BULETIN GIS BIL1_2022

Figure 5 : Reengineered - PLUSGeospatial Architecture

Figure 6 : PLUSGeospatial adapting MS Azure Layers of Defence for security purposes
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4.1 Serverless Computing 4.3 Interfacing through Application
Programming Interface (API)
PLUSGeospatial Reengineering opts for
Azure serverless architectures approach 100 nos. of APIs were developed utilizing
that utilizes Function as a Service (FaaS), Azure Functions, Azure API Developer Portal
a cloud computing service to run back-end and Azure API Management hence providing
codes without managing its own server a base for application interfacing between
systems/applications. This offers greater PLUSGeospatial and other applications.
scalability, more flexibility, and cost-efficient Instantaneously, relevant data from other
utility computing as the computing resources existing applications in PLUS such as detailed
are allocated and charged on demand basis. asset information from TEMAN as well
The productivity level and consumption are as buildings’ 3D Model and footprint from
currently being monitored for more cost- PLUSBIM (Building Information Modelling)
effective capacity planning. are now accessible for representation in
PLUSGeospatial as illustrated in Figure 7.
4.2 Structured Geodatabase Succeeding and in the pipeline, the same APIs
are currently being consumed for Mobile Apps
ArcSDE manages the databases consisting development focuses on customer journey/
of non-spatial data and spatial (geodatabase) experience.
that are restructured to align to MS 1759 hence
assuring compliance to both concession
agreement obligations and required standard.
ArcSDE caters to data interoperability for
multiple applications whilst improving data
protection.

Figure 7 : Rest Service Area 3D Model is now viewable in PLUSGeospatial through API Interfacing with PLUSBIM
(Building Information Modelling)

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4.4 Producing dynamic & nteractive 4.4.2 Extension of Linear Referencing
maps to improve UI/UX through System (LRS)
new and enhanced mapping Linear Referencing System enhanced PLUS
features utilizing Azure Map and geospatial capabilities that allows locations
dashboard establishment to be referred to highway convention e.g.
KM points (which is more intuitive and
4.4.1 Azure Maps user-friendly to PLUS operations and
Since the reengineering is implemented maintenance team) rather than the traditional
on Azure Cloud, Azure Maps is used as a x,y coordinates. The application or LRS is
Platform as a Service (PaaS) in providing further extended as a converter to pavement
location intelligence and geographic analytic assessment data that possess more complex
to the existing datasets. Azure Maps provides coordinates values. The result is a more
REST APIs that render vector and raster maps effective visualization of Pavement Condition
in multiple styles and satellite imagery as well as illustrated in Figure 8. The same concept
as various routing options to support highway is also applied for visualization of traffic and
operations and maintenance simulations. incidents on the expressway that supports
PLUS operations and maintenance team for
better decision making.

Figure 8 : Historical Data Slider for holistic view of the entire network pavement condition for better maintenance planning

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4.4.3 Analytics & Simulation – New
features make available by
incorporating all raster and ii. Simulation: Flow Direction Analysis
vector datasets Utilizing Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
acquired from LiDAR and UAV Data
i. Routing Acquisition Projects, the reengineered
New dynamic features built from PLUSGeospatial is now geared up for flow
PLUSGeospatial reengineering exercise direction analysis. Based on water flow stream
is Routing. As per other maps/routing analytics, it can now simulate and provides an
application in the market that is capable in early assessment on potential risk on PLUS
providing alternative paths exiting the route assets that may have impact to safety and
affected by any incident; PLUSGeospatial has environment. Not only it could apply to recent
additional advanced features that offer options nationwide flood incident, but the analytics
for “U-turn” and “Contra Flow” as illustrated used case could be further extended to similar
in Figure 9. By incorporating relevant asset nature incidents involving oil/chemical spillage
information at the site i.e., Emergency Median and/or debris flow.
Opening and guardrails along the highway with
the current traffic condition (within highway
alignment and adjacent local roads) not only
it is advantageous to PLUS operations team
in activating effective measures for incident
management, traffic dispersion and disaster
recovery but also beneficial to customers in
providing options for a safer and smoother
journey.

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Figure 9 : Routing features in PLUSGeospatial assist PLUS operations team for traffic management and dispersion with
alternatives for U-turn, contra flow activation and rerouting to local roads.

Figure 10 : Simulation of upstream/downstream water flow serves as early risk assessment
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4.4.4 Visualization Enrichment and a single source of real time traffic information,
Customized Portal Creation push notification of incidents and options to
customers. Analytics on road geometrics
Prior to reengineering, PLUSGeospatial users data on highway alignment and curvature
were bound to only 2D view hence limiting as well as terrain detail acquired through
the actual as per site representation. The LiDAR/UAV with live feed traffic data able to
new engine and robust platform designed for produce output for journey/route planner and
PLUSGeospatial permits for faster loading alternative routes for an emergency. Moving
capability to display 3D and/or 360-degree forward and aligning to the on-going Traffic
Aerial Panoramic views enrich the maps Monitoring Centre Modernization initiatives
component representation and visualization. will see the heavy use of a single pane of
Concurrently, the ability to process glass (all relevant data on one view) driven
comprehensive pavement datasets by each primarily by PLUSGeospatial data that will
segmentation and time-bound with geo- support effective highway management, risk
pattern analysis provides insights to PLUS assessment and better decision-making.
maintenance team on pavement condition PLUS sees the future of geospatial and by
correlation with relevant variables e.g., traffic embracing 4th Industrial Revolution to the
volume, incident locations, loading etc. The fullest as very promising not only within PLUS
maintenance team currently utilizing the innovation environment, to achieve efficiency
output represented on the customized portal to PLUS highway operations and maintenance
as a supporting tool for more cost-effective aspect and has the potential of generating
asset planning and maintenance regime. new business solutions and opportunities, but
rather capable to transform the landscape for
overall service and transportation industries.

CONCLUSION

5.0

The future of geospatial technology is not
going to be just maps. The more “location
tagged” data acquired; the richer geospatial
big data becomes. The reengineering of
PLUSGeospatial has initiated the proven
path for data analytics and an integrated
ecosystem for real-time information (not only
data dissemination). Incorporating geospatial
data, geospatial science, remote sensing data
and analytics, information from upcoming
various sensors installed along the highway
and automated systems will be able to provide

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REFERENCES

6.0

i. Malaysian ITS Blueprint 2019-2024 (2018), Ministry of Works
ii. Malaysia National Industry 4.0 Policy Framework (2018), Ministry of International Trade

and Industry
iii. Abdul Majid, Shamsul Izhan (2019). Moving Millions A Day: IoT and Cloud Driving ITS,

13th ITS European Congress.
iv. Abd Talib, Shahdaryani (2019). A PLUS Geospatial Journey in ITS. 13th ITS European

Congress
v. Azure Maps Documentation (2022), Microsoft
vi. ArcGIS Enterprise Document, ESRI
vii. ArcGIS Pro Document, ESRI

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CHANGE DETECTION USING INTRODUCTION
AIRBORNE INTERFEROMETRIC
SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR 1.0

(IFSAR) Monitoring change between two reference
dates is of interest for a number of remote
Hazri Hassan1, Fahizul Risya Husin2, & sensing applications, such as disaster
Thuaibatul Aslamiah Mastor2 response, site monitoring and topographical
map updates. The challenge would be to
1Coordinating and Mapping Policy Division, identify changes at the required map scale
2Peninsular Topography Mapping Division, (i.e., finding map features that have changed
between two reference dates). [1]. For
Department of Surveying and Mapping changes to be identified with higher accuracy,
Malaysia (JUPEM) data from active sensor systems could provide
an additional advantage of signal consistency
[email protected] as the data are calibrated [2]. Therefore,
IFSAR, being an active sensor system, is
ABSTRACT deemed to be a suitable candidate of data
source for change detection analysis. This
Change detection analysis highlights potential paper discusses the potential of using IFSAR
changes of information from at least two (2) dataset to identify changes via image different
reference dates of the same area of interest. techniques.
Naturally, the analysis benefits activities
such as topographical map updating, where 1.1 CHANGE DETECTION ON
it is important to know the area of changes, TEMPORAL QUALITY
therefore efforts can be deployed to document
it. This paper analysed two (2) IFSAR Ortho Within the context of remote sensing, change
Rectified Radar Imagery (ORI) of the seven detection refers to the process of identifying
(7) same area from the years 2008 and 2017 differences in the state of land features
to identify change signatures (in percentage) by observing them at different times. This
that had occurs between the two (2) reference process can be accomplished either manually
dates. (i.e., by hand) or with the aid of remote
sensing software. Manual interpretation of
Keywords: IFSAR (Interferometry Synthetic change from satellite images or aerial photos
Aperture Radar) involves an observer or analyst defining areas
of interest and comparing them between
images from two reference dates. This may
be accomplished either on-screen (such
as in a GIS) or on paper. When analysing
aerial photographs, a stereoscope, which

JABATAN UKUR DAN PEMETAAN MALAYSIA

53

allows two spatially overlapping photos to be years, IFSAR data have gained increasing
displayed in 3D, can aid photo interpretation. importance in change detection applications,
Manual image interpretation works well when because IFSAR is an active sensor, operating
assessing change between discrete classes without regard to weather, smoke, cloud cover
(e.g., forest openings, land use and land or daylights. IFSAR Change Detection can be
cover maps) or when changes are large (e.g., applied to:
heavy mechanized maneuverer damage, i. Urban sprawl
engineering training impacts). Manual image ii. Environmental changes
interpretation is also an option when trying iii. Deforestation/forest growth
to determine change using images or photos iv. Forest fire damage
from different sources (e.g., comparing v. Flooding
historic aerial photographs to current satellite vi. Storm damage
imagery). vii. Earthquake damage
viii. Oil spill detection
Change detection with Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) images involves often a pair 1.3 Change Detection Concept
of co-registered images acquired over the Change detection works with the pixel
same area at different dates [1]. To identify differences being assigned with Red, Green
changes, different methods are commonly and Blue (RGB) values through calculating and
applied. The change detection process in averaging each digital number, considering
IFSAR images usually has two phases: the different pixel sizes. In this RGB value, red
difference detection from images using to negative values, green to the values close
several types of operations and classification to 0, and blue to positive values.
of images with or without changes based
on supervised or unsupervised techniques. However, in this paper, IFSAR orthorectified
Change detection from SAR images is based radar imagery (ORI) data has been used.
on pixel information and the standard method An Orthorectified Radar Image (ORI) is a
that has been used is pixel comparison (i.e., grayscale image of the earth’s surface that
subtract the two multi-temporal images [3]). is similar in appearance to a black-and-white
photograph. The image is based on the
1.2 IFSAR CHANGE DETECTION returned intensity of radar signals transmitted
APPLICATION from the aircraft during data acquisition [4].

Multi-temporal images acquired by optical, or In this research, “Blue is New” depicts possible
radar sensors are often applied to the detection changes between two radar images covering
of changes on the earth’s surface. As both the same scene. Features new to the scene
two sensor types have their own imaging and are in Blue (pixel that change from darker to
sensitivity characteristics, their performance brighter). Features that disappeared from the
in change detection varies with the properties scene are in Red (pixels that change from
of the changing surface features. In recent

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54

brighter to darker). If the two images used PROJECT AREA
have IFSAR nodes, the times of collection will
be used to find which one is the most recent. If 3.0
there are no IFSAR nodes, then the image that
is on top of the View stack will be assumed to Muar, Johor, located in the southern part of
be the latest. Peninsular Malaysia has been selected as
the project area. Muar which is also known as
Bandar Maharani has an area size of 2,346.12
kilometres square. As illustrated in Figure 2
below shows the Area of Interest (AOI) taken
from Google Map.

Figure 1 : Image Differencing Technique

AIM AND OBJECTIVES Figure 2 : Area Of Interest, Muar, Johor
2.0
METHODOLOGY AND 4.0
The aim of this project is to analyse potential PROCEDURES
changes in the area of Muar based on IFSAR
data from two (2) reference dates. To achieve Steps used in the process are shown in the
this, three objectives have been laid out; 1) To workflow below using Hexagon Geospatial
identify changes between the two datasets, ERDAS Imagine version 16.6.
the year 2009 and 2017, 2) to determine
the degree of changes and unchanged area
in order to produce a layer or image that
highlights areas that have changed together
with the direction and magnitude of change
and 3) to analyse the changes.

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Using FME

Figure 3 : Change Detection Process

4.1 Source of Data Figure 4 : ORI of Muar

Orthorectified Radar Imagery (ORI) data from Table 1 : Information on Data Source
two (2) reference dates have been selected
for the project area as the data source. Both 4.2 Software Used
data originated from Interferometric Synthetic Hexagon Geospatial ERDAS Imagine
Aperture Radar (IFSAR) technique which have software is used to perform the change
been acquired in 2009 and 2017 covering the detection analysis. ERDAS Imagine is a
project area as illustrated in Figure 3 below. remote sensing application with raster
Detailed information regarding the data source graphics editor abilities designed by ERDAS
is shown in Table 1 below, Information on Data for geospatial applications. It is aimed mainly
Source. Table 1 provides information on the as a geospatial raster data processing
reference index (MYSeries) of the project software and allows users to prepare, display
area, the projection used, file data format, file and enhance digital images for usage in
data type and data resolution. Geographic Information System (GIS) and

Orthorectified Radar Imagery (ORI) is a
grayscale image of the earth’s surface that
has been corrected to remove geometrical
distortions. This product appears similar to
a black-and-white aerial photograph. While
aerial imagery uses visible light to produce
images, ORI uses radar signals.

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Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software. a Spatial Modeller. Both options are able to
It is a toolbox allowing the user to perform generate a layer of Blue is New. Spatial
numerous operations on an image and Modeller is a graphical model tool that allows
generate an answer to specific geographical for a user to create their own Geo-processes
questions. workflow. This graphical model is similar to of
a drawing flowchart where the logical flow of
By manipulating imagery data values and steps needed to be performed are arranged
positions using ERDAS Imagine, it is possible in order to get the desired output. Once the
to see features that would not normally be Spatial Modeller is executed, the process will
visible and to locate geo-positions of features. be automated until the output is produced.
For example, level of brightness, or reflectance
of light from the surfaces in an image can be Once the output has been produced by ERDAS
helpful with vegetation analysis, prospecting Imagine, Feature Manipulation Engine (FME)
for minerals etc. Other usage examples software is then used to convert the output
include linear feature extraction, generation data from raster to vector. FME is spatial ETL
of processing workflows (spatial models in (extract, transform and load) application tool.
ERDAS Imagine), import/export of data to a There are three basics translation process of
wide variety of data formats, performing image FME. Data is extracted from data source then
orthorectification, mosaicking of imagery, the data is transformed into another format
generation of stereo view, automatic feature and then the data is loaded into destination.
extraction of map data from imagery among This tool supports an array of data type and
others. format that capable to handles all possible
geometry and attribute type. We use the
In ERDAS Imagine, change detection analysis generated raster output from ERDAS Imagine
can be performed via two (2) options. First, and converted it to a vector data format in
through radar analyst tab and second, through order to create polygon of changed area and
unchanged area using FME.

Figure 5 : ERDAS Imagine Advantages. [9]
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION From Figure 7, ORI data in year 2009 shows
5.0 the area are covered with vegetation land
use, meanwhile year 2017 ORI data shows
Blue is New layer is the temporary raster layer the area has changed to residential use.
that has been produced by color-codes. It The output of the change detection analysis
depicts the changes from the two (2) dataset shows Blue presents in Image 2 and does not
analysed. Features that have come into the in Image 1. Meanwhile, Red layer appears in
area (New) are blue and features that have Image 1 (older) and not in Image 2.
left the area (Fled) are red.

Figure 6 : Blue is new layer using ERDAS Imagine Spatial
Modeller

Figure 7 : Changes of Feature indicated in Change Detection Imagery
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By using the result of change detection ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
analysis, we can calculate the percentage of
both New and Fled features within the project 7.0
area. Table 2 shows the percentage of New
and Fled area from eight (8) years of temporal We would like to express our sincere
difference: 2009 vs 2017. appreciation to, Ministry of Energy and
Natural Resources (KeTSA) Malaysia,
Table 2: Percentage of New and Fled area between year for the support given during IFSAR Data
2009 and 2017 Acquisition in Peninsular Malaysia project
implementation (2017). Among others, the
Area Percentage (%) cooperation given by Defence Geospatial
Muar Division (BGSP), JUPEM and all departments
New Fled and agencies that have been involved directly
7.9 8.8 or indirectly with the project which has made
it a successful one.
CONCLUSION

6.0

From the result, it can be concluded that the
change detection analysis yielded that the
project area has about 7.9% of new changes
against the old dataset while 8.8% of the
old data are no longer present in the new
dataset. The result is important because it
shows where changes has occurred within
the dataset from the two (2) reference date.
The result can be used as an indicator that is
crucial to enable changes to be documented
i.e., as topographical map updating activities
by JUPEM.

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REFERENCES

8.0

i. Zhang, Yun & Kerle, Norman. (2008). Satellite remote sensing for near-real time data collection.
ii. Schubert, A; Jehle, M; Small, D; Meier, E. 2008. Geometric validation of TerraIFSAR-X

high-resolution products. In: 3rd TerraIFSAR-X Science Team Meeting, Oberpfaffenhofen, DE, 25. 26.
November 2008
iii. Bouaraba, Azzedine & Milisavljević, Nada & Marc, Acheroy & Closson, Damien. (2014). Change
Detection and Classification Using High Resolution SAR Interferometry. 10.5772/57246.
iv. Hagberg, J. O., Ulander, L. M. H., and Askne, J. 1995. Repeat-pass IFSAR interferometry over
forested terrain, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.331-340
v. Intermap_ProdHandbook_v4.3.pdf www.pcigeomatics.com/support/pdf/Intermap_ProdHandbook_v4.3.pdf
vi. X. Boli, M. C. Jing, and K. Gangyao. A change detection measure based on a likelihood ratio
and statistical properties of IFSAR intensity images. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol.3(3):267–275, 2012
vii. E. J. M. Rignot and J. J. V. Zyl. Change detection techniques for ers-1 IFSAR data. IEEETrans.
and Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 31(4):896–906, 1993.
viii. Touzi, R., Lopez, A., Bruniquel, J. and Vachon, P. W. 1999.
ix. Coherence Estimation for IFSAR Imagery, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,
vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 135-149
x. Bouaraba, Azzedine & Milisavljević, Nada & Marc, Acheroy & Closson, Damien. (2014). Change
Detection and Classification Using High Resolution SAR Interferometry. 10.5772/57246.
xi. R. G. WHITE (1991) Change detection in SAR imagery, International Journal of Remote Sensing,
12:2, 339-360, DOI: 10.1080/01431169108929656

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PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI GIS of Things (IoT), Building Information Modeling
DALAM PENGURUSAN ASET (BIM), Digital Twin dan Machine Learning.
PEMBETUNGAN AWAM DI IWK
Kata kunci: IWK, IGIS, geospatial,
Nur Afiqah Ahmad Bakhtiar, Mohd Zubaidi pembetungan, pengurusan aset
Daud, Afifa Safira A Gani, Mohd Taufik Salleh
Jabatan Perancangan dan Kejuruteraan, In- PENGENALAN
dah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd, No 44 Jalan
Dungun, Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala 1.0

Lumpur, MALAYSIA Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd (IWK) ialah
03 – 2780 1100
www.iwk.com.my sebuah syarikat perkhidmatan pembetungan

[email protected] nasional milik Menteri Kewangan

ABSTRAK Diperbadankan yang bertanggungjawab

Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd (IWK) ialah untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan
sebuah syarikat perkhidmatan pembetungan
di Malaysia yang bertanggungjawab untuk pembetungan kepada lebih 29 juta pengguna
menyediakan perkhidmatan pembetungan
awam semenjak tahun 1994. Pada tahun semenjak tahun 1994 di Malaysia. Tugas
2018, IWK telah membangunkan aplikasi
Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) yang dikenali utama IWK adalah pengendalian operasi dan
sebagai Integrated Geographical Information
System (IGIS) untuk membantu kerja-kerja penyelenggaraan 7,273 buah loji rawatan
dan rutin harian IWK yang terdiri daripada
pembangunan beberapa modul antaranya kumbahan (LRK) awam, 1,375 stesen pam
IGIS Web Application, OMGIS Web Application
dan OMGIS Dashboard. Seiring dengan kumbahan (SPK) dan 20,605 kilometer
pembangunan dan kemajuan GIS, IWK telah
merancang pelbagai penambahbaikan IGIS panjang rangkaian paip pembetungan bawah
dengan membangunkan modul GIS khusus
untuk menyokong keperluan perniagaan tanah sehingga Disember 2021 (rujuk Rajah
IWK sebagai contoh pembangunan modul
GEOLand, DESGIS dan NeMGIS. IWK juga 1). IWK mempunyai modal insan dalam
meneroka aplikasi teknologi geospatial dalam
Revolusi Industri 4.0 (I.R 4.0) seperti Internet pelbagai bidang, kepakaran teknikal, proses

JABATAN UKUR DAN PEMETAAN MALAYSIA olahan, aset strategik, sistem dan peralatan.

Kepakaran lain IWK ialah perancangan

dan kejuruteraan, perakuan pembangunan

sistem pembetungan, proses reka bentuk,

penilaian persekitaran, audit teknikal,

kajian risiko dan kebolehgunaan serta

khidmat perundingan pengurusan projek.

Sejak tahun 1994, IWK telah mengambil

alih perkhidmatan pembetungan daripada

semua pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT)

kecuali di kawasan perkhidmatan Indah

Bandaran Sdn Bhd di negeri Pahang dan

Lembaga Kemajuan Terengganu Tengah

(KETENGAH) di negeri Terengganu juga

61

di negeri Sabah dan Sarawak. Selama 27 EVOLUSI GIS DI IWK
tahun, IWK sebagai syarikat perkhidmatan
pembetungan awam di Malaysia telah melalui 2.0
banyak fasa evolusi dalam pengurusan aset
pembetungan bermula daripada pengumpulan Di Malaysia, Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS)
dan verifikasi data aset sehingga merekod digunakan secara meluas oleh pelbagai
dan menguruskannya dalam sistem yang organisasi dalam sektor kerajaan dan
komprehensif. Perkembangan IWK dalam swasta kerana kemampuan dan keupayaan
bidang pengurusan aset pembetungan aplikasinya dalam pengurusan data
membantu IWK beralih ke inisiatif perubahan spatial dan analisis spatial yang berkaitan.
perniagaan jangka panjang di samping Pembangunan pesat di bandar-bandar dan
meningkatkan praktikaliti pengurusan aset di kawasan baru di Malaysia telah menyebabkan
seluruh syarikat bagi menghadapi cabaran peningkatan bilangan aset pembetungan
yang akan datang. seperti LRK, SPK dan rangkaian paip
pembetungan yang dikendalikan oleh IWK
Rajah 1: Profil Aset sehingga Disember 2021 setiap tahun. Pada masa kini, dengan
kawasan perkhidmatan yang besar dan
kakitangan terhad, IWK berdepan dengan
pelbagai isu yang berkaitan pembetungan
seperti aduan awam mengenai masalah
paip tersumbat, limpahan air kumbahan dan
lain-lain. Oleh itu, berdasarkan kemampuan
dan keupayaan fungsi GIS ini, IWK telah
membangunkan Enterprise GIS yang dikenali
sebagai Integrated Geographical Information
System (IGIS) untuk membantu kerja-kerja
dan rutin harian IWK.

IGIS merupakan platform atau sistem
yang menjadi hub bagi perkongsian serta
pembangunan maklumat spatial bagi
kegunaan kakitangan IWK. IGIS yang
diintegrasikan dengan beberapa sistem
lain membolehkan penyepaduan maklumat
pembetungan berkaitan spatial dan atribut
dilaksanakan. Segala maklumat berkaitan
data spatial IWK juga sentiasa dikemaskini,
dipantau dan disemak bagi memastikan
kualiti informasi aset pembetungan yang

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62

disediakan dalam IGIS. Sistem -sistem lain Evolusi penggunaan GIS secara menyeluruh
yang diintegrasi dengan IGIS adalah seperti: di IWK bermula pada tahun 1994 apabila
a. Asset Management Information pemetaan aset menggunakan perisian
MapInfo Professional mula digunakan (rujuk
System (AMIS) – sistem pengurusan Rajah 2). Pada tahun 2018, IWK telah
aset pembetungan yang merangkumi menjalankan proses migrasi platfom IGIS ke
maklumat LRK, SPK dan STF. platfom baru iaitu ESRI ArcGIS Platform.
b. Billing Record and Information
System (BRAINS) – sistem
pengurusan maklumat pelanggan
dan pengebilan.
c. Customer Enquiry Management
System (CEMS) – sistem
pengurusan aduan pelanggan.
d. Laboratory Management System
(LMS) – sistem pengurusan
maklumat pelepasan effluen.
e. Electronic Document Management
System (EDMS) – sistem
pengurusan dokumen digital.
f. Vehicle Management System (VMS)
– sistem pengurusan kenderaan.

Rajah 2: Evolusi Teknologi Geospatial di IWK
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63

2.1 IGIS WEB APPLICATION IGIS mempunyai widget yang mampu untuk
membuat analisa bagi memudahkan pencarian
IGIS Web Application merupakan aplikasi maklumat data aset. Sebagai contoh, widget
utama bagi pengguna di IWK yang “Near Me” yang mampu mengesan fitur
menyediakan akses menyeluruh kepada melalui buffer yang telah dipilih mengikut
data spatial merangkumi data rangkaian paip lokasi atau alamat yang ditetapkan. Hasilnya
pembetungan, LRK, SPK serta maklumat pengguna akan mendapat info tentang jumlah
yang diintegrasi dengan sistem-sistem lain. aset yang berada di dalam buffer tersebut.

Seterusnya, widget “Integration Query” yang
membolehkan pengguna membuat pilihan
terhadap layer data yang hendak dipaparkan
dengan memenuhi kriteria yang telah
ditetapkan.

Rajah 3: Layer yang terdapat di dalam IGIS web application

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Rajah 4: Kegunaan widget “Near Me” di dalam IGIS web application

Rajah 5: Kegunaan widget “Integration Query” dalam IGIS Web Application
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Manakala, widget “Sewerage Tracing” IGIS. Justeru, kaedah ini dapat meningkatkan
membolehkan simulasi pembaikan rangkaian produktiviti pengumpulan data yang cekap
paip dijalankan terhadap kawasan yang akan serta pengumpulan data dapat dilakukan
terjejas akibat limpahan air kumbahan. di dalam talian dan luar talian. IGIS juga
membolehkan IWK mengumpul data aset
IGIS juga dijadikan medium field-mobility yang menggunakan peranti mudah alih yang mudah
membantu kakitangan IWK ketika melakukan diakses melalui aplikasi iOS atau Android.
kerja-kerja di lapangan. Kakitangan IWK di
lapangan boleh mendaftarkan operasi dan
aktiviti penyelenggaraan melalui aplikasi web

Rajah 6: Kegunaan widget “Sewerage Tracing” di dalam IGIS Web Application

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Rajah 7: Kaedah penggunaan field-mobility di lapangan

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2.2 OMGIS (OPERATION & maklumat berkaitan data operasi seperti
MAINTENANCE GEOGRAPHICAL aktiviti pembaikan dan penyelenggaraan
INFORMATION SYSTEM) WEB aset pembetungan dipeta serta dimasukkan
APPLICATION melalui sistem ini.

OMGIS Web Application merupakan aplikasi
utama bagi pengguna daripada Jabatan
Operasi dan Penyelenggaraan. Selain
menyediakan maklumat berkaitan data aset,

Rajah 8: Paparan OMGIS web application

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2.3 OMGIS DASHBOARD

OMGIS Dashboard menyediakan visualisasi
data bagi aset operasi dan penyelenggaraan.
Ia menyediakan maklumat secara ringkas
operasi IWK, statistik aset pembetungan serta
aktiviti pembaikan dan penyelenggaraan dan
aduan yang diterima.

Rajah 9: Paparan OMGIS Dashboard yang memaparkan ringkasan data aset di IWK

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ANUGERAH & PENGIKTIRAFAN User Conference, San Diego, California,
3.0 USA, IWK telah mendapat pengiktirafan
Special Achievement GIS (SAG) Award 2020.
Perkembangan penggunaan IGIS di IWK telah Anugerah ini diberikan kepada pengguna
menjadi aspirasi syarikat dalam menyediakan ESRI di seluruh dunia atas pencapaian
perkhidmatan pembetungan yang efisien di mereka dalam teknologi GIS.
samping penyelesaian pembetungan secara
holistik dan mampan. Pelbagai anugerah dan
pengiktirafan yang telah diterima IWK sejak
dari 2018 antaranya ialah di Senior Leaders
Forum 2019 di Kuala Lumpur, di mana IWK
telah menerima anugerah Geo-Innovation
Award. Manakala, pada tahun 2020 di ESRI

Rajah 10: Anugerah dan pengiktirafan GIS yang diterima IWK

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KESIMPULAN RUJUKAN

4.0 5.0

i. Asset Management Information

Seiring dengan pembangunan dan kemajuan System, Disember 2021, IWK

GIS, IWK telah merancang pelbagai ii. Integrated Geographical Information

penambahbaikan IGIS untuk memenuhi System, Disember 2021, IW

keperluan pengguna dan perniagaan.

Antaranya, pemetaan secara masa sebenar

data aset bagi memantau sebarang risiko

yang berkemungkinan berlaku kepada saluran

paip dan aset pembetungan. Disamping

itu, IWK juga akan membangunkan modul

GIS khusus untuk menyokong keperluan

perniagaan IWK sebagai contoh GEOLand,

DESGIS dan NeMGIS untuk pengurusan

tanah pembetungan, kerja-kerja enapcemar

dan penyelenggaraan paip pembetungan.

IWK juga mengambil peluang dalam Revolusi

Industri 4.0 (I.R 4.0) untuk mengintegrasi dan

meneroka penggunaan teknologi GIS dan

geospatial seperti Internet of Things (IOT),

Building Information Modeling (BIM), Digital

Twin dan Machine Learnin

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DEVELOPMENT OF GIS Recycling Collection Centre in Muar town. It
DATABASE FOR RECYCLING can make a reference to the MPM in the future
COLLECTION CENTER IN MUAR planning for the smart bin relocated.

Muhammad Amiru Asyras bin Mohd Zaki, Keywords: smart bin, recycling collection
Mustaffa Bin Anjang Ahamad, centre, waste management
Nor Azizi Bin Yusoff.
INTRODUCTION
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment 1.0

Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Johor, The increase in solid waste in the municipalities
Malaysia is, at present, a serious problem in urban areas
in the world. High population growth rates and
[email protected] increased per capita income have resulted in
the wasting of very large municipal solid waste
ABSTRACT (MSW), posing a serious threat to the quality of
the environment and human health. It requires
The rapid development of the Muar District a clever and fast-paced action to overcome
has resulted in an increase in solid waste the problems that will arise against pollution
degradation for the Muar Municipal Council to nature. At the same time, this adversely
(MPM). To solve the problem, MPM has affects the health of human beings, mostly that
applied 'Smart Bin' to manage solid waste in of poor persons who have greater exposure
the district and also increase public awareness to it (Chakrabarti, 2003). Waste management
of recycling. The location for this Recycling is the processing, collection, transportation or
Collection Centre is one of the problems faced disposal, and waste management monitoring.
by the public and the MPM which located at The term is usually related to the material
unsuitable places. To overcome this problem, produced by human activity, and the process
a study was conducted to develop a database is generally done to minimize its impact on
using GIS applications as an accurate and the aesthetic environment and health. Waste
effective solution located in suitable places. management is a different source of recovery
This research objective is to develop the practice that focuses on deferring the resulting
database through the use of ArcGIS application rate of consumption. In order to address the
for the search of Recycling Collection Centre problems faced, the use of recycling collection
around the Muar town. The database will be centres is devoted to reduce solid waste
used for the process of analysing the criteria segregation at the landfill site and save time
and key factors for identifying the suitability and energy.
of the location using the Buffer Analysis. In
conclusion, ArcGIS introduced a new search
approach in relation to the location of the

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With the help of technology nowadays, the This methodology is applied to the Municipal
development of data can assist in the search Council of Muar, Johor, based on actual
for information quickly and accurately. For field data carried out using GIS technology
example, he can give directions, such as and assisted with database development.
the road name, symbol, and the nearest This strategy consists of simple search and
benchmark to indicate the location where. puts Smart Bin in a position that is suitable
Service optimization, both in terms of quality for local residents and can identify the type
and costs can only be achieved using advanced of model placed at the garbage cycle in the
decision support tools, modelling the many optimization of GIS transitions. The benefits of
different components of an integrated waste the proposed strategy are assessed in terms
management system. Geographic Information of minimizing search time, travel distance and
Systems (GIS) have been proved an efficient unknown type of model use for Smart Bin.
technology for analysing complex spatial
phenomena. They have been successfully PROBLEM STATEMENT
used in a wide variety of applications, such as
urban utilities planning, transportation, natural 2.0
resources protection and management, health
sciences, forestry, geology, natural disasters Today, the concept of recycling is less
prevention, and relief, and various aspects applied to the community as today's society
of environmental modelling and engineering is more aware of the environment that
Christos Chalkias & Katia Lasaridi (2009). causes pollution. Aside from the lack of
Taking benefit from the (GIS) as a tool coupled knowledge among today's communities that
with geographical information technology are removing recyclables because they are
(GIT) equips the space decision support unaware of the importance of these recycling
system in recycling centre location selection practices and the lack of recycling centres is
for all appropriate areas. also a major reason why recycling practices
are not welcome. For them, the practice of
In this era of modernity, the suitability of recycling only wastes time and does not bring
using tools to navigate and locating or centre any interest. Recycling is a very important
through GIS. GIS also acts as a suitable data practice to be practiced in everyday life to
management tool at any time where data can reduce waste materials, the use of new raw
be tied to particular places is there is future materials, energy consumption, pollution,
development around the areas (Teixeira, and greenhouse gas emissions due to the
2016). The goal of this work is to develop a production of new goods from raw materials.
methodology for optimizing searches that are But the question is, how far is this recycling
scattered and ineffective for large-scale areas practice practiced by our society today?
from dumping cyclical centres in some places In view of the amount of waste collected
in the context of Smart Bin to be assisted at waste disposal sites on a daily basis, it
based on GIS technology. clearly reflects that the level of community
awareness of the importance of recycling
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73

practices is still too low. But, in recent years, LITERATURE REVIEW
Muar has been receiving worldwide attention
because it has earned the award or the best 3.0
achievement of the cleanest city in Southeast
Asia. In order to reduce the waste in all these It functions as a theoretical framework that
areas, initiatives have been taken by the Muar supports data models for location search for
Municipal Council (MPM) to create several Recycling Collection Centre. The literature
models that were produced for Smart Bin to review also explores the important steps
be used in recycling groups. The Smart Bin for designing and development for model
will also be placed in all areas within the Muar data to be used for digital representation of
district, such as in residential, industrial, public geographic information within geodatabase
and strategic areas. The main problem faced for analysis and analysis operation purposes.
by MPM is that no data such as accurate Research to consider GIS in planning for the
plans and locations are stored for future use future to boost the practice to recycle and
in the search for Smart Bin in the desired area. separate recyclable materials, the question
Faced with the difficulty in recalling the Smart is very clear is whether GIS is a tool of
Bin is due to the idea to develop the database spatial analysis to better, more accurate and
for the Recycling Collection Centre with the flexible to represent Recycling Collection
help of the latest technology tool GIS. Centre and the physical context, social
and geography or whether GIS provides a
A proper and effective methods should be different way of understanding and planning in
introduced to ensure the satisfaction of the developing a database for every data storage
residents in the Muar District. With the help of to be performed. This chapter will discuss,
modern techniques, this local community can investigate and locate the good suitability
use the Recycling Collection Centre easily sites in the selection of sites to a place of the
and more systematically place in a strategic Smart Bin in selected areas, then followed by
location. The Development of Geographic the roles and characteristics of solid waste
Information System (GIS) aims to minimize management planners. It defines geospatial
the problem in finding the exact location analysis, ArcGIS, space data model, and
and type of Smart Bin model suitable for the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA).
population that can accommodate daily use. Finally, this chapter will look at issues affecting
Files with geodatabase will be created to hold the implementation of MCDA in GIS.
all data sets where it will store database tables
and map information. Thus, as mentioned by Malaysia started the privatization of waste
Teixeira (2016), GIS makes it easy for users management operations in 1994. The
to find information immediately, as well as to collection of waste gradually and cleaning
organise, edit and update data. public spaces taken over by Alam Flora Sdn
Bhd. To expedite the process, the consortium
was ordered to take over the management

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of solid waste in the interim period. Full In Malaysia, there are three types of
privatization will still be determined by a recyclables such as Paper, plastic, and
government-backed law based on the new bottles, but very few waste materials are
National Waste Bill. So privatization is fully recycled. In Kuala Lumpur for example, the
implemented, most aspects of solid waste current recycling rate is 5% of the waste
management will continue to be in the field of generated. There are plans to increase it to
Local Government. 16% in 2005 and 20% in 2020 (MHLG, 2003),
which are still valid until the date. Malaysians
Despite the large-scale privatization, currently have started awareness in recycling, even
requiring a more comprehensive migration of more, when Malaysia launched the first official
activities and functions than a previous step recycling program in Peninsular Malaysia in
in which semi-privatization was previously 1993 and initiated by MHLG. The objectives
undertaken, the public sector was unable stated in the national recycling program are
to channel all responsibilities to the private (i) to transfer valuable resources in the waste
sector. Since the privatization of waste stream from disposal and (ii) to help control
management has started at the national level, the cost of waste management (L.C. May,
the Federal Government will be responsible Knudsen, 2003). Recycling programs most
for ensuring that the consortium will comply local government began to put that consists of
with the standards, regulations, and laws as shopping centres and drop-drop placement of
required by the Government. This is done containers for recycling in strategic locations
via the Department of Local Government such as schools, shopping centres, and so on.
at the Ministry of Housing and Local
Government (MHLG) while the Department Meanwhile, recycling activity is increasing
of Environment (DOE) its responsibilities among locals, the recycling industry in
lie mainly in general pollution control and Malaysia demands more recycling. For
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of example, Malaysia News Print Industries Sdn
waste treatment facilities (M.Hassan, 2002). Bhd had to import 50% of its materials, and
The federal government has now taken over Kuala Lumpur Glass Manufacturing Sdn Bhd
management of solid waste with the creation also imported 20% of its material (New Strait
of the National Solid Waste Department in Times, 2001). This data is still the same as the
2007 and the bill was signed into law in the material recycling rate which is still at 5% level
year (M.Lim, T.Brandt. Market Watch, 2011). until now, and raw materials are not enough
The actual operationalization of the MHLG's for these local companies to produce.
responsibilities lies significantly with the local
authorities, who will remain central in terms of Figure 2.1 shows the percentage of waste
enforcing laws and regulations and ensuring hierarchy for the current waste management
that the private sector meets the required system, of which 5% of the recovery will be
standard and quality (MHLG, 2003). made into waste, reduce and reuse and
recycling. Meanwhile, 95% are going to

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75

landfills. They include intermediate processing (commercial) and disposed of (commercial).
and disposal. In addition, Figure 2.2 shows Meanwhile, 70% of household waste consists
that by 2020 expectations for household of recycled (household) and disposed of
and commercial solid waste generation, (household).
30% of commercial waste will be recycled

Figure 2.1: The Current Waste Management System
(Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 2003)

Figure 2.2: Household and Commercial Solid Waste Generation (SwCorp, 2017)

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MATERIALS AND METHODS are difficult tasks: ends are often confused
4.0 with means, objectives are often confused with
targets or constraints or even alternatives, and
The proposed decision-making framework the relationships between different objectives
assists decision-makers by providing a system are not specified then the process requires the
of expert advisers who propose site selection use of significant creativity in discussions with
criteria that should be stated in their physical, decision makers and individuals concerned
environmental, geographical, and non-spatial about the decision. Decisions often are
contexts, (Mohammed A. Al-Amri and Khalid characterized by multiple objectives. Each
A. Eldrandaly, 2011). However, simply listing objective is a statement of something that
objectives is shallow. There is a need for one wants to achieve in that decision context.
greater depth, clear structure, and a sound To state the objective clearly it needs three
conceptual base in developing objectives features in developing a database: decision
for strategic decision contexts. On the other context, object, and priority. This study will be
hand, identifying and structuring objectives guided by Zura et al. (2008) and flow chart can
be seen in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: Step to Determine the Suitable Area Location of Recycling
Collection Centre

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Figure 3.2: Criteria tree for mapping and hierarchical structure

In conducting surveys and observations on Table 3.1 will provide details of the existing
facilities for the existing smart bin in Taman Sri smart bin. Data information for the smart bin
Bakri area, Smart Bin, which is set by MPM, at Taman Sri Bakri, Muar has some known
mainly focuses on residential, recreational and facts. These include the QR code, the name
public facilities. The features of each smart bin of the guardian smart bin, the address of the
issued by MPM should have a QR Code icon guardian smart bin, phone number if you wish
on the front of the smart bin surface. Function to report the damage to the smart bin, number
for use QRCode implemented by the MPM identity and date of installation for the smart
is an application to facilitate the users to put bin. This smart bin will be located nearby for
recyclables in the smart bin provided. This the guard. The keeper of the smart bin is able
QRCode can provide information on how to to monitor and maintain the safety of the smart
use the smart bin and the weight of the recycled bin where the guard is fully deployed. The
material it can be found in this application. As smart bin installation dates are 15 December
well, users can find out who is responsible for 2018, and 20 December 2018. The date is the
the facility smart bin provided. Any problems start of the first smart bin installed at Taman
and damage to the smart bin, caretaker, user Sri Bakri, Muar.
or locals should be reported to the MPM. In
addition, the smart bin has three functions and
different compartments of recycled materials
namely paper, glass and plastic. Table 3.1 will
provide details of the existing smart bin.

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Table 3.1: Data Information for Smart Bin at Taman Sri Bakri

QR Code The Name of Address of the Phone No. Id Date
the Guardian Guardian Smart Bin Number Installation
Smart Bin
15/12/2018
69237 Member of Surau Annajah, Taman 101 15/12/2018
69246 committee Sri Bakri 3, Bakri Batu
69239 Surau 4, Muar, Johor 20/12/2018
69238 Annajah
69241 Hj Ameer No.637, Jalan Sri Bakri 0196347700 102 20/12/2018
3, Taman Sri Bakri 3, 103
Mohamad Bakri Batu 4, Muar, 104 20/12/2018
Helmi Bin Johor 105
Ahmad
No.547, Jalan Sri Bakri 0176231130
Salawati 24, Taman Sri Bakri
Binti 3, Bakri Batu 4, Muar,
Mohamad Johor

Muhamad No.690, Jalan Sri Bakri 0135437576
Halim Bin 31, Taman Sri Bakri
Ismail 3, Bakri Batu 4, Muar,
Johor

No.737, Jalan Sri Bakri 0196869651
33, Taman Sri Bakri
3, Bakri Batu 4, Muar,
Johor

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79

the overall cumulative readings of glass and

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS plastic for smart bin 1, 2, 3, and 5 between
5.0 high production and smart bin 4 are among the
few that can be obtained. This is because most

69241 Muhamad No.737, Jalan Sri Bakri l3ik3e,ly in0t1h9e6o8b6s9e6r5v1ation th1a0t5the p2ro0d/1u2ction of

ConclusioHnsalicmanBibne done TinamFiagnureSr4i .1Bathkarit 3, Baskurci h materials is less important to/2e0m18phasize

all proceeIdssmawilill be recordBeadtuan4,dMsuaavre,dJobhyor that, as well as people in the area, prefer to
the MPM to make the documentation of the adopt the recovery to avoid wastage.

smart bin. Record the readings taken by the

5.0 MRPEMSUwLilTl SbeAaNdDdeDdIStoCUthSeScIuOmNuSlative amount

Concolfuesaiocnhsincgarnebdeiednot fnoer ienaFchigsumrear4t.1retchyactlianlgl pbrionceeds will be recorded and saved by the MPM to
makaevtahieladbolec.uFmoernthtaetiwonhoolfethcuemsumlaatritvbeinre. aRdeincgorodf the readings taken by the MPM will be added to
the cthuempualaptievrethaemosmunatrtofbiena1chtoin4griesdaiemntonfogr tehaech smart recycling bin available. For the whole

highest reading readings compared to glass
cumualnadtivpelarsetiacd. iBngut otfhethreeapdainpgerotfhtehesmsmaratrtbibnin1 to 4 is among the highest reading readings
comp5arqeudotteosgliasssleasnsd epnlacsotuicra. gBiuntg.theInreaadddinitigono,f the smart bin 5 quotes is less encouraging. In

addition, the overall cumulative readings of glass and plastic for smart bin 1, 2, 3, and 5 between

high production and smart bin 4 are among the few that can be obtained. This is because most

likely in the observation that the production of such materials is less important to emphasize that,

as well as people in the area, prefer to adopt the recovery to avoid wastage.

The Cumulative Total for each
Smart Bin

120
100

80

60

40

20 1 2 3 4 5

Glass (kg) Paper (kg) Plastic (kg)

FigurFeig4.u1r:eT4h.1e:TTohtealTCoutaml CuluamtivuelaPtirvoedPucrotidouncftoiorneafocrheSamcharStmBainrt Bin

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85

5.1 Smart Bin in Taman Sri Bakri, Muar higher than glass and plastic. This is because
many people in the area use paper in their daily
Overall graph reading shows that the use lives such as newspapers and magazines. As
of this smart bin is very helpful in increasing for the use of recycled materials for plastics, it
the awareness of the waste system more is lower than paper and glass. As we know it,
efficiently and caring toward the importance of plastics are becoming less and more widely
recycling materials. In the observations made used today because of the prolonged lifespan
during fieldwork, it is possible that the smart of plastics. According to information released
bin placed in some of these locations is not by the National Solid Waste Management
suitable due to several factors. For example, Department, it says that plastic items like
the smart bin is located in front of the resident's plastic bags take about 10 to 1000 years to
house as well as in a densely populated area. decompose. In addition, the use of reading
Also, the smart bin's position factor is invisible materials also contributes to the weight of
to the user and the non-strategic location. garbage collection. Glass has a high density
The position of the smart bin in front of the compared to paper and plastics because
resident's house is also one of the factors of glass is made from sand. Glass can also be
consumer discomfort as consumers are less recycled because it can be heated back up
comfortable placing their recycled materials. the liquid and can be used to produce new
The use of recycled materials for paper is containers or bottles.

Figure 4.2: Smart Bin's location in area Taman Sri Bakri, Muar
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5.2 Proposed Analysis of New public facilities and community centre. This is
Recycling Collection Centre because all of these factors have been taken
into account in the planning of a detailed
In the future, MPM has chosen the Taman study as has been done before in the Taman
Pagoh Jaya area as one of the spots or focus Sri Bakri, Muar area. A total of 12 Smart Bins
in the successful Program Bandar Warisan, will be located in different locations which
Bersih dan Sejahtera (BWBS) which will are the focus of the public such as schools,
put Smart Bin technology in the area. In the hypermarkets, dining areas, prayer rooms,
study conducted, several factors were taken recreation areas and residential areas. Figure
into account in selecting the appropriate area 4.5 below shows the location of the smart
to place this smart bin facility as a recycling bin that will be located in the area of Taman
collection centre. Among the factors that Pagoh Jaya, Muar.
focus is residential areas, recreation areas,

Figure 4.3: New Smart Bin Location Planning in area Taman Pagoh Jaya, Muar

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5.3 Future Analyse Recycling bin that can cover the entire area of the park
Collection Centre in the study. The analysis was conducted to
obtain the results of the comprehensive use of
From the results of the analysis conducted at a smart bin by the people of the area. Several
Proximity to Public Facility and Community distances were analysed in the analysis of
Centre where Buffer Ring Analysis was located 50 m, and 100 m to find the whole point to
50 meters from the location of the smart bin. accommodate the production of recycled
The results obtained by ArcGIS show that materials in the area. According to the results
the buffer was not able to accommodate the of the analysis, 12 smart bins have been
population of the park. This is because the released which can accommodate garbage
selection of multiple Ring Buffer Analysis is collection in residential and surrounding areas.
performed to determine whether the smart

Figure 4.4: Buffer Multiple Analysis at New Location for Future Planning
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CONCLUSIONS recycling collection centre management
process.
6.0
A group of decision-makers and planners
This study has successfully refined some interviewed to highlight the importance of
aspects of smart bin issues. To find the best demographics and suitability criteria. The
solution to sit smart bin, a recycling collection geoprocessing weighting method was used
centre planning data model has been to obtain the criteria identified using a multi-
developed that is an important contribution to criteria analysis tool, Expert Choice. The
solid waste and recycling materials planning. existing list of smart bins exposed to risks to
The development of data models and their own interests and the damage done to
geodatabase has brought new approaches the population has been identified through
and techniques for smart bin location selection these processes that meet the second
especially for MPM planners and decision- objective of this study. Finally, a new area
makers as it can help planners focus on what of the potential smart bin is generated with
data is needed and how it should be organized an index of suitable to find out the research
and it also helps make decisions faster in objectives. This is done by analysing the
the decision-making process. Data models output of the demographic model and the
and geodatabase can be implemented into output of the model fit. Model demographic
systems such as decision support systems and conformity that has been developed in
or web- based decision support systems. this study can be used repeatedly to analyse
Specific criteria in the SWCorps and MPM the process of locating the smart bin when
guidelines have been used to determine the there is a change in policy or input data. For
most suitable site to place for the smart bin. example, if a decision-maker or planner wants
Due to the lack of standards in the guidelines, to place other constraints such as distance
comparisons between local guidelines and from the road in the smart bin site selection
selected national management guidelines process. They can add road layers to the
such as Germany, Japan, Korea, and the constraint map tool and carry out suitability
United State were conducted to identify key analysis again without having to repeat the
criteria and parameters. A review of previous entire process. This can help you save a lot
research should also lead to the identification of time preparing and testing new constraints.
of appropriate standards such as proximity to When updating an area using data input, the
roads, commercial areas, industrial areas, and user simply has to refer to the new area usage
residential areas. This study has successfully and all processes can be re-implemented
identified the key criteria for choosing the without the need for additional time. This is
location of the smart bin most suitable. very important because data is constantly
Demographic criteria and location suitability changing and being updated constantly
can be modified with local recycled materials complicated and time-consuming.
management planning guidelines for a better

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REFERENCES

7.0

[1] Chakrabarti, S.( 2003). Economics of solid waste management: A survey of existing literature.
Economic Research Unit Statistical Institute. Kolkata.

[2] Zainun, Noor Yasmin, Rahman, Ismail Abdul Rothman, Rosfazreen Azwana. (2016). Information
System (Gis) Mapping of Construction Waste Illegal Dumping Using Geographical Information System (Gis).

[3] H. Shahabi, H. Allahvirdiasl, M. M. A. Z. (2012). Application of GIS Models in Site selection of waste disposal in
Urban Area. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, https://doi.org/10.2495/ISUD130041.

[4] Chalkias, C., & Lasaridi, K. (2009). A GIS based model for the optimisation of municipal solid waste collection:
The case study of Nikea, Athens, Greece. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development,
5(10), 640–650.

[5] Sufiyan, I., Dasuki, S. I., & Kontagora, I. M. (2015). Design and Development of GIS Database for Informational
Awareness on Waste Disposal in Keffi Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-091224653

[6] IA. Jereme, Siwar, C., & Alam, M. M. (2014). Waste Recycling in Malaysia:
Transition from Developing to Developed Country Waste recycling in Malaysia: Transition from developing
to developed country. Indian Journal of Education and Information Management, 4(February), 1–14.

[7] Karadimas, N. V., Kolokathi, M., Defteraiou, G., & Loumos, V. (2012). Municipal Waste Collection of
Large Items Optimized with ArcGIS Network Analyst. 4(Cd), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.7148/2007-0080

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UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE INTRODUCTION
(UAV) OPERATION FOR
1.0
FORESTRY SECTOR IN SARAWAK
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs; also known
Muliadi Aden, Mohd. Firdaus Bohari, Jamali as drones) is subject to various aviation
Mohammad, Jayneeca Lawen rules and regulations. For example, the
Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM)
Forest Technology & Geospatial Division restricts the operation of UAS/Drone without
Forest Department Sarawak the permission of their Director General’s
fi[email protected] permission [2]. With the recent release of
Civil Aviation Directive (CAD) specifically for
ABSTRACT UAV, drone operators are required to obtain a
remote pilot certificate of competency (RCoC)
Abstract: Compliance to safety, rules and [3] and to date, only two (2) remote pilot
regulations at the same time addressing issues training organizations (RPTO) were approved
in UAV operation is necessary at the agency and recognized by CAAM, which non are
level and in the forestry sector domestically. situated in Sarawak.
The effort to manage UAV operations has
been a national interest since 2008, with CAAM has taken a great leap to address the
a more proactive initiative by the relevant challenges of managing UAV activities at
agencies in 2016. With the readily available national level. The Unmanned Aerial System
technology in the market for both consumer (UAS) Task Force organized engagement
and enterprise segments, the forestry sector sessions with stakeholders to identify
is employing UAV in transforming traditional opportunities for blanket approval. This
forest management into a precision forestry special approval prioritizes UAV activities of
system. The establishment of a UAV Operation enforcement-related agencies. It was during
Committee at the department level has helped the movement control order in 2020 that the
Forest Department Sarawak (FDS) to identify importance of UAV technology and regulating
and tackle issues and challenges related to mechanism prevailed.
UAV operation in Sarawak’s forestry sect A notice dated 26th March 2020 was issued
by CAAM stating that all UAV flight activities
Keywords: UAV, Forest Department Sarawak in Malaysia are bound to Malaysia Civil
(FDS), forest management Aviation (MCAR) 2016 Regulation 140-144.
Given Malaysia’s busy airspace and densely
populated urban environment, the flying of a
UAV must be carried out safely and responsibly,
if not carried out properly, the operation of UAV
may pose a risk to aviation and public safety.

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It was also highlighted that every operator is for the protection and management of forests
responsible for understanding and abiding by in Sarawak and regulates the taking of forest
the rules, including recreational or research produce and for matters connected therewith.
use of the UAV. The transformation from traditional forest
management, relying heavily on manual
Among highlights during the briefing to and analog processes, to precision forestry
government agencies by CAAM on 4th systems, with digital data integrated planning,
Nov 2020, was the requirement of approval detailed management, and operationalization
from other agencies for UAV operations in Sarawak does not happen overnight.
in Semenanjung Malaysia and Sarawak. Thus, a strategic direction aligned with
Application for a permit from Department of policies and planning is required to support
Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) is the transformation. Sarawak Forest Policy is
to be obtained before drone operation with a used as a guiding principle to ensure that the
camera payload. This was also derived from strategic direction is in line with the national
KSU Circular Letter No. 1/2015 - Garis Panduan and international agenda. FDS Strategic Plan
Urusan Penyelarasan Penggambaran dan (FDS SP 2021-2025) on that note, emphasizes
Pengimejan dari Udara Menggunakan Drone on achieving Sustainable Development Goals
bagi Agensi-Agensi di bawah Kementerian (SDGs) promoted by the United Nations [8].
Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar (NRE).
Emerging technologies such as UAV have the
On that matter, JUPEM has taken proactive potential to revolutionize natural and industrial
measures to ensure service delivery to the forest management and support large scale
public. The JUPEM Geoportal enables the sustainable forest management initiatives.
public to make applications for geospatial Time spent on planning, implementation, and
information and other services online, allowing monitoring activities is greatly minimized. As
a single access window processing, at the such, a well-managed UAV operation helps
same time providing booking services as well with asset tracking and data management
as a product gallery. The aerial photography resulting in increased productivity and
and mapping permit application was made efficiency in forestry operations.
online since March 3rd, 2020.
Section 2 describes the approach taken by
Sarawak has approximately 7.8 million FDS to manage UAV activities within the
hectares under forest cover. Out of that, 3.9 department, in line with FDS SP 2021-2025),
million hectares are gazette as Permanent Section 3 elaborates UAV permit application
Forest Estates (PFEs) [6]. Forest Department process practiced in FDS, and Section 4
Sarawak (FDS) is responsible for managing points out challenges faced by UAV operation
and developing Forest Resources for socio- in the forestry sector.
economic and environmental sustainability [5]
while the Forests Ordinance 2015 provides

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FDS OPERATION COMMITEE Headed by Director of Forests, the members
2.0 appointed are representatives from regional
forest offices and divisions at headquarters.
The establishment of a FDS UAV Operation The committee discusses on issues and
Committee (FDS UAV OC) to coordinate solutions in UAV operations, as well as
drone operation activities within FDS is in line ensures compliance to rules and regulations,
with FDS SP 2021-2025, Strategic Thrust 7: setting safety as a primary goal.
Leveraging on technology for effective forest Representatives then setup UAV committee
management, Strategic objective 1: Provision at divisional and regional forest office level
& Geospatial Servies, under action plan 2C, comprising of a commander, operation safety
apply technology for better and efficient officer, operator, and technician to ensure
forestry activities including management and UAV activities are well coordinated. Risk
planning, enforcement, revenue collection, assessment and mitigation plans can be
research, and conservation, planted forests formulated well as the condition of the location
and non-timber forest processing [7]. for UAV activity varies.

Figure 1: Sarawak Forest Policy 2019 and FDS Strategic Plan 2021-2025 is available for download on FDS website:
https://forestry.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-0-1058-PUBLICATION.html

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JABATAN UKUR DAN PEMETAAN MALAYSIA

Figure 2: Structure of FDS UAV Operation Committee. Each division and regional forest offices form operating committee consisting of a com-
mander (UAV-C), operation safety officer (UAV-S), operator (UAV-P) and technician (UAV-T).

89

UAV PERMIT APPLICATION of the UAV, and no other person who may, for
example, has contracted with the operator to
PROCESS 3.0 have work done. The application form and
supporting documents are submitted at least
The Director of Forests, Sarawak nominated 14 days before the proposed activity date
as the Accountable Manager (AM) looks at to avoid any delay. Forest Technology and
adherence to safety and corporate compliance Geospatial Division of FDS is the secretariat
very seriously. Necessary resources are for FDS UAV OC and serves as the focal
provided to ensure all operations and point for the FDS on CAAM and JUPEM
maintenance can be safely conducted to meet matters.
the obligations, goals and objectives including
finance and human resources. A UAV operation guideline was drafted as
part of the Government Ad-hoc Operation
For the application of “Authorization to Fly” (GAO) approval requirement. The guideline
(ATF), the application form, which is available includes rules and regulations, instructions
for download from CAAM’s website, needs to be and operation checklists, operation manual,
filled up by the person having the management emergency response plan, incident handling
and risk assessment for FDS UAV operators.

Figure 3: Technology Development Unit is the focal point for FDS regarding drone activities including the permit
application, FDS UAV OC secretariat, and coordinating UAV training and recurrency programs.

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Figure 4: FDS UAV/Drone operation workflow covering from permit application to flight log after
operation is executed.

Table 1: CAAM Authorization to Fly (ATF) permits obtained in 2021

No. Permit No. Location Date Applied Date issued

1 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0232 DUN Kuching 15/09/2021 24/09/2021
2 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0206 Bako CF 25/08/2021 02/09/2021
06/09/2021
3 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0205 Sabal FR 24/08/2021 13/09/2021
4 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0216 MALUDAM 24/08/2021 06/11/2021
06/11/2021
5 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0276 SFM Batang Igan 25/10/2021

6 CAAM/BOP/ATF/P2021/09/0267 Kanowit East 26/10/2021

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Adhering to CAAM’s requirement for ATF and mapping can be made easier by allowing
approval, Aerial Photography and Mapping the permit to be valid for more than there
Permit from JUPEM must be enclosed with (3) months. Government departments can
the ATF application. JUPEM has set aside in practice annual activity planning and apply for
their portal for permit fee waiver application the permit in bulk. The report then would be
to assist government agencies. However, submitted annually as a pictorial report to be
the data entry process for aerial photography published in the GIS and Geomatic Bulletin

Figure 5: Aerial photography and mapping permit application on JUPEM Geoportal requires details
on the type of activity, apparatus, and operator [4].

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Figure 6: CAAM highlights JUPEM Approval as part of requirement for ATF approval

Figure 7: Approval letter from JUPEM on FDS UAV activities
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Figure 8: JUPEM Aerial Photography and Mapping Permit application process implemented by FDS

Table 2: JUPEM Aerial Photography and Mapping permits obtained in 2021

No. Permit Number Location Flight Date

1. BGSP.2021.000354.GU Bakam Government Reserves, 22/11/2021 – 24/12/2021
Miri

2. BGSP.2021.000335.GU Kanowit East Forest Reserve, 12/11/2021 – 12/12/2021
Kanowit

3. BGSP.2021.000334.GU SFM Safeguard Site, Batang Igan, 10/11/2021 – 11/11/2021
Sibu

4. BGSP.2021.000331.GU Medan Commercial Centre, 08/11/2021 – 09/11/2021
Bintulu

5. BGSP.2021.000241.GU Maludam, Sri Aman 14/09/2021 – 15/09/2021

6. BGSP.2021.000240.GU Dewan Undangan Negeri 29/09/2021 – 30/09/2021
Sarawak, Kuching

7. BGSP.2021.000114.PU Sabal Forest Reserve, Simunjan 23/09/2021 – 31/12/2021

8. BGSP.2021.000106.PU Bako Communal Forest, Kuching 16/08/2021 – 30/08/2021

9. BGSP.2021.000108.GU Kuching 14/04/2021 – 15/04/2021

10. BGSP.2021.000058.PU Batang Ai, Lubok Antu 15/04/2021 – 17/04/2021

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ISSUES AND CHALLENGES (CAAM) permit is easily RM 114,000.00 per
3.0 year, a hefty sum borne by the department
and the state.
As UAV application continues to gain
acceptance, laws and regulations are UAV activities would have to be within a Visual
constantly revised to ensure public safety, Line of Sight (500m horizontal distance). This
as well as the operator’s. Although the GAO further limits the ability of UAV to execute
or ad-hoc approval was created, it is only tasks faster and lower operational costs.
limited to Malaysia Armed Forces and Royal Although it is covered in CAD6011 (V) to
Malaysia Police. Agencies like FDS enforcing operate beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS),
the forest ordinance are required to apply for an extra certificate is to be obtained by the
normal ATF, which is to be submitted 14 days operator. The cost of RCoC is higher for
before the date of activity. In cases of ad-hoc Sabah and Sarawak considering the training
UAV activities (such as public complaints), providers are in Peninsular where extra costs
permit applications would be rejected by on transport and accommodation are incurred.
CAAM and JUPEM. This makes processing The requirement for this is also as stringent as
time increased to at least 21 days, as JUPEM the application for research and development
requires 7 working days to process aerial
photography and mapping permit applications. CONCLUSION & 4.0
Approval from other parties is also required RECOMMENDATIONS
for CAAM’s ATF approval. For activities in
Sarawak, approval from Sarawak Service With recent scientific advances, UAV are
Modernisation Unit (SSMU) under the Office increasingly being employed for forestry
of the Premier of Sarawak and JUPEM purposes, such as biometrics evaluation,
is required. This further affects ad-hoc edaphic condition estimation, canopy
enforcement activities as the application must structural modeling, forest health monitoring
be submitted a month before the date of the and habitat assessment [9-11], and most
activity. of these applications are being adopted by
Forest Department Sarawak (FDS).
Both JUPEM and CAAM permits are valid for
90 days and in cases of scheduled monitoring, It would be most appropriate for SSMU to be
four (4) permit needs to be obtained for the the lead agency in Sarawak to centralize UAV
same location yearly. This affects the cost activities in Sarawak, serving as the focal point
of operating UAV which is supposed to be a for permit applications and data management.
cheaper alternative than flying a fixed wing or Currently, state departments like FDS are
helicopter. For CAAM permit, a permit fee is working closely with JUPEM and CAAM to
charged per location and per UAV. With 114 smoothen the permit application process.
Permanent Forest Estates (PFE), the cost for

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