SSF1033 INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY

Trade and its Conse

 All pre-colonial and colonial co
this Context
 Context 1 = international tra
India, SE Asia, and China
 Context 2 = Regional struggl
trade and regional trade

 It also signaled the entry of cap
region which is Trade and prod

equences

onquests must be seen in
ade between Europe,

le to control entrepot

pitalism into the SE Asian
duction solely for profit.

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conse

 Capitalism = Brought about div
understanding over rights and
business is conducted
 Western powers = belief in th
contracts
 Local Malay/Bugis = belief in
oaths (just like the agreemen
subjects in the Malay Annals

 Often, divergence in understan
conflict.

equences

vergence in
obligations over how

he value of signed

n the value of solemn
nt of the Sultan and his
s)
nding brought about

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conse

 History is made AND chan
 Entry of Capitalism in SE As

major political, economic,
 How did it happen? It hap

 Contracts
Shifting Alliances
 Conflict

equences

nges with trade
sia brought about
, and social changes
ppen via:

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conseq

The desire for wealth and resources v
contracts and alliances and political
routes

 For example:

 16th, 17th & 18th Centuries period of p
alignments in the region

 A period of dynamic change politica
(contracts & trade), culturally (lifestyl

 Conflict & Violence means the hand
it happen?

 It is because of the desire for wealth
trade ports, or control over resources

 Meanwhile the Elites means the Wea
Britain enriched by Malaya; France b
Brooks/Sarawak; North Borneo Comp

 How about the poor? Through Labou

quences

via Trade brought about
l-economic control of trade

political and economic alignments and re-

ally (new administrations), economically
le changes)
dmaidens of this dynamic change. Why does

to struggling for control over trade routes,
s; struggle over different rules of law
alth & the Good Life is enriched by Java;
by Indo-China; USA by the Philippines,
pany/Sabah; etc)
ur, Migration, Disease, and Early Death!

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conseq

Portuguese/Dutch/British/ US/French
struggle and conquests rooted in con
local chiefs

 Colonialism & Capitalism has two sides of the s

 Fall of Malacca means the Rise of Portuguese

 But Portuguese economic and political power
challenged by Aceh, Spanish, Dutch, Brunei, S

 While, Aceh conducts direct trade with the Re
Portuguese ports in India.

 The Portuguese wealth and trade threatened

 Aceh’s control of trade also threatened the tra

quences

entry into the region built on
nstantly shifting alliances with

same coin.
power in SE Asia
r in the region was not complete and was constantly
Sulu, Johor, Kedah, and the Bugis mini-kingdoms
ed Sea & India which bypasses Malacca and other

by Acehnese trade
ading networks of the ex-Malacca elite in Johor

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conseq

Trade led to huge movements/migrat
trade or due to slavery (e.g. the Bugis
Dutch, British, Tausug, Spanish, Illanun

 In response to the high demand for tin and
Pahang

 In 1613, Aceh destroys Johor and Sultan Iska
into a marriage alliance with his daughter

 Aceh enslaves thousands from Pahang/Ked

 Aceh develops high Islamic civilization on b

 All very good for the Rulers and Aristocrats o
Aceh (and those conquered) who did the d

 Also suggests lots of movements of people t

quences

tion of peoples – whether for
s, the Acehnese, the Portuguese,
ns)

pepper, Aceh attacks Kedah, Perak, and

andar Muda (Aceh) forces the Johor prince

dah to overcome labor shortage

back of conquests and slavery

of Aceh but horrible for the ordinary people of
dying and laboring as slaves

throughout the region
VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Conseq

The entry of Europeans and Capitalis
region into what it is today – political

 1580s – 1630s : Resurgence in internationa
China & Japan

 Netherlands and British get involved in glo
circumvent Venice and Genoa; to overth
control over trade and resources

 Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Ea
– to venture into the New World for “trade

quences

sm formed and re-formed the
lly; economically; culturally.

al trade between Europe, India,

obal maritime trade – to
hrow Portuguese and Dutch

ast India Company (Britain) set up
e”.

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Consequ

 In 1629, Aceh challenge defeated by the
regional trading and political power.

 In 1640, Dutch-Portuguese rivalry erupts in
exchange for development support – bu

 1641, Malacca falls to the Dutch. Malacc
centre by Dutch who preferred to keep B
(i.e. beginning of decline of Malacca)

uences

e Portuguese. End of Aceh as a

nto war. Johor assists Dutch in
uild and arm forts
ca now used as a tin collecting
Batavia as the key regional port.

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Consequ

 Late 16th Century - Spanish in the Philippin
 Brought about increase in trade and netw

Galleon Trade
 Chinese silks, porcelain and luxury items f

exchange for silver from Latin America
 Brunei and Sulu participated in this trade

bird’s nest, pepper, mother of pearl, torto
camphor, wax for Chinese goods

uences

nes
work links for Brunei – the Spanish
rom Macao traded in Manila in
by supplying jungle produce like
oise-shell, sea cucumbers,

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Consequ

 By end 18th Century – British in the North/B
South/Indonesian Islands and Indian Oce

 New power configuration developed ove
trade rivalry, contracts & alliances.

 Effectively meant the decline of Malay co
which now passed into the hands of the w

uences

Bay of Bengal and Dutch in the
ean
er 200 years. = Consequence of
ontrol over the entreport trade
white ‘Capitalist’ traders

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

Trade and its Consequ

 Lots of piracy in the region – the Orang La
and the Tausug in Borneo/Sulu

 Very profitable activity – specialised in bo
trade

 Tausug/Sulu engaged in human slave tra
wealthy SEAsians and Europeans

 The Illanuns! (Sulu) - The Malay word for P
word

uences

aut in the peninsula/Sumatra area
oth cargo loot and human slave
ade in late 18th Century – sold to
Pirate (Lanun) comes from this

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

References

 Andaya, Barbara W. & Leonard Y. Anday
 Hooker, Virginia Matheson (2003) - Chapt

ya (2001) - Chapter 3
ters 5 & 6

VIVILYN ANAK JOANES ( 86011 )

By : Grace Evalyana Anak Mancho (83951)









By : Grace Evalyana Anak Mancho (83951)





TOPIC 9: Orang Asli

Who is Orang Asli?
• A heterogeneous group; widely in Peninsular Malaysia.

• There are three categories of Orang Asli.
a) Senoi

b) Negrito
c) A boriginal Malay
• Their population about 150 000 (0.5%)





Origin:


 Internally known as “Original People”
 Arriving in the Peninsular around 25, 000 years ago.
 The term Orang Asli did not exist before 1960
 Term Orang Asli first used by the colonial government
after the communist in surgence & Malayan Emergency (1948-
1960)
 Orang Asli known as:
a) Orang Laut
b) Orang Hulu
c) Orang Darat

Relationship Between Orang Asli and Various
Group

a) Before World War 2
• Proto-Malay close contact with Malayfor hundreds years.
• Many Proto-Malay assimilated to Malay (converted to Islam).
• Senoi & Negrito isolated from the outside world before World War 2, but still

contact with other communities.
• Orang Asli as slavev; long history in South East Asia.

• Widespread in Malay states in the 19th centuary.
• Type of slave that had been practise; main classes of slaves(abdi) & debtor

slave(orang berhutang).
• Contact with Chinese.
• Chinese community in Malay state had less contact with Orang Asli than did the

Malays.
• This was due to the concentration of Chinese in urban and tin-timing districts.



b) The Japanese Occupation
 Japanese invaders swept from Kota Bharu in the north to Singapore.
 Many individual and orgamisation to refuge in the hills and forest.



c) The Emergency
• Defeat of the Communist force which had rearmed and reorganised following
their temporary demobilisation after the capitulation of Japan.
• Faced the struggle with confidence based upon the support which they had
organised,during Occupation, amaong rural Chinese communities.



d) Post Emergency
 1957: Federation of Malaya gained independence
 1960: Emergency was declare over by the Yang Dipertuan Agong.
 Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli was formed.
 Until today, the Orang Asli continue to be one of the most marginalised groups

in Malaysia.
 Orang Asli; 50% of household live below the poverty line, 19% considered

hardcore poor.
 National poverty rate;3.8% pverty, 0.7% hardcore poor



By : MICHELLE
BATTHA ANAK UNDI
(84489)

q UN Women is the UN organization delivering
programmes, policies and standards that uphold
women’s human rights and ensure that every
woman and girl lives up to her full potential.

q Datuk Ramani Gurusamy is currently the vice
president of NWCO in Malaysia and was a key
figure in the women’s rights movement in the
1960’s. She was one of the key figures
instrumental in pushing for change in regards to
how rape cases were handled in the 1980s,
especially in amending legislation unfavorable
towards women. That relentless determination
resulted in the setting up of a unit of women
police officers in 1986, specially tasked in
investigating rape.

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

Ø Violence, an act of physical force that causes or is intended to
cause harm. The damage inflicted by violence may be
physical, psychological, or both. Violence may be
distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile
behaviour that may be physical, verbal, or passive in nature.

Ø The idea of AWAM was born in the midst of women finding
their voices and coming together to advocate for change. It
was the 1980’s and women found that issues on gender-based
violence was not properly being addressed. Rape, domestic
violence, sexual harassment and many other forms of violence
were archaic and did not address new forms of violence
adequately. Most importantly, these issues were feminized,
often seen as ‘women’s issues’ and therefore a private or civil
(as opposed to criminal) affair rather than a subject of public
policy.

Ø Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) was founded in 1982 to
address the issues of battered women and domestic violence

FEMINISM

• Feminism, the belief in social,
economic, and political equality
of the sexes. Although largely
originating in the West,
feminism is manifested
worldwide and is represented
by various institutions
committed to activity on behalf
of women’s rights and interests.

• Since the 1990s, there has been a gradual
‘intellectualisation’ of women’s
movements in Malaysia, particularly in
Muslim women’s groups. Female
academics, lawyers, writers, artists, and
journalists became members of feminist
NGOs during this period, particularly in
Muslim feminist groups. However, the
over-representation of urban middle-
class women and men in feminist
activism in Malaysia marginalises the
concerns and voices of working class
women whose issues are seldom
expressed in fluent English.







SECRET
SOCIETIES

BY : CATHERENNA ANAK MARAYANG (83434)

INTRODUCTION

The secret societies are a story.
Long a worldwide phenomenon.
groups whose rituals and activities are hidden from non-
members.
Who is involved?
1. Exclusively for certain people.
2. Have a separate code for written or verbal communication.
3. There are hierarchies and leaders (Don, Capo, Ayahanda
and Grand Master).

SECRET SOCIETY IN MALAYA.

The Chinese secret society originated in China - the Ching
dynasty.
Newcomers or Singkeh who have settled in Malaysia need
the protection of their own community.
The secret society will help them start a new life in Malaysia.
The secret society also provides its members with funds for
basic maintenance and weddings.
The secret society will help the Chinese community do
business - lend money to start a business.
The secret society also became an association representing
the Chinese before the great
powers at home and abroad.
Some of them financed and supported the
political uprising in China.

MALAY SECRET SOCIAL -
REASON FOR BIRTH.

No organization can defend and solve Islamic
problems.
Need protected from high crime rate in Penang.
Prevent Muslims joining Chinese secret societies.
Muslims in Penang divided due to competition
between Muslim rulers (mainly commercial
competition).
The rivalry manifests itself in the month of Muharram
when the two groups fight each other.

SECRET MALAY SOCIAL TODAY

Has its own assembly/majlis and this council is led by the
godfather/ayahanda.
Their members are branch heads/samji.
Under the umbrella are their infantry/underlings who always call
Abang Long, Along or Taiko and each team leader/branch leader has
about 500-1000 followers.
A leader usually has more than one long abang under his command
and they has 150 men commanded, usually 3 to 5 sometimes even
more.

THE KONGSI OF

SARAWAK

Mainly Hakka gold miners.
The successful adaptation of the miners to
their new home (economically and socially)
was due to their border organization, the
kongsi.
The kongsi formed the basis of the political
and social organization of the miners.
It is an instrument of self-governing
government and takes care of the economic
and social needs of its members.

ORIGIN OF THE KONGSI
The local sultans viewed the Chinese as a
source of income and monopolized and
regulated their flow of supplies, tools, food,
and opium.
Mining partnerships to take on a political role
(the government of brotherhood is known as
hui).
As mining unions grew stronger, Malay
dominance declined.

CHARACTERISTIC OF A
KONGSI

Each kongsi has its own government
Members of Kongsi office are elected
Daily financial affairs managed by Clearks
(ts'ai-ku)
At the mine, the foreman (huo-chang)
supervises the work
Kongsi chiefs lived with members in Kongsi
hall.

SECRET SOCIETY SARAWAK AND
BROOKE

Hakka migration to Sarawak from Sambas.
In Sambas, the Hakka trained some Chinese Kongsi.
The kongsi brought San Tiao Quo Kongsi to Sarawak.
They took control of the Bau gold mine and became the
mighty kongsi.
When James Brooke tried to control them, the kongsi
attacked Kuching in 1857.
James Brooke retaliates and attacks Bau and ends the
kongsi.

REFERENCES

Khoo Kay Kim, The Western Malay States, 1850-1873 : the effects of commercial development on
Malay politics, Chapter 3.
Mahani Musa, Kongsi gelap Melayu di negeri-negeri utara pantai Barat Semenanjung Tanah
Melayu,1821 hingga 1940-an, Selangor: MBRAS, 2003.
Leon Comber, Chinese secret societies in Malaya : a survey of the triad society from 1800 to 1900,
Locust Valley, N.Y. : Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959.
Mervyn Llevelyn Wynne, Triad and Tabut: A Survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and
Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A. D. 1800-1935, 1941.
Mahani Musa (2011), ‘Chinese and Muslim societies as natural allies’, in Penang Monthly,
http://penangmonthly.com/chinese-and-muslim-societies-as-natural-allies/

HISTOR
MALAYSIA

MOVE

By:Elle Campbell
837

RYOF THE
ANSTUDENT
VEMENT

lle Enau Willie (
3725)

 Thestudent movement
wasa fresh social force
that raisedpolitical,
economic, andsocial
transformation issues.

 Usingeducationalinstitutions INTROD
asmeetingplaceswouldbring
together studentsfrom various
backgroundswhoshared the
samestrugglesand ideals

 Exposingtheirknowledge
andthestateof people's
livesinspiredstudentsto
support regionaland
globalcauses.

DUCTION  Consist of groupsof youthful,
vibrant, andspiritedstudents
whoexert pressureonthe
government towatchover its
roleanditspolicies.

 Man
involv

 His s
Allian

 Man
involv

 His s
Allian

THE SITC

ny international students, like Ibrahim Ya'akub, were
lved in foundingit.

suggestion led to the founding of the Young Students'
ance and the Peninsula Borneo Students Alliance.

ny international students, like Ibrahim Ya'akub, were
lvedin foundingit.

suggestion led to the founding of the Young Students'
ance and the Peninsula Borneo Students Alliance.