Reading Writing English

READING

EN G LISH

4WRITING E31252

COMPILED BY

JIRAYUT TIBDEE

ENGLISH READING-WRITING (E31252)
SEMESTER 2 ACADEMIC YEAR 2019
FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
MATTHAYOMWATBUENGTHONGLANG SCHOOL

PREFACEPREFACE

This book is a part of English Reading-Writing subject (E31252) in
Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic Year 2019 Matthayom
Watbuengthoglang School. The purpose of this book is an instructional
media in this subject and help the student to increase reading and writing
skill. There are four units which the students should be read for increase
reading skill and writing skill. I hope who goes through it will find it useful
and worth learning.

JIRAYUT TIBDEE
October 2019

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE A

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School

CONTENTSCONTENTS

PREFACE Page
CONTENTS A
CORUSE SYLLABUS B
E

U 1NIT Introduction of Reading and Writing

eading

Pronunciation 1

- Consonants 1
- Vowels 3
- Final Sounds of -s and -ed 6

riting

Thai Romanization 11

- Consonants 11
- Vowels 12

U 2NIT Skimming and Scanning

Skimming 20
Scanning 24

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE B

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School

CONTENTSCONTENTS

Page

U 2NIT Skimming and Scanning

Application Forms Writing 29

U 3NIT Identifying the Topic Sentences

Identifying the Topic 33
Identifying the Topic Sentence 35

Writing to describe 40

U 4NIT Cause & Effect 43
44
Cause & Effect in Passage
Signal words of Cause & Effect

Writing Cause & Effect 50

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE C

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School

CONTENTSCONTENTS

KEY ANSWER Page

Unit 1 53
Unit 2 57
Unit 3 58
Unit 4 59

REFERENCE G

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE D

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School

COURCOSURESE SSYYLLLABLUSABUS

Matthayom Watbuengthonglang School

Subject : English Reading–Writing Subject Code : E31252
Class : Matthayom 4 Credit : 1.0
Time: 40 periods (2 periods per week / 20 weeks)
Semester: 2/2019

Course Description

To practice reading comprehension analysis summarise from the
information and fiction such as biography, culture, science, etc. To practice
reading and writing skill for giving the information, opinion, reasons and
examples. To explain and write the sentence or text to relate with non-text.
To write the sentence and message is non-text. To write for replying own
information and others such as experience, situation, news, event etc.
Analysis and giving opinions about information of other subjects.

Learning Outcome

1. Read the messages, sentences, paragraphs, poems by phonetic principle
2. Write transcription by phonetic alphabet and Thai Romanization.
3. Read comprehension, analysing, summarise, definition and giving

opinion from passages which are documentary and fiction by using vary
reading technique.
4. Write for asking and giving information, explaining, opinion about the
stories, topics, and events that students are interesting by using their
own language following vary writing technique.

Total 4 learning outcomes

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE E

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School

COURCOSURESE SSYYLLLABLUSABUS

Course Outline

Unit 1 : Introduction of Reading and Writing

Unit 2 : Skimming and Scanning

Mid-term Examination (Week 10)

Unit 3 : Identifying the Topic Sentences

Unit 4 : Cause & Effect

Final Examination (Week 20)

Total : 40 periods (20 weeks)

Measurement and Evaluation

During semester 60 %

 Introduction of Reading and Writing 15 %

 Skimming and Scanning 15 %

 Identifying the Topic Sentences 15 %

 Cause & Effect 15 %

Mid-term Examination 20 %

Final Examination 20 %

Total 100 %

Criteria

Grade Meaning Score Grade Meaning Score
4 Excellent 80 – 100 % 1.5 Poor 55 – 59 %
3.5 Very Good
3 Good 75 – 79 % 1 Very Poor 50 – 54 %

70 – 74 % 0 Fail 0 – 49 %

2.5 Fairy Good 65 – 69 % ร Incomplete Incomplete
60 – 64 % มส Don’t eligible to work or test
2 Fair Participation
take a final exam below 80%

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE F

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I 1UNIT

. eading

Pronunciation

Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This
may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking and
reading a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation"),
or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.

Consonants

pb td ʧ ʤ k g

pen boat tea dog cheese June car go

fv θð s z ʃ ʒ
thin
fly van the see zoo shoe vision

mn ŋh l r w j

man now sing hat love red wet yes

voiceless voiced

A consonant is a speech sound that is not a vowel. It also refers to letters
of the alphabet that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and H are all consonants.

Voicing can refer to the articulatory process in which the vocal folds
vibrate, its primary use in phonetics to describe phones, which are particular
speech sounds.

A voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate.

A voiceless sound is one in which the vocal cords do not vibrate.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 1

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Consonants

Voiceless Voiced

IPA Example IPA Example

/p/ pen /pen/ pan /pæn/ /b/ boat /bəʊt/ bat /bæt/
past /pɑːst/ put /pʊt/ but /bʌs/ ball /bɔːl/

/t/ tea /tiː/ tiger /taɪgə/ /d/ dog /dɔːg/ (AmE) /dɒg/ (BrE)
tall /tɔːl/ tell /tel/ drink /drɪŋk/ dark /dɑːk/

/ʧ/ cheese /ʧiːz/ cheat /ʧiːt/ /ʤ/ June /ʤuːn/ July /ʤuːlaɪ/
chair /ʧeə/ chat /ʧæt/ January /ʤænjʊərɪ/

/k/ car /kɑː/ care /keə/ /g/ go /gəʊ/ gun /gʌn/
cut /kʌt/ corn /kɔːn/ girl /gɜːl/ goal /gəʊl/

/f/ fly /flaɪ/ form /fɔːm/ /v/ van /væn/ vote /vəʊt/
fail /feɪl/ feed /fiːd/ vase /veɪz/ (AmE) /vɑːz/ (BrE)

/θ/ thin /θɪn/ think /θɪŋk/ /ð/ this /ðɪs/ that /ðæt/
third /θɜːd/ thru /θruː/ thus /ðʌs/ the /ðə/ or /ðiː/

/s/ see /siː/ slow /sləʊ/ /z/ zoo /zuː/ zone /zəʊn/
zip /zɪp/ kids /kɪdz/
sword /sɔːd/ scissor /sɪzə/

/ʃ/ shoe /ʃuː/ shadow /ʃædəʊ/ /ʒ/ vision /vɪʒən/ usual /juːʒʊəl/
shop /ʃɒp/ sheet /ʃiːt/ luxury /lʌgʒəri/ (AmE)

/h/ hat /hæt/ hair /heə/ /m/ man /mæn/ mirror /mɪrə/
minor /maɪnə/ money /mʌni/
horror /hɒrə/ huge /hjuːʤ/

/n/ now /naʊ/ not /nɒt/

novel /nɒvəl/ enough /inʌf/

/ŋ/ sing /sɪŋ/ song /sɒŋ/
wing /wɪŋ/ pink /pɪŋk/

/l/ love /lʌv/ lion /laɪən/

listen /lɪsn/ lung /lʌŋ/

/r/ red /red/ rose /rəʊz/
read /riːd/ river /rɪvə/

/w/ wet /wet/ win /wɪn/

widow /wɪdəʊ/ wand /wɒnd/

/j/ yes /jes/ yellow /jeləʊ/

yawn /jɔːn/ yolk /jəʊk/

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 2

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 1 Cross the word has the first consonant which does not belong in

their group.

1. /b/ bat bird brown pan past
2. /t/ thin tell think
3. /ʧ/ cheese chair chin tea three
4. /ð/ this think that
5. /h/ horror hour hat cat check

thru thus

hurricane huge

Exercise 2 Fill the IPAs (consonants) in the blank.

1. fly / __ __ aɪ / 2. drink / __ __ ɪ __ __ /
4. shadow / __ æ __ əʊ /
3. third / __ ɜː __ /

5. January / __ æ __ __ ʊə __ ɪ /

Vowels ɪ ʊ uː ɪə eɪ əʊ

iː ship good shoot here wait show

sheep ə ɜː ɔː ʊə ɔɪ aʊ

e teacher bird door tourist boy cow

bed ʌ ɑː ɒ eə aɪ

æ up far on hair my

cat

monophthongs diphthongs

A vowel is a particular kind of speech sound made by changing the shape
of the upper vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue. In English
it is important to know that there is a difference between a vowel sound and
a letter in the alphabet. In English there are five vowel letters in the alphabet,
but there are many more vowel sounds. These letters are vowels in English:
A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 3

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Vowels

Monophthongs

IPA Example IPA Example
/ɪ/
/iː/ sheep /ʃiːp/ see /siː/ /uː/ ship /ʃɪp/ lift /lɪft/
three /θriː/ dream /driːm/ /ə/ sit /sɪt/ chin /ʧɪn/
/ɔː/
/ʊ/ good /gʊd/ put /pʊt/ /ʌ/ shoot /ʃuːt/ boot /buːt/
push /pʊʃ/ could /kʊd/ /ɒ/
mood /muːd/ noon /nuːn/
/eɪ/
/e/ bed /bed/ red /red/ /ɔɪ/ teacher /tiːʧə/ mirror /mɪrə/
wet /wet/ yes /jes/ /eə/ mother /mʌðə/ about /əbaʊt/
/aʊ/ door /dɔː/ saw /sɔː/
/ɜː/ bird /bɜːd/ fur /fɜː/ jaw /ʤɔː/ straw /strɔː/
journey /ʤɜːni/

/æ/ cat /cæt/ bad /bæd/ up /ʌp/ bus /bʌs/
glad /glæd/ jazz /ʤæz/ but /bʌt/ cut /kʌt/

/ɑː/ far /fɑː/ bar /bɑː/ on /ɒn/ got /gɒt/
past /pɑːst/ chart /ʧɑːt/ not /nɒt/ mob /mɒb/

diphthongs

/ɪə/ here /hɪə/ near /nɪə/ wait /weɪt/ say /seɪ/
clear /klɪə/ fear /fɪə/
may /meɪ/ maid /meɪd/

/ʊə/ tour /tʊə/ pure /pjʊə/ boy /bɔɪ/ soy /sɔɪ/
cure /kjʊə/ sure /ʃʊə/
avoid /əvɔɪd/ toy /tɔɪ/

/əʊ/ show /ʃəʊ/ goat /gəʊt/ hair /heə/ square /skweə/
hole /həʊl/ so /səʊ/
fare /feə/ air /eə/

/aɪ/ my /maɪ/ require /rɪkwaɪə/ cow /kaʊ/ hour /aʊə/

fire /faɪə/ iron /aɪərn/ sour /saʊə/ shower /ʃaʊə/

Exercise 3 Circle the word has vowels which belongs in their group.

1. /u:/ mood choose could wood good
2. /e/ wet jet beer read chess
3. /æ/ fade fresh cat map hate
4. /eɪ/ wait say lay paid cake
5. /aɪ/ tie why children smile bay

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 4

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 4 Fill the IPAs (vowels) in the blank.

1. tea / t __ / 2. food / f __ d /

3. father / f __ ð __ / 4. passenger / p __ s __ n ʤ __ /

5. international / __ n t __ n __ ʃ __ nl /

Exercise 5 Write the word or IPA into the box that is empty.

Item English word IPA Item English word IPA
Ex1 banana /bənɑːnə/ Ex2 policeman /pəliːsmən/
ice sing
1 /wɪndəʊ/ 2 Thailand /veʤtəbəl/
3 milk /skuːl/ 4 /ju:nɪvɜːsɪti/
5 6 apple
7 /bɔɪfrend/ 8
9 10

Exercise 6 Write the passage into the English from this secret letter.

The Secret Letter The Secret Letter
heləʊ, maɪ neɪm ɪz ʤeɪn. aɪ kʌm _______________________
frɒm jʊnaɪtɪd kɪŋdəm. aɪ æm ___________________________
sɪkstiːn jɪəz əʊld. aɪ raɪt ðɪs letə fɔː ___________________________
juː. aɪ nəʊ ðæt juː kæn riːd ðɪs letə. ___________________________
aɪ hæv sʌmθɪŋ tuː tel juː. juː ɑː ___________________________
lʊkɪŋ gʊd, juː nəʊ? duː juː hæv eni ___________________________
gɜːlˌfrend? kæn aɪ wɪl biː? ___________________________
___________________________
lʌv juː ___________________________
ʤeɪn.
__________
__________

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 5

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Final Sounds of -s and -ed

Ending with -s or -es (/s/ /z/ or /ɪz/ sound)

The pronunciation of the final S in plural words and verbs in the third
person depend on the final consonant sound before that S. The ending is
pronounced /s/ after a voiceless sound, it is pronounced /z/ after a voiced sound
and is pronounced /ɪz / after a sibilant sound:

1. The /s/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the S is pronounced as
/s/. Be careful not to create an extra syllable. (NOTE: The consonants c, s, sh,
ch and x are voiceless though they use the sibilants ending)

Examples of words ending in the /s/ sound:

Last consonant Example

p cups /kʌps/ stops /stɒps/ sleeps /sliːps/

t hats /hæts/ students /stjuːdənts/ writes /raɪts/

k cooks /kʊks/ books /bʊks/ drinks /drɪŋks/

f, gh, ph (sound /f/) sniffs /snɪfs/ beliefs /bɪliːfs/ laughs /lɑːfs/ graphs /grɑːfs/

th (sound /θ/) myths /mɪθs/ tablecloths /teɪbəlklɒθs/ months /mʌnθs/

2. The /z/ sound

If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant, then the S is
pronounced like /z/

Examples of words ending in the /z/ sound:

Last consonant Example ends /endz/
b crabs /kræbz/ rubs /rʌbz/
d words /wɜːdz/ rides /raɪdz/

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 6

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Last consonant Example
bags /bægz/
g rugs /rʌgz/ calls /kɔːlz/ begs /begz/
dreams /driːmz/ hills /hɪlz/
l deals /diːlz/ drains /dreɪnz/
belongs /bɪlɒŋz/ runs /rʌnz/
m plums /plʌmz/ cures /kjʊəz/ sings /sɪŋz/
wives /waɪvz/
n fans /fænz/ boys /bɔɪz/ shelves /ʃelvz/
bathes /beɪðz/ says /sez/
ng (sound /ŋ/) kings /kɪŋz/ fleas /fliːz/ breathes /briːðz/

r wears /weəz/

v gloves /glʌvz/

y plays /pleɪz/

the (sound /ð/) clothes /kləʊðz/

vowel sound sees /siːz/

3. The /ɪz/ sound

If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound, the final s is
pronounced as /ɪz/. This /ɪz/ sound is pronounced like an extra syllable is “e”.
(e.g. the word buses has two syllables)

Examples of words ending in the /ɪz/ sound:

Last consonant Example

c (sound /s/) races /reɪsɪz/

s pauses /pɔːzɪz/ nurses /nɜːsɪz/ rises /raɪzɪz/

x (sound /s/) fixes /fɪksɪz/ boxes /bɒksɪz/ hoaxes /həʊksɪz/

z amazes /əmeɪzɪz/ freezes /friːzɪz/ quizzes /kwɪzɪz/

ss (sound /s/) kisses /kɪsɪz/ passes /pɑːsɪz/ bosses /bɒsɪz/

ch (sound /ʧ/ or /ʤ/) churches /ʧɜːʧɪz/ sandwiches /sænwɪʤɪz/ witches /wɪʧɪz/

sh (sound /ʃ/) wishes /wɪʃɪz/ pushes /pʊʃɪz/ crashes /kræʃɪz/

ge (sound /ʒ/ or /ʤ/) garages /gærɑːʒɪz/ ages /eɪʤɪz/ judges /ʤʌʤɪz/

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 7

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Ending with -ed (/t/ /d/ or /ɪd/ sound)

-ED appears at the end of regular verbs in the past tense (e.g. wanted,
helped, lived) sometimes in adjectives ending in ed (e.g. tired, embarrassed,
relaxed) as well as in some Past Participles. However the pronunciation of ED
sometimes causes problems for non-native speakers because it can be
pronounced in three different ways: as /ɪd/, as /t/ or as /d/

1. The /t/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the ED is pronounced
as /t/. (EXCPET the last consonant as t it is /ɪd/ sound.)
Examples of words ending in the /t/ sound:

Last consonant Example

p helped /helpt/ jumped /ʤʌmpt/

k talked /tɔːkt/ looked /lʊkt/

f sniffed /snɪft/ surfed /sɜːft/

gh (sound /f/) laughed /lɑːft/ coughed /kɒft/

sh (sound /ʃ/) washed /wɒʃt/ finished /fɪnɪʃt/

ch (sound /ʧ/) watched /wɒʧt/ hatched /hæʧt/

ss (sound /s/) kissed /kɪst/ missed /mɪst/

c (sound /s/) danced /dɑːnst/

x (sound /s/) fixed /fɪkst/ faxed /fækst/

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 8

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2. The /d/ sound

If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant, then the ED is
pronounced like /d/. (EXCPET the last consonant as d it is /ɪd/ sound.)
Examples of words ending in the /d/ sound:

Last consonant Example

l called /kɔːld/ chilled /ʧɪld/

n cleaned /kliːnd/ imagined /ɪmæʤɪnd/

r offered /ɒfəd/ wondered /wʌndəd/

ge (sound /ʤ/) damaged /dæmɪʤd/ changed /ʧeɪnʤd/

v loved /lʌvd/ lived /lɪvd/

s (sound /z/) used /juːzd/ accused /əkjuːzd/

z amazed /əmeɪzd/ buzzed /bʌzd/

b rubbed /rʌbd/ climbed /klaɪmd/

m claimed /kleɪmd/ harmed /hɑːmd/

vowel sound allowed /əlaʊd/ enjoyed /ɪnʤɔɪd/

3. The /ɪd/ sound

If the last letter of the word is spelled with d or t, the ed is pronounced
as a separate syllable with an /ɪd/ sound

Last consonant Example

t wanted /wɒntɪd/ admitted /ədmɪtɪd/
started /stɑːtɪd/ voted /vəʊtɪd/

d needed /niːdɪd/ ended /endɪd/

minded /maɪndɪd/ demanded /dɪmɑːndɪd/

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 9

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 7 Thick  in the blank with following the sound ending of -s or -es

and write IPA in each word

item word sound ending IPA
/sneɪks/
Ex snakes /s/ /z/ /ɪz/
1 hands
2 kisses 
3 cats
4 families
5 dogs
6 boxes
7 ducks
8 cages
9 quizzes
10 maps

Exercise 8 Thick  in the blank with following the sound ending of -ed

and write IPA in each word

item word sound ending IPA
/dɪsaɪdɪd/
Ex decided /t/ /d/ /ɪd/
1 waited
2 plugged 
3 punished
4 needed
5 waved
6 killed
7 typed
8 missed
9 voted
10 advised

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 10

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riting

Thai Romanization

Thai Romanization is transcription the Thai words into the Roman
Alphabets. One of the many difficulties faced by any visitor to Thailand is the
pronunciation of Thai words, even (or especially) when they are written in the
Roman alphabet. It is hardly the fault of a non-Thai speaker that the island of
‘Phuket’ is often mispronounced ‘Fooket’ (it should, in fact, be something closer
to ‘Pooget’).

Rule of transcription Thai words into the Roman alphabets.

1. Consonances and vowels comparison Table

Consonances

Thai alphabets Roman alphabets Thai alphabets Roman alphabets
Starting Ending Starting Ending
ก บ
ขฃคฅ ฆ kk ป bp
ง kh k ผพภ pp
จฉชฌ ng ng ฝฟ ph p
ซ ทร (sound /s/) ศ ch t fp
ษส ม
ญ st mm
ฎ ฑ (sound /d/) ด ย
ฏต yn ร y-
ฐฑ ฒ ถ ท ธ dt ลฬ rn
ณน tt ว ln
th t หฮ w-
nn h-

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 11

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Vowels

Thai alphabets Roman alphabets Thai alphabets Roman alphabets

-ะ -า a เ-า -าว ao
รร (no ending alphabet) an -ย ui
-ำ am โ-ย -อย oi
-- i เ-ย oei
-- ue เ-อย ueai
-- u -วย uai
เ-ะ เ- e -ว io
แ-ะ แ- ae เ-ว เ-ว eo
โ-ะ โ- เ-าะ -อ o แ-ว แ-ว aeo
เ-อะ เ-อ oe เ-ยว iao
เ-ยะ เ-ย ia ฤ (sound /rɯ/) ฤๅ rua
เ-อะ เ-อ uea ฤ (sound /rɪ/) ri
-วะ -ว ua ฤ roe
ใ- ไ- -ย ไ-ย -าย ai ฦ ฦๅ lue

Example chan พระ  phra แก้ว  kaeo

จนทร์ 

2. Using “ ” to separate syllable
In case, the word has many syllables, the end of alphabet is a vowel

is followed by the other alphabet that is a consonance. We read it difficultly
or incorrectly. So we should use “ ” (hyphen) for separating syllable.

1) The end alphabet of the first syllable is vowel and the first alphabet

of next syllable is consonance “ng” (ง) such as สง่า  Sa-nga

2) The end alphabet of the first syllable is consonance “ng” (ง) and the

first alphabet of next syllable is vowel such as บงอร  Bang-on

3) The first alphabet of the next syllable is vowel such as

สะอาด  Sa-at , สาอาง  Sam-ang , etc.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 12

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3. Word separation

Thai Romanization must be written by separating the word

บางกะปิ  Bang Ka Pi

วดบงทองหลาง  Wat Bueng Thong Lang

Except, compound words and the names of person

ลกเสอ  Luksuea

หลวงประดษฐ์มนธรรม  Luang Praditmanutham

ณฏฐพล กจดารงไพศาล  Natthaphon Kitdamrongphaisan

4. Using Capital Letter

1) The first alphabet of proper noun use the capital letter such as

จงหวดเชยงใหม่  Changwat Chiang Mai

เดกหญงคาอ่อน ฟักม  Dekying Kham-on Fakmi

นายวชรวทย์ เตชะนอก  Nai Wachirawit Taechanok

2) The first alphabet in each paragraph use the capital letter such as

“ขอให้ทกคนประสบความสาเรจตามปรารถนาได้สมหมาย ... ตามพทธภาษตท่ยกมาข้างต้น”

“Kho hai thuk khon prasop khwam samret tam patthana dai
sommai … tam phutthanaphasit thi yok ma khang ton”

5. Symbol Transcription

1) Repetition ( ๆ ) use for repetition words, phrase, or sentences.

ทาบ่อย ๆ  tham boi boi
ไฟไหม้ ๆ  fai mai fai mai

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 13

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

2) Abbrevition ( ฯ ) use for abbreviation the word that is known.

กรงเทพฯ  Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
โปรดเกล้าฯ  protklao protkramom
ทลเกลา้ ฯ  thunklao thunkramon

3) Et cetera ( ฯลฯ ) used to denote the logical continuation of some sort

of series of descriptions.

If it appears in the end of the word, we will read it “la” or “lae uen uen”

“ ในตลาดมเนอ้ สตว์ ผก ผลไม้ น้าตาล น้าปลา ฯลฯ ”

nai talat mi nueasat phak phonlamai namtan nampla lae uen uen
If it appears in the middle of the word, we will read it “la thueng”

“ พยญชนะไทย 44 ตว ม ก ฯลฯ ฮ ”

phayanchana thai si sip si tua mi ko la thueng ho

Exercise 9 Cross the Thai alphabets do not belong with Roman alphabet.

(both starting and ending)

1. t ท ดต ค ฏ
2. k ก ฆ
3. ch จ วซค ซ
4. s ซ ฟ
5. p ผ คชบ บ

ส ศฐ

ป พฟ

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 14

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 10 Fill Roman alphabets to relate with Thai alphabets

Consonances

Item Thai Roman alphabets Item Thai Roman alphabets
alphabets Starting Ending alphabets Starting Ending

1จ 11 ม

2ข 12 ก

3ด 13 ง

4ป 14 ร

5น 15 ฬ

6ส 16 ฆ

7ผ 17 ซ

8ต 18 ฐ

9ห 19 ญ

10 ล 20 ฟ

Vowels

Item Thai Roman Item Thai Roman
alphabets alphabets alphabets alphabets
1 6
2 -า 7 -อย
3 - 8 -วย
4 เ-าะ 9 เ-ยว
5 เ-อ 10 แ-ว
-ว
ฤๅ

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 15

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 11 Rewrite Thai alphabets into Roman alphabets
and Roman alphabets into Thai alphabets.

Item Thai alphabets Roman alphabets
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
Ex1 กรงเทพฯ
Ex2 คลองแสนแสบ Khlong Saen Saep

1 ตลาดสด Rongrian
2 แมว Sanamya
3 ถนนข้าวสาร Palat Amphoe
4 นายกรฐมนตร Phuyaiban
5 ฉะเชงเทรา Ko Pha Ngan
6 กระทรวงศกษาธการ Patithin
7 การเลอกต้ง Ton Maiyarap
8 ศาลฎกา Thahan Ruea
9 หลวงพ่อฤๅษลงดา Thong Chat Thai
10 นางสาวคาอ่อน ฟักม Sanambin U-Taphao

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 16

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

Exercise 12 Rewrite the passages into the Roman alphabet.

กรงเทพมหานคร อมรรตนโกสนทร์ มหนทรายธยา มหาดลกภพ
นพรตนราชธานบรรมย์ อดมราชนเวศน์มหาสถาน
อมรพมานอวตารสถต สกกะทตตยวษณกรรมประสทธ์

………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

ซอมเบง่ อย่เดอ้ ถ้าหากว่าเธอ น้นเลกกนกบเขา
เรอ่ งของสองเฮาสเป็นไปได้บ่ บ่ได้เข้ามาเพอ่ กดดน
แตว่ ่าฉนน้นแค่รอ ฟ่าวเลกกนแหน่เถาะ
ผ้สาวขาเลาะ อยากเปน็ ผส้ าวอ้าย

………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 17

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

IQUIZ Your score

Choose the best answer.

1. Which word has different the first consonance sound in their group?

a. think b. third c. thus d. thin

2. Which word the first consonance sounds like “king”?

a. chalk b. corn c. cheat d. chat

3. Which word the first consonance is different sound with “hat”?

a. hour b. horror c. hat d. hurry

4. Which word the final consonance sounds like “bags”?

a. books b. graphs c. prizes d. gloves

5. Which word the final consonance sounds like “wanted”?

a. needed b. jumped c. walked d. called

6. Which a pair of words has same final consonance sounds?
a. drinks - rubs b. pays - ages c. washed - waited d. used - buzzed

7. Which word has different the vowel sound in their group?

a. room b. gone c. juice d. June

8. Which word the vowel sounds like “travel”?

a. wait b. bread c. apple d. calm

9. Which word is different vowel sound with “find”?

a. say b. spy c. smile d. my

10. Which a pair of words has different vowel sounds?

a. car - park b. meet - sea c. show - ghost d. land - late

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 18

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

11. Which is the correct IPA with the word “sugar”?

a. /suka/ b. /ʃʊgə/ c. /ʃuːgɑː/ d. /ʧʊkə/

12. Which is the correct IPA with the word “english”?

a. /iːŋiːʃ/ b. /ɪŋgɪʧ/ c. /ɪŋlɪʧ/ d. /ɪŋglɪʃ/

13. Which is the correct English word with IPA “/lʌkʃəri/” ?

a. luckily b. luxury c. rookie d. lemony

14. According the passage above, which part is written IPA incorrectly?

“Worrying won’t stop bad stuff from happening,
it just stops you from enjoying the good.”

a. wʌriɪŋ wəʊnt stɒp b. bæd stʌf frɒm hæpnɪŋ
c. ɪt jʌst stɒpz yuː d. frɒm ɪnʤɔɪɪŋ ðə gʊd

15. Which Roman alphabet refers to Thai alphabet “จ”?

a. j b. ch c. sh d. y

16. Which Thai alphabet refers to Roman alphabet “kh”?

a. ก b. ฆ c. พ d. ท

17. Which pair of alphabets has the same sound?

a. ก – ข b. บ – ป c. จ – ช d. ผ – ฝ

18. Which Roman alphabet refers to Thai alphabet “หนาว”?

a. Nao b. Hnao c. Naow d. Hnaow

19. Which is the best Thai romanization refers from “อาคารเยาวมาลย์อทศ”?

a. Yaowaman-u-thit Building b. Yao Wa Man U-Thit Building

c. Akhan yaowaman uthit d. A-khan Yaowaman U-thit

20. Which is the incorrect Thai Romanization?

a. Samutsakon - สมทรสาคร b. Samut Kanban - สมดการบ้าน

c. Samut Thorasap - สมดโทรศพท์ d. Mahasamut - มหาสมทร

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 19

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School .

IIUNIT2

Skimming

Skimming is a strategic reading method in which you focus on the
main ideas of a text. When skimming, deliberately skip text that provides
details, stories, data, or other elaboration. Instead of closely reading every
word, focus on the introduction, chapter summaries, first and last sentences
of paragraphs, bold words, and text features. Skimming is the way that you
read quickly to get the general idea of something.
Things to focus on while skimming:

 Introduction and conclusion
 Chapter / section summaries
 First and last sentences
 Titles, subtitles, and headings
 Bold words
 Charts, graphs, or pictures
 End of chapter review questions

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 20

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Example Skimming Reading

“Dogs are often a problem at home. Many dogs are noisy and dirty.
They may even be dangerous for small children.”

Is this writer for or against dogs at home?
You do not need to read all the sentences to learn this. You only have

to have the words “problem”, “noisy”, “dirty” and “dangerous”. Form those
words you can tell the writer’s point of view.

This writer is AGAINST dos at home.

Eggs have been described by nutritionists as nature’s large vitamin
pill – a mineral cocktail; they contain many of the essential vitamins and
minerals required for a healthy diet. Packed full of goodness; from vitamin
A, which is needed for the healthy development of the body’s cells, helping
to maintain healthy skin and eye tissue, vitamin B12, which is necessary
for the formation of red blood cells, important for the immune system to
function properly, right through to choline, vital for nerves and muscles to
function correctly. Eggs really are a large vitamin pill, in 100% natural
packaging.

Which is the best title of this passage?

a. Nutrition of eggs b. Eggs and function
c. Eggs maintain skin d. A pill of egg

The most of passage told that the benefit of egg’s nutrients. So
“Nutrition of eggs” is the best title of this passage.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 21

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 1 Read each paragraph quickly. Answer the following question by

putting a checkmark that the writer is for or against.

1. Candy is not good for your teeth. It is especially bad for children’s
teeth. If children eat a lot of candy, they will have problem later.

__________ for __________ against

2. Some people take many vitamin pills every day. These people believe
lots of vitamin pills are good for their health. But they are wrongs. Too
many vitamin pills can hurt your health.

__________ for __________ against

3. Many people believe that meat is an important food to eat. This is not
true. You do not need to eat meat at all. In fact, you may be healthier if
you do not eat meat.

__________ for __________ against

4. It is not easy to move to another country. There may be problems with
language or culture. It may be difficult to find a job or a place to live. In
another country, you do not have family or friends to help.

__________ for __________ against

5. Computers are helpful for all kinds of work. They are usually quicker
and more correct.

__________ for __________ against

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 22

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 2 Read the newspaper article. Most of the article is not there. Use
skimming technique to answer the question.

BIG MACS IN MEXICO

McDonald’s Hamburgers are coming to Mexico. McDonald’s is a
word-famous company Started in California ________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________In Paris, Tokyo and ____________
____________________________________________________________________
_______________________ but not in Mexico.

Last year the Mexican government changed ______ open some
McDonald’s restaurants _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
________ “Big Mac” the McDonald’s specially.

Some Mexicans are not happy _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________eat only hamburgers and forget about Mexican
food.

1. McDonald’s is a ______________. b. Mexican company
a. Kind of Mexican food d. Kind of hamburger
c. Restaurant company

2. There were no McDonald’s in Mexico because ____________________.
a. Mexicans do not like hamburgers.
b. Mexicans only eat Mexican food.
c. There were McDonald’s in other countries.
d. The Mexican government did not want them.

3. The “Big Mac” is a _________________.

a. Restaurant b. Kind of hamburger

c. Kind of Mexican food d. Person who works for McDonald’s

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 23

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Scanning

Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find
specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind
and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring unrelated
information.

Scanning to answer questions
If you are scanning for facts to answer a specific question, one step is

already done for you: the question itself supplies the keywords. Follow
these steps:

1. Read each question completely before starting to scan. Choose your
keywords from the question itself.

2. Look for answers to only one question at a time. Scan separately for
each question.

3. When you locate a keyword, read the surrounding text carefully to
see if it is relevant.

4. Re-read the question to determine if the answer you found answers
this question.

Scanning is a technique that requires concentration and can be
surprisingly tiring. You may have to practice at not allowing your attention
to wander. Choose a time and place that you know works for you and dive
in.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 24

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 3 Read the ads and decide if each circle the letter T

if the statement is true or the letter F if the statement is false.

MOVIE Jurassic Bark Funny Bone Car Wars III
WORLD
CINEMA Watch these barking Lots of fun for the An “out-of-this-world”
mad dinos go wild! in whole family! movie about … you
Yes, we’re open seven guessed it, cars!
days a week! 3D “You’ll laugh your
“Best science fiction socks off” “Two thumbs up”
Location: 1015 Broadway “The action movie you
Street (next to the DVD movie of the year!” “I’m still laughing!”
can’t miss!”
rental shop) SHOW TIMES SHOW TIMES
SHOW TIMES
Like us on Facebook and 10:00 am 5:30 pm 9:30 am 4:30 pm
win a free movie ticket! 12:30 pm 8:00 pm 11:45 am 6:00 pm 12:45 pm 7:30 pm

3:45 pm 9:30 pm

3:00 pm 1:45 pm 8:30 pm 5:30 pm

1. The movie theater is closed on Tuesdays. T F
F
2. “Car War III” is an action movie. T F
F
3. The last showing of “Funny Bone” is at 9:30. T F
F
4. The first showing of “Jurassic Bark” is at 10:00. T F
F
5. You can win a free movie ticket by going on-line. T F
F
6. There aren’t any morning show times for “Car War III”. T

7. “Funny Bone” is a good movie for children. T

8. You can watch “Car Wars III” in 3D. T

9. One of the movies is a comedy. T

10. You can rent DVDs at the movie theater. T

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 25

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 4 Scan the contents for the answers the questions.

CONTENTS 4 QUESTION
5
Preface 1. How many chapter are there
Introduction 7 in the book?
7 ___________________________
1 Underlying assumptions 13
1.1 Teachers, learners and computers 17 2. Which is the chapter on the
1.2 Language and learning computer in the classroom?
1.3 Computer-assisted learning 20 ___________________________
20
2 Computer input and output 23 3. On what page can you read
2.1 The computer screen 25 about games?
2.2 The keyboard 29 ___________________________
2.3 Peripherals 32
2.4 Speech synthesis 4. Which part of Chapter 3 is
2.5 Administrative problems 35 about having fun with
35 computers?
3 The computer in the classroom 37 ___________________________
3.1 Using the computer 43
3.2 Drills 46 5. Does this book have an index?
3.3 Demonstration 50 On what page?
3.4 Games 53 ___________________________
3.5 Programmed learning 63 _
3.6 Computer-created learning 70
3.7 Simulations 74
3.8 Using the computer as an informant 80
3.9 “talking” to the computer 83
3.10 Having fun 86
3.11 The computer as a mechanical aid
3.12 Computers and the syllabus 88
88
4 The computer outside the classroom 94
4.1 Computers and linguistic research 96
4.2 Artificial intelligence and language 97
4.3 Storing teaching materials
4.4 Computers and language testing 100
100
5 Programs for language teachers 105
5.1 Designing a program 120
5.2 QUIZ 124
5.3 MONSTER 134
5.4 LOAN 143
5.5 WORDSPIN 155
5.6 POTRAIT-ROBOT (PHOTOFIT) 177
5.7 TEXTBAG
5.8 JOHN AND MARY 188

Notes and further reading 191
Index

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 26

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 5 Read this passage below and choose the best answers
for each question.

The Taj Mahal

Often called the most beautiful building in the world, The Taj Mahal stands
in the town of Agra in India. It is in fact a tomb built by the emperor Shah Jahan
for his wife who died in 1931.

Visitors to the Taj Mahal enter through a red sandstone gateway which leads
into a beautiful walled garden in which a watercourse runs between rows of
slender cypress trees. A the end of the watercourse The Taj Mahal stands on a
marble terrace.

It’s square building made from pure white marble and topped by a
dome. Four slender white minerals or towers rise from the corners of the
terrace. Beneath the dome is an eight-sided chamber with a carved marble screen
around the tombs of the emperor and his wife.

The chief architect of the Taj Mahal was Ustad Isa, who may have been a
Persian. The building and ornamentation was done by 20,000 men and craftsmen
from all parts of Asia. (1632-1650.)

1. Where is the Taj Mahal built? b. the town of Jahan
a. the town of Emperor d. the town of Agra
c. the town of watercourse

2. Who built the Jaj Mahal? b. the Emperor Shah Jahan
a. the Emperor’s wife d. all the above
c. the architect

3. In what year did the Emperor Shah Jahan's beloved wife passed away?

a. 1930 b. 1931 c. 1932 d. 1933

4. What trees wee grown in the walled garden?

a. watercourse b. slender c. cypress d. white minaret

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 27

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

5. What was square building made? b. pure black marble
a. pure white marble d. crude black steel
c. crude white steel

6. Who was the chief architect of the Taj Mahal? d. Andy Wilson
a. Prince Persia b. Ustad Isa c. Shah Jaha

7. According to the passage, what nationality did Ustad Isa have?

a. Croatian b. Chinese c. Caucasian d. Persian

8. How long had the Taj Mahal been built?

a. ten years b. fifteen years

c. seventeen years d. eighteen years

Exercise 6 Read this passage below and answer the questions.

The New York Times

Philippines Sends Aid For Typhoon Damage

Manila, Nov 10 (AP) - the Philippine Air Force ferried medical teams
and relief supplies today in provinces ravaged by Typhoon Agnes. The authorities
said 515 people had died in the typhoon and more than 400 were missing.

An air force spokesman said more than 163 tons of food, medicine and
clothing had been sent to the Visayan region, 300 miles south of Manila and more
aid was on the way.

The typhoon hit the region Monday. The spokesman said helicopter
were rescuing people stranded by floods that remained chest-deep today in some
areas of Panay island, which appeared to have been hit the worst. Most of the
fatalities and missing were on the island, where 455,000 people were homeless.

The Philippine National Red Cross reported that 90 percent of the 86,000
houses in Capiz Province on Panay were destroyed. Many of the dead were
children who drowned as 30-foot waves smashed into coastal villages.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 28

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

1. How many people died in the typhoon (storm)?
__________________________________________________________________

2. On what day did the typhoon begin?
__________________________________________________________________

3. How many people lost their homes (were homeless)?
__________________________________________________________________

4. What is the name of the island that was hit worst?
__________________________________________________________________

5. What is the name of the typhoon?
__________________________________________________________________

6. How many people are missing?
__________________________________________________________________

Application Forms Writing

An application form is used to collect relevant and required
information from an applicant. For a lot of businesses, the application form
itself is a minor test of the individual's ability to follow instructions,
penmanship, literacy, and communication skills.

Vocabulary of Application Forms

Vocabulary Example
Marital status
single married widowed divorced separated

In case, if you married, you maybe give additional information.

Marriage Cert. No. … Issued at….

Dated Issued …. Spouse

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 29

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Vocabulary Example

Military serving completed exempted
status
In case, if you have exempted, you maybe give additional
Health
Conditions information

Educational Finished Military Service Training of Territorial Defense
Background
Language Course
Proficiency
Reservist Registrant
Experience
Exempted through Military Drawing Ballot
Miscellaneous
Exempted by Being Undersize

Physical disabilities Handicap Chronic disease

Serious mental illness Serious mental illness

Colour blindness

In case, if you never had a disease you can write

N/A (Not Applicable)

Educational Level

Primary Secondary Vocational / Technical College

University

Degree / Certificate

Certificate, Diploma High School Certificate

Certificate of ….. Bachelor of …

Master of … Doctoral of …

English Japanese Chinese (Taechiew, Mandarin, Cantonese)

Position

Technician Foreman Supervisor Inspector Manager

Reason for Leaving

Limited career opportunity Unsuitable Position

Contract Terminated To get higher education

Military Service Needed Better Job

Company Loss Company Reduced Manpower

Position

Salary required

Offense questions

Have you ever been arrested? taken into custody?

held for investigation the offence charged?

Occupied licence

Driving Licence Registered Engineering Licence

Auditing Licence Teaching Licence

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 30

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 7 Use the information to write application.

My name is Winthai Wongwara. I am a male and 27 years old. My birthday is on 4th.
October, 1993. I live at 26/3, Soi Lat Phrao 101 Yeak 37, Lao Pharo Road, Khaeong Khong
Chan, Khet Bang Kapi, Bangkok, 10240. I am single. I was exempted of military because I
got a black card on Conscription day last 7 years. I am fine, I never had a disease. I got
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering. I am good at English. I can speaking,
reading and writing well and I can speaking Chinese little bit but I can’t writing and reading.
I used to be an Engineer in ABC Company for 2 years until 2016. The reason for leaving is I
needed better job in other company.

EMPLOYMENT WONGTHAEWANG COMPANY
APPLICATION Position applying for: ________________________________

EMPLOYEE INFORMATION

Name_______________________________________________________________
Birthday _______/________/_________ Age _________ Sex  Male  Female
Address ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Marital status :  single  married  widowed  divorced  separated

Military status:  serving  exempted _______________________________

 completed _______________________________

Health Conditions _____________________________________________________

Highest Education level  primary  secondary  vocational  college

 university ____________________________________

Language Proficiency

Language Speaking Reading Writing

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

From To Location Position Reason for Leaving

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 31

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 8 Make your profile by applied the details of application form

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 32

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

IIUINIT3

Identifying the Topic

 The topic is the subject being discussed: person, place, or thing.
 Discover the topic by asking who, or what, is the most referred to

subject in the sentences.
 The topic should be general enough to include aspects that are

discussed and specific enough to excluded unrelated items.
 Most of the time you will need two or more words to fully express

the topic.

Example finding topic

Do you blush easily? Does your face get very red whenever you are
embarrassed or upset? You blush because tiny blood vessels near the surface
of your skin become larger when you are embarrassed or upset. As this
happens, more blood comes near the surface, making your skin redder.
Sunburn also makes your skin red.

Which is the best topic of this passage?

a. Where the blood vessels are b. Why people blush

c. Why people become upset d. What a sunburn does to you

This passage describes the cause of blush and the most of the
passage tells about blush. So the best topic of this passage is b. Why
people blush

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 33

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 1 Read each paragraph below. Decide what most of the sentences
in the paragraph are talking about and choose the best topic
each paragraph.

Paragraph 1

Almost three-fourths of the earth’s surface still holds many secrets for
man. This large area, the ocean, has great depths where no man has ever
been. No man has been on Mars, either. There are many minerals on the
ocean floor, waiting to be discovered. Even the number of different living
things in the sea remains a mystery to us.

a. The Depth of the Ocean b. Exploring Mars
c. The Number of Animals in the Sea d. The Secrets of the Ocean

Paragraph 2

It might be hard to believe that your skull has 22 bones, but it is
true. Only one of these bones, the jawbone, is movable. The others fit
together rigidly. The part of the skull that protects the brain is called the
cranium. Your brain controls all your movements and thinking. The face
and jaw are formed by 14 bones of the skull.

a. The Bones in the Skull b. The Purpose of the Brain
c. The Bones in the Cranium d. The Location of the Skull

Paragraph 3

Your skin is made up of two layers. The top part of the skin is
actually made up of dead cells that get rubbed off constantly as new skin
cells are pushed up to replace them. Under this is the part of the skin that
contains blood vessels, nerve endings, and hair roots. You should always
protect your skin from too much sun.

a. Why you have dead skin cells b. Why too much sun is bad for you
c. What the layers of skin are d. Where the blood vessels are

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 34

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Identifying the Topic Sentence

From Topic to Main Idea
Once you have identifies the topic, you still need to discover the main idea.

 The main idea is the control message or point of the paragraph.
 Discover the main idea by asking: What does the writer want to

say about the topic?

Paragraph

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that express a single idea
about a single topic-the main idea.

The Topic Sentence

The topic sentence is the one sentence that expresses the main idea

How to Identify Topic Sentences

 The topic sentence is more general than most of the other sentences
in the paragraph.

 The topic sentence answers the question, “What’s the point of this
paragraph?”

 The topic sentence is developed by both general and specific sentences
throughout the paragraph.

 The topic sentence can be used to sum up the entire paragraph.
 Anyone can paraphrase the main idea, but only the writer can write

a topic sentence.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 35

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

The Topic Sentence First
The writer first states his or her main point and then explains it.

Example

Dogs in the U.S. are treated like humans. People talk to their dogs
and buy them special toys and clothing. There are special parks, hotels,
restaurants, and bakeries for dogs. Some owners take their dogs to see a
psychiatrist as well as the veterinarian. American dogs are spoiled like
children.

The Topic Sentence Last
The writer leads up to the main point and then directly states it at

the end.
Example

In most paragraphs, the topic sentence appears first. In many
paragraph, however, it comes last. Sometimes it is stated both at the
beginning and at the end, in different words. Every paragraph must have a
topic sentence in order to be effective.

Topic Sentence in the Middle
Some details lead up to or introduce the main idea while others

follow the main idea to further explain or describe it.

Example

You should get an oil change every 3,000 miles. You need to
check the air pressure in your tires and have them rotated. There are some
things you should do regularly to maintain your car in good condition. It is
also important to check the battery voltage and all fluid levels. Don’t forget
to inspect the belts and hoses for signs of wear.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 36

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Topic Sentence First and Last
Writers may emphasize an important idea at the beginning and

then again at the end. Or, the first and last sentences together express the
main point of the paragraph.
Example

Penicillin is one of the greatest of the wonder drugs. It has saved
thousands of lives already and will save many more in the future.
Unfortunately it has no effect at all on most of the ills of mankind. Penicillin
is a very good drug, but it is certainly not a cure-all.

Exercise 2 Underline the Topic Sentence of the paragraphs below.

1. Spanish is spoken in many countries. It is spoken throughout Latin
America. Of course, it is the language of Spain. In some countries, like the
Philippines, it is one the official languages. Many people throughout the
world use Spanish to communicate.

2. Some people walk on a treadmill at home or ride a bicycle. Others like
to go out dancing, do aerobics, or work out in a gym. Some people prefer to
swim. Most people have a favorite way to exercise.

3. There are great numbers of deer around here. This whole area is great
country for hunters and fishermen. There are bears, mountain lions, and
coyotes. To the east there are streams full of trout, and there are ducks and
geese.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 37

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

4. Advertising affects our lives every day. Brand names are common
household words. We start each day using the toothpaste, soap, and
breakfast foods promoted by advertisers. Ads have made the cars we drive
signs of our success. Our choices of food, dress, and entertainment are
swayed by ads. Not one aspect of American life is untouched by advertising.

5. It seems that people mature at different rates. Some children are
serious and responsible. Many people mature during college or as they gain
experience on their first job. Other folks take more time, and some people
grow old but never seem to grow up.

6. Some people leave too many lights on around the house. Some aren’t
careful about how much water they use. Americans waste a lot of resources.
Most people buy products with a lot of unnecessary packing that isn’t good
for the environment.

Exercise 3 Write the topic and topic sentence each paragraph

1. There are several different kinds of classes on college and university
campuses. Professors usually teach large formal lectures. Students have
to listen and take notes. Then teaching assistants (T.A. S.) lead discussion
groups. In graduate seminars, small groups of students discuss their
ideas with their instructor and classmate.
Topic _____________________________________________________________
Topic sentence _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

2. Left handed people suffer more from stress than their right-handed
peers, according to a study of 1,100 adults by University of Michigan
researchers. As a result they smoke and drink more. Fifty-five percent of
the lefties smoked, whereas fewer than half of the righties smoked.
Furthermore, the lefties consumed more alcohol per year than their right-
handed counterparts.

Topic _____________________________________________________________

Topic sentence _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. How much do you remember of what you learned over the past
academic year? How many of your high school classmates could you call
by name right now? How many times a week do you forget appointments,
chores, and other details of everyday life? Before you groan in self-disgust,
take heart at how normal you are. We all forget all kinds of things all the
time.

Topic _____________________________________________________________

Topic sentence _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 39

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Writing to describe

We usually use adjective to follow helping verb for describing
something or someone.

Example: A cat is friendly.
Many students are lazy when they have many assignments.
It has a long tail.
I and my brother have short black hair.

1. We usually use verb to be (is, am, are) to help adjective to describe

about personality and physical characteristic.

Example adjective about personality:

friendly royalty smart

greedy hungry lazy

naughty nervous nice

playful talkative shy

honest active clam

Example adjective about physical characteristic:

overweight beautiful handsome

ugly skinny short

tall average height cute

She is very beautiful girl.
My dog is very honest.
His new friend is talkative person.
Many students are lazy when they have many assignments.

English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 40

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

2. We usually use verb to have (has, have) to help adjective to describe
about appearance and it is followed by a part of body.

Example : black hair a long tail a short arm
a big nose white fur blue eyes.

I have black hair. My cats have white fur.
My sister has red eyes. He has a big nose.

Some useful expressions used in describing people

Appearance tall height (Subject + V. to be + __________.)
Example: He is tall height.
short
You are fat build.
fat build
(Subject + V. to have + __________.)
thin Example: She has long hair.

short hair Those boys have short hair.

long (Subject + V. to have + a/an/-
__________.)
straight
Example: That woman has red eyes.
black, etc. We have a happy face.

round face (Subject + V. to be + __________.)
(Subject + V. to be + a/an __________ of
happy person.)
Example: She is cheerful.
grey eyes
You are a warm-hearted of
brown person.
(Subject + V. to be + a/an __________.)
blue Example: He is a teacher.
Bob and Job are engineers.
Personality cheerful

friendly

honest

gentle

thoughtful

warm-hearted

Career doctor

teacher

farmer

banker

manager

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Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.

Exercise 4 Write a short paragraph describing anyone you like or admire,
by answering the following questions.

1. Who is the most important person in your life?
__________________________________________________________________

2. What does he/she do?
__________________________________________________________________

3. What does he/she look like?
__________________________________________________________________

4. How old is he/she?
__________________________________________________________________

5. Where does he/she live?
__________________________________________________________________

6. Why is he/she important to you?
__________________________________________________________________

7. What do you learn from him/her?
__________________________________________________________________

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English Reading - Writing (E31252) PAGE 42

Matthayomsuksa 4 Semester 2 Academic year 2019 Matthayomwatbuengthonglang School.