SSF1033 INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY

GROUP MEMBERS :
1. BRITNEY DANGGO ANAK

MARIEK@BUJANG (83407)
2. CATHERENNA ANAK MARAYANG

(83434)
3. ELLE CAMPBELL ENAU WILLIE (83725)
4. EVIELIA ELLEEN ANAK ROLAND (83809)
5. GRACE EVALYANA ANAK MANCHO

(83951)
6. MICHELLE BATTHA ANAK UNDI (84489)
7. NUR AMADINA BINTI ZULKIFLE (85005)
8. VIVILYN ANAK JOANES (86011)

Table of TOPIC 1
contents History and Social History

TOPIC 2
The uses of History

TOPIC 3
Official vs Missing History

TOPIC 4
Pre-history
TOPIC 5
Ancient History
TOPIC 6
Trade and Its Consequences
TOPIC 7
Creation of Modern SE Asia
TOPIC 8
Population, Immigrants & Identity
TOPIC 9
Orang Asli
TOPIC 10
Malaysian Women’s Movement
TOPIC 11
Politics of The Left/Labour Movement
TOPIC 12
Secret Societies
TOPIC 13
Malaysian Students Movement

By : EVIE

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ELIA ELLEN ANAK ROLAND (83809)

What is History?

History is the study of change over time, and it covers all
aspects of human society. Political, social, economic, scientific,
technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious and
military developments are all part of history.

Why is it called history?

The short version is that the term “htiostokrnyowha,”s evolved from an
ncient Greek verb that means says the Oxford
English Dictionary's Philip Durkin. The Greek word historia
riginally meant inquiry, the act of seeking knowledge, as well
s the knowledge that results from inquiry.





TOPIC 3

OFFICAL VS MISSING HISTORY

BY: NUR AMADINA BINTI ZULKIFLE (85005)

OFFICAL
HISTORY

Framework for understanding is provided for Malaysians (i.e., what
you and I learned in school).

Malaysia is a developed, progressive, peaceful multi-ethnic and
multi-religious nation.

5Ws, or what, who, why, when, and where, must be understood.



PHISICAL DESCRIPTION OF MALAYSIA
.History is defined as "any event, person, or artefact that

demonstrates Malaysian or Malaysian progress."
Movements or indivisuals that resisted British encroachment into

Malaya are considered pre-independence history

OFFICAL HISTORY-
PRE-HISTORY
MESSAGE

Ancient human remains found in a cave in Maysia (Niah) and
stone implements are natural geological formations (Perak and

Sabah )
Evidence of early human habitation from the Palaeolithic epoch

(about 40.000 BCE)
Advanced communities and evolving culture are indicated by
pottery, stone objects, and bronze drums from the Neolithic period

(about 4000 BCE).

Major settlements like Bujang Valley (Hindu, Buddhist) and Santubong
(Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim) are evidence of various religious beliefs and

active economic relations between "Malaysia" and other regions of the
world, especially India, Arabia, and China (Sri Vijayan Influence)

Malay-Missing Origin: - Malay people who have a linguistic connection with
the Khmer and Assamese peoples are also a result of migration.
-"Malay" as a "creation" of the British

Megalithic artefacts (huge caved stones) found in Sabah and
Sarawak during the Srivijaya period indicate the existence of a

variety of lifestyles and cultures.



missing= Orang Asli Sabah/ Sarawak

OFFICAL HISTORY

history messages

The Terengganu Stone Inscription from 1303 CE reflects the pn
long history of Islam on the Peninsula.

Islam in Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak is absent.

The Malay proverb, Hang Tuah, from the Kingdom of Malacca,
means that Malaysian society is based on the Malay culture and

that Malaysians would never completely disappear from this
planet.

Malacca 1403–1511 Dynamic Sultanate with Multi-Ethnic Visiting
Trades = The Malays hold the power and the authority to rule in a

contemporary Multi-Cultural Society.
Malacca serves as the entire archipelago's commercial, cultural,

and administrative centre.
missing : Brunei and Sulu, Aceh and Riau, China, Arabia, Java, and

other Southeast Asian countries.

COLONIAL STORY
•Colonial Beginnings

Portugal was in charge of Malacca. 1511-1642
Dutch Rule in Malacca from 1642 to the mid-1700s
1786–1941: English/British era.
(from trade to meddling to repression to governance)
Powerful foreigners in Sarawak (ceded to Brooke Rajahs, 1841 -
1941)
Foreign powers in Sabah were permanently granted to Baron Von
Overbeck and Albert Dent of the British North Borneo Company in
exchange for 5000 Singapore dollars ($1800) per year.
Missing: The Sultans' function during Colonialism

NATIONALISM
& NATION
BUILDING

GROWTH OF NATIONALISM 1963 saw the founding of Malaysia
1511 saw the end of Malaysia's independence. Indonesian conflict from 1963 to 1966
Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 Against George Soros, the West, and neo-colonialism
(resistance, but also sparked nationalistic

sentiments) (The message is that nationalism is a war against
Malayan Union, which in 1946 inspired the "enemies")
creation of UMNO (Agama, Bangsa, and •(Message – Islam & ethnicity plays important role in
Negara) and Malaysian opposition, Nationalism) (Message – Islam & ethnicity has central
Malayan Federation, 1948 role in Nationalism)
The contribution of the left (CPM,MNP,Labour,

Front, Barisan Sosialis, API, AWAS, Putera- •(Missing - MCP's Role; Labor Unions; British/Japanese
AMCJA, etc.) to Malaysia's independence in Collaboration)
1963 is lacking. Independence was declared in (Missing) Nationalism as the effort to create a
1957. democratic, open society, one that is progressive and
diverse in terms of religion and race, as well as human
rights and liberties, etc.

OFFICIAL HISTORY- CRITQUE

The BN government views the nation through the prism of a pluralist-
communal, Islamic-dominant model, which is selective (includes and
excludes) of people, events, and decisions and distorts reality for its own

ends.
(Portuguese colonialism was bad; immigrants roles were played by Chinese,

Indians, and others; colonialism as a whole was bad)

MISSING HISTO RY



The truth is that Chinese,
Leaves out a lot of information Indians, Rich, Poor, Left-Wing,
and Conservative groups all
regarding the Orang Asli participated in the struggle
(Malaya), Orang Asal (Sabah & for a new nation,
Malaya/Malaysia. (Examples:
Swk), and other minorities Gurchan Singh, Ong Boon
(such as women, children, Hua, Sybil Kathigesu)
disabled, MCP, Malay left, How about Sabah and
Sarawak
student movements,
ethnic/religious minorities,

etc.).

03

pn

REFERENCES

Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2
003), A Short History of Malaysia,
Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin (Chp. 1).

Khoo, Agnes (2004), Life as the River Flows, Petaling Jaya: SIRD
(Chapters 1 & 2)

TOPIC 4 : PREHISTORY OF THE
INDO-MALAYSIAN ARCHIPELAGO

BY : NUR AMADINA BINTI ZULKIFLE
NO.MATRIK: 85005

Archaeology as
History

however, humans have existed and have lived for a
very long time before the development of writing
(about 5000 years ago ).
writen history is only the history of small portion of
human existence.

What is Archaeology/
Prehistory

Arhaeology is the systematic study of the physical
evidence of past human behaviour (Fagan, 1983)

Prehistory is the earlier period of human history
prior to the advent of writing and archives (Fagan,
1983)

03

Prehistoryof Malaysia

Paleolithic specimens

include the Perak Man and

Kota Tampan, both from

around 70,000 years ago (c.

10,000 b.p.)

Neolithic sites include Niah

(c. 5000–3000 b.p. ), Gua

Kain Hitam, and Bukit

Tengkorak (c.3,000-2,000

b.p)

Missing stories in Malaysian
prehistory

Contributions of early (foreign) archaeologists, who had colonial
roots in Malaysian prehistory (such as Gua Cha by Sieveking,
Great Cave, and Niah by Harrisson), were only fleetingly
mentioned.

Sites like Bujang Valley, which Quaritch-Wales discovered, weren't
even acknowledged. And these are very important locations!
Instead, early foreign scholars are portrayed as those who took
significant discoveries out of Malaysia (such as the Niah "Deep
Skull" and Gua Cha bones, which were kept in England rather than
Malaysia, respectively).

04

Archaeology & Nationalism

 Trigger (1984:358) notes that “most archaeological
traditions are probably nationalistic in orientation” and that
nationalist archaeology “is probably strongest amongst
peoples who feel politically threatened, insecure or
deprived of their collective rights”.

why we need a national
hsitory?

To create a national concept of unity,
Malaysian history must be based on colonial foundations,
including colonial borders, colonial governments, and
colonial ethnic groupings .Independence of a post-colonial
sovereign Malaysia.
Awareness of our heritage.
Development of a feeling of national identity - a shared
national past.

The discovery of evidence (stone) for
the Out-of-Malaysia Theory of the
Development of Modern Humans

The Bukit Bunuh hand-axe (dated at
around 1.83 million years) may offer a
fresh theory to replace the prevalent
theory (the Out-of-Africa theory).
(2012) Mokhtar Saidin, page 13.
Malaysia may have been the
birthplace of modern mankind.

05

Out-of-Malaysia Theory

basis : 1.83 milion year old hand-axe from Bukit Bunuh is
older than Peking Man, Java Man, Dmanisi Man
out of Africa -The evidence : Modern humans' ancestors
developed in Africa. Homo erectus left Africa about 2
million years ago and settled in the Old World, according
to the "Out of Africa theory
Homo erectus remains were discovered in Asia (Peking
Man, Java Man), Africa (Dmanisi, Georgia), and Europe
(but not Bukit Bunuh)



06

Inso-Malaysian
Archipelago

The majority of the "indigenous" population in the area
speaks Austronesian, which belongs to the same
ethnolinguistic.
majority of humanity's physical stock is mongoloid.

Austronesian
Languages

07

Archaeology
and Nationalism

The Austronesian migration means that the Malays
are migrants, just like other ethnic groups like the
Chinese and Indians.
The Malays cannot assert that they are the original
inhabitants of Malaysia (Bumiputera), as doing so
would deprive them of their right to rule and other
privileges.
An alternative idea holds that Malay people are
native to the Indo-Malayan archipelago and
genetically connected to the local Orang Asli
people.

08

lesson learned

linguistic, cultural, and archaeological evidence of
Austronesian migration.
Genetic proof of the Malays' origins in Southeast Asia.
There are still a lot of unanswered concerns surrounding
human beginnings.
Can any community truly claim to be Bumiputera? Human
history is a tale of migrations (even the Orang Asli
migrated from somewhere).
Migrations are never straightforward; they always occur in
more than one direction.
Ultimately, Africa may be the common ancestor of all
people.
History will forever be employed for nationalistic ends.

08

Reference

https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187220
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia

08

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )



WHAT IS ANCIENT H

• ANCIENT HISTORY IS THE STUDY OF BEGINNINGS

QUESTIONS: 1) HOW TO CHARACTERIZE THE SUBJ
INVESTIGATED; AND 2) WHAT THAT ORIGIN SIGNI

• THE WORLD IN WHICH THE STUDENTS LIVE. THE A

THESE CONCERNS HAVE EVOLVED DRAMATICALLY
TO NEW DATA AND NEW APPROACHES. BUT, IN TH
AND METHODOLOGIES ARE CHANGING QUICKER T
CENTURY, AND WE CAN ANTICIPATE THE ANSWER
WELL.

HISTORY?

S, IT IS STRUCTURED AROUND TWO CORE
JECT MATTER WHOSE ORIGINS ARE BEING
IFIES FOR
ANSWERS ANCIENT HISTORIANS HAVE GIVEN TO
Y THROUGHOUT THE YEARS, OWING PRIMARILY
HE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, THE AVAILABLE DATA
THAN AT ANY POINT SINCE THE EIGHTEENTH
RS ANCIENT HISTORIANS PROVIDE TO CHANGE AS

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

EARLY KINGDOMS IN SE ASIA/

•EXAMPLES OF COMMON CHARACTERIST

SAILENDRA (E.G. BOROBODUR TEMPLE)
MATARAM (E.G. PRAMBANAN TEMPLE)
KHMER (ANGKOR WAT)

/MALAY ARCHIPELAGO

TICS: HINDU-BUDDHIST:

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MALAY PENINSULA: FRO
HISTORY

• BY THE 4TH CENTURY AD, COASTAL STATES IN WHAT IS

CONDUCTED INTRA- AND EXTRA-REGIONAL TRADE (FOR

• SEVERAL KINGDOMS AND ENTREPÔTS APPEARED ON T

SOUTHEAST ASIA.

• THE MAJORITY OF THESE WERE SITUATED ON THE COAS

SANTUBONG), ALTHOUGH THERE WERE SOME INLAND K

OM PRE- TO PROTO-

S NOW PENINSULAR MALAYSIA REGULARLY
REST GOODS AND LUXURY ITEMS).

THE MALAY PENINSULA AND OTHER PARTS OF

ST (E.G. KUALA SELINSING, BUJANG VALLEY,
KINGDOMS (E.G. CHIH TU [IN KELANTAN?])

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

• KUALA SELINSING
• HUMAN BURIALS AND ARTIFACTS, INCLUDING POTTE

CENTURY BC TO 11TH CENTURY AD.

• CHEROK TOK KUN
• EARLY INDIAN PRESENCE/INFLUENCE IS ALSO SUGGES

BUKIT MERTAJAM, PENANG

• SANTUBONG
• MARITIME TRADE: GOLD OBJECTS, GLASS BEADS, CHI

PRODUCTION, HINDU-BUDDHIST OBJECTS, “TANTRIC

• BUJANG VALLEY
• HINDU-BUDDHIST KINGDOM THAT FLOURISHED FROM

THE BUJANG VALLEY

• IMPORTANT TRADE CENTRE
• STATUS AS THE “RICE BOWL” OF MALAYSIA IS A RELAT

ERY, BEADS, SHELLS, AND GLASSWARE - 3RD

STED BY A SITE CALLED CHEROK TOK KUN IN

INESE CERAMICS, GOLD, LOCAL IRON
C” SHRINE – 10TH-13TH CENTURY AD
M THE FOURTH TO THE SEVENTH CENTURY IN

ATIVELY RECENT PHENOMENON

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BUJANG VALLEY: INDIGE
INDIAN DOMINANCE?

• INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PAST THIRTY YEARS INDICAT

COLONIZATION, "INDIAN INFLUENCES WERE SELECTIVE
DEVELOPED CULTURAL BASE” (STARGARDT 1990 CITED

ENOUS GENIUS OR

TE THAT RATHER THAN A PROCESS OF CULTURAL
ELY ASSIMILATED INTO A PRE-EXISTING, WELL-
D IN SMITH 1999)

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THE “INDIANIZATION” O

•THE FOUNDING OF INDIAN KINGDOMS O

SOUTHEAST ASIA:

THE EXPANSION OF AN ORGANIZED CULTURE
CONCEPT OF ROYALTY, CHARACTERIZED BY
EXPRESSED IN SANSKRIT LANGUAGE (COED

OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

ON MAINLAND OR INSULAR

E THAT WAS FOUNDED UPON THE INDIAN
HINDUIST OR BUDDHIST CULTS, AND
DES 1968)

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INFLUENCE OF INDIA ON

• KINGSHIP
• CEREMONIAL
• ADMINISTRATION
• LANGUAGE
• LITERATURE
• ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE
• BELIEFS
• PRACTICES

N MALAY CULTURE

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MANDI SAFAR

• MANDI SAFAR IS KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN CELEBRATED BY T

THE LAST WEDNESDAY OF THE MUSLIM MONTH OF SAFAR
OR SEA.

• THE PURPOSE OF MANDI SAHAR IS TO CLEAN ONESELF OF

FROM MISFORTUNE.

• THUS MANDI SAHAR IS CELEBRATED IN MANY PLACES, BU

MELAKA (KELING IS A SYNONYM FOR PEOPLE OF SOUTH IN

• PARALLELS WITH INDIAN BATHING FESTIVITIES. FOR EXAM

AND WOMEN LOOK FORWARD TO MEETING FUTURE LIFE P

THE MALAYS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA ANNUALLY ON
R. WHICH MEAN CEREMONIAL BATHING IN THE RIVER

F SPIRITUAL IMPURITY AND TO PROTECT ONESELF

UT ESPECIALLY ELABORATE IN TANJONG KELING,
NDIAN ORIGIN)
MPLE, PARALLELS IN INDIAN BATHING ARE YOUNG MEN
PARTNERS AND MERRY-MAKING, SONGS, DANCES

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

HISTORICAL INTERPR

• IT BEGAN AS A SECULAR CELEBRATION TO BRING YOUNG

FUTURE LIFE MATES.

• THIS MIGHT BE THE OUTCOME OF PREVIOUS MALAY-TAM

MANDI AFTER ISLAM WAS ADOPTED, MAYBE DURING THE
THE PRACTICE MORE ACCEPTABLE TO ISLAMIC CULTURE.
GOAL IS TO REACH SPIRITUAL PURITY.

RETATIONS

MEN AND WOMEN TOGETHER IN SEARCH OF
MIL CONTACT. THE NAME SAFAR WAS ADDED TO
E PERIOD OF THE MELAKA SULTANATE, TO MAKE

. SIMILARLY, THE ADDED DESCRIPTION OF THE

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CONCLUSIONS

• MALAYSIA, LIKE THE REST OF SE ASIA/MALAY ARCHIPE
• MANY ASPECTS OF OUR CULTURE TODAY ARE RESULTS

CIVILISATION/CULTURE

ELAGO, HAS A HINDU-BUDDHIST PAST.
S OF EARLY INTERACTIONS WITH THE “INDIAN”

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REFERENCES

• NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC (2016). DIVINING ANGKOR.

HTTP://NGM.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/2009/07/A

• SINGARAVELU, S. (1986), THE MALAY-TAMIL CULTURAL

FESTIVAL OF MANDI SAFAR, ASIAN FOLKLORE STUDIES

ANGKOR/STONE-TEXT

L CONTACTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE

S, VOL. 45, 67-78.

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CHAPTER 6

TRADE AND ITS CONSEQUENC

CES

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What is Trade and it

 The definition of trade is to give in
commodity.

 Meanwhile, consequences mean
situation.

 Kingdoms and Countries survive, r
 For trade to flourish, contracts and

economic interests (either long or
 Thus, from the 15th century onward

of striking economic and political
interests of each kingdom (and la

ts Consequences?

n exchange for another
ns a result of an action or
rise and fall on trade.
d alliances built on mutual
r short-term) required
ds, diplomacy was the art

deals to maintain strategic
ater countries)

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )