Reading Writing English

IVU 4s NIT

Cause & Effect

Cause is the reason why something.
Effect is the result of a particular influence.

Cause and effect is a type of relationship between events
whereby a cause creates an effect. In many cases, an effect can result from
many causes and the exact nature of these relationships can be difficult to
determine. The following are illustrative examples of cause and effect.

A chair breaks when you sit on it because it is made of a weak material.

cause effect

A chair breaks it is made of a weak material.

You eat breakfast because you’re hungry.

cause effect

eat hungry

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In many cases, there are more than one causes for an effect.

A forest may die because of shifts in climate, weather events and a disease
with all playing a contributing role.

cause effect

- shifts in climate dying forest
- weather events
- a disease

You get a bad score on a test because you didn’t study and you ate poorly
before the test such that your brain wasn’t optimally nourished.

cause effect

- failure to study getting a bad score
- eating poorly

Singnal words of Cause & Effect

When you think of cause & effect, think two WH words WHAT (the
effect / the reason something happened or the result of something happen)
and WHY / HOW (cause / why or how something happened.)

Cause (Why / How)

 For (I did not go to the gym for I am tired)
 Since (Since he is untrustworthy, I think we should avoid telling him

confidential information)
 Because (He will marry you because he loves you)
 So long as (So long as I have life, I will continue to exercise)
 Now that (Now that it’s winter, I am happy.)

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Effect (What)

 As a result (She failed the bar; as a result she can’t practice law in her state)
 Due to that (It poured for days. Due to that, the entire city is flooded.)
 For this reason (I am not Jewish. For this reason I do not go to synagogue.)
 Consequently (He broke the rules. Consequently, he has been suspended

from school for two months.)
 Therefore (It is way past my bedtime. Therefore, I am going to bed.)
 Thus (The government is oblivious thus it is up to voters to take action.)
 So (He beat his wife so she left him.)
 If…then (If you come with me to Ipanema, then I will go with you to Somalia.)
 resulted in (The plane was accidentally not fueled in Dubai. This resulted in

a crash in the South Atlantic.)

Exercise 1 Read each sentence and look the sentence have been bolded.
Write C if that sentence is “cause” and E if that sentence is “effect”.
at behind each sentence.

1. Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work. _________

2. Since school was canceled, we went to the mall. _________

3. The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected, _________
so we ordered dessert. _________

4. Some believe dinosaurs died out
because a large meteor hit the earth.

5. Tsunamis happen when tectonic plates shift. _________

6. The weather forecast called for rain, so he took his umbrella. _________

7. The baby was crying, so Dad picked him up. _________

8. A peacock will spread his feathers so he will attract a female. _________

9. As the wind speed increases, the sail boat moves faster. _________

10. I had to get the mop since I spilled my juice. _________

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Exercise 2 Underline the cause in each sentence.

1. A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to
find another place to live.

2. Elise hit John because he made a rude comment.
3. There has been an increase in greenhouse gases, therefore global warming

is happening.
4. Since the electricity went out for most of the day, the ice cream in the

freezer melted.
5. The cat arched his back and fluffed his tail because he was frightened.

Exercise 3 Underline the effect in each sentence.

1. Fernanda looked for a new best friend because she and Amanda has a huge
argument.

2. The whole class go donuts because Sabrina won the drawing on Friday.
3. It was very hot outside so Jake put on sunscreen before his soccer game.
4. Julie lost her key so she could not get inside her house.
5. Our baseball game was cancelled because the field was flood.

Exercise 4 Fill the signal word in the box into the blank.

so because as a result of

1. The girl fell off her bike _________________ she cried.
2. ___________________ watching too much television, Sara did not finish her

homework.
3. Tara got glasses _______________ she could not see very well.
4. Laura lost her earring during PE ______________ her friends helped her

look for it.

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5. Juanita moved into Advanced Class _________________ she got an excellent
score on her test.

6. _____________________ banning the poison DDT, eagles are no longer
endangered.

7. _____________________ saving his money, Tom was able to buy a car.
8. Diana was sick _____________ she did not go to school.
9. The phone rang _________________ he answered it.
10. The Tasmanian devil is endangered ___________________ of Devil Facial

Tumor Disease (DFTD).

Exercise 5 Read each sentence below. Work out the cause and effect.

1. Carolina was happy because she had won first place.
Cause: ___________________________________________________________

Effect: ___________________________________________________________

2. Since it was almost bell time, the teacher asked the class to tidy up.
Cause: ___________________________________________________________

Effect: ___________________________________________________________

3. Due to the weather, sport was cancelled.
Cause: ___________________________________________________________

Effect: ___________________________________________________________

4. Sarah screamed when she saw a mouse.
Cause: ___________________________________________________________

Effect: ___________________________________________________________

5. The class were made to stay in because they were so noisy.
Cause: ___________________________________________________________

Effect: ___________________________________________________________

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Exercise 6 Read the selection and then answer the questions that follow.

The Planet Changes
Look at Earth’s landscape today. Then look at it next month. See the difference? Well,
maybe not. Earth is constantly changing, but some changes are slower than others. Here are
a few examples of how our planet changes every day.
 Deep inside Earth is a huge pool of magma–melted rock and gas. If the pressure
underground builds up, the magma moves up and out of an opening in Earth's crust. The
liquid spills or explodes as lava, then flows downhill, destroying everything in its path. When
the lava cools and hardens, it enlarges old land or creates new islands in the sea!
 Heavy rainfall can weaken soil and rock. If this happens on a hillside, the soil and rocks can
break loose and slide all the way down. A landslide can topple trees, demolish houses, and
dump soil to build up Earth’s surface in a new location.
 Sometimes piles of snow loosen and quickly tumble down a mountain, picking up rocks as
they go. Avalanches scrape the surface of the mountain and change it forever. The rocks
and soil pushed along with the snow build up Earth’s surface below, once the snow melts.
 Every year we hear of places where heavy rainfall or melted ice and snow run into rivers,
causing them to overflow. The ensuing floods flow across the land, washing away rich soil
and sometimes changing the path of the river itself.
 Earthquakes very quickly destroy some landforms and create others. Undersea
earthquakes can cause tsunamis, or tidal waves, with water reaching as high as 50 feet (15
m). When the water reaches land, it crashes ashore and rearranges the landscape.
 Even lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes quickly change Earth’s surface. Lightning may
cause forest fires that burn down trees and homes, and destroy land. Windstorms like
tornadoes and hurricanes blow away soil and rip up trees, flattening or tearing away the
land around them.
 As you see, nature is always changing Earth’s surface somewhere. Some changes are big.
Some are little. But all can be seen, if you look hard enough!

1. What causes magma to move up and out of Earth as lava?

a. heavy rains and winds b. snow and ice

c. pressure build-up underground d. pressure from strong wind

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2. Which is an effect of an avalanche?
a. Lava flows downhill, destroying everything in its path.
b. Once the snow melts, rocks and soil pushed along build up Earth’s
surface.
c. The water reaches land, crashes ashore, and rearranges the landscape.
d. Forest fires burn down trees and homes, and destroy land.

3. How can windstorms change Earth’s surface?
a. by blowing away soil
b. by ripping away trees
c. by flattening and tearing away land around trees
d. all of the above

4. What can heavy rainfall on a hillside cause?

a. hurricane b. avalanche c. tsunami d. landslide

5. What happens when heavy rain or melting snow and ice run into a river?

a. flood b. earthquake c hurricane d. tornado

6. Which can you most likely predict?
a. There will be an earthquake today.
b. In five years, Earth’s surface will look different than it does today.
c. Earth’s surface will always look the same.
d. In five years, Earth’s surface will look exactly as it does today.

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Cause and Effect Writing

You can write a short paragraph about cause and effect writing.
Following step by step, they are:

1. Choose your own topic that you will write.

How to Get “A” in English

2. Draft it by using graphic organizer. By ordering as follow; topic
sentence, supporting details (writing by using pattern cause and
effect).

Topic sentence

They are 3 things that you get A in English for this semester.

Supporting detail Effect
Cause
You can ask something that
You intend in class. you confused to be clear.

You review lesson You can memorize and get
after school. more details
You use English
in real life. You use English correctly
and accurately.

3. Write into the paragraph by using signal to separate cause sentence
and effect sentence.

Example You should intend in class because you can ask something that
you confused to be clear.

If you should review lesson after school then you can memorize
and get more details.

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Example the Cause and Effect paragraph

How to Get “A” in English
English is an important subject. They are 3 things that you get A in
English for this semester. First, you should intend in class because you can
ask something that you confused to be clear. Then, if you should review
lesson after school then you can memorize and get more details. Last, if you
use English in real life, then you can use English correctly and accurately.

Exercise 7 Write your own effects by following the causes.

1. The cause : Today, it is raining all day.
1) _______________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________

2. The cause : Michael has done his homework.
1) ______________________________________________________________
2) ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 8 Write your own causes by following the effects.

1. The effect : Your clothes are wet.
1) ______________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________

2. The effect : You got “A+” on your reading-writing test.
1) ______________________________________________________________
2) ______________________________________________________________

3)

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Exercise 9 Write a short paragraph about cause and effect.
Use 2 - 3 cause and effect sentences in this paragraphs.

Topic : ____________________________________________________________
Topic sentence

Cause Effect

…………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………......

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KEY
ANSWER

U 1NIT Introduction of Reading and Writing

Page 3 Exercise 1

1. /b/ bat bird brown pan past
2. /t/ tell three
3. /ʧ/ thin chair think tea
4. /ð/ check
5. /h/ cheese think chin cat
hour thru thus
this that
hurricane huge
horror hat

Page 3 Exercise 2

1. fly / _f_ _l_ aɪ / 2. drink / _d_ _r_ ɪ _ŋ_ _k_ /
4. shadow / _ʃ_ æ _d_ əʊ /
3. third / _θ_ ɜː _d_ /

5. January / _ʤ_ æ _n_ __j ʊə __r ɪ /

Page 4 Exercise 3

1. /u:/ mood choose could wood good
2. /e/ wet jet beer read chess
3. /æ/ fade fresh cat map hate
4. /eɪ/ wait say lay paid cake
5. /aɪ/ tie why children smile bay

Page 5 Exercise 4

1. tea / t _i_ː / 2. food / f _u_ː d /

3. father / f _ɑ_ː ð _ə_ / 4. passenger / p _æ_ s _ɪ_ n ʤ _ə_ /

5. international / _ɪ_ n t _ə_ n _æ_ ʃ _ə_ n l /

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Page 5 Exercise 5

Item English word IPA Item English word IPA
Ex1 banana /bənɑːnə/ Ex2 policeman /pəliːsmən/
ice sing
1 window /aɪs/ 2 Thailand /sɪŋ/
3 school /wɪndəʊ/ 4 vegetable /taɪlænd/
5 milk 6 university /veʤtəbəl/
7 boyfriend /skuːl/ 8 apple /ju:nɪvɜːsɪti/
9 /mɪlk/ 10
/bɔɪfrend/ /æpl/

Page 5 Exercise 6

The Secret Letter

Hello, my name is Jane. I come from United Kingdom. I am sixteen years old. I
write this letter for you. I know that you can read this letter. I have something to tell
you. You are looking good, you know? Do you have any girlfriend? Can I will be?

Love you
Jane

Page 10 Exercise 7

item word sound ending IPA
/s/ /z/ /ɪz/
Ex snakes /sneɪks/
1 hands  /hændz/
2 kisses  /kɪsɪz/
3 cats  /kæts/
4 families /fæmɪliz/
5 dogs  /dɒgz/
6 boxes  /bɒksɪz/
7 ducks  /dʌks/
8 cages  /keɪʤɪz/
9 quizzes /kwɪzɪz/
10 maps  /mæps/





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Page 10 Exercise 8 sound ending IPA
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
item word /dɪsaɪdɪd/
 /weɪtɪd/
Ex decided  /plʌgd/
1 waited  /pʌnɪʃt/
2 plugged  /niːdɪd/
3 punished  /weɪvd/
4 needed 
5 waved  /kɪld/
6 killed  /taɪpt/
7 typed  /mɪst/
8 missed  /vəʊtɪd/
9 voted  /ədvaɪzd/
10 advised

Page 14 Exercise 9

1. t ท ด ต ค ฏ
2. k ก ฆ
3. ch จ ว ซ ค ซ
4. s ซ ฟ
5. p ผ ค ช บ บ

ส ศ ฐ

ป พฟ

Page 15 Exercise 10

Consonances

Item Thai Roman alphabets Item Thai Roman alphabets
alphabets Starting Ending alphabets Starting Ending

1 จ ch t 11 ม mm

2 ข kh k 12 ก kk

3ด d t 13 ง ng ng

4ป p p 14 ร rn

5น n n 15 ฬ ln

6ส s t 16 ฆ kh k

7 ผ ph p 17 ซ st

8ต t t 18 ฐ th t

9ห h - 19 ญ yn

10 ล l n 20 ฟ fp

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Vowels

Item Thai Roman Item Thai Roman
alphabets alphabets alphabets alphabets

1 -า a 6 -อย oi

2 -ี i 7 -วย uai
iao
3 เ-าะ o 8 เ-ียว
aeo
4 เ-ีอ uea 9 แ-ว
rua
5 -วี ua 10 ฤๅ

Page 16 Exercise 11

Item Thai alphabets Roman alphabets Item Thai Roman
alphabets alphabets
Ex1 กรงุ เทพฯ Krung Thep Maha Ex2
Nakhon คลองแสนแสบ Khlong Saen Saep

1 ตลาดสด Talatsot 11 โรงเรยี น Rongrian
สนามหญา้ Sanamya
2 แมว Maeo 12 ปลดั อาเภอ Palat Amphoe
ผใู้ หญบ่ า้ น Phuyaiban
3 ถนนขา้ วสาร Thanon Khao San 13 เกาะพะงนั Ko Pha Ngan
Patithin
4 นายกรฐั มนตรี Nayokratthamontri 14 ปฏทิ นิ Ton Maiyarap
ต้นไมยราบ Thahan Ruea
5 ฉะเชงิ เทรา Chachoesao 15 ทหารเรอื Thong Chat Thai
ธงชาตไิ ทย
6 กระทรวงศกึ ษาธกิ าร Krasuang Sueksathikan 16 สนามบนิ อ่ตู ะเภา Sanambin U-Taphao

7 การเลอื กตงั้ Kan Lueaktang 17

8 ศาลฎกี า San Dika 18

9 หลวงพ่อฤๅษลี งิ ดา Luang Po Ruesi Lingdam 19
10 นางสาวคาอ่อน ฟกั มี Nangsao Kham-on Fakme 20

Page 17 Exercise 12

Krungthep Maha Nakhon A-mon Rattana Kosin Mahin Thara Yutthaya Maha Dilokphop
Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom U-dom Ratchaniwet Maha Sathan
A-mon Phiman A-watan Sathit Sakkathat Tiya Witsanu Kamprasit

Som Boeng Yu Doe Tha Hak Wa Thoe Nan Loek Kan Kap Khao
Rueang Khong Song Rao Si Pen Pai Dai Bo Bo Dai Khao Ma Phuea Kot Dan

Tae Wa Chan Nan Khae Ro Fao Loek Kan Nae Thao
Pho Sao Kha Lo Yak Pen Phu Sao Ai

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Page 18 - 19 Quiz unit 1

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. a
6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. d
11. b 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. b
16. b 17. c 18. a 19. d 20. a

UNIT2 Skimming and Scanning

Page 22 Exercise 1

1. against 2. against 3. against 4. against 5. for

Page 23 Exercise 2 5. T
10. F
1. c 2. c 3. b

Page 25 Exercise 3 3. F
8. F
1. F 2. T 4. F
6. T 7. T 9. T

Page 26 Exercise 4 2. Chapter 3 3. Page 46

1. 5 chapters 5. Yes, it does, on page 191
4. Part 10

Page 27-28 Exercise 5

1. d 2. b 3. b 4. c
5. a 6. b 7. b 8. d

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Page 28-29 Exercise 6 2. On Monday 3. 455,000 people
5. Agnes 6. more than 400 people
1. 515 people
4. Panay island

Page 31 Exercise 7

EMPLOYMENT WONGTHAEWANG COMPANY
APPLICATION
Position applying for: __________E__n_g__in__e_e__r____________

EMPLOYEE INFORMATION

Name____________________W__i_n_th__a_i _W__o_n_g_w__a_r_a__________________________

Birthday ____4___/_O__c_to__b_e_r/__1_9_9_3____ Age ____2_7____ Sex  Male  Female

Address ___2_6_/3_,__S_o_i_L_a_t__P_h_r_a_o__1_0_1__Y_e_a_k__3_7_,_L_a_o__P_h_a_r_o__R_o__a_d_,____________

___________K_h__a_e_o_n_g__K_h_o__n_g__C_h_a_n_,__K_h_e_t_B__a_n_g__K_a_p__i,_B__a_n_g_k_o_k__, _1_0_2_4_0_._____

Marital status : single  married  widowed  divorced  separated
 exempted _th__ro__u_g_h__M_i_li_t_a_ry__D_r_a_w__in__g_B__a_ll_o_t__
Military status:  serving

 completed _______________________________

Health Conditions _________________N__/A__________________________________

Highest Education level  primary  secondary  vocational  college

university _B_a_c_he_l_o_r _o_f _E_n_gi_n_e_e_ri_n_g_in__E_le_c_tr_ic_a_l_E_n_g_in_e_e_r_in_g

Language Proficiency

Language Speaking Reading Writing

English good good good

Chinese fair poor poor

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

From To Location Position Reason for Leaving

2016 2018 ABC Company Engineer Needed better job

U 3NIT Identifying the Topic Sentences

Page 34 Exercise 1

1. d. 2. a 3. c

Page 37-38 Exercise 2

1. Many people throughout the world use Spanish to communicate.
2. Most people have a favorite way to exercise.
3. This whole area is great country for hunters and fishermen.
4. Advertising affects our lives every day. / Not one aspect of America life is untouched by advertising.
5. It seems that people mature at different rates.
6. Americans waste a lot of resources.

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Page 38-39 Exercise 3

1. Topic: Kinds of classes
Topic sentence: There are several different kinds of classes on college and university
campuses.

2. Topic: Left-handed and right-handed people
Topic sentence: Left-handed people suffer more from stress than their right-handed
peers.

3. Topic: Forgetting
Topic sentence: We all forget all kinds of things all the time.

UNIT4 Cause & Effect

Page 45 Exercise 1 3. C 4. C 5. E
8. E 9. C 10. E
1. C 2. E
6. E 7. C

Page 46 Exercise 2

1. A tornado blew the roof off the house
2. he made a rude comment
3. There has been an increase in greenhouse gases
4. the electricity went out for most of the day
5. he was frightened

Page 46 Exercise 3

1. Fernanda looked for a new best friend
2. The whole class go donuts
3. Jake put on sunscreen before his soccer game
4. she could not get inside her house
5. Our baseball game was cancelled

Page 46-47 Exercise 4

1. so 2. as a result 3. because 4. so 5. because
6. as a result 7. as a result 8. so 9. so 10. because

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Page 47 Exercise 5 Effect : Carolina was happy
Effect : Class asked to tidy up
1. Cause : Winning first place Effect : Sport cancelled
2. Cause : Almost bell time Effect : She screamed
3. Cause : Weather Effect : They had to stay in
4. Cause : Sarah saw a mouse
5. Cause : Class was noisy

Page 48-49 Exercise 6 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b
1. c 2. b

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REFERENCEREFERENCE

Mark Broukal. 2013. Phonetics. [Online]. from
https://redwoodsmedia.com/phonetic-worksheets (25 September
2019)

Milada Bundana. 2016. Thai Romanization. [Online]. from https://
https://www.thoughtco.com/ Thai-Romanization -1689834 (30
September 2019)

Waraphon Lertworasirikul. 2015. Skimming. [Online]. from https://
https://www.oxbridge.in.th/ielts-general-tips/main-idea-
%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B
0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3 (2 October 2019)

Suwan Srirasa. 2017. Scanning. [Online]. from
https://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0073123587/student_view0/
chapter8 (4 October 2019)

Jutharat Srisirichokchai. 2018. Finding Topic. [Online]. from
https://www.staff.uni-giessen.de/~ga1070/topic_sentences_ex.html
(4 October 2019)

Passawee Phaisanthanakul. 2011. Topic sentence. [Online]. from
https://www.eslprintables.com/reading_worksheets/identifying_the_
main_idea/TOPIC_SENTENCES_Main_idea__456047/ (5 October
2019)

Watana Panich. 2017. Cause & Effect. [Online]. from
https://www.k12reader.com/worksheet/cause-effect/view/ (6 October
2019)

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