; a with smoke dispersal ie where corr is ventilated direct to open air b without direct ventlation to open air to secure smoke dispersal flats & maisonettes entered from corr: each dwelling has alternative escape route corr has smoke outlets at each end, & at intervals not exceeding 60 m storey has 1 exit only with, i every entrance door not more than 4500 trom stairway approach lob, or ii every entrance door opening into ventilated lob & not more than 4500 from selfclosing fr door to corr leading directly to storey exit every private entrance door opens into corr with smoke outlets i escape in 1 direction only: not more than 15 m ii escape in 2 directions: not more than 40 m not more than 4500 not more than 15 m i escape in 1 direction only: not more than 40 m ii escape in 2 directions: not more than 50 m flats entered from lob in bldg up to 4 storeys with 1 stairway only 1 not more than 4 fIats per storey, & net floor ar of flats above 1st storey not more than 380 ni 2 not more than 4 flats per storey, & net floor ar of flats above 1st storey not more than 720 m2, & no private entrance door more than than 4500 from storey exit or from self-closing fr door across lob, & every section lob ventilated to open air not more than 4500 not more than 15 m flats & maisonettes entered from open access baic floor of access balc constructed as compartment floor not more than 50 m flats and maisonettes entered indirectly from open access balc by subsidiary access stairway each flat & maisonette has independent alternative escape route, or subsidiary stairway does not extend more than 1 storey above or below open access balc, & subsidiary stairway serves no flat at access balc level & not more than 3 flats at higher or lower level, & each flat entered & wholly contained within 1 level, & no flat entrance door more than 5000 from head or foot of subsidiary stairway, & subsidiary stairway open to access balc & permanently ventilated at its head not more than 5Gm

92 Habitat Flats & apartments: internal planning European development Development of flats in Europe between 1919 and 1939 largely dominated by concept of mm dwelling. In extreme housing shortage dwellings of small floor area and few internal amenities were used to provide high-density housing in inner-city areas —v(1)(2)(3)(4)(5). More generously planned flats used in surburban situations and for middleclass occupation —v(6)(7)(8)(9). Standards for flats & maisonettes Modern flats not regarded as 'second-best' but should provide accn similar to houses for equivalent household size. Indeed space standards for flats in public sector in UK slightly more generous than for houses, recognising difficulties of providing for internal circulation and fire escape —p91 93. 3 More generous 3-mi fiat with wc & sho 2 Small German flat with wc on inner wall; living ar28 m' Arch Mãrkische Wohnungsbau 4' iii_:, k •h 7 4 & 3-mi low-rise flats at Neubuhl ZUrich Switzerland 1931 Arch M E Haefeli eta! 8 Classical German suburban flat; 4 & 3-mi S aspect flats with generous living ar & private balc Arch L Hilberseirner bedr bedr —1 JE 10 5-mi flat at Highgate London England with bedr opening from internal lob (1936): this arrangement would now need secondary escape from bedr Arch B Lubetkin PL I -'H rITL 12 Apartment-size floor in blockof flats Rouen France Arch Lods Depondt Beauclair Alexandre cooking breakiast sql ThHi. Ii J 5 Convertible flat in day & night use with fold-away beds & screens; ar44) m2 Arch C Finger 6 5-bedr flat in system bldg Stora Tuna Sweden Arch Y Johnsson recess 1 Viennese2-rmflatofl92Os;4 fiats/landing Arch F Schuster N Igar85e IN J 4 Dutch 3-mi flat with intemal bathr: compact plan with separated service Arch H Leppla 9 More tightly planned flats for E-W aspect Arch L Hilberseimer 1 lift 2 staircase 3 liv 4 loggia 5k 6rm 7 bathr 8 heating & water tank 11 Flats in high-rise block Balomock Scotland Arch S Bunton & Associates

Habitat 93 Flats & apartments: internal planning layout conditkns number of escape routes all rm on same level as entrance door 1 bedr doors open into entrance ha: no bedr door more than 7SOOfrom entrance door 2 any other case 1 1 plus alternative escape roate from every bedr with door more than 7500 from entrance door all rm on level above entrance door 1 bedr doors open into passage at head of stair: no bedr door more than 7500 from head of private stair to entrance door 2 any other case 1 1 plus alternative escape route from every bedr with door more than 7500 from head of private stair all rm on level below entrance door any case 1 plus alternative escape route from every bedr bedr not opening from entrance ha or landing passage bectr open from inner lob with fr construction & selfclosing fr doors as required for private entrance ha an alternative escape route from every bedr opening from inner lob bedr on level above liv & k; entrance door at liv level private stairway separated from upper lob by Ir screen with self-closing fr door 1 plus alternative escape route from upper level bedr on level above liv & k entrance door at bedr level private stairway separated from entrance ha by Ir screen with self-closing frdoor 1 plus alternative escape route from lower level bedr on level below liv & k; entrance door at liv level private stairway separated from lower lob by fr screen with self-closing fr door 1 plus alternative escape route from lower level bedr on level below liv & k; entrance door at bedr level no bedr door more than 7500 from entrance door 1 plus alternative escape route from upper level alternative private stairway leads up or down to alternative escape route liv & k separated from bedr by self-closing fr door 1 plus alternative escape route from level which is not entrance level open plan maisonette 1 with private entrance ha & stairway separated from other storey by fr wall or screen & self-closing fr door 2 with private entrance ha, but stairway not separated as in condition 1 1 plus alternative escape route from every enclosed rm at entrance level not opening into private entrance ha, & alternative escape route from storey which is not entrance level 1 plus alternative escape route from every enclosed rrn at entrance level not opening into private entrance ha, & alternative escape route from every rm on atorey which is not entrance level any other type of layout 1 plus alternative escape route from every bedr & from every level which is not entrance level DETERMINING FACTORS Privacy and fire escape principal determinants of internal planning of flats and maisonettes. Other user requirements summarised in Parker Morris standards —*p44 48 Bib233. Privacy —*also p769698 Privacy best secured by stairway access where only entrance door and possibly delivery hatch open to landing. In balcony access, bathr, wc and kitchen can be placed on access side, but note difficulty in providing natural light where high windows are below balcony. Sound insulation presents greater difficulties in flats than in houses, and privacy best secured by planning. Avoid long separating walls to bedr, and avoid bedr beneath access balconies or adjoining elevators, stairs or refuse chutes. Where possible use cupboards (closets) to increase sound insulation of separating walls. Fire escape Bedr doors opening into private entrance hall should wherever possible be nearer to entrance door than living rm or kitchen. All doors other than bathr and wc should be self-closing and fr; walls enclosing entrance hall should have ½hr fr. In most other conditions plan for alternative escape routes from bedr above 2 storeys. Recommendations generally based on current codes of practice summarised in —n(1) and illustrated — (2)(3)(4). But note: always consult appropriate code. Services —p383—97 Attention should be paid to grouping of services and provision of adequate service ducts, especially where bldg incorporate variety of dwelling sizes and plans not repetitive. Standard location and arrangement of bath, wc and kitchen fittings facilitates design of ducts and service stacks. Internal bathr and wc require mech ventilation, either individually or by common ducting. Shared ventilation systems require smoke-stopping by fire dampers and stand-by fans to ensure continuous operation. Check list for services in flats water el drainage (+ rain water drainage) gas(not in high-rise) mech ventilation TV/FM radio aerials TV/radio relay telephones main entrance phone & control 3 In larger flats distance between furthest bedr & entrance doors should not exceed 7500 unless alternative escape route provided 4 Flat with inner lob, above 2 storeys, always requires alternative escape provision I 1 Escape routes from flats & maisonettes: as—.p91 (1) this also has no legal authority but is designer's guide to escape requirements related to internal planning, based upon various codes & reg currently applied in UK (1979): where local differences exist they might be less onerous, but table should always provide guide to safe planning bedr1 EPt ec Jindowof ie not more than 1 2 Conventional small flat plan, most safely arranged with liv & kfurthest from entrance door

94 Habitat Flats & apartments 1 Point block at Thamesmead England: 1 2-storey system-built structure provides 4 flats on each storey Arch GLC Architects Dept 2 Point Royal Bracknell England: one of few British point blocks with more than 4 flats/storey; Split hexagonal plan logically accommodates 6 flats & minimises circulation space & escape distances; car space for each flat under circular podium a upper floor plan b section Arch Arup Associates POINT BLOCKS By ingenious planning upto 10 flats served by 1 vertical access system in some continental designs. Fire escape reg make such solutions difficult in Britain, unless flats very small or unless access balconies used, reducing convenience of point block arrangement. Some point blocks built in Britain —(1 )(2)(3)(4). American and continental examples —p95 3 V blocks have been developed in several countries, particularly in low-rise forms where they can be joined together without overshadowing: this example, built in 1957 at Cumbemauld Scotland, has arms at unequal angles, giving greater variety of layout arrangements & avoiding closed courts a typical upper floor plan b layout plan Arch Cumbernauld Development Corporation 4 Low point blocks or stub blocks', with elevators, can provide suitable housing for elderty people, as in this London England 3-storey block of sheltered housing —.p82 Arch Yorke Rosenberg Mardall upper floor plan 1 21/2 a a layout plan b 2 elevators stop alternate storey Tir water tanks carried on lift shaft — flatson 17 storeys tJ main entrance level b F caTny

Habitat 95 Flats & apartments 2 Swedish point block: fire precautions rely on containing fire in flat where it originates & preventing smoke penetration by double doors at flat entrance; escape hatches provided in balc floors: accepted that stairway & access landings might not be usable while fire being fought POINT BLOCKS Some American and continental examples, most of which would not meet British reg. Flats in point blocks generally small, with kitchen and bathr planned as standard unit and often with artificial lighting and ventilation. Point blocks can be planned as 2 blocks of flats connected by vertical access core. This twin plan arrangement improves daylight and sunlight to larger number of flats —(4). 3 5 flats/landing Berlin Germany: flats have no corr but large loggias: liv acts 5 Y block on Siemens housing estate Munich Germany Arch Freymuth as circulation ar Arch A Aalto liv (bedrl I cr 1 American apartments; small service flats surrounding 1 6-storey circulation core Arch R C Reamer 0 4 8 12 16m I I I 12 24 36 4811 0 4 8 12 l6rn I I I 12 24 36 4811 4 Twin plan: 10 flats/floor, escape stair well protected but travel distances would be too great for UK reg Arch MUller-Rehm, Siegmann 0 4 8 12 16m I I 12 24 36 4811 0 4 8 12 16m I I I 12 24 36 4811

96 Habitat Flats & apartments 1 Duplex: Russian type very small flat with limited sleeping ar but more spacious liv: access balc serves 2 storeys; wc oft entrance lob Arch M I Ginsberg 2 Tnplex: early French type; lob opens from access baic with stairs up or down Arch Pingusson 3 Split level flats with balc access: entrance, dining ar & k at entrance level, liv 1/2 storey up, bedr ½ down Arch Hirsch 4 Triplex: Mareschal system, with access balc every third storey, Cambridge USA; separate entrances with private Stairs tor larger flats: all flats have cross ventilation Arch Koch-Kennedy DUPLEX & TRIPLEX SECTIONS Designs for split level flats and rnaisonettes, with access balcony, deck or corridor every second (duplex) or third (triplex) storey, have been developed over many years. While some design problems solved, eg visual privacy, cross ventilation, others increased, such as sound insulation. —.also p97(l)t4) C: 5 Wide access baic or deck' housing Robin Hood Lane London England: 1/2 bay partitions can be arranged to permit wide variation of dwelling sizes: Stairs & blacked-in walls must be regarded as permanent structure; note escape balc at bedr levels Arch A & P Smithson plan at corr level ,1 a access balc),) access balc k!kkkk 5r a = 5 rm, liv above 4r b = 4 rm, liv below I ___ I iiv4rb j liv 5th bedr be1r iiv5rb b escape balc luggage — sto, etc ffloset section 'above' 'deck level' below' escape balc section

INTERNAL ACCESS Habitat 97 Flats & apartments rwa5 EIIIL1 ?• - I<jc1kI k — t N - plans sections 3 Narrow-frontage flats Marseilles France through extended through very deep block with pnvate balc on each facade: double h liv allow sun & daylight penetration, access by wide internal con every third storey Arch Le Corbusier 4 Centre corr short well lit & ventilated, giving access to 1 -rrn flats at corr level & 3-rrn flats by short stairways up or down Arch van den Broek bedr baic F 1je. 9 1 tS'lilc - JkI;1: plan ot con lesei a—b plan ander corr c—d 1 Split level flats served frorn internal corr every third storey: all flats have cross-ventilation —'also p96 Arch Neufert plan one, cone—i section through staircase 2 Access by centre stairway; each landing serves 2 flats: again all flats cross-ventilated Arch Neufert C section

98 Habitat Stepped housing a = depth of ter ha = eye h hc = storey h hI = trough h Steep slopes invite stepped form of construction. Rake (storey height to terrace depth) must relate to slope: can be 80_400. Mm terrace depth of 3200 facing S will secure privacy while providing full sunlight and view. Garden troughs at front of terrace provide some advantages of private garden and prevent overlooking —(1). Other arrangements giving increased privacy Advantages of stepped housing, with privacy and view at high densities, lead to use in special conditions, even on level sites in bldg of triangular or sloping section: can be in combination with different bldg use —(9) or in single aspect situation, to enjoy sea view or exclude motorway or railway noise—(8). 8 Housing at Alexandra Road London England: all dwellings enjoys aspect & railway noise excluded Arch Borough Architect London Borough of Camden a(ha— ht) 1 Garden troughs prevent overlooking of ter: necessary trough depth x = hc 2 Ter overhang for extra privacy 3 In 2-storey units upper floor 4 Staggered floor plans 5 L-shaped flats with protected overhangs patios 6 Hillside housing Arch Stucky & Men Ii 7 Stepped houses on level site Arch Frey Schrdder Schmidt 4p maisonette 2P flat 2Pflat 9 Section through conference centre Designed by E Gisel

Habitat 99 Shared housing 2 Variant of part of—(1) which provides large shared flat for 4 people instead of large, medium & small single flats 3 Bed-sitting accn with k common rm in small 4 person houses: note wc separate from bathr Arch Manning Clamp & Partners Needs of 1-person households normally very much like those of 2- person. In certain circumstances, however, single people may prefer share. May be provided in form of flats or houses, usually for between 4 and 8 people, containing 1 -bed/sitting rm, bathr and farmhouse kitchen or separate living/dining rm and working kitchen. Houses or flats used for sharing require more parking space than normal housing (at least 1 space/bedspace). Large private garden unlikely to be required though some out-door sitting out space should be provided. Generous provision should be made for sto of bulky objects, sporting gear etc. Particularly advantageous if meters can be read from outside —*p74(3) and if some form of external delivery box can be provided for use when occupants out at work —(5). 4 2 Victorian ter houses adapted for sharing Arch York (England) University Design Unit 1\e4 280 . 5 External delivery box Housing references: —*Bibliography references 037 038 044 047 092 179 227 228 233 234 235236237238240242245246247248263264299300302363 372458464467511 512519521 548558573574624631 637650 large single flat medium single flat small single flat I 0 1 Housing for single people Leicester England: typical floor plan Arch DoE first floor ground floor -v C,) site plan

100 Habitat Houses 0 0.5 1;0 1.5 2;0 2.5 3;0354.04;55;055m 100,5 o 3 6 9 12 15 l Typical vehicle elevations rt__ DJH 2.0 2.5 L T 1 T I Plan views of typical vehicles dimensions no L B H Tentrance 1 3.0 2 40 3 50 4 6.0 5 70 6 80 USA sizes 67 O 6.1 o = regular lb h 2.0 16 2.5 3.0 2,2T2.4 2J 2.4 3.0 2.4125 2.4 3.5 3.0128 3.0 40 4.2 p]j8 30 F 2.2124 20 34 I23 20 y = compact a I I— 7 L H -1 — —I H - H J_ 2 3 4 5 6 b JI I 1 3 Standard garages a in elevation b plan sizes for: 1 motor cycle with side-car 2—4 cars 5 & 6 vans & trucks; usual materials for these dismountable garages asbestos cement or steel sheets, flat or corrugated, & timber PRIVATE GARAGES Size Avoid under-dimensioning garages. Clearance between car and side walls should be mm 200—300 with margin in front mm 500. For getting out allow at least door width between car and wall or between cars and never less than 700. For car cleaning, walls or other cars should be mm 1 200 away. Siting garages Garage should be close to house entrance, though not necessarily front door, with easy access; actual distance from house will vary with size and number of vehicles. On steep slopes with houses above road, garage can be sited at street level (max driveway gradient 6%) but must be protected against ground water —.(6). Where house is close to boundary garage can be set at angle or combined with next-door garage Access driveway should either be consolidated over its whole width or have concrete wheel-runs —o(9). An apron in front of garage should be concreted full-width, 5000—6000 long and drained for car washing and to provide occasional off-street parking for another car. Garage floor should be raised 30—50 above washing area and slope towards it. Integral garage —eplOl(1)(2) 5 Usual siting 6 House on slope, garage on road below 8 Combined garages where distance from boundary not stipulated 2 7 Boundary in close proximity to house, so garage at angle J I— 1000—1500 —4 I— 2000 —1 I— - I— -4 4— 600 —4 4— 600 - __________ __________ 4 Garage in plan —.(3) 9 Access driveway wheel runs

Habitat 101 Houses 1 Garage in basement, various arrangements: w of garage doors & ramp = car -4- 1000; garage dimensions 2800 x 5500—3500x 6500 2 3-storey house with integral gar: can be sited directly behind pavement as gar & central porch provide privacy; access to garden through uty Incorporated within house Garages have been placed in basement, sometimes under conservatory or similar annex to house —(1). Should be avoided if possible; should not be used in areas which have freezing weather: access slope not more than 20% —(4). Driving up steep ramp with motor still cold shortens engine life, is noisy and can be difficult. Garage therefore better placed at ground level, driveway having slight fall towards road. On sloping sites ground floor or terrace may be raised sufficiently to allow basement garage at road level. Direct access to garage from entrance hall or lobby via self-closing fr door usually permissible: threshold must be 100 mm above garage floor. Otherwise access to garage can be provided under common canopy with entrance door to house. Garage should be away from living rm and bedr, accessible from kitchen and side or service entrance. Car washing and driveway should be screened by shrubs and bushes, which will also muffle noise. Carports —.pl 02(6) Doors —*pl 02(7)—(1 0) Up-and-over doors or roller shutters now usual: can be operated by el motors with remote control switch or by electronic devices, provide additional head-room for motor caravans and similar vehicles. Slidingfolding doors require additional width. Hinged doors opening outwards can be blocked by snow. When used should have provision for fastening in open position. Folding doors also —*p402 Windows and el light should be near car engine, with switches at garage door and any other entrance; spark protected socket outlet, well clear of floor, desirable. Heating best situated in front of or under engine, keeping garage above 5°C. Water tap with hose attachment should be near door, in easy reach of washing area, with hose-reel mounted nearby. Garage should be ventilated near floor level. Internal finishes Walls can be fair-faced brick or blockwork, painted, or tiled. Floors usually cement screed, but oil stains hard to remove. Asphalt tiles dissolved by oil; best flooring material oil-proof ceramic tiles. For tyres, standing on hardwood timber inserts or woodblock is best if can be kept free from oil. Garage should have floor gulley, and floor should be 150—200 above ground level outside. 3 2-storey ter house with attached gar in front, screening semi-private entrance court: generally more economical (& attractive) than 3-storey house with integral garage —.(2) but implies lower density' PRIVATE GARAGES I 'I I9 4115H —I 2nd storey 1st storey ground storey I In basement gar, where unavoidable, slope not more than 20%

102 Habitat Houses measurements —.p100 250 10004— C —•I 400 ±— a —H 3 Gar with work bench, 1 car, 4 Gar with washing ar motor cycle with sidecar & bicycles 5 Double gar used to extend 1 -storey house to screen patio; low density solution a b orr acn = 6 Examples of American carports well related to entrance a Arch-team Gropius b Arch H Seidler Small garages For domestic garages in England Wales —uBib65O Small garage defined as one which has floor area not more than 40 m2. Such bldg subject to special rules (El 5) Where small garage combined with small open carport rules of E19 must also be studied. Detached bldg consisting of small garage, or small open carport or both should be regarded as PG 1 bldg for purposes of Part E (E18). Detached small garage which is 2000 or more away from any boundary must have roof covering complying with El5 (roofs) but need not conform to any other reg in Part E (E16). Detached small garage within 2000 of boundary must have roof complying with E17 and any part of external wall within 2000 of boundary must be externally non-combustible. All its internal wall surfaces must be class 0 spread of flame (El 8). Detached small garage within 2000 of house must have roof complying with E17 and any part of external wall within 2000 of house must be externally non-combustible. All internal wall surfaces of garage must be class 0 spread of flame. However, if house wall is itself externally non-combustible and has 1/2 hr fr and no unprotected areas within the 2000 distance greater than 0.1 m2 or nearer to one another than 1 500 requirements on non-combustibility and flame spread do not apply to garage walls (E18). Requirements on class 0 flame spread in E18 (3)(4) do not apply to exposed surface of frame member forming part of wall. Small garage attached to or forming part of house must have roof to El 7. If there is floor over garage floor must have fr of at least 1/2 hr. Any wall between house and garage must have at least 1/2 hr fr. Any opening in that wall between house and garage must have threshold at least 100 above level of garage floor and be fitted with self-closing fr door (1/2 hr fr) to El 1. In all other respects such garage must comply with relevant requirements of Part E (El 8). Garage references.- —eBibliography entries 225 276 348 435 636 650 9 Overhead door, sectional (flyover trader) PRIVATE GARAGES: BUILDING REGULATIONS Sing'e gar (for a b —spi 00(3)) 2 Double gar petr trap ' i_I__i_I J•: 1U-f — F_ 1_1.1_1 I__I I_I.!.! I— 5000—6000 —I 7 Overhead door (flyover) 8 Overhead door (foldaway) 10 Roller shutter

Habitat 103 Gardens 1 Simple chain-link fencing: iron posts with wire mesh 5 Wrought-iron railing rectangular section 7 Wrought-iron railing of 10—15 sections & bars \ 8 Wrought-iron gate between concrete or stone posts 13 115 brick wall (half brick) with supporting piers 15 Framed, lodged, braced & boarded gates 17 Horizontal boarded (ranchtype) fence 18 Wire-bound wood fencing available in rolls Design of fence and materials used in its construction should harmonise with surroundings. Show best side (fair face) of boundary fence outwards with posts visible from within site. On sloping ground fence should follow contours. Extend protective fences against animals 100—200 below ground, especially where hedge planted —(16). Hedges —ep104. Most timbers used for fencing require some form of protective treatment. Particularly important timber posts treated against decay below ground and at least 200 above ground. Concrete plinth helps prolong life of most timber fences. Where termites present in ground very desirable use pressuretreated or termite resistant wood eg cedar. ENCLOSURES 1 12 3 Wire netting gate with bracing Batten gate (from inside) 1 250 J. square hexagonal expanded mt undulating 4 Wire netting: usual size 40—55 x 75 100 x 19 boards 125 x 100 set in concrete 14 Close-boarded fence 600-800 uptx2h00 groned •ø10 concrete orstone ,-. 6 Angle-iron railing 16 Hedge with link-mesh infill 1800 — 1 1120 100x100 .1. 125 x 19 rails nailed aftematively to both sides of post -1 150 x 75 main post 4270 87 1< 38 I 87 x 38 prick post pointed for driving Lt 9 Timber post & rail (4 rail) 10 Fence of forest battens (top of battens weathered)

104 Habitat Gardens 2 Suitable layout for small garden protectedfrorn wind with vegetables near k entrance S slopes warmest during May and Sept SW slopes warmest Oct — Apr SE slopes warmest Jun — Oct Orientation —ap40 77 81 Windbreaks Planting of shelter belts has marked effect on considerable increase in crop production—(5). protection from noise & dust: NE (winter) pStreet espalier trait _Q,2lJuo NIw was ter fl protection twall •i from wind lawn (insummer) shady ar Dec boundary wall - position of sun SITING & LAYOUT Siting Aspect of ground and its angle of slope —v(6)plOS have important bearing on amount of sun radiation it receives at different seasons: 1 Suitable planting for house walls according to orientation manure strawberries teiII,eS_r car side entr water basin wash - fruit trees 9W sand- ter — fruit bushes pit swwig • water grass •N N 4 Orientation & relation of rm & ter to garden 3 Layout for small site to give largest possible vegetable garden garden Layout Plan landscape simultaneously with design of house so that levels of drives, terraces and entrances are coordinated. Where space permits provide turning area for vehicles and rrtechanised eqp. Study position of sun and prevailing winds and avoid frost pockets when siting planting areas —n(6). Plant trees and hedges to give protection from cold N and E winds. Vegetable production: allow 55—75 rn2/P on best soil available. Soil Humus or sandy loam better than heavier loam, clay or loose sand. Conserve topsoil excavated from areas of paving or building for use elsewhere —api 05. Enclosures for gardens Walls: brick or stone (use type which blends with materials used to construct house). Fences: wood or metal (match surroundings) —api 03. Hedges —a(7)(10): clipped foliage (formal) or flowering (informal). Allow sufficient space for ultimate width of hedge when established, 450—1 200. To produce thick hedge stagger plants thus: soil temp, giving crop plaid poor neat to sb due to shade & root competition shelter relatively *— belt - I ! J. increased crop yield 5 Effect of shelter belt on crop production plant lower-growing plants on higher part of slope cold air bufids op in valley & creates — frost B Effect of slope & exposure on establishment of plants good bad good 8 § -1- 6OO-12t L 600— eon 7 Hedgeh stones built up in Jc diminishing omjrses thin sods placed between indivdsarl grass eventually stones grows over Stones giving appearance of turf hedge Hedge in northern Germany hawthorn hedge 9 Stone used in construction of turf hedge 10 Turf hedge

Habitat 105 Gardens SOIL PREPARATION Topsoil Top layer of soil must be preserved: provides growing medium for plants. On bldg sites store topsoil in temporary spoil heaps —e(1). Keep free from weeds. If stored over long period use green manuring. Turn over ___________________________ heap at least once a year. Spread topsoil after completion of earth moving. Allow 600—1 000 depth for planting trees, 500 for climbers and wall plants, 300 for shrub beds, 150 for grassed areas. Soil compaction Soil used as fill for hard landscaped areas should be spread in layers 300—400 deep and well compacted —e(3) (not all soils suitable for this). Materials of different character should be deposited and compacted separately. Banks To prevent soil movement fill along slopes should be placed in layers. Form cuts in existing ground surface to create serrated profile to retain fill material —u(2). On higher banks ground profile should be stepped to prevent sliding of fill material —(4). Angle of slope should be considered in relation to maintenance operations required and top and bottom of bank gently rounded off. Provide drainage at both top and bottom of bank so that soil only receives moisture falling on its surface. Max gradient for mowing grass 1:3, for planting 1:2 (or 1: 1 where no maintenance required). Turf laid on banks should be secured with wooden pegs —*(5). On slopes steeper than 1: 1 turfs should be thicker and laid stepped—(6). Use wattle for steep banks where difficult establish plant growth. Distinguish between dead wattle —+(7) and live —e(8). In using live Binding with stepped turt subsequent planting of shrubs necessary as willow acts only as pioneer. On very steep slopes use retaining walls—epi 06(1 9)—(20). Crib structures —.(9) and grass-concrete construction —+(10) may also be used. soil type weight angle of repose kg/rn3 (degrees) earth loose & dry 1400 35—40 loose & naturally moist 1 600 45 loose & saturated with water 1 800 27—30 consolidated & dry 1 700 42 consolidated & naturally moist 1 900 37 loam loose & dry (av for light soil) 1 500 40—45 loose & naturally moist 1 550 45 loose & saturated with water (av for med soil) 2000 20—25 consolidated & dry 1 800 40 consolidated & naturally moist 1 850 70 ravel medium coarse & dry 1 800 30—45 g medium coarse & wet 2000 25—30 dry 1 800 35—40 sand fine & dry 1600 30—35 fine, naturally moist 1 800 40 fine & saturated with water 2000 25 coarse&dry 1900—2000 35 broken stone, wet . 2 000—2200 30—40 cia loose & dry 1 600 40—50 loose & very moist 2000 20—25 solid & naturally moist (heavier soil) 2500 70 dry sand & rubble 1400 35 11 Weights & angles of repose for different kinds of soil waler channel Jf. I Topsoilspoilheap lop soil malerial 7 unlenor malenal il underground Fill on gentle slopes 5OO I Building up in layers 4 Cohesive material in core with slight stepping T/.177777' 7 Dead wattle 8 Live wattle sel plants between beams at lop of wall so thaI they cascade over face slopeof he ernbankrnienl beanis ground level Crib structure

106 Habitat Gardens 4 Pergola of monolith stone (common in Italy & Ticino) PERGOLAS, PATHS, STEPS & RETAINING WALLS Retaining walls Concrete construction cheaper than stone walling. Good form work detailing essential obtain pleasing appearance. Dry stone walling suitable for retaining earth up to 2000 high. Brick backing necessary for higher walls -(1 9)(20). Paths Width of ramped paths 1 220—1350; length 6000—9000. 1: 12 gradient necessary for easy negotiation by wheelchairs. For short pedestrian ramps 1:7 acceptable —vp85. If stepped, max height of step is 125—e(11)—(13). Paths also —*p19 43 Steps Tread width not less than 300. Risers 90—150 high —e(1 4)(1 5)(1 7)(1 8). Detail of finish to end of steps important, especially where set in grass bank. 16 Walking more comfortable if path longitudinally concave: a good, rise of steps concave b bad, rise convex Tt: 17 Steps with flagstones 18 Steps of natural or worked stone flY hli,ng ,; •.. —soil broken stone drainage 70-80 19 Concrete retaining wall 20 Dry walling (special drainage (w base 1/3 h) not necessary) Th 114 side view =8386 19 end view 21 Turf & concrete payers for drives, fire route round bldg, bank 1 Climber support Insulation of timber against rot I monolith oi granite or basait 3 Pergola on brick pier 6 Cobbles: expensive but durable • • 625 -t.e2 :1 10 Spacing of slabs = length of stride: thickness 30 8 Paved path bedded 9 Paved path flush & raised (easier (prevents obstruction keep clean) of lawn mower) 14 Steps with post supports iIli j!l p3004 eoo 9OO—1 2004 1,004400I 3004 path wheelbarrow access or garden doubie flagstone path path path 15 Steps with flagstone & support blocks 22 Dimensions of paths

107 Habitat Gardens: equipment 700 1200 800I 400—, 610 3 Gardenchair&table(iffolding: J 85o) i top600x 1000, l00thickwhen tOIded80th( tolded1B5th folded) 4 Garden chairs 8 Charcoal & gas portable barbecue C 18 Reelmower 350 x 400 290 x 490 410 x 700 300 x 800 03000 2500 1800 1500 1150T 01000-1150 -5501 2 Sunshade 200 1 Metal foot scraper I r 2000 5 Deckchair 6 Hammock 9 Garden carts & wheelbarrow 11 Seedspreader 12 Lawntnmmer 13 Walking sprinkler 14 Lawn sprinklers 15 Riding tractor 16 Leaf collector Ii'°j 19 Garden tools 20 Sprayer 2 (240) 2 '420 ) 21 Hose reels 22 Motor tiller 1000-1100 1800—2000 23 Tennis racket 24 Toboggan, skis 25 Tricycle 26 Bicycle

108 Habitat Gardens TREES, SHRUBS Trained fruit T 600 1200 P wire •eseaber canes 300-500 -1 1 Pipe espalier frame 2 Frame for double espalier I 2250 3 Wood espalier fence ffrff[; I-41 1-5004-500- T 5 Upright cordon 1-600-1 4 Wall espalier T 6 Double cordon Tree planting 1270 strap & 400 spacer secured to top ot stake & tree stem prevailing wind -ì 7 Palmette cordon 6 & 8 branch 8 Chandelier cordon tree secured with wire threaded through n43ber hose to protect — espaher wire 4 5000 —I bait 10 Heavy standard prevailing w*id —8 11 On exposed site 12 Normal situation 13 On exposed hillside Shrub planting 15 Fruit bushes 9 Horizontal cordon twit, tree shape, stock enclosed site in house garden & smallcrowned varieties planting plant/ha planting plant/ha interval standard apple 10 x 10 100 8 v 8 156 apple on strong EM stock 6 x 6 5x5 277—400 x 400—625 4x4 apple on weak EM stock S x 3.5x3.5 400—816 ' x ' 625—1120 3*3 standard pear 8*5 156 7*7 204 bush pear on pear stock 6 x 6 277 5 x 5 bush pear on quince 4.5*4.5 494 pear spindle on quince 4*4 3x3 625—1120 1120* 1600 2.5*2.5 atandardcherry 10*10 100 8*8 156 1/2 standard cherry on Pmahaleb 6*6 277 5*5 standard bitter cherry 6 x 6 277 5 x 5 400 1/2 standard cherry on Pmahaleb 5*5 400 4 v 4 standard & bush plum 7 x 7 5*5 204—400 5 x 5 400 peachbush 5*5 400 4*4 625 standard apricot 7 6*6 204—277 5 400 bush apricot 6 x 6 277—400 4 x 4 625 standard walnut 12*12 70—100 Sx 8 hazelnutbush 4*4 625 3*3 1120 gooseberry, red & white currant 2 x 2.5 2 v 2 2000—2500 2 x 2 2500—3333 2* 1.5 black currant 2.5 x 2.5 1600 2 *2.5 2000 gooseberry & currant 1.5 * 1.5 4444 1 * 1.5 6666 cordon raspberry & upright 2*0.5 10000 2 *05 10000 blackberry rambling blackberry 2 * 4 1 250 2 >i 4 annual strawberry 0.25 * 0.25 160000— 0.25 * 0.25 160000— cultivation 0.3*0.3 111 111 0.3 * 0.3 111111 perennial strawberry 0.5 * 0.3 66666— 05 * 03 66666— cultivation 0.8 *0.3 41666 0.6* 0.3 41666 replace escavated soil with town: 25% 14 To form close group clay lodred into top 80-150 maId, ircoryodee compost 17 Insandysoil break up sod: incorporate peat & grit 16 inpoorsoil spread out roots away from wall 500 remove any rubble to ensure tree drainage 18 Against wall 19 Planting distances: affected by soil & moisture conditions, manuring, strength of stock, variety & pruning, consequently greater or less variation from 'coefficients' possible; EM = E Mailing

Habitat 109 Gardens 1 Hand-operated pump draws up to 7000 d, pumps up to 30 m h; output/mm 40—801: for greater d larger pumps needed with suitably built deep-seated suction valves 2 El-operated pump feeds water to pressure vessel until switch cuts out at approx 4 atm; after some loss of water pump starts up again at 2 atm 8 Swimming p001 of reinforced concrete with damp-proof rendering or membrane; pool should be emptied in winter to avoid frost damage; also —vpl 14 11 Overflow & outlet pipe combined 13 Drainage plan 3 Perrot' type sunken sprinkler: dug into lawn & centrally operated; coverage 8000—10000 at 1.5—3.5 atm; capacity/hr 0.5—1.0 m3/valve 6 Reservoir with clay as seal, lined with stones: suitable for flower ponds 9 Marsh & water plant reservoir, showing varied combination of different plants: not suitable for hard water; also —npl 13 12 Floating el pump; further emptying by simple siphoning 14 Open ditch with wattle WATER SUPPLY Water essential for plant growth. If no mains (municipal) supply available trial holes should be dug to ascertain presence of water in soil. Shallow wells Sunk directly into water-bearing strata. Yield likely to fall off in dry weather. To prevent contamination risk well should be at least 10 m (15 m USA) from any septic tank or sewer main and constructed with watertight lining (steining). Wells may be operated by hand —*(1) or el pump—v(2). Well house must be insulated, protected from frost and adequately ventilated if below ground. Recommended size: 2100 x 1500 approx. Switch and fuse box sited above ground level. Reservoirs Small pools may be constructed in variety of ways, depending upon site conditions and economics —v (4)—(8). Overflow should be incorporated —(1O)—(12); make provision for emptying by either submersible el pump or siphoning —a(1 2). Bottom of pool should be sloped to outlet if emptying to be complete. Pool edges need concealing. Paving flags or coping more suitable for formal shaped pools — (7)—(12), and grass—v(4)(5), marsh plants or rocks for informal layouts, according to ultimate effect desired. Paddling pools Recommended depth for children 200—400,800—1000 for adults; for swimming pools —api 14. Water lily & fish pools —p113 Irrigation Simplest form consists of series of channels flooded with water —a(13). Drains needed to remove surplus water—a(13)—(16). Overhead watering by means of line or rotary sprinklers more efficient. Rate at which water delivered should be sufficient for soil absorption without forming puddles on surface. 15 Covered wattle ditch with sand bottom sprinkler for beds (ar covered depends on pressure( reservoir for hand operation hand u4 well rotary spnnkler with dia up to 12.0 sprinkling circles musi overtap • 0 I Reservoirs foam or flowerpot clay ofclayoroak 4 Waterproofing with clay, for 5 Inexpensive garden reservoir, watering only (not suitable for incorporating felt, sheeting or paddling pools): thick clay covered continuous sealing with 3—4 layers with layers of soil & gravel of hessian stuck with bitumen; in case of impermeable sub-soil pan should be watered to diminish pressure on seal \.:.3 iayers,,? consolclated foam •.J rendenng15thick rentorc L •te 7 Reservoir with brick built banks Emptying it air ::::: overflow :::::. outlet vent opening removable 10 Overflow & outlet with plugs Drainage contour — — — lines drain 1n - - conuiexion of irrigation pipe with thannel :: fascine 16 Covered ditch with flagstones & rubble

110 Habitat Gardens Gardens for disabled Height of raised bed suitable for wheelchair user 600 (must have knee space underneath —v(3)); for ambulant disabled approx 860 —v(4): varies according to individual height and physical state. For some elderly and handicapped outdoor gardening difficult; indoor garden can be designed suit special needs—v(2) p112. Restrict width of beds to 1 200 so that work easily carried out from either side to cover whole area; comfortable total reach forward 750—965. Surround bed with hard paving—v(1). Important provide convenient supplies (eg water), sb and controls which make lifting and stooping unnecessary; rolling cart or trolley can eliminate much lifting and carrying. 1220 584 vent window 51 [ roll-out bini stainless steel r1[5t°J planttos I [ J stainless drawers — 2 Stand-up garden plan a & elevation b with water, supplies, eqp close at hand, roll-out bin for fetching supplies 5 Roof garden construction 4 Stand-up garden section Roof gardens also —p1 12 Provide background of screens, walls etc to protect plants from effects of high winds. To facilitate drainage finished surface of supporting roof structure should be laid tofalls—v(5). Rock gardens Undulating site with SE or SW aspect ideal. Simulate life-size outcrop (not mountain range in miniature) linked by irregular-shaped areas of stone chippings, alpine lawn or grass. When placing rocks first select 1 or 2 specimens, mm 500 kg, for key positions. Build up nucleus of rocks 250—500 kg round them. Place smaller rocks 150—200 kg towards perimeter —v(6)(7). Floodlit landscape features To highlight foliage floodlights mounted on lower branches of tree and light beam projected upwards through foliage —v(9). If light-source can be concealed floodlights may be positioned at base of tree and beam projected vertically to illuminate full height of tree —v(8b). Light source placed some distance away from tree where foliage used as illuminated background and details unseen —u(8a). Sculpture may require only single floodlight but is enhanced by subdued lighting in surrounding area to give impression of reflected light. individual rocks laid lifting singhtiy backwards to aiiow rainwater to tnckla over plants rocks grouped together must have their strata running in strata must toiiow that sarne direction & observe occurnng in quarry bed natural markings - - — rocks liable to topple it set too shallow 6 Positioning of rocks & method of bedding spread 25 dia drippings alter no manure or tertiliser lobe . 7 Construction of bed planting incorporated in topsoil t3 4.. - — coarse shingle —50—ltodna formation level laid to fails to tacilrtate drainage of rock garden a wheretheretsan obstruction, eg stream. —.. ffoodftght positioned some 'Uistarice away -. — — — 8 a floodlit landscape feature b light source below tree b oos on . point where cascade stnkes positioned at lower branches to project . water & hewn projected beam of light upwards upwards so that ft catches - each droplet of water 9 a light source located within tree b floodlighting waterfall a •. b / . beaniof light positioned parallel I to direction of water light submerged if . projected t jet — — beam directed hily downwards into pooi jet 10 a floodlit fountain b underwater floodlighting b 1 Raised garden for disabled gardener —+ (3) a 2590 'I b 3 Raised planting bed for wheelchair user trees ____________ shrubs •1 1= glass ftbre quill 600 topsOit grass peat .t ________ io toosoni 25 t 150 Pest1 peatLi1 gravel 254 _______________ gravel 1 gravel

Habitat 111 Gardens 9 Enclosed shed to sleep 3, with separate cooking space ii 6 Open shed with roof & tool sto containing privy GARDEN STRUCTURES Tents & sheds Not usually rated as bldg or considered as permanent living accn unless continually occupied or used for business purposes. Should not be sited nearer than 1 800 to site boundary or bldg on same site, unless boat-house structure and waterway boundary. USA: check setback requirements in local zoning ordnance. Barbecues —p77 107(8) Glasshouses & frames Specify glasshouses according to type and width. Length adapted to suit conditions. Roof ridge sited N-S. Frames face S. Dutch-light—÷(1 4) built from ground level and often transferred to another plot after cropping. Other types may be set on dwarf wall. Glass usually 680g. Heavier weight 906 g or plastics sometimes used. Temp of unheated glasshouses and frames 5—7°C, heated 12—15°C. Ventilation essential. Specify adequate number of vents. Hot or cold bed frame lights —*(1 2) may be set on sliding tracks, completely removable or raised for ventilation. : 1200-1800. 1 Small tent in 2 sections T 2 Larger tent in 8 sections with 2 end sheets 3 House tent 4 a Free-standing work centre as decorative screen b work centre attached 5 Open shed to gar or house wall, closed with hinged glazed panel; sto bins under potting bench "S — onokung 3750 3750 ___sc--dOor for r. -. weather protection /\canopy 5000 7 Similar to 6 but with solid separate tool sto & parapets to provide space Enclosed shed to sleep 1 fflhing 10 Peat privy (dry) N a' l50 '- 300- 1000 1500 1000 2000 80/80 11 Compost sto 12 Frame 13 Small greenhouse 14 Dutch lights 15 Hothouse against wall

112 Habitat Gardens 1 Corr garden plan INDOOR GARDENS Indoor gardens lend adjacent rm spacious feeling: plants freshen air, add hum, provide hobby, educate children. Ideal orientation in most climates for most plants S to SE. N to NE daylight should be augmented by special plant lights. W sun difficult control. Plan artifical lighting not only for plants' welfare but in relation adjoining rm. Studies show cool white fluorescents provide many characteristics needed by plants: also available specialised plant lights with greater range benefits. Ideal heating and cooling for plants very low velocity air system: other systems can be adapted. ROOF GARDENS -p88 Consider shade from nearby bldg, wind and smog when choosing location and plants for roof garden. Weight of soil factor in roof garden design (0.03 m3 av soil equals 36kg). If question of structural strength of roof consider hydroponic gardening using light weight holding medium such as perlite or vermiculite. Desirable set plants in planters or hanging baskets rather than beds for ease of plant replacement as well as weight considerations. Planters may be of wood, pottery or reinforced plastics. Shade tolerant plants could include fuchsias, begonias, hardy ferns, impatiens, azaleas. Smog tolerant plants include ivy, oleander, azaleas, ginkgo, camellia, privet. Wind tolerant plants: holly, ivy, boxwood, euonymus (should be started as small plants to build up resistance). carpet liv I..-grill in floor over radr 4 Add-on garden section garden constructed (L. I ?t:z c3r" if gods 28ã 50 50 : topsoil 150 step Os rrs ground level 50 broken brick 20 plywood concrete wall 5 Entry garden section 8 Method of containerised hydroponic gardening 7 Roof deck outdoor rm; roof surface protected from foot damage by preservatives treated wood floor; design uses typical apartment house penthouse as part of plan Arch E H & M K Hunter glassH cill 13 type condensation gutter / window stool 1152 c/c radiation slate floor asbestos board _J9re 38 sawed wood cap sect,00s withstaved5Qx lOOsides 1—SlOradius—--f \ 914 \ ised washtub \ galvan vermiculite & gravel asphalt coaled ins,de hold,,,g mediums 305 clay pot with fitting stainless food strainer for peastone 2 Section through corr garden Li fixed flnr glass slate So Icopper p step 6 Entry garden plan 3 Add-on garden plan liv fixed glass • - . framing • insulati 50 x 150 CIII 100 concrete sIab,, 255 concrete \ p 100 gravel wall 50 concrete block compacted earth

Habitat 113 Gardens WATER LILY, FISH POOLS Can be formal or natural in shape. Pre-fabricated pools usually glass fibre or other plastics. Built-in pools reinforced concrete, using rather dry concrete mix 127—152 thick, placed in wooden form or shaped excavation in firm soil lined with vinyl plastics before pouring concrete. Pools must be sited for max sun, high enough ensure ground water not enter pool in heavy rain, near water supply if no automatic supply. Depth water not less than 355 so that water lilies may be planted in boxes for ease of removal. Provide overflow pipe, removable for draining. 5 Small pool & outdoor dining ar next k Arch Stedman & Williams chemical characteristics chlorine gas lowers pH sterilising agent: form of chlorine which can be fed into water in continuous doses, inexpensive but highly acid & toxic: needs special handling, automatic feeder. constant alkaline adjustment sodium hypochlorite raises pH sterilising agent: popular chlorine form with high chlorine content; disperses quickly when added to water with no residue to make water harder; inexpensive but needs careful handling avoid splash, damage to clothes; tends deteriorate stored too long; needs frequent pH adjustment; disperses fast in sunlight calcium hypochlorite raises pH sterilising agent: effective algae killer, specially for treating clinging algae; inexpensive; stores well; but dissolves slowly, leaving residue unless placed in basket or bag in water; can cause cloudiness & builds up hardness in water iso-cyanurates no effect on pH sterilising agents: dissolve completely, giving consistent, high residual; need less acid compensation than other forms; easy to use but cost more because must be used with conditioner; need special kit for periodic check of condition level bromine lowers pH sterilising agent: can be used in semi-automatic distribution system but is expensive, corrosive, toxic, difficult handle; less effective than chlorine iodine lowers pH sterilising agent: stable, odour-free but less active than bromine; does not cause pH fluctuation; easy to use but expensive; can turn water green; difficult test for residual; less effective than chlorine sodium bicarbonate raises pH corrects alkalinity: recommended for making extensive adjustments in alkalinity; long lasting; easy use; inexpensive but slower acting than sodium carbonate sodium carbonate (soda ash) raises pH corrects pH: effective, quick acting, stores well; inexpensive but has relatively short life in water; must be pre-mixed sodium bisulphate lowers pH corrects PH: generally considered best of dry acids; easier store than liquids; good for small pools needing small quanfities but has to be pre-mixed and needs careful handling muriatic acid lowers pH regulates pH & alkalinity: readily available; most popular pH adjuster; stores well; needs no pre-mixing but can be very damaging to pool if not used properly; needs careful handling prevent splash on user; small amounts can cause significant pH change 1 liiter plate -. ,-.,_h, — — 2 liitertray -— 36pipefittings 7 4 pump fittings 8- 5 under water pump . water lev 355 6 6ppefltfings 7 6 hose to waterlajl , 0 8 cable with ground wire 2 3 H H hose connexion to pump 1 G fiitermat&gravel I I Filter system installed in pre-fabricated glass fibre pool 4 Natural' pool with waterfall II 111)'ImII I ovens tog sir dEan wa 2 Garden ar largely devoted to fish & lily pool spili pan boiteo.t _ todeck i '13 flow iine from pump %4 d13m wire most, _____________________________ .1 - .-.• '.. -:.. l9drainiine'< - ' •. - 3 Plumbing & pumping systems 6 Guide to common pool chemicals

114 Habitat Garden swimming pools 5 Simple longitudinal flow with suction pipes 6 Deck at level of paving conceals filter eqp & heater below Design Armstrong & Sharf man 7 Perimeter fence at property line provides safety & background for plant materials, shelter 9 Section showing water d for 6100 x 12.2 pool with springboard Siting Protected from wind, close to rest rm (for use on cool days), within view of kitchen (children in sight) and living rm (for operation of automatic gate) ie within field of vision. No deciduous trees or shrubs by pool to avoid leaves dropping: provide means of preventing grass etc from falling into water; possibly raised coping (design decision). Size Width 2250. Length of swimming stroke approx 1 500 plus body lengtn: 4 strokes = 8000 length. Depth of water to chin height, of mother not children. Difference between height of pool and water level —v(3) depends on skimming method adopted. Shape Simple as possible for reasons of cost and water circulation (—abelow: maintenance). Rectangular but with ladder or steps in corner. Circular pool shape also economical with welded steel plate construction. Construction methods Foil pool basin (foil = sealed outer surface) on supporting structure of masonry, concrete or steel (including above ground) or in excavated pit. Basins made of polyester or glass fibre reinforced plastics, rarely erected on site, normally prefabricated; in general not self-supporting, backfilling of lean concrete necessary. Waterproof concrete basins (on-site concrete double shells, cement-gun concrete single shells, prefabricated concrete components). Surface lining of pool usually ceramic mosaic, less often coated (chlorinated rubber or dyed cement) or cemented plastics sheeting. Pool maintenance Usually kept clean by means of recirculation system —*(4): surface circulation —v(5), with surface water kept clean by effective surface skimmers or preferably sluices. Types of filter: gravel or sand (bottom filters, some with scavenger blower), diatomaceous earth (surface filter), plastics foam. Additional algae control by means of chemicals (chlorine, chlorine-free alginic agents, copper sulphate). Common pool chemicals —spi 13(6). Water cleaning also —vp337 Heating By counter-current device or continuous-flow heater in boiler or solar collecting system. This prolongs bathing season for moderate additional outlay. In some places system using thermal heat economical. Safety measures for children Preferably not only through fencing off pool but by providing pool cover or self-operating alarm signal system (triggered off by wave formation). Protection against freezing With rigid pools by insertion of edge beams, heating or anti-frost outflow system. Do not empty in winter. Open air pools also —vp333 2250( smallest 1 .bne pool (2 swimming strokes, 1/1.2P( —4250—I medium-size pool (3-4 strokes. 2/4-5P). smallest size permitting start dive horn end 1 Layout diagram 2 Pool sizes 3 Depth of water Layout of technical installations for fully equipped swimming pool exhaust prpes skimmer prevailing sluice wind - - auxiliary floor S1JCbOfl pump/outflow feed: nozzles above pipes below concrete deck planting bed 50 deep scupper 8 Scupper keeps chlorinated water out of planting beds suIt-priming return line punlp&rrlotova&iurn lioej vacuum titting frnertine) main suction line steps 5fli heatrn / inlets main drain, Iconcreteslab/ I hlter pump&matOr unit on slab ____________ deep end fitting flfler valve __________________ 1vacUUm heater return line 11 With skim filter all lines drain into skimmer; water filtered then drawn into pump for return to pool: pump & motor usually placed within 15.0 of pool 10 Plumbing system for sand or pressure diatomaceous earth filter with lines from main drain, skimmer & vacuum converging on 1 point (note valves) before entering pump & filter

Habitat 115 Private indoor pools 1 Evaporation limit in covered pool; top line: Pool in operation, bottom line: in state of rest; example: water temp to = 27°C, evaporation limit: in use 36 mbar (= 30°C184% hum), resting 28 mbar (=30°C/65% hum) R M R R M R M M 2191 193 2941269 itiö4 378' 353 iti -•- 143 218 66 302 123 395 Ii —, 2 1631 311 2471 811 3391 67 0 143 36 227 89 320 7 Bottom-top ventilation with mech 8 Layout for heating plant plant for window heating Standard Water temp 26—27°, air temp 30—31 °/60—70% relative hum; max airflow 0.25 mIs; water evaporation 16 gIm3 hr (state of rest) to max 204 g/m3 hr with pool in use. Main problem air hum: water evaporates from pool until evaporation limit reached —+(1)(2). In state of rest evaporation stops even in low temp range, as saturated 'boundary layer' of water vapour remains over pool: pool should therefore not be 'blown at' with ventilation air. Expensive dehumidify pool house by ventilation (though essential, below); with hum at level of up to 70° even small thermal bridge can cause structural damage in very short time. Construction Most common form fully insulated hanger-type bldg suitable for winter use (Km max 0.73); less frequent form, uninsulated 'summer' pool house (can also be of kind which can be dismantled). Semi-retractable roof and other sliding parts make possible open pool house during fine weather, so can be used as open-air pool (all weather pool); however, this causes problems over thermal bridges. Mm size —+(4); as part of pool house, in annexes if necessary: wc, sho, space for mm 2 deck chairs. Width of pool surround depends on wall surface area (height of splashing —u(6)); accessible passage round pool below floor level control leaks, full provision for leads and air ducts. Location In correlation with: a garden (ideal 'covered pool' open-air) and shallow feet-washing troughs: b master bedr (with pa bathr perhaps to be used for showering); c living rm: allocate 10 m2 of plant rm for boiler. Auxiliary areas for rest, galley, bar, massage, keep-fit apparatus, sauna —epi 17, hot whirlpool (massage at 40°C). Equipment Mech eqp and installations: water treatment with filter plant, steriliser dosing system, splash water trap (approx 3 m3), water softner (from) water hardness 7° dH), athlete's foot spray (particularly if floor carpeted round pool); ventilation system with either fresh air or secondary air —*(7) with ducts in ceiling and in floor, or simple ventilation box and extractor (air flow not too fast, otherwise risk of draught); heating by radiators, convector heaters or warm-air heating, combined with airconditioning, possibly solar collector system. Underfloor heating as extra comfort: only practicable with floor insulation k greater than 0.7 and surface temp less than 29°C. Energy saving by means of heat pump (cost depends on that of current) or heat recovery heat-exchanger in air-conditioning plant, or by covering pool (roller blind or covering stage), or by raising air temp in between use (temp regulation by aquastat). Effective saving of 30% total heating requirement. Other installation and eqp: starting block, underwater light (as safety element), reverse current installation, chute, solarium; diving boards require appropriate pool depth, and height of pool house. Sound protection (sound-absorbent roof, noise-damping with air-conditioning plant (white sound), protection against structure-borne sound in pool basin itself). Technical specifications In principle only corrosion-proof materials: pot-galvanised (hot dip) steel, corrosion-proof aluminium, no plaster, timber open-pore glazed. Heat insulation km, max 0.73 kcal/m2hr k. standard standard i hal w mm max centre 122 12.2 550 61 177 177 800 88 244 244 1100 100 323 323 1450 122 330 330 1620 12.2 427 33.0 2620 15.2 533 1280 2620 20.0 70—j- I I a reiativeairh 50 20_LI 10-b —10 0+10+20 +30+40 air & water temp reiative air hum water %t 60% I 70% temp air temp in use 2WCI26C 2RC 3Ci 28'C temp difference .4K water/air not to be maintained tor any length of time I cD 2 Specificvolumeof evaporation in covered pool (g/m3h) in state of rest (A) & with max use (M) i— 2 500 —l ___I 6 counter-current system 4 Smallest size pool surround 400 1250 I- t5O § heavy splashing 1000 2000 § tor window cleaning 1 +— 8000 ——-4 625 5 Standard dimensions of covered pool 6 Distance from point of origin I suspended ceihng —l circulating air 1 2 3 pool 4 :u5t mixing reguiator pump 1 mixing chamber 2 air intake 3 heat exchanger 4 air eutractor circulating air I exhaust hash air Ilair rçr to pool regulator condenser water I mixing chamber 2 air intake 3 heat exchanger 4 air extractor 9 Layout of ventilation plant 10 Air structure with air compressor, pliant multi-layered canopy & air lock 1 stress-relief design 2 cable system 3 skylight top view showing double cable system 4 anchor system 5 lighting system 6 HVAC systems 7 inflation systems 8 airlock 9 revolving doors 10 emergency doors 11 transparent plastics windows

116 Habitat Private indoor pools Pool basins mainly reinforced concrete, in separate layers. Expansion ioints not necessary with lengths under 12 m. Important: ground-water equalising valve essential to prevent damage to basin. Lining: ceramic, glass mosaic or paint on single layer of waterproof concrete or polyester, pvc film mm 1 .5 thick as sealing. Include in design skimmer or preferably overflow gully, bottom inlet, counter-current system, underwater floodlight, and build in with sealing flanges. Plastics pool basins, because of below level floor access surround, only possible in exceptional circumstances or with special structural reinforcement. Floor lining: ceramic material or stone (must slope for water to run oft): recently also water permeable carpet (so saving need for sound-absorbent covering). Provide for keeping out water from underneath lining and for sprays against athlete's foot. Floor heating pleasant addition but not essential. Walls: surface lining material must be damp-resistant and unaffected by splashing. Air conditioning essential. Hotel swimming pools: basin of 60 m2 normally sufficient. Exceptions: irregular periods of use, winter sports hotels. Important: generous rest area, deck chairs, holiday atmosphere, bar, keep-fit apparatus, sauna, direct communication between hotel rm and pool bldg (elevator or separate staircase); not many changing cubicles needed but clothes lockers with same locks as hotel bedr. Bath attendant usually required. Extension of use throughout summer by means of additional open-air pool and connecting channel for swimmers (sun bathing lawns). Indoor pools also —p329—32; changing rm —÷p335—6 mm recommend ar ratio 25 I 2.0 0 15 10 0.5 0 93 1á6 279 372 465 558 6O 73 86 99 ld2t) 1 15 ar of pool in') Ratio of deck space to pool area for indoor & outdoor pools 3 a supporting framework of double metal arches spans 18—36 m rising to 7.4—1 2.3 m; pliant multi-layered canopy provides tension-stressed structure b square domed structure with supporting framework of 4 metal 1/2 -arch sections arranged 6.0—25.0 rn/side; canopy of tension-stressed pliant muttilayered membrane mar deck ar (ratio) ir (ar of pool) 1 Pool rooted over with alurniniurn framed acrylic plastIcs dome 4 2 Wood framed pool enclosure with h at centre for diving 5 Layout for covered pool

Habitat 117 Saunas Sauna more than body bath: for many also method of mental cleansing. In Finland 1 sauna/6 P; used 1/week. Bathing process: alternate application of hot and cold air, sweating in Z dry hot air, hot clean gusts of water vapour at 5—7 minute intervals by pou ring on 1/4 I water. Can be supplemented wfth intermediate application of cold water, followed by massage and rest. Construction: usually blocks or timber: good heat insulation necessary for enclosing walls since heat difference between inside and outside can often be more than 1000 in winter. Bathing area small as possible, 16 m2 2500 high. Dark wooden lining to reduce heat radiation on ceiling and walls or solid wooden walls of soft wood, except for stove area. Plank beds of lattice (air circulation) at various heights for comfortable sitting and lying, top bed approx 1 000 below ceiling. Plank beds demountable for cleaning, floors of gripping material, no wood frames. Smoke sauna: layered stones heated to high temp by wood fire, smoke being sparingly drawn off through open door. When stones glowing fire removed, remaining smoke driven off by water and door closed. After short time sauna 'ripe' for bathing. Good smell of smoked wood and reliable vapour quality. 50% traditional Finnish saunas built this way. Fumigating sauna: after heating with smoke removal, 'heated inwards' when stove bricks heated to about 500°C. Combustible gases burn out completely without causing soot. Stove doors then closed even if still flames in grate. Temp quickly rises by 10—20°C. Last carbon fog removed before bathing by quickly opening door etc and ladle of water splashed over stones. Chimney sauna: brick stove clad in jacket of stone or tin sheet which guides smoke and gases to chimney. Heating by tire door to bathr or lobby. When stones hot fire door closed and upper air flap in stove jacket opened when required to let out hot air or pour water on stones. City sauna: with special el heater; heat regulation of el heated stones with press button. Tenip: at ceiling 95°C dropping by 60°C down to floor. Relative humidity: 5% or 10% at 90° or 80°C: 100—120°C also possible if sufficiently low air hum. Sweat then evaporates immediately. Shower or water rm: where possible separated for initial washing and water cooling, 1 1/2—twice size of sauna area, without wood if possible. Hip bath worth while 1000 x 1000, 1100 deep. Air bath: for breathing in cool fresh air to balance hot air, cooling of body. Protect against peeping. Shower, spray and cold water basin desirable. If no open air bath possible, then well ventilated area. Changing: open rm or cabins, twice as many as visitors at peak times (public sauna) —p338. Rest rm: rest benches for half guests in sauna area, remote from functional area. 3 Largersaunawith lobby 1, changing mi 2, bathrplatform 3, with stove4, & Massage rm: allow for 30 persons, 2 massage points (public sauna). massage mi with water boiler 5 massage bench 6, water basin 7 Details construction & eqp public sauna —+p338 _______________________________________________________ Garden references: 4 Sauna with bathr 1, massage & washr 2, changing rrn 3, veranda 4, wood .—oBibliography entries 002 021 032 066 087 155 161166 167 171 263 sto 5, cpd 6, bath stove 7, water boiler 8, & water supply 9 264320376410411 430 431 466 482 550 562 563 1300 1 Sauna with lobby 1 ,changing rrn 2, bathr3, benches 4—op338(4—7), water tank 5, bath stove 6 2 Sauna with lobby between bathr 1—6, & changing mi 7

118 Community Schools PRINCIPLES Since each country has its own tradition of school provision, governed by educational and economic circumstances, not possible give universally applicable data for school design. Information given largely derived from experience in England and Wales, but presented so far as possible in terms of widely applicable principles. These apply both to new schools and to adaptation of existing ones, to industrial and to traditional methods of construction. In last generation school planning has evolved in response to changing teaching methods and school organisation. Curricula have become increasingly diversified to meet needs of individual pupils; whole educational process more active and interrelated between its many aspects. Classrm and independent special subject rm no longer sole ingredients school design, particularly for younger and middle age ranges. Age ranges for which schools designed vary widely in different countries: compulsory schooling may start at 5,6 or 7 years, and end at 12 up to 16 years, with correspondingly different interpretations of pre-school, primary and secondary stages. These can usefully be studied in 3 age ranges: younger, approx 3—8 years; middle, approx 8—13 years; older, approx 13—18 years. Regulations For UK DES reg (—vBib2l3) lay down mm standards for playing fields, sites, sanitary fittings and prescribe provision of suitable accn for changing rm, do, lavatories, meals, med, staff. Reg are supplemented by advisory publications. In USA refer to state and local codes. Schoolfurniture—vpl 19130—3 Boarding schools —+pl 27—8 YOUNGER AGE RANGE: NURSERY LEVEL lose 2 sandpit 3 high 4 low 5 ladder 6 house 7 stO 8 cupressus 9 mound 10 swing 11 shoe 12 frame 13 weepingash 14 pots 15 roses shed piano milk coats display hatch sty med music tOP handicapped my willow birds water climbing steps seats 4frotectiorr — — protection I Planning ingredients: under fives 1 table work: eq using mateiisls & ob$cta not making much mess 2 ring: eq bane play, camping, shops, hospitals 3 music: eq eaploring sounds indledusty, singing & dancing together 4 messy: eq using clay, water, sand 5 quiet work: eq looking at books, writing, resting. story teting 6 moving: eq climbing, swinging, p.inpng, rolling 7 construction: eq building with blocks, small & large scale, undertakings such as engines, boats, houses unila0 screen: [F5I itablework eaplsy[J. eqtableslorsitling' tr le frolleYtey and standing round tray cart -' localsto&display - - v?s 2 fJscmen acting bench she8 n— eq screens : t boaea local 'properties' clothes trolley 3 music rostra eq display genemL-,.10 localsto service indhoduals large trolls'1' & smell groups tables - e'Ling work to bin wcekaurtscea-' fight benches sk easels local sto sand/water trolley to veranda For pupils of pre-school age, in nursery schools and kindergartens, learning process combines work and play. For main ingredients ot planning, both for indoors and outdoors (which should be connected by covered areas to provide shade and shelter) —v(1). 5 quiet eq bench seats easy cltair low display shelves low cpd book troeey bed n 6 moving climbing eq clear space hieght suspension front ceiling 7 construction eqlocallowsto rostra & cubes bldg blocks bench C ct5jlow nO rostm cpd °bo ri Cfl\ stacking trolleys b1 sand/cubes 0 48 ' waler bert, trolley 2 Activity zones: younger children L., 1r iF — ' 8 7 3 -t t6 boat 17 coveredar 18 roses 19 up 20 cotoneaster 21 tltorn 22 radio etc 23sk 24 tym 25 pets 26 roses 27 tlaps 28 waler 29 screen 30 logs 3 Nursery unit on site of associated primary school, built in 1972 for 60th from 3—5 years with 2 qualified teachers & 3 assistants: 30 full time, 30 mornings only, 30 aftemoons (ie goon roll); play ar, carpeted/tiled, open to veranda leading to walled play court with views out but enclosed for safety 31 20P 32 raisedarsto under 33 paints 34 send 35 tolding house 36 send 37 tlaps 38 20P 39 books 40 rootlight 41 staff 42 torsythia 43 mbbish 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 St 52 53 54 55 56 57

NURSERY LEVEL Community 119 Schools Work and play of very young children can be divided roughly into about 7 categories —(2). Indoors definition of zones mainly by arrangement of furniture, but appropriate surfaces important eg for messy work (clay, water etc) and for quiet work. Height also important for moving and climbing. Pre-school accn may be found as unit of school —e(3) or as separate nursery school —t.(4). EARLY SCHOOL In earliest years of compulsory school definition of spaces probably relies more on architectural planning: can be considered in 3 categories: ingredients of local centres, shared areas indoors, shared areas outdoors. Design of outside as place for work and play continues important —+(1). Working groups vary considerably in size and may change from hour to hour as pattern of work changes. Ingredients of 'local centres' can be assembled into centres of varying sizes and types according size and age range of school —e(2): homebase, space for all pupils for whom 1 teacher responsible to be together, not necessarily at tables and chairs; enclosed rm for quiet concentration or noisy activity such as music-making; particular bays where special eqp, eg sink or cooker, can be installed and independent projects can be pursued with continuity by small groups; general work area, uncommitted space in which furniture can be arranged respond different needs; covered work area, to extend range of work by providing sheltered transition between inside and outside. Change from standard classr planning to planning in terms of centres can be seen in adaptation of older school —e(3)(4) and one designed on new principles —api 20(1 ab). 2 Diagrammatic examples of local centres each for 2 teachers working in collaboration: H home base, P particular bay, G general work, E enclosed rm, V covered work ar 4 Detail of centre B from (3); furniture & fixtures have been arranged give adapted bldg greater flexiblity ingredients of local centres shared ar outdoors j school site L schoolbldg i horse base school neighbourhood F L— parhcular bays 00000 garden I 7' i1 [_c:? general work ar grass y ar B enclosed LJ hard play ar — EE - covered work ar I Ohht& adventure & discovery Younger age range ar 01 work ULEJT E IHiI 1 r1JflLEJflLfl [H II UL;1! Hj HjII1 FE1 L[1I1 rEl orgin plan 1931 classr 23 45678 girls boys 0 5m 168 1 home base 1 12 sto 23 pe store 32 pampas grass small group rm 13 vinyl floor 24 display on 33 display of 2 Sb 14 trays corrugated bottles etc 3 cot 15 rostra 25 plants 34 climbing Irarne 4 5 6 bin blocks up 16 t7 SI homebase2. small group rm 26 27 28 displayshelves picture models 35 displayof gardentools& plants 7 8 costs plants 18 19 shelves ck 29 30 rug recordplayer& 36 37 piano drums 9 10 11 cpd books racks 20 2t 22 sand birisunder book display 31 cabinet recordplxyer& speaker 38 39 40 xylophone screen 0 5 10 15 20 m 16 32, 48 64 ft 3 Conversion in 1976 of 1931 school built to standard classr planning; as reorganised there are 3 centres for 60 P & teachers, with corr furnished as additional work, reference & display space; ha & drshown hatched are shared by all, nursery unit added

120 Community Schools RURAL SCHOOLS in primary school design —*(2): inclusion of nursery unit as integral part of design yet with degree of independence; contribution of money (and therefore space) from sources outside education service (here about 1/3 Modemisation of rural schools has received widespread attention because of total cost) so as to offer wider social service, both for school and for many of smallest have fallen behind standards of their newer suburban adult community, than could be provided independently. counterparts, being economically hard to sustain. For 2 general trends —'Bib2l 5 AREAS NET 8560Cm2 5—7yr 3.56m2/Pat24OP 4.53rn2/Pat 189P 3—Syr 163.62rn2 2.73 m2fP at 60 p WORKING 612.66 m2 (72% ot net area) 5—7yr 2.55rn2/Pat24OP 3 24 rn2/P at 189 P 3—Syr 140.0Cm2 230 rn2/P at 6CR key 1 2 centre C mc analysis of ar 3 4 cia base2 teathrig 72.3% —.. Ia 2.55 m2/P at 240 P 5 6 stO k teacttingsto 1.9 7 ha Psto&aan 5.7 8 9 10 it 12 13 14 15 16 17 base3 basel head books stall cafe centre B narsery LIlY centreA k amiki ersetc circulation totalar 7.4 6.9 16 42 100.0% is3.56rn2/Pat24OP a key 1 aeranda 2 practical 3 wc 4 base 10 F 301t 5 sk 5 sb 7 do 8 group rm 9 court 10 ha 11 12 13 14 lb 16 k head books cate stall sty lo I a Diagram b plan of infants & nursery school opened in 1979 for 240 P 5—7 years with nursery unit for 60; 3 centres, A & B each for up to 70 P with 2 teachers, C for up to 100 P with 3 teachers; hatched ar shared by all P of 5—7 2 In a Welsh country disrict 5 schools within radius about 2.5 1cm, with total enrolment99P,replacedl9l6byl newschoolforl2ochof3—11 years,with 2 local centres each for up to 50 P & 2 teachers & nursery unit; outside: pre-school garden, play ar, football pitch & illuminated hard-surfaced games ar for youth clubs & adults 9 9 torn t 3015 key 7 sb 16 birch trees 8 sk 17 homebase2 9 shared rm 18 home base 1 1 mc & cia 10 cleresiory 19 ptr 2 home base 3 11 to playground 20 meeting rm 3 harnebase4 12 ramp 2t parm 4 ha 13 bins 22 to play garden 5 aerasda 14 k 23 cherry trees 6 tanks seer sb 15 med 24 las & sho

Community 121 Schools MIDDLE AGE RANGE In middle age range, as curriculum becomes more diversified, work in local centres increasingly supplemented by work in ofher spaces shared by everyone, indoors and outdoors, where scope of work can develop and deepen—v(1). Designs for such division of work shown by 2 schools —*(2)(3)(4), each of which has centres grouped round common areas (hatched). local centre shared ar indoors shared ar outdoors ..,. cj achoolsite L 5OOlb1d supplementary crafts & science school nieghbourttood P H H - i H H 10 v •! supplementary drama&pe ,graaaplayar P H/E HI fllV"I FJJ [ HH4 sapplementary manic hardplayar , fl t 1[J H homebsae P particolar bay 0 E v general work ar oaedmt coveredwodran [ // < b5OW1is rurel science . ODC)C' bad studies I Diagram of ar of work ror middle age range schools Middle age range school with 4 centres & ar of common use (hafched); more detailed plan of centre ar is shown 3 4 Diagram of organisation & furnished plan of school for 420 P of 9—13 years opened with 4 centres for approx 105 P, supervised by3teachers (other teachers being also involved in their work) teaching teaching sIn Palo & san admun hollers etc circulation total ares 64.6% re2.63m2/Pet400P 100.0% 1e4.07m'/Pat400P keyplan centred tlP3Pm centre 'ii 326496 ft c Es red. by flahared Lcentmj A by 4centrea 0 24 6 8m 6. 1 .,i court _6 l2,l8 24 ft I .c ,j1'arsharedby ickn14j 1 'In [ U] centresA&B jf . nh paved ' I i r' plan ot censte It tA JIJt ba 175 74rn2 1 79m2/Pat loop bane3 baae2 teaching teaching sIn dining Palo & san admin circulation total ar analysis of ar ar/P (at 420 P) 5.8n91 atm2 netar-j worldngar total ar 2438 n,2( t3tOm2 shared year 1 net ar . working ar cettr I s— studio worlrehop

122 Community Schools MIDDLE AGE RANGE Local centres not always planned as detined spaces. Another practice is to provide flexibility by means of uniform space sub-divisible by screens and panels, rather than variety of spaces for different kinds of work and grouping of pupils. These 2 approaches, to flexibility and to variety, represent 2 distinct trends in current school planning. —e(i) shows shared working areas designed in terms of rm for specific subiects (as in conventional secondary school) and therefore do not imply integrated curriculum as implied in shared areas described —xp121(3)(4). —n(2) shows middle range associated with older range schooling in secondary school enlarged to comprehensive —eblock plan. 'Lower school' and 'upper school' share some areas such as pe, large scale music and drama, and dining. block plan extension for lower school 1 science 2 crafts 3 centre 120 P 2nd year 4 centre9oP2ndyear ft to pe, dining & upper school e med 7 head 8 qsietrm 9 centrel2oPlstyear ID cenlrn9oPlstyear it dr 12 swimming pool 13 sk 14 ck lb homecrahs 16 workshcrpcrahu 17 projects 18 prep 19 sb 20 biology 21 gids 22 boys 23 projects in centre 24 greenhouse 28 court 26 staff 27 ueranda 28 lrsiieys Icarlul 29 sb bays 30 bookcases 31 qsietrm 32 audio-xisaal aids 0 30 60 9Gm 98 187 2955 analysis star ar/P (of 360 P( 762 m2 4.18w2 5315% of total tolal ar working ar shared work ar 0 10 20 3Cm 32 66 986 total ar 2972 In2 159Gm2 42—43% shared 241 m2med &dental — total ar j working ar 23 /'t'/ shared wow books resources 0 6 12m 19 3911 N IfLa_J 23 h5_ t—--''?( _l )-?. 26 fi-t _ - . '- - Lj27 i_i-c — E : 28 r — — /— — L 1k30 29 29 0 3 6 9 12w 9 19 29 39h 1 plant 11 do & wc 11—13 year 22 mssic 2 stage upper part 12 centre 120 P 9—11 year 23 mum entrance 3 gym spper part 280 58 m2. 2.34 m'/P 24 med 4 centre 120 p 7—9 year 13 do & wc 7—9 year 2b dental 282.12 m2,235 m2/P, 20P6—7year434t -n2. 14 lb clo&wc6—7year clo&wcg—ll year 26 27 admin wsrkrm 2.17 m2/P 16 changing & shu 28 staff 5 hlms 17 stage 29 head 6 7 student coanol rm 510 tO 19 gym k 30 31 secretary off 8 9 lib sIx 20 21 humecralts wuod/metal/cluy 32 33 meeting rm sb & uheltnr 10 panels 32 1 Norwegian school with 3 local centres sub-divided for different acttvities by screens & panels 2 Existing secondary school In Nottlnghamshlre England extended in 1971 to become comprehensive by adding 'lowerschool' (block plan) designed with 4 centres (key plan) & shared work ar; dining, pe & other arge school activities shared with 'upper school'

Community 123 Schools OLDER AGE RANGE Designing for older age range more complex and less certain: educational policies at this stage increasingly affected by political attitudes, exam policies and demands ot higher education and of adult society generally. Because of large numbers in schools and diversity and choices within curriculum, social organisation has to be considered more specifically within complicated pattern of time-tabling and accn. —n(1) attempts bring into focus 3 essential elements: numbers, work and social organisation, taking as example 1 specific enrolment of 1 035 pupils aged 11—18 years, with annual entry of 180 pupils and 135 students of 16—18 staying on after mm school leaving age. Characteristic principle affecfing planning ot schools for this older age range: work areas likely to be shared by all or most pupils, who move from 1 part of school to anofher according to their particular courses of work. Number of subjects and relative provision made for each depend 21 WI 4 5 on objectives of individual schools: some have predominance of academic provision, others of provision for scientific and engineering work, and so on. But many schools hope achieve certain balance, with wide range of choices—.x(2): usually common curriculum in lower years; preparation for examinations in middle years; diversification into many different courses in last few. —x(3) presents organisation of 3 schools, with 7 years age span horizontally, and numbers, work and social organisation vertically. Different stages also reflected in social organisation: in examples 1 and 3 some accn for work and for social bases exclusively for first and second year pupils; some planned mainly for third to seventh year pupils; and some (eg library) to be shared by whole school. In example 2 (largest enrolment) organisation, and consequently planning, divides school into 3 separate entities, except for workshop crafts and pe for which accn shared by everyone. diversilying curricuia examples: grouping of work ar association xl ciosely reiated subjects art & crafts maths hornecralts sciences workshop crafts engiish reiigious education ianguages sociui studies work ar shared by all religious education history geography lib languages homecrafts music drama english workshop crafts sciences maths arts & crafts pa subjects grouped & modified in many different ways drama music religious education 1 530P11—l8yrs subiects grouped in centres ot mixed interest science art & crafts homecrafts books & study sports gym theatre science art & crafts maths books & study drama enghnll music art & crafts years 1 Older age range: school organisation 2 Older age: range of choices social studies economics reiigious educatrsr commerce books & study engiish ianguages books S study 1 400P 11—lByr 1 - numbers sociai -J 360P MOP lOOP ti—l3 yr = 13—16 yr 16—18 yr I I = 1 - ining S sociai bases 1 dining common Sn - snacks —J— ret educ history geography english maths = = study ret educ history geography engiish lib iariguages workshop crafts I Ill years IJ 2 i__-L4 ll 617 ii 480P 11—13 yr 720P 240P 13—lSyr 16—l8yr homecratts art & crafts social basel numbers -J sciences maths years 567 720P 720P 560P 11—l3yr = 13—l5yr 15—.lByr I I sociai base sociai base sociai base dining dining dining F rei educ history geography Sb languages homecrafts music drama english sciences maths arilcrafts I workshop crafts ye 1 numbers -J social -J wc 5 social bases dub dining sorsal repeat repeal music drama pie ii— study iariguages enghsh 211 I I II rei educ history geography history maths study workshop crafts sciences maths ' study hornecrafts sciences artJcraftu music ' drama enghsh art & crafts - ml educ history geography draTia english sciences maths articralt lib & pubhC Sb PC 1 OOP11—l8yr example 1 3 Older range: examples of school orgartisation wC rk 1 2000P 11—l8yi example 2 1 440P11—l8yr example 3

124 Community Schools OLDER AGE RANGE —.(1 )(2) illustrate diagrammatic grouping of subjects in centres of mixed interests —p1 23(2)(3). 1 Mixed centre for humanities in Berkshire England comprehensive school for2l 2 P of 13—18 years, designed to provide working arfor all P in this group for history, geography, religion & philosophy, economic & social sciences; also provision for some to work on English, mathematics & commercial subjects 2 Centre in same Berkshire England school for music, drama, art & light crafts, needlework & associated studies in English, with practice rm, listening booths & other arfor individual work; designed for about 158 P to work there at 1 time & for 80 of 16—18 years to have social base there 15-18 yr club (1st) k, Sr. youth (ground) drama, music - languages english & english )grcund) art & craft humanites hb & admun (ground) csf' (1st) admin staff, teachers centre (1 5t)i11 ha & pe science home econorniuca physics, art & craft maths & tawer school [] Li WdmShO) )11—l3yr) crafts 0 2040 60 80 m (1 3 6 9 m 61126 ft 9 1 27 ft 0 3 6 9 18 2'7 orchestra mi mur mur 6 practice rm sf0 13.0 shared listening 13.37 stu 327

Community 125 Schools teaching 65.2% ie7.2m/pal6OOP teaching sto 5.8 dining 34 k 23 Psto&san 7.5 admin 6.2 heating 1.3 circulation 6.3 totalar 100.0% I .c'bUs\ / parking hardplayc. k sportsha pitch hard play pitch 0 30 60 90 120 m 90180270360 ft 1 & 2 High school in Lancashire England opened 1978 for 600 P from 11—16 years: designed by grouping subjects to lessen pressure of size on individual & small group OLDER AGE RANGE 1 aim in design of most schools for older age range mitigate institutional influences of size by finding ways in which individual and small group may retain sense of identity in large community. —(i )(2) show solution to this problem with school in 8 independent blocks, 7 of which (Ic excluding largest, namely sports hall) planned as street community'. These, with 1 and 2 floors, linked by a gated wall and by sharing similar bldg materials but retain independence by shape, size and detail. 1\ cIass/'5g 4%J ,Iaudio/ geog$ ' tib 7 visual • -ra I social - I '?% c;/ / - tSetTDndart . 'ami fZ7 fi1/ spods ha analysis of ar chemistry sem'tutor thology -mar languages ssocia)/ social do classr jd maths void / / 9 16 I 27 36 m 30 f0 90 1205

126 Community Schools SYSTEM BUILDING —13 I22 4- design/scienCe 11 tower school '—' 28 540P 30 J 11—l3yr — 2 1 I I l39 85 J .,,,,,,,,, 37 TTs I_-._l L_.musichal5balwo 0 5 1015m J 01530458 . j38 key 1 sports, pe 11 sto 25 k 39 optics 55 technical school & 12 activities 26 off 40 preparation drawing community space 27 pottery 41 seminar 56 med 2 theatre 13 up 28 wood 42 lectures 57 mothercare 3 admin 14 squash 29 engineenng 43 stu 58 textiles 4 fib 15 sports ha 30 crafts 44 classr 59 painting 5 design! 16 gyro, 31 kiln 45 history 60 printing science badminton 32 head 46 practical 61 languages 6 liberal 17 meters 33 scalpture 47 lounge 62 english studies 18 el 34 prolects 48 gallery 63 house rrn 7 music 19 lau 35 forge 49 dr 64 do school 20 fuel 36 metal 50 needlework 65 staff 8 lowerschool 21 boilers 37 advanced 51 fabrics 66 careers 9 warden 22 foyer science 52 social 67 lib work rm 10 teachers 23 changing 38 general 53 void 68 geography centre 24 yard science 54 home crafts 1 2 In this Nottinghamshire England school built on an industrial system lower school (block plan only) is for 540 P of 11—13 years, main school opened 1973 for 990 P of 13—18 years; central core for admin, dining, theatre, lib leads to 3 main 2-floor blocks; arts, crafts & sciences (design/science separate 1 -floor bldg) Industrial systems used build many schools: best offer sufficient flexibility in both plan and section meet educational needs all types schools, with quality that rates them first class permanent bldg. —s(1 )(2) show school huilt using such system (CLASP), also used —upl2O(1)(2). Financial contribution from non-educational sources made possible extended provision for sport available both to school and to community —epi 20(2). —xBib200 REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS Increasing diversity educational needs in 16—19 year age range encourages development separate institutions serve several schools in region. Some sited in association with 11—16 year school; some with college of further education —.y(3); some independent. At St Austell England —v(3) provision of pe available in nearby borough sports centre. 6th form college and nearby college of further education share some teaching accn for linked courses. Generous provision for individual study both in library and elsewhere; this, together with small rm for seminars and tutorial work, of considerable importance for this age group. 3 St Austell England 6th form college, opened 1973 for 460 P 16—19 years, has dept for humanities (including drama), music, science & mathematics, social studies, & art & design centre, all related to ha, drama studio, lib & social centre key privatestu 13 prolection 25 wc 39 tutorials 50 lecturerm gallery 14 private stu 26 computer 40 humanities 51 ha lib 15 religious 27 division rm 41 languages 52 drarnastudio 3 careers education 28 preparation 42 seminars & 53 optics 4 seminar 16 ha 29 chemistry headsof 54 science 5 social 17 off 30 mathematics dept preparation 6 7 studies 18 head 31 boilers 43 forge geography 19 head seminar 32 design off 44 studio geology dept 33 timber 45 wOod 55 56 57 biology physics students 8 history 20 balance rm 34 art & design 46 textiles social ar 9 control 21 lab 35 do 47 metal 58 music 10 rest rm 22 work rio 36 el 48 pottery 59 tutor 11 deputy head 23 staff common 37 seminar off 49 science 60 k 12 gallery 24 tel rm 38 english prolects analysis of ar teaching 63.0% teing sf0 2.9 airing 33 k 27 Psto&san 7.1 athrin 6.1 circufation 12.9 totalar 1000% ie 7.9 ma/P at ggp or 9_ 120 ft drcutafion kdchen adenn 12.2% 05% 10.6% P less, coats, -. ajEn°ar n ng 234 8 1415 21 28 21 30 9 6 12m 20 40ff

Community 127 Boarding schools Size varies from 50 to over 1 000 boarding pupils. Proportion of day to boarding pupils also varies; many schools take only boarders. Few new boarding schools built recently but many extended, with new uses found for existing bldg. As school will be home' for two-thirds year aim for homely and relaxing ambience, allowing pupils develop own personalities and community spirit. SITE LAYOUT Requirements differ according to various factors: size of school, age groups to be provided for, integration or separation of living quarters from other school bldg, location, climate, inclusion of day pupils, education programme to be provided. Design easy, quick access between bldg (in hostile climates protected); living, dining, recreational areas close together. In larger schools separate living quarters preferred, with communal dining. Integrated accn more suited to small schools with niulti-use rm. Urban sites generally call for higher densities and multi-storey bldg, sharing amenities with community and using town services. On rural site school usually has to be self-sufficient, only classr and living quarters being multi-storey. Boarding schools with many day pupils have living quarters integrated with other bldg. Larger schools require and can afford more and better provision for recreation, hobbies and cultural pursuits. ACCOMMODATION Sleeping Preferable face E; separate rm for each sex over age 8; preferred same age group to each dormitory. Open dormitory more usual in preparatory and junior schools (not in USA), uncommon in senior. 5 m for first 2 beds, 4.2 m2 each additional bed; 900 between beds. 6—12 beds normal but up to 20 can be accepted. Dormitory cubicles each to have window 5 m. Separate bedroom 6 m2, preferably 9 m2; USA mm 8.4 m2,preferred 10.2 m2. Beds should not be arranged in tiers. Sto for each pupil's personal belongings and clothes beside each bed. Spaces to be adequately ventilated. Stu/bedr—*p140. Sanitary To be dispersed throughout bldg, accessible from sleeping quarters. 1 sho or buG P (50% baths) 1 hb/3 Pup to 60 pupils then 1 hb/4 P for next 40 and 1 hb/each further 5: space 1 m2/P 1 wc/5 P If day pupils' lay nearby requirements may be reduced. USA: for details refer applicable codes and standards. Sick rooms In small schools placed near matron next to general sleeping quarters. In large schools can be in separate bldg with doctors and nurses quarters and dental suite. Provide separately for boys and girls. 1 sick rm/20 P. Allow 7.4 ma/bed with 1 800 between any 2 beds. Provide adequate rm ventilation. Provide adequate separate sanitary accn for sick rm; separate isolation rm where pupils exceed 40; sufficient accn for nursing staff. USA: for details refer applicable codes and standards. Staff Degree of supervision of pupils by staff depends on system adopted. Many schools divide pupils into houses, each with resident house master (often married), junior teacher(s) and matron; ancillary staff sometimes also accommodated. Some staff live in separate quarters. Married teachers need living rm and bedr each 18 m2, 3—4 smaller rm and kitchen each 11 m2, larder, wc, bathr, sto. Total each approx 80 m2. Larger areas normal in USA. Junior teachers need study 12 m2 near to day rm space, bedr 10 m2 near to pupils' sleeping accn, preferably bathr and sto. I Carmel College Wallingford England: 120 pupils aged 13—18, integrated accn a ground floor plan, b site plan Arch Hancock Hawkes a 894 b el I staff hockey pitch hockey C)jl c c) ____ _____ (81 0.1 ,—----- - 9 9 120m iàooooo it N

128 Community Boarding schools 1 Charterhouse School Godalming England: separate accn for 462 pupils in 7 houses each with house master & family living in a site plan b dining block (7 dr round central k) C house ground & first floor plans d house section; 1 dr 2 wash-up 3k 4 lob 5 lay 6 off 7 gas meters 8 bins 9 refrigeration 10 salad preparation 11 lift 12 pot wash l3staffdr l4sto l5pooI l6towerblock l7house7 l8house6 19 house master's k 20 house master's dr 21 house master's liv 22 house master's stu 23 lift 24 service ar 25 stair well 26 common rm 27 monitors' common rm 28 entrance ha 29 hobbies rm 30 bedr 31 bathr 32 liv 33k 34bedr 35tearm 36 boot rm 37 games rm 38 gar 39 boys' lay 40 hobbies rm 41 ter 42 day nursery 43 bedr 44 stu/bedr 45 bedr 46 press 47 elevator 48 stair well 49 flat roof 50 washr 51 washr Arch Sir Giles Scott Son & Partner ACCOMMODATION (cont) Day room Provide than 2.3 m2/P, preferably 4.5 m2. Should consist of common rm, library —spi 29, hobbies rm, quiet rm, games rm, radio and tv rm. Dining Centralised dining normal: 1, 2 or 3 sittings, depending on school policy. Space can be sub-divided to be more intimate and to Identify groups of pupils. In small schools space can be used for school assembly, concerts, drama productions. Allow 1 m2/P and adequate air space. Kitchen Allow 0.5 m2/P with cafeteria servery, unit serveries for groups of pupils or mobile serveries to tables. Ancillary Adequate sto for pupils' luggage, bedding, clothes and eqp; laundry, ironing rm, airing rm, sewing rm. Recreation Depends on size of school and nearness to sports grounds, baths etc. Provide access to grassed areas for ball games, swimming pool, gymnasium, running track etc; suitable space and eqp for drama, art, music, films, lectures, crafts, religious worship. Services Provide adequate and suitable air space and heat or cool and ventilate according to climate. Services may be centralised or individual to bldg —vp383—97. 2 St Pauls School London England: 700 pupils, 60 junior & 122 senior boarding pupils in separate accn a axonometric view b senior boarding house first floor plan c dining/k block plan: 500 seats serve 1200 2-course lunches in 3-queue cafeteria system Arch Fielden & Mawson 9 2,5 50 7,5100 8 160240 320 b a 4; .j servor boarding '-- River Thames m ft b stu I domiitOry matron stu bedr bedr bedr 1/ dr ! stu' I H bedr head prefect I stu Stu I dormitory bedr C junior boarders senerr boarders UULI r-'-1 LstodrylJ HEJ E meati _i_ sto J]IU1I11ffl k &hshl _L J J — goods _________________ servery IJiliLJJEI peparason I4 iiiiIOJt--' 1m men staff staffrm Jfl1 ]fltuckshop l boys covered way staff itchen staff I

MEDIA CENTRES Community 129 Schools —• sociIr -r Lb 1 at industrial -I = F I = -[arts l—sciene r]rno7LI •ii:i::Jti 1 {1 I==/' I I— 0011 I zjooo ___ 1 Middle school Westfield USA with media centre Arch McGuire & Shook Corp Growth in use of instructional materials other than those of traditional lib coupled with new emphasis on individual study has promoted concept of media or resource centre. Such aids as microfilm, audio cassettes and film need viewing rm and study carrels wired for special technical eqp. Added to lib service space needs become larger; staffing and work areas needed give effective support for classr teaching needs. Student use suggests variety working and study options. Mutli-purpose spaces equipped with movable or stacking chairs. Such centres include many of following: chairs of several types, including cushions or carpet risers tables carrels, many wired for eqp —.p1 77(3) staff desks & chairs special furniture: circulation desk, files, sto cabinets, display, photocopy reading, browsing, listening, viewing open access materials & stacks small group listening & viewing conference areas group work projects & instruction admin & work space eqpsto maintenance & repair dark rm professional collection for teaching staff magazine & newspaper sto including microfilm In larger school systems radio and tv studios and computerised learning resources may be included in centre. In some systems material may be distributed to several schools from 1 audio-visual sto centre. Since such centres designed in response student input, local community needs and state guidelines variety of solutions found. Typical plan relationships to teaching areas indicated —(1 )—(3). . . cJU chdd — - § . . 1 kindergarten I ] . . E I . 1 . T1 . 4 multi-purpose . . . dr . r - I iangJa I L] L min — media centre # k speech = 1 . . . . activity I FH* 1 TEE 3 Elementary school on 2 floors Neola Iowa USA has resource centre at each level Arch Dana Larson Roubal & Associates • ,J1_, N T I P I : T' I servlce i ____ ii r 1 I I l1rl11 0 6 12m 20 40 ft Elementary school Tampa Florida USA: media centre near language dept Arch Rowe Holmes Associates

130 Community Schools FURNITURE General factors Furniture governed by type ot teaching tor which provided and by size ot pupils. In recent years learning and teaching involved greater variety ot group sizes and wider range ot activities. More mobility in schools and closer association ot book work and practical work; both these attect design and distribution ot turniture. —*(1) shows common features which inhibit flexible use of tables and features which encourage efficient grouping and versatile use. Where tables required strictly for formal reading and writing work —v(2) gives relevant data; but increasingly these proportions giving way to double square shown for grouping purposes —v(1). Modern UK furniture range will consist of sitting and standing height working surfaces in close association and of many forms of mobile sto and display. (—nBlbl97 207 208). In USA typical work surface heights for educational use vary from 560— 790, although lower tables used for very young. Recommended work depth varies from 330 for youngest children to 460 for 15 year olds or older. Width of work area varies from 530 for youngest children to 760 for 15 year olds or older—e(3). Sto under work surface not recommended unless at side of knee space or work surface increased in depth. Toe space mm 610 tor older children, who need varying work heights depending on task: typing tables 670, work tables 735, sewing tables 790. Work height for handicapped in wheelchairs must be adapted to their needs —up86. Standing work surfaces for school age children should vary from 520— 915 at age 15. Older children may find range 860—965 desirable depending on height and task to be done. Sinks set lower, high counters higher (1015—1120). rectangular tables 610 14 *514 square table trapezoidal 1067 15241530 1Th4 t I 610 610*610* 1220 hail 762 ii 1524 round table table fr 560.565,610,635, 660, 675, 740 & 762 available with adlustable legs range 56010762 in 25 increments 3 USA table sizes $erf 4 USA chairs & desks a stacker b double entry study c tablet arm chair d lift lid table & chair e classr unit f desk with chair g classr typing table Ii desk j study carrels some features which limit use of tables proportion of top prevents neat rail presents grouping rç sdting place — bevelled edges at end of table prevent flat butt 5t0 & leg frame restrict sflsrig to spacing of legs 1 side of table less dianw of chair sane features wfticfi allow max use of tables clearance for 2 chaim —n between legs II ü '\,,clearancefor II t chair between legs sane eaarnples of table groups e 1rrD n \2iY Ihil EJEIJ trapezoidal 3 basic shapes dimensioned to group for general work J desirable conddions in tioing trials 55: 'ff0' sodc 100% 100% single double esercise 120 % satisfied book 260—520 sizet '60 120 100% tOO% single double " a of: mean subiects stature shoulder 300 % satished size yr m 300/520 size 2 "7 'jj 2 7 6 1280 '65' 130 ' 3 10 L L2. ...JfIt......J dc 100% 100% cingle double 480 % satished 340—580 size 3 '65' 130 100% D 100% single double 620 % satistied 380-640 size 4 r70 b 140 - 100% 100% single double 620— % satisfied 420—700 bze 5 2 UK table plan sizes

FURNITURE Community 131 Schools Stature data & distribution of furniture sizes Mobility of pupils in schools and high degree to which working accn shared make increasingly impractical assign chair and table to single pupil. Furniture shared by many: each chair and related table size must therefore be designed suit max stature range rather than for individual pupils. This in principle means simultaneous satisfaction of 7 fitting criteria shown —'(1), with clearance between top of chair seat and underside of table top. Though sto decreasingly provided at work place, if sited at any sifting working plane adequate leg room can only be ensured if zones indicated for ISO sizes 1—5 —s(2) free from obstruction. UK view is that distribution of furniture should be based on pupils' stature rather than on pupils' ages —'(3). Conversion of stature to age for U K school population in 1971 —'Bib207. Revised British standard specifications for pupils' chairs and tables (—'Bib134) comply with ISO standards (—'Bib407), sizes of which have therefore been shown. ISO standards do not apply in USA: view held that student sizes vary so much 1 rm may need more than 1 chair/table height. Dimensions based on USA research (—vBibS49)—v(4). HS 15 2085 815 735 1915 730 685 1765 665 635 1440 1374 1313 660 610 570 1215 1160 1108 Jr. HS 12 1880 705 665 1705 630 620 1545 560 565 1320 1250 1185 600 555 510 1100 1040 890 4th 9 1645 605 600 1510 555 550 1345 510 485 1175 1120 1040 535 495 435 975 925 880 2nd 7 1505 545 550 1370 510 495 1245 485 445 1080 1015 960 500 445 395 890 850 815 KOG 5 1330 500 480 1210 485 435 1085 425 390 970 915 865 430 385 345 815 770 720 upto ages hat ahe9 hO hb hH work topJ work dK table hL seat IM 15 1675 760 915 480 550 370 12 1485 685 795 420 590 340 9 1320 635 695 380 525 300 7 1220 585 635 355 480 275 5 1090 485 570 330 445 250 ages seat h N seat to backrestO into backresthP armrest seat w spacing A 0 basic tablew 5 15 405 150 175 445 380 760 12 370 145 160 420 370 710 9 325 135 140 355 330 610 7 290 130 130 330 305 610 5 265 120 125 305 280 535 A shod feet flat on floor B clearance between back of legs & front edge of seat C no press at front of seat between seating surface & thighs D clearance between thigh & underside of table for freedom of movement E elbows approx level with table top when upper arm vertical F firm support for back in lumber region & below shoulder blades 3 adequate clearance between back rest & seat to ensure free movement of buttocks P adopt many sitting postures but assessment of good fit is simultaneous satisfaction of above 7 criteria G 1 Fit of P to chair & table: UK data A ages ldgh tow reach legh reach eye reach reach dist- reach radite level A a anceco E - F size 1 size2 cv IIIT I sizes size 3 300 400 2 Mm leg clearance zones: UK data mm armrest 3 Statures of UK school population 4 USA dimensions relevant to school tumiture; HS = high school KDA = Kindergarten

132 Community Schools 3—5 yr max reach (for 96% of age range) stature eye teve 1155 sitting hi 885 ()j77s 780 \ 68O 610 iso size I 155o—f eye lend 1825 165 so 145 standing I 1245 working size poptiteus taneJ ethow S 180 an 150 size 2 elbow h 195 iso 155 s 9—11 yr max reach )for 96% of age range) stature eyeievet—, t I ii 525 425---*1 440 sittingh I 11245 eye tenet -i 11 135 Ii 145 1025 't005 1850_ so size 3 750J elbow I 210 standing mze_ an l60 410± wing l- — poptiteus plane max reach ((or 96% of age range) man reach (for 96% of age range) 10—t2 yr FURNITURE Dimensional data: sizes of pupils & furniture Dimensional data derived from anthropometric survey of UK school age populatIon in 1971 by Furniture Industry Research Association —n(1) Sitting planes those proposed in ISO Standard (—rBib4O7). Figures refer to ISO stzes 1—5. I UK dimensions for pupils' furniture max reach (for 96% of age range) 5-8 yr etbow S iso size 8—10 yr

Community 133 Schools 2 Lengths of pupils' coats FURNITURE Storage of pupils' belongings In schools for younger children with less movement about school trays and individual containers at workplace suitable. Coats and small bags can be hung on pegs locally. But greater movement of pupils in middle and older age ranges encourages widespread use of various kinds of bags in which books can be carried from 1 place of work to another. Central provision of lockers therefore of decreasing value since their dimensions and their location likely to be inconvenient. Provision of pegs and racks for bags associated with each work space becoming more convenient and more secure. For this dimensional data given —(1 )(2) relevant. Data prepared by Furniture Industry Research Association as part of survey of sto of pupils' personal belongings. In USA lockers —*(3) still standard for older children, if only for security. In-rm sto provided for children up to 12 years old. Basket racks also used —n(4). Schools references —+Bibliography entries 134 191192193194195 196197198199200201 202203204205207 208209210211 212213214215265267275 314446451 476 484 526 530 575 581 607 652 3 USA lockers a 1-tier b 3-tier c 6-tier d combination units 4 Basket rack; can be single row (d 305—335) or back-to-back 1 1—l6yeazs w weigft (kg) distitution ot bag type 150 _ 20, 250 34,. 350 450450 50 150.20, 250 h w 16—18 yealx 20, 250 350 40, 450 li weight (kg) 230—610 230 or305 305—460 II II 1 Size, weight & distribution of pupils' bags max 1605 = 5 x 305 baskets max 14806 x230baskets min965=3 x 305 baskets m1n740= 3x23obasketj mld call length coats (for coats hung from hoods allowance of 200-300 should be made) 23000 330 305 ioder basket only 5% of coats will be longer than shown basket rack

134 Community Colleges key I concourse 2 cocr 3 courtyard 4 lecture theatre 1 5 projection rm 6 plantrm 7 etevator 8 lecture theatre 2 9 sound production& vision 10 upperstudio 11 lecturetheatre3 12 lecturetheatre4 ;c:::- g. 2 Physics lecture theatre with double walling to reduce sound & vibration Technical University Darmstadt Germany a plan b section LECTURE ROOMS & THEATRES Utilisaflon of lecture rm and theatres traditionally low in relation to space requirements and capital cost; therefore consider designing flexibility to accommodate various functions. Such spaces could suit lectures, stage productions, demonstrations and cinema. Large theatre could be divisible to accommodate different audience sizes; similarly, with retractable seating system —spi 35, large lecture rm can be converted into assembly hall or gymnasium. Number and extent of such activities will also determine need for adjoining ancillary spaces such as preparation rm, proiector rm, workshops, changing rm, studios and sto. If policy to hire lecture theatre to outside organisations during vacations consider improved space standards and environmental conditions to satisfy more sophisticated requirements of business world. Mm ar/P: 0.46 m2 (based on moveable seats, armless 450 centre to centre) 0.6 m2 (fixed seats with arms at 500 centre to centre) Basic shape Shape of lecture theatre becomes more important as size and volume increase. Square flexible but fan shape preferred for larger theatres where plan form relates to adequate sight lines for audio-visual presentations, cinema etc —vp136. Consider rear projection —v(3); tv data pl36(l)—(3). Small capacity lecture rm up to approx 80 persons quite satisfactory with flat floor: larger halls require either ramped floor (max 1: 10) or stepped floor, dependent upon achieving adequate sight lines. Uniform change of eye level should be achieved at each seat row, mm being 60 and median 125. Theatre auditorium —vp35O 3 Rear projection of images for lecture ha: not so clear as front projection for large ha but more convenient for lecturer & allows higher light level in ha for note-taking I Lecture ha complex pre-clinical sciences bldg Southampton University England Arch John S Bonnington Partnership a b L

Community 135 Colleges LECTURE ROOMS: SEATING Seating types Categories: individual chairs capable of being linked together in rows, stacked and stored away, with or without arms, with or without writing tablets fixed seating of various degrees of comfort with or without tip-up seats, with or without arms —(1 )—(3) retractable seating systems capable of folding down on to tiered staging (which usually includes aisles), whole arrangement being retractable and stored in relatively small area flat auditorium floor capable of being used for other purposes —*(4). Flexible seating —p351 Seating mm dimensions Back to back distance between rows of seats (with tip-up seats) Width of seats, linked, without arms Width of seats with arms Unobstructed vertical space between seats SEATING ARRANGEMENTS Relate to function of hail or theatre: Lecture: audience should be able to see and hear lecturer. Where chalkboard or screens needed desirable viewing requirements affect seating plan. Increasing trend towards audience participation: implies students should be close as possible to lecturer. Can be achieved by U-shaped seating arrangement which reduces numberof rows required and also give saving in total area. Cinema: criteria for good viewing: Demonstration: will usually require steeply raked floor to ensure good viewing to top of demonstration benches. Relative cos of such auditoria with heavily serviced demonstration benches, preparation rm and like should be compared with costs of normal lecture rm equipped with closed circuit tv—*p136(1)—(3). Seating can be set round demonstration area in semi-circular formation if no requirement for chalkboards or screens, as with anatomy demonstration theatres. Sightlines —*pl 36349 Cinemas —p354—8 5 Section through orthodox lecture theatre h of screen 6w 6 Preferred viewing distances for cinema projection max horizontal viewing angle max vertical viewing angle critical angle of projector max viewing distance mm viewing distance 750 460 500 300 30° 35° 12° 6 x wof screen 2 x w of screen 840 min—f 25Oi1 In 2 Fixed seating with tip-up seats & writing shelf 3 Fixed seating with tip-up seats & retractable shelving 4 Basic principle of rectractable seating 7 Lecture theatre with demonstration table (surgical clinic)

136 Community Colleges LECTURE ROOMS: FIRE REGULATIONS Design of lecture rm or theatre must conform to safety reg, in particular fire and means of escape. Number of seats permissible in any row —.(4) dependent upon clear distance apart of rows (back to back dimension A), resultant clear section (dimension E measured between perpendiculars) and distance of seats from gangway (0 = w of seat). In turn clear width of gangways and number within hall must be related to number of persons to be accommodated. ACOUSTICS —*pl 8395—7 Just as Important hear distinctly as see clearly; lecture hall must be acoustically isolated from other noise sources. No internal acoustic treatment should be necessary for rm less than 300 m2 but as size and volume increases shape of hall becomes increasingly important. Design of ceiling as reflector of sound from original source important factor in achieving even distribution throughout hall. Design of wall surfaces and finishes also important consideration in either reflecting or absorbing sound according to their relationship to stage or dais. size of tvtube seat row spacing 900 1 300 1 550 425 650 425 350 475 675 450 375 520 850 562 462 570 875 575 475 595 962 620 520 h of tv image in relation to size of tube & seat row spacing 1 size of Iv tube seat row spacing 900 1 300 1 550 425 1650 1250 1125 475 1700 1300 1150 520 2125 1625 1459 570 2150 1650 1475 595 2400 1825 1625 2 Mm viewing distance from tv tube I I I / , \ S. ,.. — , —— av24m2 / — , / , , \ t — — — ' 3 Shape & square frontage of viewing ar for 520 receiver 4 a distance of seats from gangways b plan of seating without arms C seating with backs & arms d part of auditorium number of P accommodated on mm number of exits1 mm w each tier or floor 200 2 10502 300 2 1200 400 2 1350 500 2 1500 750 3 1500 1000 4 1500 5 Exit requirements a mm seatway (measured between perpendiculars) E max distance of seat from gangway (500 seats) F max number of 500 wide seats/row gangway gangway both sides 1 side 300 330 360 390 420 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 14 7 16 8 18 9 20 10 22 11 tE d 1 plus 1 additional exit of not less than 1 500 for each extra 250 P or part thereof 2 would not normally apply to exit corr or staircases serving auditorium of theatre

Community 137 Colleges SCHOOLS OF ART, DESIGN, DRAMA & MUSIC Scope and intensity of study in specialist art, design and drama subjects vary from college to college. Faculties likely include selection of: drawing & painting: fine art ceramics sculpture industrial design: engineering furniture & interior design theatre & television design graphics & related visual arts including photography silver & jewelry textile design both print & weave stained glass drama music Schedule of accn for each will generally include design studio, work and practice rm, technical workshops and admin off. Communal lecture theatre or assembly hall usable also as exhibition centre often required but display areas for both 2 and 3 dimensional work should also be provided throughout college. Design studios Should be next to appropriate workr or workshop; consider exclusion of noise and dust. Sto space for plan sheets, wardrobes or clothes lockers, reference books and models should be included together with eqp for copying drawings and documents, although such may be certtralised. Good lighting essential, both natural and artificial. Drawing studios —p1 39 Fine art studios Studios for painting and sculpture require large areas; must have good natural daylight with high level windows, equal to at least 25—33% Of floor area, with N or E aspect. Rooflights may provide ancillary light; all windows should be fitted with some form of daylight control. All surfaces should be durable and easy to clean. Workshops Siting will depend on type of work being done. Light work allied with graphics, silver and jewelry, photography and fashion may be placed on higher floor; metal, wood and plastics workshops where large machines may be installed best sited on ground or basement level. Good workshop layout must conform to work flow and safety -+p1 38(1 )(2). Provide ample space round machines and for gangways to allow necessary movement without incursion on work space. Non-slip floor finishes should be specified; workshop technician should be able survey whole area from partially glazed off. If each student provided with sets of tools space for individual lockers needed in workshop area. Workshop eqp spaces —*p288 Practice rooms May be for individual study or group practice. Should be well insulated against passage of sound from one to another. Stores Methods of storing wide range of goods and materials needed support each activity should be closely studied, as should areas required house completed works before exhibition or disposal. All sto should be sited next to appropriate workshop; consider proper conditions of heat and humidity where these may be detrimental to materials being stored if not held within reasonable limits, eg timber, clay, plaster. Special racking needed for paintings and large canvasses; timber and timber-based board materials, plastics sheets, metal sections, rolls of textiles, glass and paper. All such sto will require element of control and security. Ancillary accommodation Will include off for teaching staff, common rm, lay and possibly showers. key 1 scuplture 2 artgaflery 3 group music 4 pool 5 office 6 toye 7 painting 8&9 music 10 worlshop 11 greenrrn 12513 chorus 14 stage lift 15 dressingrm 16 sculpture studio 17 switchm, 18 bars 19 do 20&21 toilets 22 storear 1 Gardner Centre for the Arts University of Sussex England Arch John S Bonnington Partnership, formerly Sir Basil Spence Bonnington & Collins passage assistance 2 Tiers in life studio: seat ar/student 0.65 m2 I— 4000—5000 —i 1• I— 900—1200 1000—1300 5 Sequence of operations: clay modelling & pottery

138 Community Colleges SCHOOLS OF ART, DESIGN, DRAMA & MUSIC 'wall n122n I 1370 P] 41 220111 -a 915— 1220 eqp -y bench 1830 ______ benchl 4 brazing hearth cpd + from drawing rm sk [5 soldering bench bench L ELi LI metallathe forge [ grinder :'ifl U {J fools drill #jj-j [1 ['. circular saw sb I-Fit1 U woodlathe chalkboard & display 9 19 2pm 32 64ft 1 370 eqp _________ 1 Clearances for layout of metal shops 4 Layout for combined wood & metal shop rindstone lafhefftfl metalwork translucent rooted ar woodwork ar left blank 0 3 6 9 12m o ggcm2 £ operating position 41- run out 2 Working spaces round woodwork machinery F i 3 I 2134 / 3 Various forms of sto racking 5 Arts centre layout for college painting studio drawing rm