नैितक िश ा
क ा६
नेपाल सरकार
िश ा ,िव ान तथा िविध म ालय
पा म िवकास के
सानोिठिम, भ पुर
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;s];Dd ljm| ofsnfkdv' L / ?lrs/ agfpg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; kf7\ok':tsnfO{ ce}m kl/ist[ kfgs{ f
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pQd ljsNksf] pkof]u ug{
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c¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ afgL a;fNg
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cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ sb/ ug]{
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ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug{]
lhDd]jf/L lng] :jfjnDaL x'g] cfkm} cgz' fl;t x'g]
lzIf0f ;'emfj
kf7 ;?' ug'{eGbf klxn] sx] L ;do cf“vf lrDn]/ dfg} a:g nufpg'xf;] \ .
ljBfyLn{ ] kfngf ugk'{ g{] cg'zf;g;“u ;DalGwt kIfsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf;] \
/ cfjZostfcg;' f/ k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'x{ f;] \ .
dfGohg tyf kfxg' fsf] ;Ddfg / ;Tsf/ ug]{ :yfgLo k|rngsf af/d] f el" dsf clego ug{
nufpg'xf;] \ .
c;n dflg; aGg ug'k{ g]{ sfdx¿sf af/d] f cGt/ljm| of u/fpgx' f];\ .
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lyP . pgL vt] af/Ldf sfd uy]{ . pgL ;fdflhs sfddf klg Wofg lbGy] . pgnfO{ c¿sf]
enf] xg' ] sfd ug{ c;fWo} dg kYof{] . pgL c¿nfO{ ;do ;dodf 3/d} afn] fP/ vfg / a:g
lbGy] . v]taf/Ldf pAhfPsf] cGgsf] sx] L cz+ c¿nfO{ bfg lbGy] .
s]bf/ cfÇgf 5/l5d]sLnfO{ klg c;n sfd ug{] ;Nnfx lbGy] . pgL ufpd“ f c¿nfO{ ;3fpg
k'Uy] . hfqf, dn] f, kj{ / efh] et]/df uO{ ;xofu] uy]{ . s;s} f] ;fdfg e6] 6\ fP eg] p;n} fO{
lkmtf{ uy{] . ;fdfg s;sf] xf] egL yfxf gkfP c¿nfO{ ;fw] vfh] uy{] . ;s;] Dd ;a}nfO{ va/
uy]{ . olb sf]xL klg kmn] f k/]gg\ eg] dfGohgnfO{ a'emfOlbGy] . pgL c¿sf] ;fdfg ns' fpg,]
c¿nfO{ e'mSofpg] h:tf sfo{ ub{g} y] . o:tf sfo{ ubf{ c¿n] gbv] ] klg OZ{ j/n] b]V5g\ egL
pgn] a9' fkfsfaf6 ;g' s] f lyP . To;}n] c¿nfO{ 9f“6] klg cfkm" nfO{ 9f6“ g\ ;lsb“ }g eGg] dfGotf
s]bf/sf] lyof] . pgn] efOalxgL, 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9\g, n]Vg / c;n Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfpy“ ] .
3/fo;L sfddf klg ;xofu] uy]{ .
;'ldt s]bf/sf 5f]/f lyP . ;l' dt cg'zf;gsf] kfngfdf ljz]if Wofg lbGy] . pgn] c;n
Jojxf/sf] dxŒj ae' ms] f lyP . ;l' dtn] ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} c;n cfr/0f kfng u/]sf
lyP . æ;fgb} l] v g} c;n cfr/0f kfng ug{] afgL a;fpb“ } hfgk' 5{ . 7n' f] ePkl5 kfng u/fn“} f
eGgx' b“' g} . c;n JolSt xg' ;fgb} l] v c;n x'g'k5{Æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;l' dtn] Jojxf/df ptf/s] f
lyP . ;'ldtn] c¿nfO{ klg To;} ug{ l;sfp“y] . ;l' dtn] ;fg}bl] v hxf“ kfof] ToxL“ gy'Sg],
kmf]xf/] gug{,] vfgf v/] gkmfNg] h:tf afgLsf] ljsf; u/]sf lyP . ;l' dt lhDdj] f/ eO{ sfd
uy]{ . pgn] lzIfs,
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cfOk/] ;'ldtn] ;d:of
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vfh] L uy{] . tL ;d:of cfkm“}n] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsb“ g} egL ;f]Ry] . ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug]{ tl/sfx¿ klxrfg uy]{ . ;s;] Dd w]/} ljsNksf nflu ;Nnfx uy]{ / pQd ljsNksf]
pkofu] uy{] .
pld{nf ;'ldtsL alxgL lyOg\ . pgL c;n ljBfyL{ lyOg\ . pgL ;fyLefO;“u ldn]/
al:yg\ . pgL c¿nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xofu] ulyg{ \ . pldn{ f lgoldt ¿kdf ljBfno hflGyg\ . ux[ sfo{ ;w“}
ulyg{ \ . cfk"mdf ePsf] 1fg / l;k c¿nfO{ klg l;sfp“lyg\ / ghfgs] f] c¿af6 l;lSyg\ .
1fg / l;k c¿nfO{ hlt l;sfof,] TolQ g} dfqfdf a95\ eGg] tYo pld{nfnfO{ yfxf lyof] .
pgL lzIfs, cfdfaa' f tyf dfGohgn] eg]sf] dflGyg\ . pxf“x¿sf] cfb/ uly{g\ .
ufd] f pld{nfsL cfdf lyOg\ . pgL ;/sf/L sfofn{ odf sfd uly{g\ . ufd] fnfO{ kfxg' fsf]
;Tsf/ ug{ dg kYof{] . 3/df kfx'gf cfP eg] ;l' dt / pldn{ fnfO{ gd:sf/ ug,{ lrof tyf
kfgL lbg / a:gsf nflu cg'/fw] ug{ l;sfp“lyg\ . cfdfn] u/s] f] b]v/] ;'ldt / pld{nfn] klg
kfxg' fsf] ;Tsf/ ug{ hfg]sf lyP . 3/df sf]xL gePsf] ;dodf kfx'gf cfP klg pgLx¿n]
cfb/ tyf ;Tsf/ ug{,] lrofkfgL lbg] / /fd|f s'/fsfgL ug{] uy]{ . glrgs] f] eP lrghfg
uy{] . pgLx¿n] xh'/aa' f, xh/' cfdfsf] klg ;Ddfg / ;j] f ug{ hfg]sf lyP .
uf]df ;ak} |lt gd| eO{ Jojxf/ uly{g\ . pgL xl“ ;nf] eO{ sfd ug{ ?rfp“lyg\ . s;}n] ¿vf] /
3dG8L Jojxf/ u/] klg l/;fpg] :jefj pgsf] lyPg . pgL elGyg,\ ‘kmnkm" nx¿n] el/Psf]
?vsf] xfu“ f] e'ms] h:t} xfdL klg ljgd| / c;n xg' k' 5{ .’ pgn] n]vgfy kf8} \ofnn] n]vs] f
sljtfsf kªl\ Stx¿ af/Daf/ bf]xf¥] ofO/xlGyg\ M
‘‘pksf/L u'0fL JolSt lgx/' G5 lg/Gt/ .
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pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/sf] c;n afgL Jojxf/sf] ke| fj la:tf/} 5/l5ds] df klg kg{ yfn]sf]
5 . ca, ltdL s] u5f}{ < cfÇgf s:tf Jojxf/ kl/jt{g u5f{} < ;fyL;u“ , lzIfs;“u Pjd\
cfdfafa;' u“ ;f]w/] lgisif{df ku' .
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-s_ d 3/df cfPsf kfx'gfnfO{ ;Ddfg / ;Tsf/ ==========================.
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-v_ d cfdfaa' f / dfGohgsf c;n afgL Jojxf/sf] cg';/0f ======================= .
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-u_ d ;w}“ cg'zf;gdf a:g] =========================== .
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-3_ /fd/| L ae' m/] dfq d c¿nfO{ ljZjf; ============================== .
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-ª_ cfkm" n] l;s]sf hfg]sf s/' f c¿nfO{ ================================ .
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ltdLn] u/]sf] ltd|f] dN" ofªs\ gsf cfwf/df Ps cg'R5]b n]v . ltdf| ] Jojxf/ ;xL jf unt
s] /x5] , lzIfs;u“ ;f]w .
@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ s]bf/sf] sg' sg' afgL ltdLnfO{ dg k¥of] <
-v_ pldn{ fsf afgL Jojxf/ ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <
-u_ ltdLn] pld{nfn] h:t} Jojxf/ ug{] u/s] f 5f} eg] tL Jojxf/x¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .
-3_ xfdLn] c;n dflg; xg' s:tf Jojxf/ ugk'{ g{] /x5] < tLgsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 5
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#= oL sfd u/ M
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Jojxf/ ul/G5 egL ljj/0f tof/ kf/ / sIffsf]7fdf k:| tt' u/ .
-v_ ltdLn] cfÇgf] 6fn] l5ds] df c;n dflg; xg' s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] u/]sf 5f } < ab'“ f
l6kf6] u/ / k:| tt' u/ .
-u_ c;n dflg; x'gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgfd"ns ;Gb]z tof/ u/L sIff
sf]7fdf 6f“; .
d'Vo ;Gb]z
c;n dflg; aGg ;a}eGbf klxn] cfkm}“ cg'zf;gdf /xg'k5{ . Odfgbf/ x'g /
;an} fO{ ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug{ l;Sgk' 5{ . lhDd]jf/, ljZjfl;nf] / nugzLn eO{ sfd
;DkGg ugk{' 5{ . cfkm" n] xfl;n u/s] f cge' j, 1fg, l;k cflbsf] cfbfg kb| fg ug{] afgL
a;fNgk' 5{ . ljgd|tfkj" {s Jojxf/ kb| z{g ugk{' 5{ . o;af6 ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf;
xG' 5 . ;d:of a‰' g / ;dfwfg ug{ ;xofu] ldN5 . JolStdf ;o+ d, wo} h{ :tf u0' fx¿sf] ljsf;
x'G5 . c;n cfr/0fsf] kfngfn] cfk;df ;Ddfg / ljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 .
o;ks| f/sf u'0fx¿af6 JolStn] ;dfhdf ;Ddflgt hLjg latfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf]
l;hg{ f xG' 5 . JolStdf cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 .
6 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
@ c;n rl/q lgdf{0f u/f“}
ckl] Ift Jojxf/
c;n kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] k'¥ofpg
rl/q lgdf0{ fdf 3/, kl/jf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] dxŒj atfpg
c;n cfr/0f ug{
;dfhnfO{ ;b' 9[ / ljsl;t kfg{] pkfo ckgfpg
kl| jlwsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug{] afgL a;fNg
rl/q lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿
3/, kl/jf/ ;d'bfo / ;dfh ; fyL;ªu\ t jftfj/0f v fgkfg ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f
k|ljlw k|efj
;sf/fTds k|efj ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ k|efj
c;n ;+:sf/ cfÇgf] sfddf c¿sf] e/ kg]{
l;h{gzLntf c¿sf] h:tfsf] t:t} gSsn ug{] afgL
lhDdj] f/Lkg cN5Lkgf
ldng;fl/tf ;dx" df sfd ug{ g;Sg] afgL
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;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf; s/' Llt, cGwljZjf; cflbsf] cg's/0f
lzIf0f ;'emfj
rl/q ljsf;df ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf af/d] f ;dx" ut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fpgx' f;] \ . ljBfyLx{ ¿sf ljrf/x¿
l6kL cfjZos ki[ 7kfi] f0f klg lbg'xf];\ . ltdL, ltd|f] 3/ kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] ltdf| ] rl/q lgdf0{ fdf s:tf]
;xofu] k¥' ofO/xs] f 5g\ egL l6kf6] k:| tt' ug{ nufpgx' f];\ . :yfgLo c;n cEof; tyf ;+:sf/sf] :ynut
e|d0f u/fO{ k|ltjb] g tof/ ug{ nufpgx' f;] \ .
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 7
-/fdnvg, bfh] {], kjg, uf]df, lzjfgL / ;o' z sIff sfo{ ug{ Jo:t 5g\ . pgLx¿sf]
;dx" df rl/q lgdf{0fdf ke| fj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf af/d] f 5nkmn x'b“ } 5 . pgLx¿n] pSt
tŒjx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] sfo{ 5fg]sf 5g\ ._
lzjfgL M /fdnvg Û c;n rl/q lgdf0{ fdf ke| fj kfg{] kd| v' tŒj s] xf] < eg t .
/fdnvg M dnfO{ t 3/ kl/jf/ g} xf] h:tf] nfU5 .
ufd] f M lsg xfn] f <
/fdnvg M kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] Pp6f PsfO xf] . sg' } klg JolStn] kl/jf/af6} ;fdflhs
efjgfsf] ljsf; u5{ . ctM cfbz{ gful/s pTkfbg ug]{ klxnf] kf7zfnf
egs] f] kl/jf/ g} xf] . kl/jf/sf] ;:+ sf/, cfr/0f / afgL Jojxf/n] rl/q lgdf0{ fdf
c;/ u5{ . kl/jf/sf dfGohgsf] h:tf] ljrf/, afgL, Jojxf/ / hLjg z}nL 5,
To:t} ljrf/, afgL Jojxf/ / hLjg z}nL afnssf] x'G5 eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; 5 .
lzjfgL M dnfO{ t 3/ kl/jf/sf ;fy;fy} ;dfhn] klg c;/ u5{ h:tf] nfU5 . kl/jf/
dfq c;n eP/ klg k'Ub}g . dflg; ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . p;nfO{ ;w}“ ;dfhsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . ctM ;dfh klg ;Eo x'g cfjZos 5 . c;n rl/qo'St
;dfhn] dfq c;n gful/s agfpg ;S5 . olb ;dfhdf s';:+ sf/ :yflkt eof]
eg] ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿df g/fdf| ] rl/q ljsf; x“'b} hfG5 . ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf]
cfk;L ;xofu] åf/f g} ;dfh ;~rflnt xG' 5 . ;Eo ;dfhdf dfq ;Dk0" f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{
8 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
nfe xG' 5 . cJojl:yt ;dfhdf ;v' , zflGt / ljsf;sf sfd xg' ;Sbg} g\ . o;sf/0f
;dfhn] klg JolStsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf kT| oIf c;/ ul//xs] f] x'G5 .
bfh] {] M P ;o' z Û ltdLn] t jftfj/0fn] klg rl/q lgdf{0fdf c;/ u5{ eg]sf xfO] gf} <
sx] L atfObp] m g .
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To;n] xfdf| ] rl/q lgdf{0fdf c;/ u5{ . kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f /fdf| ] ePdf
To;af6 bz] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ gful/s tof/ xG' 5g\ . gful/snfO{
l;hg{ zLn agfpgdf kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fn] lgs} 7n' f] el" dsf lgjf{x u5{ .
kl/jf/df x'g] em} emu8f, dgd'6fjn] JolSt lg/fz xG' 5 . o;n] p;sf] c;n
rl/qsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sbg} .
ufd] f M clg, ;fdflhs jftfj/0fn] lg <
;o' z M nf} ;'g . ;fdflhs jftfj/0f klg ;Eo, Jojl:yt / zfGt xg' cfjZos 5 .
o;n] ;dfhdf Pstf, ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] ljsf; u5{ h;n] ubf{ ;dfhn] k|ult
ug{ ;S5 .
uf]df M kjg Û kw| fgfWofksn] t ;:+ sl[ t / k/Dk/fn] rl/q lgdf0{ fdf ke| fj kf5{ eGge' Psf]
lyof] lg Û To;af/] atfObp] m g .
kjg M ;'g ;fyLx¿ Û ;dfhdf cfÇg} k|sf/sf lgod, k/Dk/f, ;:+ s[lt / /Lltl/jfh
xG' 5g\ . ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f h:tf s/' fx¿;“u xfdL ufl“ ;Psf xG' 5f“} . logn]
xfdLnfO{ cgz' f;gdf a:g, ;Tosf] kIf lng / pksf/L aGg k]/| 0ff lbG5g\ .
To;}n] xfdLn] ;dfhsf] agf6] , o;leqsf k/Dk/f / o;sf sdL sdhf/] Lx¿ kQf
nufpgk' 5{ . To;kl5 tLgnfO{ j|mdzM ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' /fd|f] xG' 5 . o;n] JolSt
/ ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ .
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lgdf{0fdf c;/ u5{ / <
bfh] ]{ M 6l] nlehg xg] {' g/fdf| ] afgL xfO] g . o;af6 w/] } /fdf| s/' f klg l;Sg ;lsG5 . t/
w/] } a/] 6l] nlehg xg] ,{] /l] 8of] ;G' g] h:tf afgL c;n xfO] gg\ . xfdLn] k9b\ f, nV] bf
l6eL xg] x{' b“' g} . sDKo6' /, dfa] fOn, OG6/g6] h:tf kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] df cgfjZos
w/] } ;do vrg{ ' xb“' g} . o;n] xfdf| ] bl} gs ;do tflnsfdf c;/ u5{ .
ufd] f M o;sf kmfObf klg t 5g\ xf]nf lg ¤
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 9
bfh] {] M lsg gx'g', ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{ /fd|f] kIf xf] . o;n] xfd|f]
hLjg z}nLnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfp“5 . o:tf k|ljlwhGo k|0ffnLaf6
gsf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg] rnlrq, syf, tl:a/ / ;Gbz] klg k;| f/0f eO/xs] f
xG' 5g\ . logLx¿n] xfdf| ] rl/q / bl} gs Jojxf/df k|efj kf5{g\ .
-pgLx¿n] 5nkmn ul//x]sf] ;dx" df lzIfs cfpg'x'G5 ._
lzIfs M /fdnvg ¤ eg t, rl/q lgdf0{ fdf k|efj kfg]{ tŒjx¿ s] s] /x]5g\ <
-sIff sf]7fdf 6f“l;Psf] ;"rL k:| tt' ub}_{
/fdnvg M 3/, kl/jf/, ;dfh, jftfj/0f, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf kl| jlwn] rl/q
lgdf{0fdf c;/ kfbf{ /x]5g\ ;/ .
lzIfs M wGojfb ¤ n t, ca ltdLx¿ ;a}n] oL s/' fdf ljrf/ u/]/ c;n rl/qsf]
ljsf; u/ x} ¤
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ltdf| ] cfÇgf] dN" ofª\sg lzIfsnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 sfkLdf n]v/] b]vfpm / k[i7kf]if0f dfu .
10 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M
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of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
-v_ ;dfhn] s;/L rl/q lgdf0{ fdf ;xofu] u5{ < 5f6] s/Ldf n]v .
-u_ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fn] rl/q lgdf{0fdf dxŒjk0" f{ el" dsf v]Ng] s/' fdf ltdL sltsf]
;xdt 5f} < nv] .
-3_ ltdf| ] ljrf/df ;fdflhs jftfj/0faf6 JolStn] s;/L rl/q lgdf0{ f ug{ ;S5 <
sf/0f b]pm .
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#= oL sfd u/ M
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;S5f} < ;fyL;fyLlar 5nkmn u/L ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
-v_ c;n rl/q lgdf{0f;DaGwL kf7af6 ltdLn] s] l;Sof} < ca ltdL s] s:tf
Jojxf/x¿ u5f{} < Ps cg'R5]bdf n]v .
-u_ s] ltdf| ;a} Jojxf/x¿ c;n 5g\ < Ps k6s ;f]r / ;w' f/sf nflu s] s] ug{
;S5f} < ljrf/ u/ / ;w' f/sf] ofh] gf k:| tt' u/ .
d'Vo ;Gb]z
rl/q lgdf{0fdf cfÇgf] bl} gs afgL Jojxf/n] ke| fj kf5{ . xfdL 3/, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf
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To:t} sfos{ f] cgs' /0f x'g] u5{ . 3/, kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] kfngf u/s] f ;:+ sf/, ;+:sl[ t
/ k/Dk/fn] xfd|f] ;f]rdf kT| oIf c;/ u5{ . cfk"m a:g] 7fps“ f] jftfj/0fn] klg rl/q
ljsf;df ke| fj kf5{ . cfwl' gs kl| jlw tyf To;df cfwfl/t ultljlwn] klg c;n
rl/qsf] ljsf;df ke| fj kf5{ . o;tkm{ ;a} ;rt] xg' h?/L 5 .
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 11
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c;n JolStsf] sfdsf] cgz' /0f ug{
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5 . ;a} gk] fnL v';L / uj{n] k'nlst ePsf 5g\ . cg/' fwf lbbL ljZj rlrt{
‘;L=Pg=Pg= lx/f’] (CNN Cable News Network) ljht] f ePsL 5g\ . !)) b]zsf
sl/a !) xhf/ ;dfh ;j] Llar pgL ;jf{s] [i6 7xl/PsL 5g\ . oltv]/ pgL cWoIf
/xs] f] dfOtL gk] fndf bLkfjnL h:t} pdªu\ 5 . pgsf 6/] ;] f Ps8] ]dLdf k9\g] ;8s
afn aflnsf, åGå / of}g b'Jo{jxf/ kLl8t rf/ ;o ljBfyL{ v;' Ln] ubub 5g\ .
ufs] 0fl{ :yt pgs} f] ‘xkk];’ df /xs] f Pr=cfO={ eL= ;ªj\ m| ldt afnaflnsf klg uj{
ul//xs] f 5g\ .
– sflGtk'/ ;fKtflxssf] afnsf];n] L
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cfv] n9ª' \uf lhNnfsf] u?' ª kl/jf/df cg'/fwf sf]O/fnfsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . pgL lg/Gt/
¿kdf ;fdflhs sfo{df ;dlkt{ JolStTj xg' \ . pgL cfÇgf] stJ{ okl| t ;w}“ k|lta4 l5g\ .
lzIf0f ;e' mfj
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xfdf| ] 3/, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf /xs] f pbfx/0fLo JolStTjsf] sfox{ ¿sf af/d] f hLjgL nV] g nufpgx' f;] \ .
12 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
kmnsf] ckI] ff g/fvL ;fdflhs sfod{ f cu;| / /xlG5g\ . pgL Odfgbf/ l5g\ . pgn] afnaflnsf
/ dlxnfsf] xslxtsf nflu w]/} sfd u/]sL 5g\ . o;sf nflu pgn] ;fdflhs ;:+ yf vfn] L
To;sf] gt] T[ j / ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsL 5g\ . cfÇgf] sfd tyf ;fdflhs sfddf ljZj;gLo
kfqsf ¿kdf pgL :yflkt 5g\ .
pgn] sx] L ;do cª\uh|] L / ;fdflhs ljifosf] lzIfs eO{ ;]jf u/s] L lyOg\ . pgL ;a}nfO{
lzlIft aGg k|f]T;flxt ul5g{ \ . c;n lzIffn] g} ;Tsd{ ug{ k|]/0ff lbG5 eGg] pgsf] dfGotf
5 . clzIffn] ubf{ w]/} h;f] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf 3/]n' sfdbf/sf ¿kdf sfd ug{ afWo
5g\ eGg] pgsf] 7DofO 5 . pgn] hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf /xs] f afnaflnsfsf] p4f/ u/L
lzIffsf] cj;/ lbnfPsL 5g\ . pgsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] dfOtL gk] fn gfds ;+:yfn] cfÇgf]
56' 6\ } klxrfg sfod u/s] f] 5 . pgsf] ;lj|mo ;xof]udf larNnLdf k/]sf afnaflnsfsf
nflu afnu[x klg ;~rfngdf 5 . ;fy} To:tf afnaflnsfsf nflu 6/] ];f Ps]8d] L gfds
ljBfno klg ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
cg/' fwf sf]O/fnf rn] La]6L a]rlavg lj?4sf] cleofgdf ;lj|mo 5g\ . dfdfåf/f a]lrPsL
uLtf ;g' j' f/sf] d4' f pgn] x/] ]sf] klxnf] d'bb\ f xf] . To;kl5 sf]O/fnfn] sl/a !@ xhf/
rn] La6] LnfO{ ar] lavgsf] hfl] vdaf6 p4f/ ug{ ;xofu] ul/g\ . p4f/kl5 pgLx¿sf] cleefjs
agL gof“ hLjg lbOg\ . xfn cg'/fwf sfO] /fnfs} kxndf gk] fnnufot ef/tsf bflh{lnª,
v/;fª, l;lSsddf dfgj a]rlavglj?4sf] cleofg ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} aª\unfbz] ,
e6' fg / Dofgdf/nufotsf dn' s' df pSt sfdsf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj a]rlavg h:tf]
cdfgjLo sfdnfO{ rgfvf] eO{ cgu' dg ug]{ sfod{ f sfO] /fnfsf] ;lj|mo el" dsf /lxcfPsf] 5 .
ar] lavg ug{ nh} fb“ } u/s] f, of}g zf]if0faf6 p4f/ ul/Psf Pjd\ ljleGg lx+;faf6 kLl8tnfO{
k'gM:yfkgf ug{' cg'/fwf sf]O/fnfsf] kl/ro g} alg;ss] f] 5 . pgL ar] lavgsf] hf]lvddf
/xs] fnfO{ r]tgfdn" s sfoj{ |md u/L ;r]t u/fpl“ 5g\ . ljbz] af6 p4f/ ul/Psf afnaflnsf
tyf dlxnfnfO{ ;/' lIft ¿kdf :jb]z kmsfp{ g] Joj:yf ldnfp“l5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cleefjs tyf
kl/jf/sf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpl“ 5g\ . kLl8tx¿sf] kg' M:yfkgf / k'gldn{ gsf nflu
ofu] bfg ub{} cfPsL 5g\ . pgLx¿df xLgtf afw] 36fpg lgMzN' s sfgg' L ;Nnfx lbg] / dgfk] /fdz{
lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOlblG5g\ . l;kdn" s tflndsf] Joj:yf ul5g{ \ . tflndkl5 :j/f]huf/ Pjd\
3/]n' pBd ug{ n3' shf{;dt] pknAw u/fp“b} cfPsL 5g\ .
pgL Pr=cfO{=eL=af6 ;ª\j|mldt JolStx¿nfO{ dfof / k|]/0ff k|bfg ul5{g\ . pgLx¿sf]
;Ddfghgs hLjg ofkgsf nflu ljleGg 7fp“df :gx] u[x -xkk;] _ ;~rfngdf ;xofu] u/]sL
5g\ . :g]xux[ df pgLx¿nfO{ cfjf;Lo ;l' jwf;“u} lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf k/fdz{ ;j] f
pknAw u/fOG5 . pgLx¿sf] cfTd :jfledfgsf nflu v]tLkftL, ;;fgf 3/n] ' Joj;fo / cGo
l;kd"ns ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL u/fOG5 . ;'? ;?' df cg'/fwf sf]O/fnfn] ljBfnoaf6 kfOg]
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 13
tnaaf6 ;dfh ;]jf uly{g\ . To; ;Tsdn{ ] pgnfO{ ;dfh ;j] L ;+:yf vfN] g] k]/| 0ff ldNof] .
ToxL ;:+ yfdfkm{t\ pgL dfgj ar] lavgsf sf/0f bM' v kfPsf / ;xf/fljxLg ePsf JolStx¿sf]
;]jf ug]{ sfo{df lg/Gt/ nflu/xs] L 5g\ . o:tf] sfdsf] ;'?cft ug]{ cg'/fwf sfO] /fnf
-s]jn Goh' g]6js_{ ;L=Pg=Pg= lx/f] -;g\ @)!)_ agL gk] fnLsf] uf}/jsf] kfq ags] L 5g\ .
s] xfdLn] klg o:t} c;n sfdsf] yfngL ug{ ;Sb}gf“} < Ps k6s ljrf/ u/f“} t .
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-3_ c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{ kfpb“ f ============================ -b'Mv nfU5÷v';L nfU5_
dflysf] cfÇgf] d"Nofªs\ g ubf{ ltdLdf s] /fd|f kIf / s] ;'wf/ ugk{' g{] kIf kfof} Ps
cg'R5b] df nv] .
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#= cg'/fwf sf]O/fnf s;/L ‘;L=Pg=Pg= lx/f’] algg\ < sf/0f bp] m .
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tof/ kf/ .
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sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
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tof/ kf/ / ltdLn] tof/ kf/s] f] k|ltjb] g sIffsf]7fdf k|:tt' u/ .
k|ltjb] gdf lgDglnlvt a“'bf ;dfj]z u/ M
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d'Vo ;Gb]z
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ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . ;Tsd{sf] yfngL u/]kl5 sfdk|lt k|lta4 / lhDd]jf/ /
xgk' 5{ . sfd ubf{ ;a}sf] ;xofu] / ;xsfo{ u/fO{ ljZjf; kfqsf ¿kdf :yflkt
xg' k' 5{ . o;n] ubf{ sfd ;dodf ;DkGg xG' 5 . xfdLn] c;n sfd u/d] f To;sf]
kl/0ffd klg /fd|f] x'G5 .
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sIffdf atfpg' t eGge' of] t/ ===
e"ldsf M t/ s] t <
efjgf M t/ dfgj dN" o egs] f] s] xf] eGg]
af/d] f sx] L atfpg'ePg .
e"ldsf M pxfn“ ] atfPsf] eP t 3/df uP/
;fW] gk' g{] ux[ sfo{ g} lbgx' G' gYof] lg .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
afnaflnsfx¿n] dfgj dN" onfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/s] f 5g\ jf 5g} g,\ lgoldt cjnfs] g u/L ki[ 7kfi] f0f lbgx' f;] \ .
zfGt dgn] cfgGbsf] cge' l" t ug{] ePsfn] afnaflnsfsf] dgnfO{ zfGt agfpg k|fyg{ f / Wofg ug]{ afgLsf]
ljsf; u/fpgx' f];\ .
dfgj d"Nosf] kl/kfngf u/s] f dxfk'?ifsf syf jf 36gfx¿ ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 17
efjgf M 3/df To;af/]df s;nfO{ ;f]Wg] t, lbbL <
e"ldsf M ;w}“ h:tf] gae' m]sf] s/' f ;fW] g] t cfÇg} xh/' cfdf;u“ t xf] lg .
-pgLx¿ 3/ ku' ]kl5 nu' f km]5g{ \ / xftuf]8f wfO] { vfhf vfG5g\ . Psl} 5g
v]N5g\ . To;kl5 xh'/cfdf a;s] f] 7fp“df hfG5g\ ._
efjgf M xh'/cfdf, cfh klg xfdLnfO{ l;sfpgk' g]{ eof] lg ¤
xh/' cfdf M l7s} 5, dn} ] hfg] ae' ms] f] s/' f ltdLx¿nfO{ l;sfpg kfpb“ f dnfO{ klg v;' L nfU5 .
eg s] l;sfpg'k¥of] .
efjgf M dfgj d"Nosf af/]df atfOlbgxf;] \ g, xh'/cfdf .
xh/' cfdf M To;f] eP cfh u?' n] ltdLx¿nfO{ dfgj dN" osf af/d] f ;fw] /] cfpg' eGge' Psf] 5,
x}g t <
e"ldsf M xf,] xh/' cfdf .
xh/' cfdf M dfgj egs] f] dfG5] cyjf dflg; xf] . dN" o egs] f] dxŒj jf u'0f xf] . dflg;df
rt] gf / ljjs] xG' 5 . oL dflg;df x'g] ljzi] ftf xg' \ .
efjgf M To;n} ] dfgjnfO{ ;a}eGbf pTsi[ 6 k|f0fL elgPsf] xf] t, xh'/cfdf <
xh'/cfdf M xf], efjgf . dflg; ;[li6sf] ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 k|f0fL ePsfn] p;n]
To;c} g;' f/sf sfd t ug'k{ ¥of] lg ¤ dfgj eP/ dfgjn] ug'k{ g]{ sfd gu/L
g/fdf| sfd u/] p;nfO{ s;/L dfgj eGg] <
el" dsf M egk] l5 xfdf| Jojxf/ klg dfgjsf nflu ;'xfpg] xg' k' ¥of] .
efjgf M xfdLn] k9]sf lyof}“ lg, s] ug'x{ 'G5 s] ug'{x'“bg} eg/] , tL g} dfgj d"No xg' \ t <
xh'/cfdf M s] ugx{' G' 5, s] ugx'{ b“' g} eGg] s/' f ;dfhcg;' f/ klg km/s xg' ;S5 t/ dfgj dN" o
egs] f] s/' f ;as} f nflu cfjZos xG' 5 . hxf“ sxLs“ f] dflg;df o:tf u0' f xg' k' 5{ .
el" dsf M tL dfgj d"Nodf s:tf s'/f k5g{ \ t xh/' cfdf <
xh/' cfdf M cfwf/et" dfgj dN" odf ;To, zflGt, kd]| , clx;+ f / ;bJ\ ojxf/ h:tf s/' f k5g{ \ . oL
s/' f k9/] , n]v/] jf To;af/]df hfg/] dfq x“b' }g . xfdLn] cfÇgf] Jojxf/df oL
s/' f nfu" ug{ ;Sof}“ eg] dfq xfdL dfgj ePsf] 7xl/G5 .
18 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
efjgf M P, dfgj dN" o egs] f] t
hLjg, Jojxf/df ptfg{]
s/' f kf] /x5] .
e"ldsf M gq t lstfadf ;To
af]Ng'k5{ eg]/ k9\g],
afN] bf eg] ;w}“ e'm6f] af]
Ng] h:tf] eOxfNof] lg .
xh'/cfdf M ltdLx¿n] l7s eGof} .
el" dsf M xh'/cfdf, xfdLn] dfgj
dN" ocg;' f/ Jojxf/ ug{
s] ug'{k5{ t <
xh'/cfdf M n ;g' . ;do, :yfg / kl/l:yltaf6 kl/jt{g gxg' ] s/' f ;To xf] . ;TonfO{
hLjgdf ptfg{ ;To afN] gk' 5{ . ;fy} xfdLn] l7s / a]l7s 56' o\ fpg ;Sg]
ljjs] , Odfg, Gofo, 1fgsf] vf]h, ;/ntf, ljZjf; h:tf s/' fx¿sf] dfWodaf6
;Tosf] cg;' /0f ug{ ;S5f}“ .
el" dsf M zflGt eg]sf] gaf]nLsg a:g' xf,] xh'/cfdf <
xh'/cfdf M gafn] Lsg a:g' dfq zflGt xf]Og . zflGt x'gsf nflu dgdf lrGtf glng',
;a;} u“ ldn/] a:g', cfk;df ;xofu] ug,{' ;be\ fj /fVg' / Pscsf{df ljZjf;
ug{'k5{ . OlGb|ox¿nfO{ ;Gtn' g / ;o+ ddf /fvL >4f / cf:yfefj /fVgk' b5{ .
oL sfd u/d] f dgdf zflGt / kl/jf/ jf ;dfhdf eme} mu8f xb'“ }g . oxL lrGtf
/ eme} mu8f gePsf] cj:yf g} zflGt xf] .
efjgf M kd]| egs] f] dfof xf,] xf]Og t xh'/cfdf <
xh/' cfdf M xf], ;f/f ;l[ i6df k|d] km}lnPsf] xG' 5 . dfof, :g]x, x/] rfx, Tofu, ;]jf, lrGtg,
ljZjf; cflbaf6 xfdL k]d| sf] cge' "lt ug{ ;S5f}“ . s;;} “u sg' } s/' fsf] ckI] ff
g/fvL ul/g] sfd kd]| xf] . lgM:jfya{ f6 kd]| sf] k:| km' 6g x'G5 .
el" dsf M clx+;f eg]sf] s] xf] xh'/cfdf <
xh'/cfdf M sf6df/ gug'{ / df;' gvfg' dfq clx+;f xfO] g . xfdLn] cfÇgf] af]nL jrg /
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 19
Jojxf/n] c¿sf] lrQ bv' fof“} eg] Tof] klg lx;+ f g} xG' 5 . st} s;k} l| t 30[ ff, Oi{ of{
/ åi] f /fVg' klg lx+;f xf] . ;f]rfO, af]nL / sfdn] s;}nfO{ klg rf]6 gk¥' ofpg'
clx;+ f xf] . clx;+ f egs] f] dfly atfOPsf rf/} dN" ox¿sf] lgrf8] xf] .
efjgf M ‘;bJ\ ojxf/’ eg]sf] s] xf] t < xh/' cfdf .
xh/' cfdf M ;bJ\ ojxf/ egs] f] c;n Jojxf/ xf] . ;bJ\ ojxf/leq cfÇgf lrhx¿sf] x/] ljrf/,
vfgkfg tyf ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg], cfTdlge/{ tf h:tf s/' f klg k5{g\ . ;l[ i6
ePsf k|To]snfO{ ;l[ i6stfn{ ] s]xL sfd tfs] s] f xG' 5g\, Odfgbf/Lk"j{s To;sf]
kfngf ug'{ g} ;b\Jojxf/ xf] . cg'zf;gdf /xgs' f ;fy} o;n] ;do / dofb{ f
kfng, stJ{ o af]w, pQ/bfloTj, sfddf lgk0' ftf, wo} { / ;fx; h:tf c;n
afgL;u“ ;DalGwt kIfsf] ljsf; u5{ .
efjgf M dfgj dN" o t l;s/] dfq xb“' g} , xg} t xh/' cfdf < xfdLn] oL s/' f kfng ug]{ /
u/fpg] klg ugk'{ 5{ .
xh/' cfdf M xf] . xfdLn] c;n dfG5] aGgk' 5{ . c;n dfG5] aGg clxn] d}n] atfPsf
s/' fx¿ clncln ub{} la:tf/} cfÇgf] hLjgdf nfu" ub}{ hfgk' 5{ . o;af6 xfdf| ]
rl/qsf] ljsf; eO{ xfdL pTsi[ 6 dfgj aGg ;S5f“} .
efjgf M xh'/cfdfsf] ;NnfxnfO{ xfdL cfÇgf] dgdf /flv/xg] 5f}“ / To;c} g';f/ ug]{
sf]l;; ug{] 5f“} .
e"ldsf M ca olt ePkl5 t xfdLn] xfdf| ] u[xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] eof“} . efjgf Û ca hfcf}“ .
cEof;
!= cfkm\ gf] dN" ofª\sg cfkm}“ u/ M
-c_ lbOPsf dWo] cfkmn" ] ug]{ sfd;u“ ldNbf] zAb /fvL sfkLdf ;f/ M
-s_ d ========= ;To afN] 5' . -;w÷“} w/] } h;f÷] slxns] fxL_“
-v_ d ========= cfÇgf ;fdfgx¿sf] htg u5{' . -;w÷“} w/] } h;f÷] slxns] fxL_“
-u_ d ========= c¿sf] efjgfsf] ;Ddfg u5{' . -;w÷“} w/] } h;f÷] slxns] fxL_“
20 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
-3_ dnfO{ ========= cfÇgf] bz] sf] dfof nfU5 . -;w÷“} w/] } h;f÷] slxns] fxL_“
-ª_ d ======== cfÇgf] kfnf] kv{G5' . -;w÷“} w/] } h;f÷] slxns] fxL_“
-cf_ ltdL s] u5f{} <
-s_ lbp;“ f]sf nflu cfdfn] w]/} vfhf xflnlbge' of] . ltdL Ps}rf]6L ;a} vfg
;Sbg} f} . ca ltdL s] u5f}{ <
-v_ af6fdf Ps hgf dfG5]sf] hfb' x]bf{xb] {} ljBfno k'Ug l9nf eof] . lzIfsn] lsg
l9nf ePsf] eg/] ;f]Wg'eof] . ca ltdL s] eG5f} < s] u5f{} <
-u_ ljBfnosf] rf}/df ltdLn] !) ?lkofs“ f] gf]6 e6] \6fof} . ltdLn] k};f e6] \6fPsf]
s;n} ] b]v]sf] 5g} . ca s] u5f{} <
-3_ w/] } a]/b]lv dflg;x¿ lstfa sfkL lsGgsf nflu nfOgdf a;]sf 5g\ . ltdL
cfOkU' bf nfOg k/;Dd kl' u;ss] f] 5 . lstfa k;n] ltdf| dfdfsf 5f/] f xg' \ .
ltdLnfO{ Pp6f sfkL lsGgk' g{] 5 . ca ltdL s] u5f{} <
-ª_ ltdL a;df 5f} . ltdLn] aNn aNn Pp6f l;6 e6] 6\ fof} . a;df lgs} le8 5 .
sx] L a/] df Ps hgf ckfªu\ tf ePsf JolSt a;df r9] t/ vfnL l;6 5g} .
ca ltdL s] u5f{} <
dflysf 36gf ltdf| ] bl} gs hLjgdf g} 36s] f] ;DemL cfkm\ gf] ljrf/ nv] / lzIfsnfO{
bv] fpm .
@= pko'St zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f u/ M
-s_ l7s / a]l7s 56' o\ fpg ;Sgn' fO{ ========== elgG5 .
-v_ cfdf, afa,' u?' / 7n' fnfO{ ;w“} ============ ug'{k5{ .
-u_ c¿n] cfk"mnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]ukl| t ========== ks| 6 ugk{' 5{ .
-3_ sf6df/ gug'{ dfq ============ xfO] g .
-ª_ cfkm" n] ;Sg] ======== sf nflu ;w}“ tTk/ x'gk' 5{ .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 21
-s_ dfgj dN" o egs] f s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ c;n dfG5] aGg s] ugk{' 5{ <
-u_ xfdf| ] rl/qsf] ljsf; s;/L x'G5 <
-3_ xfdLn] lsg lx;+ f ug{x' b“' }g <
-ª__ ltdL sIff lzIfs eof} eg] ljBfyLx{ ¿;“u s:tf] Jojxf/ u5f}{ < n]v .
$= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ cfk"meGbf ;fgf ;fgf efOalxgLx¿ / 7'nfnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;S5f} <
tflnsfdf n]v .
;fgfnfO{ ug]{ ;xofu] 7n' fnfO{ ug{] ;xofu]
-v_ ltdLn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ dfgj d"Nox¿ sxf“ sxf“af6 s;/L l;Sg ;S5f} < l6kf]6
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
h:t} M ;To af]Ng' – 3/af6
d'Vo ;Gb]z
dfgj dN" o egs] f] dfG5n] fO{ ;l[ i6sf] ;ae} Gbf pTsi[ 6 kf| 0fL agfpgsf nflu cfjZos u0' fx¿
xg' \ . dfgj dN" o ;as} f nflu cfjZos, cfwf/et" / ;fje{ f}d x'G5g\ . To;df
;To, zflGt, k|d] , clx;+ f / ;bJ\ ojxf/ h:tf s'/f k5g{ \ .
22 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
@ kfl/jfl/s dN" o
ckl] Ift Jojxf/
kl/jf/sf ;b:o lardf dn] ldnfk, dfof, ;Ddfg / :g]x ug{
kl/jf/df ljZjf;, ;Nnfx, ;xofu] , lhDdj] f/L, cflTdotf Ifdf / ;dembf/L sfod ug{
kl/jf/sf 7'nf ;b:ox¿sf] cf1f kfng ug{
cltly ;Tsf/ / czStx¿sf] ;]jfdf cu|;/ x'g
u?' tyf cu|hk|lt ;Ddfg ug{
Kof/L 5f/] L 8f]df l;Gwk' fNrf]s
z'e cfzLjfb{ ¤ @)^(.%.@%
oxf“ xfdL ;a} cf/fd} 5f}“ . Toxf“ ltdLnfO{ klg cf/fdsf] sfdgf ub{5f“} . 5f]/L, of] lr7Ldf
kfl/jfl/s d"Nodf cfwfl/t s]xL s'/f nV] g uO/x]sf] 5' . Toxfs“ f] gof“ / km/s ;dfh Pjd\
;d'bfodf klg ltdLn] cfÇgf] klxrfg sfod /fVg" . klxrfg u'dfP/ Toxfs“ f] ;+:sl[ t /
kl/j]zdf g/dfpg" . bz] tyf ;dfhnfO{ la;g{ ] e'n slxNo} gug{" . 5f]/L, jf:tjdf xfdf| ]
kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;f/} cfbz{ / ;'Gb/ 5 . ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePs} s/' f xf,] d]/f] a'afsf ;a} efO
/ 5f]/fx¿nfO{ cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg;' f/ sfd u/fpg] kl/kf6L slt /fd|f] lyof] . sfG5f sfsf
vt] LkftLdf bIf x'gx' 'GYof] . d sds{ f08 u5'{ . ltdL| sfsL ;fdflhs sfd ugx'{ G' 5 . cfdf
3/ Jojxf/df vl6/xgx' G' 5 . oL afgL / :jefj To;} cfPsf] x}g gfgL ¤ of] t xfdf| ] 3/df
ePsf] sfdsf] af8“ kmf“8af6 ljsl;t ePsf] kfl/jfl/s ;:+ sf/ kf] xf] t .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljBfyLn{ fO{ ljm| ofsnfk u/fpb“ f JolStut hf8] Ldf jf ;fdl" xs sg' u/fpg] :ki6 lgbz{] g / lhDdj] f/L tfS] gx' f;] \ .
kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf l5d]sLnfO{ ;f]w/] Nofpg'kg{] u/L kl/ofh] gf sfo{ lbgx' f;] \ .
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 23
kl/jf/df kltkTgLsf] dg ldns] f] 5, 5f]/f5f]/L cf1fsf/L 5g,\ Pscsfk{ l| t ljZjf; emfl“ uPsf]
5 eg] Tof] kl/jf/df ;'v zflGt x'G5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] dn] ldnfkaf6 ;v' L /
;d'Ggt kl/jf/ x'G5 . cfk;L ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;xof]un] ljZjf; / stJ{ oaf]w xG' 5 . To;n} ]
kl/jf/sf] d'nLn] jf 7n' f ;b:on] lbPsf] ;NnfxnfO{ ltdLn] ;w}“ kfng uYof{} . ToxL eP/ t
cfh k9fOdf /fd|f] ub}{ hfg ltdL ;kmn ePsL 5o\ f} . cfÇgf] hLjgsf] nIo k/" f ug{ xfdf| ]
;xofu] / ;dy{g klg kfO/x]s} 5\of} . ef]lnsf lbgdf klg kfO/xg] 5o\ f} .
‘3/sf] sfddf 3/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ljrf/ ae' m/] lg0fo{ ug{] k|lj|mof /fd|f] x'G5, a'af ¤’ eg/]
ltdLn] egs] f] s/' f ;DemG5' / lg0f{o ubf{ kl/jf/sf ;a;} u“ ;/;Nnfx u/]/ lg0fo{ lnG5' .
oL w/] } lttf ld7f cg'ejnfO{ lr7Ldf ;d6] g\ kfpb“ f dg} xNsf x'“bf] /x]5 .
xg' t xfdLn] klg ltdL / ltdf| ] efOnfO{ lbg] dfof Pjd\ ddtfdf slxNo} sdL xg' lbPgf“} . ltdL klg
t efOnfO{ sDtL dfof ulb{gYof} lg . ;fgfk|lt ul/g] dfof / x/] rfx clg j[4 xh'/a'af,
cfdfnfO{ u/s] f] x/] ljrf/ / ;]jfnfO{ lnP/ ltdL| cfdfnfO{ ;dfhsf ;a}n] kz| +;f u5{g\ .
aRrfx¿sf] /fd|f] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ljsf; / hLjgdf ;kmn xg' 7'nfaf6 kfpg] dfof,
;b\efj / :gx] Pjd\ x]/rfx dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] s/' f ltdLn] cfdf / sfsLaf6 w/] } l;ss] L 5\of} .
cfdfa'af / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ ;xof]u / x/] rfx ug{ ;sd] fq kl/jf/kl| t xfd|f] st{Jo
k/" f xG' 5 . cltly ;Tsf/df slxNo} kl5 kg{ gxg' ] s/' f ltdf| ] xh/' aa' fn] eGge' Psf] lxhf] h:tf]
nfU5 . ‘cltlyb]jf] ej’ nfO{ gk] fnLdf xh'/ a'afn] pNyf ug{ nufp“bf ltdL cndndf k/s] L
lyof} . pxfn“ ] kfxg' f eg]sf b]jtf h:t} xg' \ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / OHht ug{ hfGgk' 5{
egs] f] s/' f cdl] /sL ;dfhdf gfn} f] / km/s nfUbf] xf] . tL dN" ox¿ xfd|f ;dfhsf cfbz{
x'g\ . xfdf| ] kl/jf/sf] OHht / uxgf xg' \ eGg] s'/f Toxf“ uP/ klg ltdLn] a‰' g'k5{, gfg' .
oL kfl/jfl/s dN" onfO{ ;an} ] Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ;s] slt ;'Gb/, zfGt / ;Eo kl/jf/ aGg]
lyof] ¤ cfh cfÇgf u?' / cuh| k|lt ul/g] ;Ddfg Pjd\ dofb{ fdf sdL cfPsf] s'/fn] ltdL
slt w/] } lrlGtt xG' Yof}, xlu < jf:tjdf cfÇgf u?' / cu|hnfO{ ;Ddfg Pjd\ OHht ug{
hfgg] f“} eg] xfdLn] cfkm“}nfO{ OHht ug{ ;Sbg} f}“ . xfd|f k'vf{sf cfhg{ , Tofu / jL/tf clg
uf/} jnfO{ lrGg / d"No lbg ;Sbg} f“} . To;n} ] 5f/] L, Toxf“ klg u?' / cu|hk|lt ltdLn] ;Ddfg
clg OHht b]vfpg hfGg'k5{ .
ltdLn] ufps“ f j4[ x¿sf] cj:yfk|lt rf;f] /fVYof} . s'i7 /fu] L eP/ ynf k/]sL ;l] kg{ L
efphs" f] cj:yf / kIf3ft eP/ lx“88\ n' ug{ g;Sg] kfl/3/] ;Gt' bga' f/sf] x/] rfx uYof{} .
oL s/' fn] clxn] klg ufp“df rrf{ kfpg] u/s] f 5g\ . bj] Ldfof sfsLn] / e'hn] sfO“nfn] x'g]
la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft eg/] ltdL| cfdfsf] cufl8 ltd|f] k|z;+ f u/s] f lyP . Toxf“ x“b' f klg ltdL
24 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
j4[ j4[ f, cuh| / czSt dflg;nfO{ ;xofu] / ;]jf u5o\ f}{ xfn] f . czSt / la/fdLkl| t ltdL
dfq xf]Og, xfdf| ] kl/jf/ / ;Dk0" f{ ;dfhn] ;sf/fTds ;fr] , ;j] f, ;xofu] / ;b\efj bv] fpg
;Sg'k5{ . ta dfq ;fdflhs ;j] f / ;be\ fj dfn} fp5“ . To;n] ;fdflhs ;x;DaGw prf] /
bl/nf] xG' 5 . k9fO ;s]/ kmsk]{ l5 czSt, j[4, j[4f / la/fdLkl| t ;dfh ;j] fdf ;dlkt{ xg' ]
ltdf| ] ;kgfn] Ps lbg ;fys{ tf cjZo kfpg] 5 . af“sL csf]{ lr7Ldf nv] f“}nf .
pxL ltdLnfO{ ;w}“ dfof ug{] aa' f
lkmGhf]
cEof;
!= cfkm\ gf] dN" ofªs\ g cfkm}“ u/ M
cfkmn" ] ug]{ Jojxf/;“u ldNbf] zAb /fv/] jfSo k/" f u/
-s_ d cfk"meGbf 7n' fnfO{ ;Ddfg / ;fgfnfO{ =================== .
-v_ d 7n' f] JolStn] lbPsf] clt{ pkb]z ======================== .
-u_ 3/df cfPsf kfxg' fnfO{ d ;w“} cfb/ / ;Tsf/ ===================== .
-3_ d u?' tyf cu|hnfO{ ============== ug{' d d/] f] st{Jo 7fG5' .
-ª_ j[4j4[ f, czSt / c;xfonfO{ ;]jf / ;xof]u ug'{ ================== xf] .
-r_ c¿sf] ;j] f ug{ ========================= rflxG5 .
-5_ dfgj wd{ egs] f] ================== xf] .
@= tnsf kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ xfdf| dV' o dV' o kfl/jfl/s dN" ox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-v_ kl/jf/df ;fgf afnaflnsfkl| t 7n' fn] b]vfpg] Jojxf/ s:tf] xg' k' 5{ <
-u_ ltd|f] kl/jf/df dn] ldnfksf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 25
-3_ ltd|f] kl/jf/df cltlykl| t s] s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 <
-ª_ æczSt / la/fdLkl| t plrt Jojxf/ kb| z{g ug{' Pp6f ljBfyLs{ f] st{Jo xfÆ] o;
egfO;“u ltdf| ] ;xdlt jf ljdlt s] 5 < ts{ k|:tt' u/ .
#= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ cfÇgf] kl/jf/ / cGo tLg cf6] f l5ds] L kl/jf/d} uO{ pgLx¿n] lgDgfg;' f/sf]
sfddf u/s] f ldNbf kr| ngdf l7s lrx\g nufpm M
kl/jf/ sfdsf] ljefhg dn] ldnfk cf1f kfng lg0f{odf ;xeflutf
!= cfÇgf] kl/jf/
@= l5d]sL g=+ !
#= l5ds] L g+= @
$= l5d]sL g=+ #
-v_ ltdf| ] 3/df sg' } Ps xKtfdf cfPsf cltlyx¿sf] lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsf agfO{
sIffdf k:| tt' u/ M
kfxg' fsf] gfd cfPsf] ldlt kfxg' fnfO{ ul/Psf] ;Ddfg
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
-u_ ltd|f] kl/jf/n] ltd|f] ;d'bfosf la/fdLx¿k|lt k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]usf af/]df
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;f]wL sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
-3_ ;d"xdf /xL kfl/jfl/s dN" o ;d]l6g] gf/fx¿ tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't u/ .
26 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
pbfx/0f M kfxg' fnfO{ ;Tsf/ u/f}“ .
-ª_ ltd|f] ;db' fodf ePsf kfr“ hgf j4[ j4[ f -Hoi] 7 gful/s_ nfO{ e6] L pxfx“ ¿n]
s] s:tf] cj:yfdf ;Ddflgt / ;/' lIft ePsf] dx;'; ug{'xG' 5 < ljrf/ ;ªs\ ng
u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ / dV' o ltg s/' f nv] L sIffdf 6f;“ .
d'Vo ;Gb]z
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df ;Nnfx, ;xofu] , dn] ldnfk, dfof, ;Ddfg / :gx] xg' cfjZos
5 . lhDdj] f/L af8“ kmf8“ , cfTdLotf afw] / cfk;L ljZjf;n] kl/jf/nfO{ ;dG' gt / ;G' b/
agfp5“ . 7n' f JolStsf] ;Nnfx, ;e' mfj / lgbz{] gn] kl/jf/ lgolGqt / ljsl;t xg' dbt
u5{ . x/s] kl/jf/sf cfcfkm\ gf dN" o xG' 5g\ . o:tf dN" okl| t kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:osf]
;sf/fTds efjgf x'g'k5{ . cltly ;Tsf/, czStsf] ;j] f / cu|hkl| t s[t1 x'g',
;xof]u / ;Ddfg ug{,' u?' nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ c;n kfl/jfl/s dN" osf cfwf/ xg' \ .
Oi6ldq, aGwa' fGwj, gftfuft] f, 5/l5ds] Lkl| t ;be\ fj /fVg' kfl/jfl/s dN" o xg' \ .
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 27
# lxdfnsf] ;ªs\ Nk
ckl] Ift Jojxf/
cfkm" n] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{
cfk"maf6 ePsf uNtLx¿ klxrfg ug{ / ;Rofpg
c;n sfdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
-lxdfn eft vfP/ ;T' g hfG5g\ . pgL a]n'sL l7s ;dodf ;T' 5g\ . laxfg klg rf“8} g}
p75\ g\ . cfh la5fg} fdf kN6] klg pgnfO{ lgbf| nfUbg} . laxfgbl] vsf 36gf pgsf] dgdf
bf]xfl] /g yfN5 _
;w}“ em}“ d cfh klg % ah] p7]sf]
lyP“ . p7]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn]
xftd'v wf]P/ cfdf, af, xh'/a'af,
xh'/cfdfnfO{ 9f]Ug uP“, cfk"meGbf
7'nfnfO{ t 9f]Ug'k5{ . of] t
d]/f] b}lgs sfd g} xf] . To;kl5
Ps lunf; b'w vfP/ k9\g
a;“] . ux[ sfo{ ;sk] l5 lstfa, sfkL
emf]nfdf /fv]“ . cfdfnfO{ ;w}“ em}“
s]xL a]/ efG5fdf ;3fP“ . clg
xh'/a'af / xh'/cfdfsf] klg sf]7f ;kmf u/]“ / pxfx“ ¿n] eGg'ePsf sfd u/“] . pxf“x¿nfO{
;3fpb“ f dnfO{ c;fWo} v';L nfU5 . pxf“x¿ klg v';L x'g'x'G5 . gq d gflt ePsf] s]
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ cfkm" n] u/s] f /fd|f / g/fd|f sfdsf] ;r" L agfpg nufO{ tn' gf ug{ nufpg'k5{ . x/s] lbg
;'Tg'cl3 lbgel/ cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdx¿ ;dLIff ug{ nufpg'xf;] \ .
ljleGg syf, uLt, sljtf, dxfg\ JolStTjsf egfOx¿af6 afnaflnsf a9L k|efljt xg' ] ePsfn] ;do
;fGble{s ¿kdf logsf] k|ofu] ug'{xf;] \ .
28 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
sfd t < olt u/]kl5 cfÇgf ;fdfg ldnfP“, ljBfnosf] kf;] fs l7s kf/]“, h'Qf, dfh] f
ldnfP“ . olt ubf{ub}{ laxfgsf] gf} aHg nflu;s]sf] lyof] . cfdfn] eft vfg af]nfpg'
eof] . vfgf vfP/ ljBfno uP“ .
ljBfnosf] kf;] fs nufP/ d ljBfnolt/ uP“ . ;8sdf af6f] sf6\bf t d ;w}“ g} xfl] ;of/
x'G5' / jl/kl/ x/] /] dfq af6f] sf65\ ' t/ cfh sxf“af6 ;fOsn cfP5, emG8n} ] dnfO{ xfgs] f,]
cfx] f] Û cfhsn t lx“8\bf klg slt xfl] ;of/ xg' 'k5{ . d Toxf“ Tolt a]nf gku' ]sf] eP xfd|f
ltg hgf bl[ i6ljxLg ;fyLx¿ s;/L af6f] sf6y\ ] xf]nfg\ < dn} ] pgLx¿nfO{ af6f] sf6\g ;xof]u
u/]“ . pgLx¿n] v';L eP/ wGojfb lbP . pgLx¿nfO{ af6f] s6fpg nfUbf d cfkm}“ cNem]/
n8]“ . c“ Û ToxL ;fOsnn] dnfO{ cNemfPsf] . wGo, bl[ i6ljxLg ;fyLx¿nfO{ s]xL ePg .
dnfO{ xftdf ;fdfGo rf6] nfUof,] Tof] t l7s eOxfN5 lg .
d ;dod} ljBfno ku' ]“ . vfhf vfg] 3G6L aHof] . vfhf vfg s] nfus] f] lyP,“ /d0f u'?n]
af]nfpg k7fpg'eP5 . d bf}l8b“ } lzIfs sIflt/ nfu“] . af6fdf s/] fsf] af]jm| f ldNsfPsf]
b]v]“ . To;nfO{ 5n]/ cl3 a9]“ . d bf8} /] hfg nfus] f] b]v]/ d'gfn klg d/] f] kl5kl5
nfu] . pgn] t l6lkmg aS; klg xft}df lnPsf lyP . sx] L a]/kl5 8ª\/ª n8s] f] cfjfh
cfof] . k5fl8 kms/]{ xb] f{ dg' fn /x5] g\ . dn} ] kms]{/ pgnfO{ p7fpg nflug“ . u'?n]
af]nfpg'ePsfn] klxn] pxf“sxf“ uP/ clg dg' fnnfO{ ;xofu] ug{ hfg] ljrf/n] d lzIfs sIfdf
uP“ . d lzIfsnfO{ e6] L kms{/] dg' fn n8]sf] 7fpd“ f kU' bf ;fyLx¿n] g} dg' fnnfO{ p7fP/ leq
nlu;s]sf /x]5g\ . d klg ToxL“ uP“ . Toxf“ dafx]s c¿ ;a} ;fyLx¿ klxn] g} cfO;s]sf
lyP . dnfO{ s] u?“, s] u?“ eof] .
;fyLx¿ dg' fnsf] 3fp ;kmf ub{} lyP . kf| ylds pkrf/s ;/n] 3fpdf cfi} fwL nufOlbge' of] .
dg' fnsf] uf8] fdf g/fdf| ;] u“ rf6] nfu5] . uf8] fdf lgn} eP5 . xQ/] L ¤ dn} ] cfh s] u/“] < af6fdf
ldNsfPsf] s/] fsf] afj] m| f t dn} ] g} bv] s] f] lyP“ . Tof] cfkmn“} ] l6k/] ldNsfOlbPsf] eP dg' fn n8g\ ]
g} lyPgg\ . kml] / dg' fn n8s] f] dn} ] cfkmn“} ] bv] s] f] x“' . dn} ] klxn] dg' fnnfO{ p7fP/ pgnfO{ leq
nuL pgsf] 3fpdf cfi} fwL nufPkl5 dfq /d0f u?' nfO{ e6] g\ uPsf] eP klg t xG' Yof] lg . u?' sf]
cf1f t dfGg} k5{ t/ cfh Tof]eGbf h?/L sfd dg' fnnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' lyof] . ;a}eGbf k5fl8
d Toxf“ k'Ubf ;a}n] dnfO{ s] eG7fg] xfn] fg\ < u?' x¿n] dnfO{ s] ;lDemg'eof] xf]nf < To;dfly
pm n8]sf] klxn] d}n] g} b]vs] f] x“' . cfh d}n] l7s ul/g“ . daf6 7'nf] uNtL eof] . d dfG5]
x“' . ddf rt] gf 5 . rt] gf ePkl5 ddf ljjs] xg' k' Yof,{] c¿nfO{ ;xofu] ugk{' 5{ eGg] ;fdflhs
efjgf x'g'kYof]{ . u?' n] afn] fpg' / d'gfn n8\g' Ps}rfl] 6 eof] . oL b'O{df sg' nfO{ klxn] ug{]
eGg] d}n] ljjs] k'¥ofpg ;lsg“ . dn} ] cfh l7s ul/g“ . d c;n dfG5] aGg'k5{ . dn} ] cfkm" n]
u/s] f] sfdsf] dN" ofªs\ g ugk}{ 5{ . cfh dn} ] uNtL u/“] . ef]ln ljBfno kU' g]lalQs} dn} ]
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 29
dg' fn;“u Ifdf dfUg'k5{ . dflg; eP/ hGdk] l5 c=== ;=== n=== df=== G5=] == aGgk' 5{ -eGbfeGb}
pm lgbfp5“ _ .
cEof;
! cfkm\ gf] dN" ofªs\ g cfkm“} u/ M
-c_ ltdLn] ug]{ Jojxf/sf cfwf/df lrgf] nufpm M
-s_ d laxfg rf“8} ===================== .
-c_ p7\5' -cf_ p7\lbg“
-v_ d /flt ;T' g'eGbf klxn] cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] dN" ofªs\ g =========== .
-c_ u5 '{ -cf_ ulbg{ “
-u_ d 3/df 7'nfa8fnfO{ sfddf ======================= .
-c_ ;3fp“5 ' -cf_ ;3f“plbg
-3_ d af6f] sf6b\ f xfl] ;of/ ================================= .
-c_ xG' 5 ' -cf_ xG' g“
-ª_ cfk"mn] u/s] f uNtLsf nflu Ifdf ============================= .
-c_ dfU5 ' -cf_ dflUbg“
-cf_ ltdL s] u5f{} M
-s_ ux[ sfo{ a9L ePsfn] ltdLn] cfh ;w“} laxfg em}“ xh'/af xh/' cfdfnfO{
;3fpg ;s]gf} . ca pxfx“ ¿l;t ltdL s] eG5f} < s] u5f}{ <
-v_ ljBfno hfg af6f] sf6\g nfUbf cfkmn" fO{ ;xof]u gu/]sf] egL Ps hgf
bl[ i6ljxLg ;fyL ltdL;“u w]/} l/;fP . ltdLn] p;nfO{ b]v]s} lyPgf}, ca
ltdL s] u5f}{ <
-u_ sIff sf]7fdf k/LIff lbO/xb“ f sIffdf ;w}“ klxnf x'g] ;fyLsf] sndn] nV] b}
nv] ]g . ltdL;u“ csf]{ snd klg 5 eGg] s/' f ltdf| ] ;fyLnfO{ yfxf 5g} .
ca ltdL s] u5f{} <
-3_ ltd|f] aa' fnfO{ e]6\g eg/] dfG5] cfPsf 5g\ . a'jfn] d 3/df 5g} elgb]pm
30 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
egL ltdLnfO{ c/fpge' of] . ca ltdL s] u5f{} <
-ª_ dfgf“} ‘lxdfnsf] ;ªs\ Nk’ kf7sf] lxdfnsf] 7fp“df ltdL 5f} . ca ltdL s]
u5f{} <
-O_ cfkm" nfO{ ?h' u/ M
-s_ c;n dfG5] / 7n' f] dfG5d] Wo] sg' aGg] d]/f] p2]Zo xf] <
-v_ s] ddf g/fdf| sfdx¿ ;RrfP/ cl3 a9g\ ] cf“6 5 <
-u_ s] d s'g sfd klxnf / sg' sfd kl5 ug{] eg/] 5'6o\ fpg ;S5' <
-3_ s] cfkmn" ] u/s] f uNtLsf nflu Ifdf dfUbf dnfO{ nfh nfU5 <
-ª_ s] dn} ] lbgel/ u/]sf sfdx¿sf] d"Nofªs\ g ;'Tge' Gbf cufl8 cfkm}“n] ug]{
u/s] f] 5' <
@= tnsf jfSo k/" f u/ M
-s_ xh/' aa' f tyf xh'/cfdfnfO{ ;3fpb“ f dnfO{ ======== nfU5 .
-v_ xfdLn] ljBfnosf] cfrf/;+lxtf =========== ug'{k5{ .
-u_ ================ dfG5] aGg' xfd|f] p2Z] o xf] .
-3_ xfdLdf c¿nfO{ ============== ug'{k5{ eGg] efjgf xg' k' 5{ .
#= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ af6f] sf6b\ f lsg xf]l;of/ x'g'k5{ <
-v_ lxdfnnfO{ lsg lgbf| gnfus] f] xf] <
-u_ d'gfn n8]sf] klxn] s;n] bv] ]sf] lyof] <
-3_ lxdfnaf6 s] uNtL eof] <
-ª_ lxdfnn] lsg dg' fn;u“ Ifdf dfUg] ljrf/ u/s] f xg' \ <
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] M
-s_ lxdfnn] bl[ i6ljxLg ;fyLx¿nfO{ dbt gu/]sf] eP s] xY' of,] nv] .
-v_ lxdfnn] s'g s/' fdf ljjs] k'¥ofpg ;sg] g\ / To;af6 s] eof,] nv] .
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 31
-u_ d'gfnsf] 7fpd“ f ltdL ePsf] eP s] uYof{} < clego u//] b]vfpm .
-3_ lxdfnn] dg' fn n8g\ l] alTts} p;nfO{ s;/L ;xofu] ug'{kYof]{ < a'“bfut ¿kdf l6kf6] u/ .
%= oL sfd u/ M
cfOtaf/ laxfgbl] v zlgaf/ ;T' g'eGbf cufl8;Dd cfkmn" ] u/s] f sfdx¿ k'g/jnfs] g
u/L ltgLx¿ l7s eP÷ePgg\ d"Nofªs\ g u/ . ePsf uNtLx¿ s;/L ;w' fg{] ljrf/
u/s] f] 5f} < nv] .
cfOtaf/ laxfgb]lv zlgaf/ ;'Tg'eGbf cufl8;Dd cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd, s'/fx¿sf]
kg' /jnf]sg u/L dV' o bO' c{ f6] f g/fd|f kIfsf ;fy ;'wf/fTds kIfsf] a'b“ fut l6kf6]
u/L tflnsf tof/ kf/ .
af/ ;sf/fTds sfd ;w' f/fTds sfd
cfOtaf/
;fd] af/
dª\unaf/
a'waf/
laxLaf/
z'jm| af/
zlgaf/
d'Vo ;Gb]z
dflg;n] cfkm\ gf /fdf| tyf g/fdf| sfdsf] cfkmn“} ] dN" ofªs\ g ugk{' 5{ . g/fdf| sfdnfO{ cfkmn“} ]
;RrfP/ cufl8 a9g\ ] cf6“ dflg;df xg' k' 5{ . sg' } klg sfd ubf{ kf| yldstfsf] klxrfg
u/L ;fx] Lcg¿' k ug{ ;lsPdf k5t' fpgk' bg{} . ;d:ofdf k/s] f JolStnfO{ ;xofu] ug{'
dfgjLo wd{ xf] . cfkm" n] lbgel/ u/s] f /fdf| tyf g/fdf| sfdsf] cfkmn“} ] ;dLIff ug{] afgL
a;fNg'k5{ . o;n] cfk\mgf afgL Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg dbt u5{ .
32 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
$ dfgj / hLjhGt'
ckl] Ift Jojxf/
dfgjsf ljz]iftf atfpg
dfgj / hLjhGt'larsf] ;dfgtf / leGgtf atfpg
dflg; / hLjhGt'x¿larsf] cGt/;DaGw klxrfg u/L dfgjLo st{Jo kfngf ug{
k|f0f xG' 5 dfgjsf] 1fg, ljj]s / a'l4 klg
rfn xG' 5, lrgf/L p;sf] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] egL .
oL ljzi] ftf x'g\ dfgjsf al' em/fv] x} ;bf
1fg, al' 4, ljjs] / rt] gf dfgjsf ljz]iftf ..
kd]| , ddtf clg ;b\efj dfgjsf sd{ x'g\
kf| 0fLsf] clx;+ f, ;/+ If0f / arfj6 dfgjLo wd{ xg' \ .
;a} kf| 0fL ;dfg xg' \, w/tLdf afR“ g] clwsf/ 5 /]
kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL ;xh xg' d' f, log} lhDdj] f/ c/] ..
xfd|f] vfgf, gfgf clg ;f}Gbod{ f k|f0fL g} rflxg] 33
r9g\ , ef/L af]Sg clg sl[ ifdf logs} ;j] f kfOg] .
kf| 0fL dfqs} f] ;/+ If0f ug,{ lgs~' h Pjd\ cf/If0f
vfn] L /fHon] ugk'{ 5{ x}, logsf] ;'/Iff clg ;/+ If0f ..
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
slt ;fv] n] kfNb5g\ 3/df, ss' /' la/fnf klg
;u' f, d}gf, do'/ klg t, ;fG} bos{ f 5g\ wgL .
oL w]/} u'0fsf vfgL x'g\ hgfj/, lx+;f gug{' sa}
lognfO{ ko| fu] ug{ hfg] g/n] ;'ljwf kfp“5 ;a} ..
slt nfk] xb'“ } 5g\ ljZjaf6}, slt t vt/fdf
lognfO{ arfpg' clg l6sfO/fVg', dfgjsf lxtdf .
p;n] ltdLnfO{ w/] } yfs] lbof,] ltDn] p;nfO{ s] lbof} <
dfof, ddtf, ;+/If0f clg ;'/Iff x/bd ltdLn] lnof} ..
Tof] x}g ca t k|f0fLsf] klg, ;+/If0fsf] lhDdf lncf“}
ltgsf] jf;:yfg, vfgkfg clg, ;/' Iffdf Wofg lbcf“} .
k|f0fL dfqsf] /Iff / ddtf dfgjLo ;Tsd{ /]
logsf] ;d[l4 / cl:tTj g} xfdf| ] ;f“rf] dd{ /] ..
cEof;
!= cfk\mgf] dN" ofª\sg cfkm}“ u/ M
-s_ d ;Dk"0f{ kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ k|]d =========================== .
-c_ u5'{ -cf_ ulbg{ “
-v_ d kf| 0fL lx;+ f dg =========================== .
-c_ k/fp“5' -cf_ k/fpl“ bg“
-u_ dnfO{ kz' anL dg ======================= .
-c_ k5{ -cf_ kb{}g
34 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
-3_ kzk' G5LnfO{ lrl8ofvfgfdf /fVg' pkoS' t =========================== .
-c_ nfU5 -cf_ nfUbg}
-ª_ dflg; ljjs] L k|f0fL xf,] To;n} ] dfgjn] kz' clwsf/nfO{ Vofn ================= .
-c_ ugk{' 5{ -cf_ ug{' kbg{}
ltdLn] hfr“ s] f] ;xL xf] jf xfO] g lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm / ;e' mfj dfu .
@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ dfgj dfqsf ljz]iftfx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-v_ dfgj s] s] s/' fdf hLjhGt'eGbf km/s 5 <
-u_ dfgj / hLjhGtl' arsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ 5f6] f] lgaGw nv] .
#= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ ltdf| ] kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] kz'kG5L ;/+ If0fdf k'¥ofPsf] ofu] bfgnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf
pNnv] u/ M
kl/jf/n] k¥' ofPsf] ofu] bfg ;dfhn] k'¥ofPsf] ofu] bfg
!= !=
@= @=
#= #=
$= $=
-v_ tnsf dWo] sg' ljm| ofsfnk l7s 5 jf 5g} < 5g} eg] lsg < hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf
k|:t't u/ M
-c_ b]jL b]jtfnfO{ kz' anL lbg'
-cf_ ;u' fnfO{ lkh“ 8fdf y'g]/ /fVg'
-O_ hgfj/ ;/+ If0fdf /fli6o« lgs~' h / jGohGt' cf/If vfN] g'
-O{_ lrl8ofvfgfdf kzk' G5L /fVg'
-p_ hª\unaf6 3f“;, bfp/f, sf7 sf6\g'
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 35
-pm_ kfgLdf ljif /fv]/ df5f dfg{'
-P_ ufO,{ e“;} L 3/df kfNg' .
-u_ ‘kz' clwsf/’ sf] ljifodf sIffdf jSt[Tjsnf ;~rfng u/L To;sf] ;du| cj:yf ;d]6b\ }
sIffdf l6Kk0fL k|:t't u/ .
-3_ oL zAbx¿ sxf“ sxf“ kb{5g\, x/] , ;f]r, a'em / l7s 7fpd“ f n]v M
;+od, ;f]rfO, dfof, ddtf, klxrfg, ts{, sf/0f, ;xof]u, sfd
dl:tis dg÷d'6 ' xft
d'Vo ;Gb]z
1fg, a'l4, ljj]s / r]tgf dfgjsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . dfgjn] cfk\mgf
ljz]iftfcg'¿k Jojxf/ ug{ hfGg'k5{ . ;+;f/df ;a} k|f0fLsf]
cfcfk\mgf] cl:tTj / dxŒj /x]sf] x'G5 . k|f0fLsf] lx+;f xf]Og, ;+/If0f
ug'{k5{ . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL ;xh agfpg, ;f}Gbo{ / b}lgs cfjZostf
k/" f ug{ kf| 0fLsf] ;xofu] rflxG5 . kzk' G5L ;/+ If0fdf JolSt, ;dfh / /fHon] Wofg
lbgk' 5{ . ljgfzaf6 kf| 0fLnfO{ hfu] fpgk' 5{ . nfk] xg' nfus] f kf| 0fL / jg:kltsf] ;/+ If0f ;j+ wg{
ugk{' 5{ . o;n] dfjg hLjgnfO{ ;xh / ;Gt'lnt agfpg ;xofu] u/]sf] x'G5 .
kf| 0fL kf| 0fLlarsf] cfk;L ;xof]u / ;DaGwn] ;an} fO{ kmfObf xG' 5 .
36 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
PsfO
# gful/s st{Jo / bfloTj
l;sfO pknlAw
gful/s stJ{ o / clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L lnO{ ;fx] Lcg¿' k Jojxf/ ug{
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf atfpg, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0f, ;j+ wg{
/ ;b'kof]u ug{, ;fjh{ lgs ;DklQkl| t ckgTj b;f{pg, ljBfnokl| tsf] stJ{ o kfng ug{
ljBfnosf cfrf/;l+ xtfsf] cg';/0f ug{ .
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 37
! gful/s st{Jo / clwsf/
ckl] Ift Jojxf/
lzi6 afN] g
clwsf/ / stJ{ osf] ;Gtn' g u/L Jojxf/ ug{
;a}kl| t cfb/ ;Ddfg / dfof ug{
ljBfnosf lgodsf] kfngf ug{
cfÇgf s'/f lgwS{ s;u“ /fVg / c¿sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug{
!= stJ{ o
dfgjdf a'l4 tyf ljj]s xG' 5 . p;df ePsf] al' bw\ tyf ljjs] sf] ;xL 9ªu\ n] pkof]u
ug{ ;s]df g} pm pTsi[ 6 kf| 0fLsf] sf6] Ldf kg{ ;'xfp5“ . sg' } klg sfd ubf{ To;af6
cfkm" nfO{ s] slt kmfObf x'G5 eGge] Gbf cfkm" / ;dfhsf] s] slt enf] xG' 5 eGg]tkm{
Wofg lbgk' 5{ . JolStut lxteGbf ;fdl" xs lxtnfO{ Vofn ugk{' 5{ . c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg
ugk{' 5{ . oL ;a} xfdf| stJ{ o xg' \ . cfÇgf] stJ{ okl| t ;rt] dflg; ;w“} ;kmn / ;as} f nflu
pbfx/0fLo aGg kU' 5 . c¿sf] enf] ug'{ wd{ / c¿nfO{ bM' v lbg' kfk xf] eGg] egfO sg' }
wd{ ljz]ifsf] geO{ of] dfgj dfqsf] stJ{ o xf] . dflg; ePsf] gftfn] p;n] JolStut
hLjg, 3/kl/jf/ / ;dfhkl| t c;n el" dsf lgjf{x ug{k' 5{ . ;xL 9ªu\ n] tL el" dsfx¿
k/" f ug'{ st{Jo kfngf xf] . cfÇgf] clwsf/ lrGg] / c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{] afgLn]
dflg;nfO{ stJ{ o k/fo0f agfp“5 . st{Jo JolStut, kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs / sfg'gL
cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
afnaflnsfsf] st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ k|:6 kfg{ n3' gf6s tof/ u/L clego u/fpgx' f];\ .
sIffsf7] fsf] ;hfj6 / ;/;kmfOdf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xefuL u/fpg'xf;] \ .
ljBfno / j/k/sf] ;fjh{ lgs :yn ;/;kmfOsf nflu dlxgfsf] Ps lbg -z'j|maf/_ lgwf/{ 0f u/L ljBfyLs{ }
g]t[Tjdf ;/;kmfO sfoj{ m| d u/fpgx' f;] \ .
ljBfyL{n] 3/ kl/jf/df ug{] Jojxf/ / cfgLafgL -cfkmg\ f ;fdfgsf] htg ug{], cfkm" eGbf ;fgfsf] x/] rfx,
dfGohgsf] cf1f kfngf, JolStut ;/;kmfO / 3/sf] sfddf ;xofu] _ sf ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf
cleefjs;“u cGt/lj|mof u/L ljBfyLs{ f] cfr/0f / afgL Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{ ki[ 7kf]if0f lbgx' f];\ .
38 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
!=! j}olSts st{Jo
jo} lSts stJ{ o JolStut cfr/0f / cfgLafgL;u“ ;DalGwt xG' 5 . lzi6 afn] L jrg ug,{'
;fr“ f] af]Ng,' c¿sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug{', nfe] / 8fxf gug{', s;k} l| t Oi{ of{ g/fVg' ;/n
hLjg z}nL ckgfpg', cfÇgf] :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t xg' ' Pjd\ :jf:YonfO{ xflg ug{] j:t' ;]jg
gug'{ jo} lSts stJ{ o x'g\ . To;} u/L lgodsf] kfngf ug',{ ;dosf] kfngf ug,{' cfb/0fLo
JolStsf egfOnfO{ kfngf ug,{' cfÇgf cfdfafan' ] lbPsf clt,{ pkbz] dfGg' klg JolStut
st{Joleq k5g{ \ . u?' nfO{ cfb/ efj k|s6 ug'{, ux[ sfo{ ;dodf ug',{ 3/÷ljBfno
;/;kmfO ug'{, vfg]s/' fsf] ;b'kof]u ug{,' ;fyL;u“ ldn/] a:g' / Psfk;df ;xofu] cfbfg
k|bfg ug'{ JolStut st{Joleq k5{g\ .
!=@ kfl/jfl/s stJ{ o
Pp6f kl/jf/df ljleGg pd/] ;d"xsf dflg;
xG' 5g\ . kl/jf/df ldn/] a:gsf nflu ;a}
n] cfcfÇgf] e"ldsf /fd/| L lgjf{x ug'{k5{ .
kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f ;'vL, /dfOnf]
agfpg ;a} ;b:on] cfcfÇgf] st{Jo k"/f
ug'{k5{ . Pp6} kl/jf/df /xg a:gsf
nflu lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{JonfO{ g}
kfl/jfl/s st{Jo elgG5 . Ps csf{df dfof ug]{, cfk;L d]nldnfk, Pscsf{sf]
;d:of a'‰g] jftfj/0f x'g g;s]df Tof] kl/jf/ Pp6} kl/jf/sf ¿kdf /
xg ;Sb}g . To;}n] kl/jf/sf x/]s ;b:on] kfl/jfl/s d"No dfGotfsf] ;Ddfg
ug{'k5{ . d"No dfGotf ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . kfl/jfl/s sfddf ;3fpg,]
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 39
;an} fO{ cfb/ ;Ddfg ug,{] la/fdL czStsf] plrt /v] bv] / x/] rfx ugk{' 5{ . oL kfl/jfl/s
stJ{ o xg' \ . To;} u/L ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{ x/] rfx, ;/+ If0f, dfof ug,{] plrt / c;n
af6f] bv] fpg,] c;n ;:+ sf/ / rfnrng l;sfpg] lhDdj] f/L kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] xG' 5 .
kl/jf/n] ckgfPsf] k];f tyf Joj;fosf] ;Ddfg ug{' kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] stJ{ o xf] .
kfl/jfl/s dN" ocg;' f/sf wfld{s, ;f:+ s[lts cfr/0f cg;' /0f ug{' / kfl/jfl/s d"Nok|lt
kl| ta4 /xg' klg kfl/jfl/s stJ{ o g} xf] . x/s] JolStn] kfl/jfl/s stJ{ o jxg ugk{' 5{ .
o;ks| f/sf] lhDdj] f/L lng] / stJ{ o jxg ug{] afgLn] clwsf/sf] klxrfg, k|flKt / k|of]udf
klg ;Gtn' g sfod ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 .
@= clwsf/
dflg; eO{ hGdk] l5 p;sf] JolStut / ;fdflhs ljs;sf nflu geO{ gxg' ] cfwf/et"
s/' fx¿nfO{ clwsf/ elgG5 . cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{ tn lbOPsf] lrqdf x]/f“} M
:jtGqtf ;dfgtf
afR“ g kfpg] clwsf/ ljsf;
;xeflutf ;/' lIft xg' ]÷;+/If0f
dtflwsf/ Gofo
hGd]kl5 afR“ g kfpg' p;sf] g};lus{ clwsf/ xf] . sg' } klg eo / qf;af6 ;/' lIft x'g
kfpg,] :jf:Yo pkrf/ kfpg,] lzIff kf| Kt ug]{, :jtGq ¿kdf ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/
;an} fO{ x'G5 . ;fy} s'g} klg sfo{df ;xefuL xg' kfpg,] cfÇgf] cl:tTj / klxrfg sfod
/fVg], lje]b/lxt hLjg lhpg kfpg], cGofo cTofrf/ / zfi] f0flj?4 Gofo kfpg] clwsf/
klg ;a}nfO{ xG' 5 .
40 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
afnaflnsfn] plrt :ofxf/, dfof ddtf kfpg', vN] g kfpg,' k9\g tyf nV] g kfpg,' :jR5
jftfj/0fdf xs' g{ kfpg,' kfl] ;nf] vfgf vfg kfpg' afn clwsf/ x'g\ . clwsf/ eGgfn]
c¿nfO{ sg' } lk/dsf{ / afwf gkf/L cfÇgf] xssf] pkofu] ug{] tl/sfnfO{ a‰' gk' 5{ . clwsf/
PstkmL{ xg' ;Sbg} . To;;u“ stJ{ o klg hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . dflg; hlt 7'nf] xb“' } hfG5,
p;df st{Jo a9\b} hfG5g\ . clwsf/ / st{Jo Pp6} l;Ssfsf bO' { kf6f x'g\ . ;fjh{ lgs
;8sdf lx“8\8'n ug,{] /l] 8of] ;G' g], uLt ehg ufpg], k9\g], n]Vg], vN] g], gof“ gof“ s/' f
l;Sg] clwsf/ ;a}nfO{ xG' 5 . To;} u/L la/fdL x'“bf cfi} fwL pkrf/ kfpg], cfÇgf] l;k
/ ofU] otfcg;' f/ sfd ug{ kfpg,] cf/fd ug{ kfpg,] ei| 6frf/sf] lj/fw] ug{ kfpg] h:tf ljleGg
clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ . oL clwsf/nfO{ klg ;o+ ldt / dofl{ bt 9ªu\ n] k|ofu] ug'{k5{ .
ljBfyL{sf] clwsf/ /fdf| ] jftfj/0fdf k9g\ kfpg' xf] . t/ d]/f] ljBfnodf d h] klg ug{
kfp“5' egL sIff sf]7fdf kmfx] f]/ ug]{, leTtfdf hyfefjL nV] g,] 6]a'n, 8:] s, aG] rdf kmf]xf/]
ug{,] laufg]{, sIffdf xNnf ug]{ ug{' clwsf/sf] b'?kofu] xf] . cfk"mn] kfPsf] clwsf/nfO{
;xL 9ª\un] k|ofu] ug{ hflgPg eg] c¿nfO{ dfq bM' v geO{ cfkm" klg ;hfosf] efuLbf/
aGgk' 5{ . To;n} ] cfÇgf] clwsf/ s] xf] / s;/L ko| fu] ug{] eGg] s/' fdf ;w}“ ;rt] xg' k' 5{ .
gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^ 41
cEof;
!= cfk\mgf] dN" ofªs\ g cfkm“} u/ M
-s_ d cfÇgf] ux[ sfo{ lgoldt ¿kdf ====================== .
-c_ u5{ ' -cf_ ulbg{ “
-v_ d cfkm" eGbf 7'nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ======================== .
-c_ u5 {' -cf_ ulb{g“
-u_ d sIffdf kZ| g ubf{ xft p7fP/ kfnf] ================== .
-c_ klvG{ 5' -cf_ klvG{ g“
-3_ d d]/f ;fdfgx¿sf] htg ====================== .
-c_ u5{' -cf_ ulbg{ “
-ª_ 3/kl/jf/df cfk"mn] ;Sg] sfd u//] ;xof]u ================== .
-c_ u5 {' -cf_ ulbg{ “
-r_ d}n] d]/f] st{Jo k/" f u/]sf] ======================== .
-c_ 5' -cf_ 5g}
-5_ d}n] d]/f] clwsf/ kfPsf] ========================== .
-c_ 5 ' -cf_ 5}g
-h_ ;dx" df 5nkmn ubf{ ;fyLx¿n] eg]sf] Wofgk"js{ ================= .
-c_ ;G' 5' -cf_ ;l' Gbg“
@= tnsf] kZ| gsf pQ/ bp] m M
-s_ st{Jo eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ kfl/jfl/s stJ{ oleq sg' s'g s/' fx¿ k5g{ \ <
-u_ JolStut stJ{ o kfngf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-3_ clwsf/sf] ko| f]u s;/L ugk'{ 5{ <
-ª_ clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ ;Gtn' g ug]{ tl/sf pNn]v u/ .
42 gl} ts lzIff, sIff ^
-r_ JolStut / kfl/jfl/s stJ{ osf] ;"rL tof/ u/ .
#= ltdLn] ug'{kg{] st{Jo s] s] x'g\ < lrg / sfkLdf ;f/ M
-s_ cfÇgf] sfkL, lstfa, emfn] f, kf];fs cflb lglZrt 7fp“df /fVg]
-v_ ;dodf ;'Tg] / ;dodf p7g\ ]
-u_ cfÇgf] dfq} ;'v ;'ljwf vfH] g]
-3_ dfGohgk|lt cfb/ efj /fVg]
-ª_ cfdfaa' f;“u pxfx“ ¿n] k/" f ug{ g;Sg] dfu /fVg]
-r_ ;fgfnfO{ aj] f:tf ug]{ .
$= oL sfd u/ M
-s_ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] gfdfjnL, pd/] / ug{] sfd;lxt pgLx¿sf] JolStut stJ{ o
/ kfl/jfl/s stJ{ onfO{ tflnsfdf bv] fpm M
gfd, pd]/ d'Vo sfd JolStut st{Jo kfl/jfl/s st{Jo
-v_ ‘clwsf/ / stJ{ o Ps l;Ssfsf bO' { kf6f x'g’\ eGg] zLifs{ df lgaGw nv] .
-u_ ltdf| ] 6f]n l5d]sdf s;}n] stJ{ o kfngf gu/s] f,] clwsf/sf] pkef]u uga{ f6
jl~rt ePsf] b]v]s} xfn} f . To:tf 36gf ljj/0f l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm /
;dfwfgsf nflu lzIfs;“u cfjZos ;/;Nnfx u/ .
-3_ ;dx" ut ¿kdf cfwf/et" clwsf/x¿sf] rf6{ agfO{ sIff sf]7fdf 6f;“ .
d'Vo ;Gb]z
x/s] JolStsf cfcfkm\ gf stJ{ ox¿ xG' 5g\ . cfkm\ gf stJ{ okl| t kl| ta4 / lhDdj] f/ xg'
;sd] f JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6n« fO{ g} kmfObf kU' 5 . lagfstJ{ o clwsf/ dfq
vf]Hgx' 'b“ g} . clwsf/ / stJ{ onfO{ ;“u;u“ } nh} fgk' 5{ . clwsf/ / stJ{ o Ps}
l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f xg' \ . clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ ;sd] f JolSt ;kmn
xG' 5 . cfk\mgf] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/sf] klg Vofn ugk{' 5{ .
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 43
@ xfdf| ] ;femf ;DklQ
ck]lIft Jojxf/
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ / lghL ;DklQlarsf] leGgtf 56' \ofpg
cfÇgf] jl/kl/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿sf] cj:yf klxrfg ug{
;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf JolStsf] clwsf/ / bfloTj kTtf nufpg
;fjh{ lgs ;DklQx¿sf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ df ;xefuL xg'
;fjh{ lgs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0fdf cGo JolStx¿nfO{ kf| ]T;fxg ug{ .
af6f], kn'jgh \ªun, rf}/
snf sf}zn
ljBfno
:jf:Yo ;:+ yf
kf6L kf}jf ;femf
kw“ ]/f], s'jf, wf/f ;DklQ
lxdfn, wflds{
g 'sbLn ]f, :yn,
rfs]
v ]f }kngfL,, kfv] /L,
u/ “f} tfn
;+jw{g
/
;+/If0f
; }as ]f
oL
lzIf0f ;'emfj
afnaflnsfnfO{ cfk"m jl/kl/ /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs j:t'x¿sf] gfd / ltgLx¿sf] cj:yf kQf nufpg
nufpgx' f;] \ . ljBfno / To; j/k/sf] ;fjh{ lgs j:tx' ¿sf] ;/;kmfO / ddt{ sfod{ f ;xefuL u/fpgx' f;] \ .
44 g}lts lzIff, sIff ^
k"mndfofsf] ufp“
of] k'mndfofsf] ufp“ xf] . o;
ufp“sf dflg;x¿ JolStut
:jfy{df a9L Wofg lbG5g\ . oxf“
ePsf ;femf s/' fx¿ jg hªu\ n,
wf/f, kw“ ]/f, kf]v/L, kg} L, sn' f,]
rft} f/f] cflbsf] JolStut ¿kdf
pkof]u u5g{ \ . t/ htg ug]{ tyf
;/+ If0f sfo{df Wofg lb“bg} g\ . oL
;femf j:t'x¿df ;a}sf] clwsf/
/ xs nfUg] s/' fdf ;rt] 5g\ .
;/+ If0f / ddt{ ;Def/ ug{] sfddf
sfx] L cl3 ;bg{} g\ . o:tf ;femf
j:t'x¿ hf]ufpg ufpn“ ] ldn]/ ;/;Nnfx / 5nkmn;d]t ug]{ rng 5g} .
ufpn“ x] ¿sf] xn] rS] o| fOn“ ] ubf{ ;as} f] ;femf ;DklQsf ¿kdf /xs] f j:tx' ¿ gfl;g,] elTsg] eP/
ufps“ f] cj:yf g} s'¿k ePsf] 5 . oxf“sf] af6f] eTss] f] 5 . s'nf,] kg} L lalu|Psf] 5 . o;n]
ubf{ vt] afe“ m} 5 . wf/fsf] 6'6L ef“lrPsf] 5 . ljBfnosf] kvfn{ n8]sf] 5 . kfv] /Lsf] kfgLdf
kmfx] f/] ldl;Psf] 5 . jg hªu\ n km8“ fgL eP/ phf8 5 . o;n] ubf{ ufpn“ fO{ af9L klx/fn] ] bM' v
lbO/xG5 . a;l{} kR5] wghgsf] Iflt eO/xG5 . Toxfs“ f sltko snfsfz} n / P]ltxfl;s
j:t'x¿ slxNo} gkfOg] u/L gfl;P/;dt] uPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;dt] ufpn“ x] ¿sf]
Wofg k'Ug ;ss] f] b]lvb“ }g .
;fg] n] fnsf] ufp“
of] ;fg] ]nfnsf] ufp“ xf] . oxf“sf dflg;x¿ x/s] s/' fdf ;rt] 5g\ . ufp“df ePsf af6f3] f6f],
kn' , kfv] /L, gx/k}gL, 6\o'j]n, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, wfld{s :yn, Pl] txfl;s :df/s cflbnfO{
;a}sf] ;femf ;DklQsf ¿kdf lnG5g\ . oL j:t'x¿nfO{ cfÇgf] JolStut ;DklQnfO{ eGbf
a9L dfof u5g{ \ . oL ;femf j:tx' ¿ hfu] fO/fVg / ;/;kmfO tyf ddt{ ;Def/ ug{ ;a} hDdf
eP/ 5nkmn u5g{ \ . Psfk;df ;Nnfx u5{g\ . ufps“ f] ;femf j:t' lau]| eTs]sf] s;n} ] bv] ]
df ;s] cfkm“n} ] ddt{ u5g{ \ . g;s]df cGo JolStx¿ ;dt] nfO{ eg]/ dd{t ;Def/ u5{g\ .
ufpd“ f ePsf ;femf j:tx' ¿ arfpg / :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug{ ljleGg ;ldlt;d]t agfPsf 5g\ .
jg hªu\ n arfpg jg pkefS] tf ;ldlt, ljBfnosf] /v] bv] ug{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt Pjd\
g}lts lzIff, sIff ^ 45
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NAITIK GRADE 6
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