แผนที่ยุทธศาสตร์ (Strategy Map) (ปี 2548)

ª√–‡¥πÁ §”∂“¡ ‡æË◊ՙ૬„π°“√°”À𥇪“Ñ À¡“¬

°√Õ∫°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈ ª√–‡¥Áπ§”∂“¡‡æÕË◊ ™à«¬„π°“√°”Àπ¥‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å

°“√æ—≤π“°“√ªØ‘∫µ— √‘ “™°“√

ª√–€∑‘ ∏‘º≈µ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å ª√–€∑‘ ∏º‘ ≈ À√◊Õº≈≈—æ∏∑å Ë’€”§—≠®“°ª√–‡¥πÁ

(Run the Business) ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√πå È—π§Õ◊ Õ–‰√Õ–‰√‡ªπì ‡§√◊ÕË ß∫àß™È∑’ Ë’

€”§—≠«“à ª√–‡¥Áπ¬∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√åππÈ— ª√–€∫§«“¡€”‡√Á®

§≥ÿ ¿“æ°“√„À∫â √°‘ “√ Õ–‰√§◊Հˑß∑º’Ë Ÿâ√∫— ∫√°‘ “√¢Õ߬∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√åπ—πÈ µÕâ ß°“√
(Serve the Customer) ·≈–®–∑√“∫‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√«“à €“¡“√∂𔇀πÕ„π€Ë‘ß∑Ë’
ª√–€‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√®¥— °“√ ºâŸ√∫— ∫√‘°“√µÕâ ß°“√
(Manage Resources)
„π°“√∑’®Ë –𔇀πÕ„π€Ë‘ß∑˺’ √àŸâ ∫— ∫√°‘ “√µâÕß°“√ ·≈–
æ—≤π“Õߧå°√ /À√Õ◊ °“√°Õà „À⇰‘¥ª√–€‘∑∏‘º≈ Õߧå°√µâÕß°“√
(Capacity Building) ∑√æ— ¬“°√Õ–‰√∫â“ß (πÕ°‡ÀπÕ◊ ®“°∫§ÿ ≈“°√)
√«¡∂÷ßµÕâ ß¡°’ √–∫«π°“√ À√◊Õ°®‘ °√√¡„¥∫â“ß
‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪€Ÿ€à ß‘Ë ∑º’Ë √Ÿâ —∫∫√°‘ “√µâÕß°“√ À√Õ◊ ‡æËÕ◊ °Õà
„À⇰¥‘ ª√–€∑‘ ∏‘º≈µ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å
®–µâÕß¡°’ “√æ≤— π“Õߧ°å √„π¥“â π„¥∫“â ß
‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ°“√‡µ√’¬¡§«“¡æ√âÕ¡¢ÕßÕߧå°√
„π°“√¥”‡ππ‘ ß“πµ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å

´÷Ëߧ«“¡€—¡æ—π∏å¢Õß¡‘µ‘‡À≈à“πÈ’®–¡’§«“¡€—¡æ—π∏å„π≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ
·≈–º≈ °≈à“«§◊Õ°“√æ—≤π“Õߧå°√®–𔉪€àŸª√–€‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√®—¥°“√
ª√–€‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√®—¥°“√∑Ë’¥’®–𔉪€àŸ§ÿ≥¿“æ°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√∑’Ë¥’ ·≈–
§ÿ≥¿“æ°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√®–𔉪€Ÿàª√–€‘∑∏‘º≈µ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡
¡‘ µ‘ ∑’Ë ‡ªìπµ—«‡ÀµÿÕ“®€àߺ≈µàÕ°—π¢â“¡¡‘µ‘‰¥â ‡™àπ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å„π¡‘µ‘
ª√–€∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ°“√®¥— °“√ Õ“®€àߺ≈µàÕ¡µ‘ ª‘ √–€‘∑∏‘º≈µ“¡¬∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√剥â

102 · º π ∑’Ë ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å Strategy Map

ª√–‡¥πÁ ≈°— …≥–¢Õßµ—«™«’È —¥∑Ë’¥’
§”µÕ∫ °≈à“«‚¥¬€√ÿª°Á§◊Õ µ—«™’È«—¥πÈ—πµâÕ߇°Ë’¬«æ—π°—∫¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å
€“¡“√∂€–∑âÕπ€‘Ëß∑’˵âÕß°“√«—¥‰¥â µ—«™’È«—¥¥—ß°≈à“«§«√®–¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â
„π°“√‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‚¥¬¡µ’ πâ ∑πÿ „π°“√®¥— ‡°∫Á ∑‰Ë’ ¡à¡“°®π‡°π‘ ‰ª

8.2 º≈®“°°√≥’»÷°…“

·∫∫∑¥€Õ∫·ºπ∑¬’Ë ∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√∑å ’Ë‰¥≈â Õß∑”
¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë∑à“π‰¥â∑”„∫ß“π§√∫∂â«π·≈â« ¢Õ„Àâ∑à“π∑”§”µÕ∫„π

·µà≈–¢âÕ¡“€Õ∫∑“π„πª√–‡¥Áπ¥ß— µàÕ‰ªπ’È

ª√–‡¥πÁ ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å®–π”‰ª€Ÿà«‘€¬— ∑»— π∑å µ’Ë Õâ ß°“√À√◊Õ‰¡à
€”À√∫— °√≥’»÷°…“∑Ë’·ª≈ߪ√–‡¥Áπ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√®å “°Àπ૬ߓπµâπ€ß— °¥—
∑“à π€“¡“√∂À“§«“¡‡™Õ◊Ë ¡‚¬ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡¥πÁ ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√¢å ÕßÀπ૬
ß“πµâπ€ß— °¥— °∫— Àπ«à ¬ß“π∑’ˇªπì °√≥’»°÷ …“‰¥âÀ√Õ◊ ‰¡à
‡ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§·å µ≈à –µ—«®–𔉪€Ÿàº≈€—¡ƒ∑∏‘ϵ“¡ª√–‡¥πÁ ¬∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√å∑Ë’‰¥â
°”À𥉫Àâ √◊Õ‰¡à
‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å∑Ë’°”Àπ¥¢π÷È Õ¬¿àŸ “¬„µâ°√Õ∫¡‘µÀ‘ √Õ◊ ¡ÿ¡¡Õß∑Ë°’ ”À𥉫âÀ√Õ◊ ‰¡à
¡‡’ ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å„¥∑Ë’‰¡à‡™◊ÕË ¡‚¬ß°∫— ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å„¥‡≈¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ√“–‡Àµ„ÿ ¥
„π·µ≈à –‡ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§å¡’µ—«™È«’ —¥∑’ˀ“¡“√∂€–∑Õâ πº≈°“√¥”‡π‘πß“πµ“¡‡ª“Ñ
ª√–€ß§∑å °’Ë ”À𥉫Àâ √◊Õ‰¡à

∂â“∑”‰¥âµ“¡πÈ’∑—ßÈ À¡¥°Á‡¬’ˬ¡

Strategy Map · º π ∑’Ë ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å 103

8.3 °“√æ≤— 𓵫— ·∫∫‡æÕË◊ „™â„π°“√ªØ‘∫—µß‘ “π®√ß‘

æ≤— π“°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥ (Framework) „π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑ˬ’ ∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√å

¿“¬À≈ß— ∑∑Ë’ à“π‰¥â∑∫∑«π§«“¡√â„Ÿ πª√–‡¥Áπµ“à ßÊ ∑ß—È À¡¥π·’È ≈â« ¢Õ„Àâ
∑à“πæ—≤π“°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥ (Framework) „π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’ˬÿ∑∏»“€µ√嵓¡
·π«§‘¥¢Õß∑à“π‡Õß ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬ª√–€∫°“√≥å∑Ë’∑à“π‰¥â√—∫®“°°“√∑”°√≥’
»÷°…“º€¡º€“π°—∫ª√–€∫°“√≥åµ√ß ·≈â«æ—≤𓇪ìπ°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥„π°“√
®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’ˬÿ∑∏»“€µ√倔À√—∫Àπ૬ߓπ¢Õß∑à“π‡Õß ‚¥¬µâÕ߀“¡“√∂µÕ∫
§”∂“¡∑’€Ë ”§—≠‰¥â ¥ß— πÈ’

1. „π∑“ߪØ∫‘ µ— ‘ °“√®¥— ∑”·ºπ∑¬Ë’ ∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√¡å °’ √–∫«π°“√Õ¬“à ߉√∫“â ß
πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°√–∫«π°“√∑Ë’‰¥„â Àâ„π§à¡Ÿ ◊Õ©∫∫— πÈ’¡°’ √–∫«π°“√Õ◊ËπÊ
∑Ë®’ ”‡ªìπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ‡™πà °“√Õ∫√¡„À⧫“¡√Ÿâ À√◊Õ°“√‡µ√’¬¡°“√Õ◊πË Ê

2. „π·µà≈–¢—ÈπµÕπµ“¡¢Õâ 1. °≈¡ÿà ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬À√◊պ⟇¢“â √«à ¡§◊Õ„§√
3. „π·µà≈–¢—πÈ µÕπµâÕß°“√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π”‡¢â“ (input) À√◊Õ∑√æ— ¬“°√Õ◊ËπÊ ∑Ë’

€”§≠— Õ–‰√∫“â ß ‡™àπ °“√®–‡√¡‘Ë ¬◊π¬π— ª√–‡¥πÁ ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√剥§â «√
‡µ√¬’ ¡‡πÕÈ◊ À“¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å„Àæâ √Õâ ¡°àÕπ®–‡√‘Ë¡°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ €à«π
∑√æ— ¬“°√∑Ë’„™â ∑à“πÕ“®æ®‘ “√≥“∂ß÷ ‡§√Ë◊Õß¡◊ÕÕÿª°√≥∑å Ë®’ ”‡ªì𠇙πà
‡§√ÕË◊ ß©“¬¿“æ ·≈–ß∫ª√–¡“≥„π°“√®—¥ß“π‡ªπì µâπ

¢πÈ— µÕπ °≈àÿ¡‡ª“Ñ À¡“¬ €Ëß‘ ∑µ’Ë âÕß°“√
(¢âÕ¡≈Ÿ /∑√æ— ¬“°√)

104 · º π ∑’Ë ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å Strategy Map

¢π—È µÕπ °≈à¡ÿ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ €‘Ëß∑µË’ Õâ ß°“√
(¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ /∑√—欓°√)

„°≈®â –®∫À≈—°€Ÿµ√·≈â« ‡¬â

Strategy Map · º π ∑’Ë ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å 105

106 · º π ∑Ë’ ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å Strategy Map

9 Ω“°‰«â„À®â ¥®”

9.1 ‡§≈Á¥ (‰¡à) ≈—∫„π°“√‡¢’¬π Strategy Map

‡§≈¥Á ≈—∫ ·π«∑“ß „π°“√æ≤— π“·ºπ∑ˬ’ ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å∑’ˀ”§≠— ‰¥â·°à

1. „π·ºπ∑¬’Ë ∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√πå πÈ— ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬€ß‘Ë ∑ÕË’ ߧ°å √Õ¬“°®–∫√√≈ÿ ´ßË÷ €ß‘Ë
∑ÕË’ ߧå°√Õ¬“°®–∫√√≈πÿ ’È ‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ‡ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§∑å “ß¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å (Strategic
Goals) ‚¥¬‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å‡À≈à“π’È∂Ÿ°∂Õ¥¡“®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ·≈–
‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡™—¥‡®ππ—Èπ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å‡À≈à“π’ȧ«√®–‡¢’¬πÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß §”°√‘¬“
(Action Verb) ‡æÕË◊ „À‡â °¥‘ §«“¡™¥— ‡®π€”À√∫— ‡ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§·å µ≈à –ª√–°“√ √«¡
∑ßÈ— ‡æÕË◊ 𔉪€°Ÿà “√°√–∑”‡æÕË◊ ∫√√≈‡ÿ ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§πå πÈ— ‡™πà ·∑π∑®’Ë –‡¢¬’ π«“à ç°“√
„À∫â √‘°“√∑’√Ë «¥‡√Á«é ´ß÷Ë ‡ªπì §”π“¡·≈–Õ“®®–‰¡€à ◊ËÕ°∫— ºâŸÕà“𠧫√®–‡¢’¬π«à“
ç°“√‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡‡√Á«„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√é À√◊Õ ∂Ⓡ¢’¬π«à“ ç∫ÿ§≈“°√¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ
§«“¡€“¡“√∂é ‡¡◊ËÕÕà“πÕ“®®–∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡¢â“„®‰¥â«à“∫ÿ§≈“°√¢Õß
Õߧå°√‰¡à¡’§«“¡√⟧«“¡€“¡“√∂‡≈¬ ¥—ßπÈ—π§«√®–‡¢’¬π«à“ çæ—≤𓧫“¡√âŸ
§«“¡€“¡“√∂¢Õß∫ÿ§≈“°√é

2. ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§åµà“ßÊ „π Strategy Map ®–µâÕß¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß„π
≈—°…≥–¢Õ߇Àµÿ·≈–º≈ (Cause and Effect Relationship) ´ß÷Ë ‡√“€“¡“√∂
∑¥€Õ∫€¡¡µ‘∞“𧫓¡‡™Ë◊Õ¡‚¬ß¢Õ߇ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å·µà≈–ª√–°“√‰¥â ‚¥¬
Õ“»¬— √Ÿªª√–‚¬§ ç∂â“.....·≈â«.....é (If.then) ‡™àπ ∂“â ...∫§ÿ ≈“°√¡’§«“¡√⟧«“¡
€“¡“√∂‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ... ·≈â«.... ®–∑”„Àâ°“√∫√‘À“√≈Ÿ°§â“‰¥â‡√Á«¢÷Èπ..... ·≈â«....®–
∑”„À≈â °Ÿ §“â æÕ„®¡“°¢πÈ÷ .....·≈«â ....®–∑”„Àâ√“¬‰¥â‡æË‘¡¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπµπâ

Strategy Map · º π ∑Ë’ ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å 107

3. €Ëß‘ ∑’˵Õâ ß√–«—ß®“°°“√æ—≤π“ Strategy Map §Õ◊ Õ¬à“∑”„Àâ Strategy
Map °≈“¬¡“‡ªπì Spaghetti Map ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°·ºπ∑’ˬÿ∑∏»“€µ√∑å ’Ë¥π’ È—π §«√
®–µâÕ߀“¡“√∂€◊ËՀ“√„Àâ∫ÿ§≈“°√‡¢â“„®„π¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢ÕßÕߧå°√ ·µà‡¡Ë◊Õ
„¥°Áµ“¡∑Ë’ÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπ Spaghetti Map °Á®–∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡€—∫€π„π
¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢ÕßÕߧå°√¡“°¬‘ËߢÈ÷π ·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥¢âՀ√ÿª‰¥â«à“¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢Õß
Õߧ°å √°¡Á ’§«“¡¬ÿßà ‡À¬ß‘ ·≈–€∫— €π‡À¡◊Õπ‡€π⠀ª“‡°µµÈ’

®–‡¢“â „®¡¬È— ‡π¬Ë’

9.2 ®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡µπâ ¢Õß°“√∫Ÿ√≥“°“√

°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’ˬÿ∑∏»“€µ√åπ—Èπ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ®ÿ¥‡√Ë‘¡µâπ∑Ë’€”§—≠∑—È߀”À√—∫
°“√·ª≈߬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√剪€àŸ°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ ·≈–°“√∫Ÿ√≥“°“√¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√凢⓰—∫
‡§√◊ËÕß¡Õ◊ „π¥“â π°“√®¥— °“√µà“ßÊ ‚¥¬¡À’ ≈—°°“√∑’€Ë ”§—≠¥—ßπ’È

108 · º π ∑’Ë ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å Strategy Map

·ºπ∑’ˇ™‘߬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√åª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å∑’ËÀπ૬ߓπµâÕß°“√
∑’Ë®–∫√√≈ÿ ‚¥¬‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å‡À≈à“πÈ’‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å∑Ë’∂Ÿ°€–∑âÕπ¿“æ¡“®“°
ª√–‡¥Áπ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢Õß·µà≈–Àπà«¬ß“π ‚¥¬‡ªìπ°“√§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∑ȗ߀˒¡‘µ‘„π
°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘√“™°“√ (ª√–€‘∑∏‘º≈µ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å §ÿ≥¿“æ°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√
ª√–€‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘√“™°“√ ·≈–°“√æ—≤π“Õߧå°√) Õ’°∑—È߇ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å
·µ≈à –ª√–°“√¬ß— ¡§’ «“¡‡™Õ◊Ë ¡‚¬ß„π≈°— …≥–¢Õ߇Àµ·ÿ ≈–º≈ (Cause and Effect
Relationship) ∑Ë’®–™à«¬„ÀâÀπà«¬ß“π€“¡“√∂¡—Ëπ„®‰¥â«à“∂â“€“¡“√∂∫√√≈ÿ
‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å·µà≈–ª√–°“√·≈â«®–𔉪€àŸ°“√∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å€Ÿß€ÿ¥ πË—π§◊Õ
‡ªÑ“ª√–€ß§å∑’ˇªìπª√–€‘∑∏‘º≈µ“¡¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å ¥—ßπ—Èπ‡¡◊ËՀ“¡“√∂®—¥∑”
·ºπ∑Ë’‡™‘߬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√剥·â ≈â« Àπ«à ¬√“™°“√µ“à ßÊ ¬Õà ¡€“¡“√∂∑Ë’®–

‡√“€“¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑¬’Ë ∑ÿ ∏»“€µ√¡å “∫Ÿ√≥“°“√°∫—
°“√∫√‘À“√§«“¡‡€’Ë¬ß °“√∫√‘À“√§«“¡√⟠Competency KPI

‚§√ß°“√·≈–ß∫ª√–¡“≥ œ≈œ ‰¥â

«‘‡§√“–Àå·≈–°”À𥧫“¡‡€’ˬß∑Ë’®–∑”„À⇪ѓª√–€ß§å·µà≈–ª√–°“√
‰¡à∫√√≈ÿ ‡πË◊Õß®“°§«“¡‡€Ë’¬ß∑Ë’€”§—≠§◊Õ§«“¡‡€’ˬß∑Ë’®–∑”„À≡à∫√√≈ÿ
‡ª“Ñ ª√–€ß§å∑“߬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å ¥—ßπÈ—π°“√‡¢’¬π·ºπ∑Ë’‡™‘߬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√å¢È÷π¡“°àÕπ
®÷߇ª√’¬∫‡€¡◊Õπ°“√°”Àπ¥°√Õ∫„π°“√«‘‡§√“–À姫“¡‡€’ˬß∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß·≈–
€Õ¥§≈Õâ ß°∫— ¬ÿ∑∏»“€µ√¡å “°¢È÷π

«‘‡§√“–Àå·≈–°”À𥧫“¡√Ÿâ∑Ë’®–µâÕß„™â„πÕ—π∑’Ë®–∑”„À⇪ѓª√–€ß§å
∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π°“√∑Ë’®–∑”„À⇪ѓª√–€ß§å€”‡√Á®‰¥âπÈ—πÀπ૬ߓπ®”
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°√ÿ߇∑æœ: æ‘¡æ§å √È—ß·√°. 214 Àπ“â

2. «π— √—µπå ®—π∑°‘®. 2546. 17 ‡§√◊ËÕß¡Õ◊ π°— §¥‘ : 17 Problem Solving
Devices. °√ßÿ ‡∑æœ: €∂“∫—π‡æË‘¡º≈º≈µ‘ ·Àßà ™“µ.‘ æ¡‘ æå§√—Èß·√°. 199 Àπ“â

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2550. °√ßÿ ‡∑æœ: €”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫√“™°“√ (°.æ.√.).
æ‘¡æå§√—ßÈ ·√°. 65 Àπâ“

4. €”π°— ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√¢“â √“™°“√æ≈‡√Õ◊ π (°.æ.). 2530. §¡Ÿà Õ◊ ®—¥°“√
ª√–™ÿ¡ °.æ. Õ“‡´¬’ π. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: æ¡‘ æå§√—Èß·√°. 80 Àπâ“

5. €”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√¢“â √“™°“√æ≈‡√Õ◊ π (°.æ.). 2539. §¡Ÿà Õ◊ ‡®â“Àπ“â ∑’Ë
«‘‡§√“–Àßå “π∫§ÿ §≈ ‡√Ë◊Õß °“√‡æ¡‘Ë ª√–€∑‘ ∏‘¿“æ‚¥¬„™°â ≈‰°µ≈“¥
(Market Testing) Handbook Market Testing. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: æ‘¡æå§√ßÈ—
·√°. 78 Àπ“â

6. How to Write An Employee Manual Running Your Business
National Restaurant Association. November 29, 2005. http://
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Strategy Map · º π ∑Ë’ ¬ÿ ∑ ∏ » “ € µ √å 115

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