class-11, Nepali book

@= lbOPsf ljm| ofkb ko| f]u u/L cfkmn" fO{ dg kg{] ljifodf 5f6] f] cg'R5b] nV] g'xf;] \ M

vfG5, k9o\ f], uPsf] 5, sdfcf];,\ cfpnf, x]/, lxF8\b} lyof], af]N5g,\ p7]5

#= lbOPsf lj|mofkbnfO{ ldNbf] pkju{df juL{s/0f ugx'{ f];\ M

;'G5, k9o\ f], elgxfN5, xfF:5,] bu'5g{ ,\ ?bF } 5, xG' 5, Nofp5F , agfpF5, 5, cfO;Sof,]
xf], eof], cfOk'u], vf]Hof},F uPsf] x'g] 5, pdFb| } 5, aflª\uG5, et' et' fpg] 5, 5fk]sf]
lyof], km/km/fof], snsnfpF5, n]V5, lbof], k9g\ ] 5, ePsf] 5, lehfpFb} 5, ub{5f,F}
x'g\, 5g,\ n]lv;s]5, ;l' gG5

$= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 afxc| f]6f ljm| of l6Kg'xf;] \ M

kfgL kb{} 5 . dg r~rn ePsf] 5 . em/Ln] af9L / klx/f] Nofof] . ToxL eP/ dgsf]
zflGt x/fof] . hfh/sf6] df klx/f] uP/ 3/af; aufof] . tfKnh] 'ªdf tdf/] vfn] fn]
wfgvt] k'¥of] . sf];Ldf klg af9L cfP5 . /l] 8of] ;G' 5' / 6]lnlehg x5] '{ . o;n]
k|Tos] g]kfnLnfO{ 5G' 5 . o;n] klx/f] kLl8tnfO{ t ?jfpF5 . l5d]sLx¿ klg kL8fdf
k5g{ \ . xl/of] jg ;'Svf kxf8 aGb5 . klx/f]df k//] dflg;x¿ 3fOt] xG' 5g\ . 8fS6/
klg ;ljm| o x'G5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ af9L / klx/fa] f6 hf]ufpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu j[Iff/f]k0f
ug'{xf];\ .

%= …;:+ sl[ tsf] gofF ofqfÚ lgaGwsf] bf;] f| ] cgR' 5b] af6 kGwc| f6] f ljm| ofkb l6Kgx' f;] \ .

l;h{gf÷kl/ofh] gf

!= lbOPsf] uBf+zsf] zLif{ jfSo, lj:tf/ jfSox¿ / lgisif{ jfSo;lxtsf] cgR' 5b]
;/+ rgfsf cfwf/df p:t} csf]{ cgR' 5]bsf] /rgf ugx{' f];\ M

g]kfnL eu" f]n ;;fgf emf/kftbl] v 7'nf 7'nf t/ ljljwtfdo jg:kltn] el/k0" f{ 5 .
lxdfnL e"v08 h8La6' L / b'n{e j[If tyf jg:kltn] 9flsPsf] 5 . oxfF dt[ ;~hLjgL
a6' L 5g\, zlStj4{s of;fu{ 'Daf, kf| 0fj4s{ kfvga]t, 7n' f] cf]vtL / lr/fOtf]x¿
5g\ . b]jbf/, wk' L ;Nnf, uf]a|] ;Nnf, u/' fF; nufotsf cgs] fF} sf0] fwf/L j[Ifx¿
o; ev" 08df kfOG5g\ . kxf8L ee" fudf 3gf / ;bfaxf/ hª\unx¿ 5g\, emo\ f; /
emf8Lx¿ 5g\ . PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg kf| s[lts ;EotfnfO{ arfO/fVg ;Sg] cg]s
kmnkm"n / sGbd"n 5g\ . o; e"v08df rfFk, cfv] /, s6';, ;Nnf, plQ;, lrnfpg],
lanfpg,] afF;, ko} F,' lrp/Lnufotsf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\ . To:t} t/fOs{ f] rf/sf;] ] emf8L

gk] fnL, sIff !! 43

t ;+;f/k|l;4 5 . ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, cfkF , l;dn h:tf dxìjk"0f{ jI[ fx¿ kfOg]
t/fO{df 3f8] tfk]|, sfut] 3fF;, ltt]kftL, jgdf/fnufotsf cfi} fwLo u0' foS' t jg:klt
klg kfOG5g\ . jfg:klts ljljwtfn] gk] fn el/k0" f{ 5 .

@= æ/fdf| ] :jf:Yoaf6 dfq ;v' L hLjg ;Dej 5Æ eGg] zLif{ jfSonfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ Pp6f
cg'R5]b tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

#= tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fodf kr| lnt Pp6f nfs] uLt ;ª\sng ug{x' f;] \ / pSt nf]suLt
sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf;] \ .

$= sIffsf ;Dk0" f{ ljBfyLx{ ¿ ljleGg ;dx" df /x/] 5nkmn u/L cfˆgf] kb| z] df kr| lnt rf8kj{
jf hfqfx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ . To;kl5 tL rf8kj{ jf hfqfx¿ slxn] / s;/L dgfOG5g\
eGg] s/' fsf] jm| da4 ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ .

%= tkfOs{F f] ;d'bfodf hGdb]lv dT[ o';Dd s] s:tf ;+:sf/x¿ ul/G5g\, cleefjs jf
cu'jf;Fu ;fw] L n]Vgx' f;] \ / sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf;] \ .

;'gfO kf7 #

xfdf| ] ;:+ sl[ t
xfdf| ] ;dfh dt" { / cdt" { ;:+ s[ltsf] ld>0f xf] . xfdf| ufpF tyf ;x/df kf| rLg ;Eotfsf
w/fx] / oqtq 5g\ . ;fs]nf, rf;f]s, Rofa|'ª / wfg gfrdf /dfpg] dg x'8\s]nL, ;f/] 7L
/ df?gLdf TolQs} /dfpF5 . b]p8f / 3f6'n] efu} f]lns ;Ldf gf3]/ af:gf 5/s] f 5g\ .
rfGbL, 8fF8L, xg'dfg\ / k~ra'4 g[Tox¿ xfd|f d'6s' f 9s' 9'sL ags] f 5g\ . zf:qLo /
nfs] g[To, uLt / jfbgdf xfd|f cgGo ;Dkbf 5g\ . :ofaf| ] / lthLn] ;lvof, ;Gyfn
/ ;/fo;Fu ldt/] L nfp5F g\ . ec' f], vh}F 8L, afn'g, ;lF ugL / nfv] kxf8L ;f}Gbo{ ag]sf
5g\ . afnL nfpbF f, leµofpFbf, bfOF ubf{ ufOg] uLtx¿ k'ghL{jgsf] cf; ub}{ 5g\ . uGwj,{
rof,{ vf8F f] / ufyfx¿ sg' fsGb/fdf hLljt} 5g\ . oxfF efiffsf] e08f/ 5 . ;+:sf/,
/Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fsf kf/vLx¿ xfd|f ufpdF f e'N5g,\ ;x/df /dfp5F g\ . vfgkfg /
klx/gdf hftLo, Ifq] Lo / ;fdb' flos ljljwtf 5g\ . dlGb/, ljxf/, dl:hb, luhf{3/,
u?' åf/f, yfg / dfuf{:yfgx¿ xfdf| cf:yfsf s]Gb| x'g\ . xfdL efiff, wd,{ ;:+ sl[ t /
k/Dk/fdf ax'n 5f}F t/ cfk;df ;lxi0f' 5fF} . of] g} ljZjdf xfdf| ] cgk' d klxrfg xf] .

44 g]kfnL, sIff !!

kf7

$ of]udfof

hLjg / d[To' dflg;sf :jefljs kl| jm| of xg' \ . dfG5]sf]
hLjgsf] ;fy{stf p;sf] ultzLntf / ¿kfGt/0faf6
l;4 xG' 5 . ofu] dfof o:t} ultzLn dlxnf xg' \ . ef]hk/'
lhNnfsf] g]kfn] 8f8F fsf] l;Dn] eGg] ;fgf] ufpFdf hGd]/
b]z ljbz] sf] ofqf to ub}{ ljBdfg s/' Llt, dlxnf ljeb]
/ hftLo s'/Lltsf lj?4 af]Ng] k|v/ dlxnfsf ¿kdf
lrlglG5g\ . ljBfnoLo lzIffsf] cj;/ gkfP/ klg
:jcg'ej / :jl;sfOsf dfWodaf6 cWofTd, dfgjtf /
;fdflhs ;f:+ sl[ ts kl/jtg{ sf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg]
of]udfofnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|]/0ffbfoL dlxnfsf ¿kdf
lng] ul/G5 . hLjgdf sfd, j|mf]w, nfe] dfx] af6 dS' t
eO{ j/} fUonfO{ cFufn]/ ljbf| ]xsf] gofF z}nLnfO{ ckgfpg]
of]udfof g]kfnL ;dfhsL PSnL dlxnf xg' \ . ljbf| x] sf] clUg ;dflw / hn ;dflwsf]
Tof] z}nL jt{dfg ;dodf pkoS' t geP klg tTsfnLg /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4df ul/Psf]
cfGbfn] gsf] Pp6f :j¿k lyof] .

ofu] dfofsf] hGd lj=;+= !(@$ df >Lnfn Gofk} fg] / rGb|snf Gof}kfgsf] klxnf] ;Gtfgsf
¿kdf ePsf] xf] . ofu] dfof k'iknfn / clUgw/ gfdsf bO' { efOsL PSnL lbbL lyOg\ .
;fdflhs k/Dk/fcg';f/ ;ft jifs{ f] slnnf] pd/] df g} pgsf] ljjfx eof] . klt eg]/
lrGg gkfpFb} ljjfx u/]sf] b'O{ jifd{ f pgL ljwjf eOg\ . tTsfnLg gk] fnL ;dfhdf ljwjf
x'g' eg]sf] kL8fbfoL cj:yfdf k'Ug' xf] . afn :jefj / u0' fsf cfwf/df pgn] 3/kl/jf/ /
;dfhsf] lt/:sf/ efU] g'k¥of] . oxL sf/0f pgL zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s oftgfsf] ;dt] l;sf/
eOg\ . o;/L cTofrf/sf ;a} vfn] :j¿knfO{ ;xbF } pgL rfw} jif{sf] pd/] ;Dd 3/d} al;g\ .
tTsfnLg ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;f;" / gGbsf] kt| f8gf ;xg g;sk] l5 pgL efu]/ dfOt
uOg\ . dfOtLdf klg pgn] 3/ ul/vfg g;ss] L eg]/ kz| :t lgGbf ;xgk' ¥of] . a'afcfdf /
dfOtLlt/sf ;a}n] To; a]nfsf] ;fdflhs kr| ncg;' f/ pgnfO{ cfˆg} 3/ kmsf{pg k|oTg
ul/of] . o;/L dfOtL / 3/ bj' }lt/af6 pkl] Ift ofu] dfofdf la:tf/} ljbf| ]xsf] r]tgf knfpg
yfNof] . pgL 3/ / dfOtLsf lardf ljb| f| ]x ub}{ cf;fd k'lug\ . cf;fd ku' /] pgn] PSnf]

gk] fnL, sIff !! 45

cg'ej ul/g\ . kltsf] ;tLTjdf al;/xgk' g{] dT[ o;+:sf/sf lj/4 s8]Fn y/sf JolSt;Fu
ljjfx ul/g\ . s]xL jif{kl5 pgsf kltsf] dT[ o' eof] . kltsf] dT[ ok' l5 pgL efjljxj\ n
eOg\ . cs:dft\ pgsf hLjgdf 8f6] n] y/sf JolSt cfOku' ] . tL JolStn] pgL;uF
ljjfxsf] k|:tfj u/] . pgL klg /fhL eOg\ . pgLx¿af6 g}gsnf gfdsL 5f]/L hlGdOg\ .

of]udfof ca ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg' yflng\ . To; ;dodf ;a}eGbf k|rlnt
;fdflhs ultljlwsf ¿kdf k"hf kf| y{gf cflb /xs] f lyP . pgn] o:tf lj|mofsnfkdf
;lj|mo ;xeflutf hgfpFb} g]t[Tjsf] el" dsf lgjfx{ ul/g\ . o:tf ;fdflhs, wflds{ sfo,{
cfo{;dfhLx¿sf] ;'wf/ rt] gf / ;fw;' Gtx¿sf] ;ªu\ tn] of]udfofdf hLjg / ;dfhnfO{ xg] ]{
gofF r]tgf hfu[t eO/xs] f] lyof] . o;af6 pgL la:tf/} la:tf/} ke| fljt x'Fb} uOg\ . cªu\ |h]
lj/fw] L cfGbf]ng / wflds{ cfWoflTds ljm| ofsnfksf] ;xeflutfn] pgsf] rt] gf clej[l4
xb'F } uof] . afNosfnb]lvsf cfˆgf efu] fO / cfkm" afFrs] f] ;dfhsf lj;ª\ultsf sf/0f
pgL cflys{ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] dfx] af6 dS' t x'bF } uOg\ . o;n] pgLdf j/} fUort] sf]
aLhf/f]k0f u/fof] . oxL r]tnfO{ ;fy{stf kb| fg ug]{ xf};nf klg hfut[ eof] . o;sf nflu
pgn] tk:of ug]{ of]hgf agfOg\ . tk:ofsf nflu cfˆgf] hGdynf] g} pgnfO{ pkoS' t
nfUof] . cfˆgf efOnfO{ lng cfpg] ;Gbz] k7fP/ efOs} ;fy nfuL pgL cfˆg} hGdynf]
ef]hk/' cfOk'lug\ . lj=;= !(&# sf] Ps ;feF m pgL cfˆgL 5f]/L gg} snf / efOsf ;fy
demj' fa;F] L kl' ug\ .

demj' faF;] Ldf ofu] dfofsf] cfudg ToxfsF f dfG5]sf nflu pT;s' tfsf] ljifo aGof] . ToxL
pT;s' tfnfO{ ;d6] b\ } of]udfofn] ufpnF x] ¿nfO{ ;fyL agfpg yflng\ . ;fdflhs ¿kdf
;dfj]z xF'b} 3/df x'g] k"hf, k'/f0f / rft} f/Lx¿df ;fd"lxs ;xeflutf hgfpFb} uOg\ .
cf;fddf l;s]sf] 1fg / cg'ejnfO{ pgn] ToxfF ko| fu] ug{] cj;/ kfOg\ . oxL 1fg /
cge' jsf cfwf/df kl08tx¿;Fu zf:qfy{ ug]{ tyf ;dfhsf k?' ifx¿;Fu ax; klg ug{
yflng\ . o;l} ar pgL Ko'7fgsf] :ju{åf/Ldf /xs] f dxfke| ' ceofgGb låtLosxfF ku' L bLIff
lnOg\ / ;GGof;L algg\ . ;GGof;L ag]kl5 3/fo;L jftfj/0f Tofu ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] pgL
dem' jfaF;] Ld} s6' L agfP/ PSn} a:g yflng\ . of]udfof cfˆgf] 1fg / a'l4sf dfWodaf6
;fws ags] L To; ;dfhsL cuj' f dlxnf ePsfn] pgsf] ofu] ;fwgf klg Tot}tkm{ nlIft
eof] . pgdf wf/fk|jfx k|jrg lbg ;Sg] va' L lyof] . oxL va' Lsf sf/0f pgsf jl/kl/
dflg;x¿sf] 3O' Frf] nfUg yfNof] . efh] k'/ cf;kf;sf w/] } dflg;x¿ pgsf] kj| rg ;G' g
cfpg yfn] / pgLk|lt >4fefj a9g\ yfNof] . eSthgsf] 3'OrF f] nfu]kl5 dem'jfa]F;Lsf
s6' Ln] pgnfO{ k'ug] . pgL pkm| fn} L6f/df /x]sf] km/flsnf] hldgdf ;l/g\ / eSthgnfO{

46 gk] fnL, sIff !!

;d6] g\ ] u/L s6' L klg lgdf0{ f ul/g\ . pk|mf}nL6f/sf] s'6L klg lj=;+= !(** df c?0fdf
cfPsf] 7'nf] af9Ln] aufPkl5 pgL Ovj{' fkfl/sf] ufFl} 8gLdf ;l/g\ . pgL hxfF hxfF a;fOF
;ly{g,\ eSthgx¿ ToxLF ToxLF k'Uy] . pgsf] ofu] ;fwgf / tk:ofaf6 ke| fljt klg xG' y] .
pgn] tk:ofsf lg/fxf/, hnfxf/, cNkfxf/ h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ulyg{ \ . z/L/nfO{
df;} d / jftfj/0fcg;' f/ ;dfof]hg ug{ slxn] s}ofF} lbg c?0f gbLdf cfwf z/L/ 8a' fP/
al:yg\ . slxn] udL{ ofddf k~rflUg tflKyg\ . o:tf s7f/] tk:ofn] pgnfO{ b9[ agfpYF of] .
oxL b9[ tfn] ubf{ pgL lj=;+= !((@ df cfˆgf cgo' foL;lxt vfDkfnª' lxdfn kf/ u//]
tk:of;dt] ul/g\ . oltdf dfq pgsf] ;fwgfsf] ofqf 6ª' l\ uPg . lj=;=+ !((& df pgn]
ef]hk/' s} pRr kxf8L Ifq] rfofaF f6] ] l;/fg tf/] Laf/Lsf] 5]psf] cUnf] y'Dsfdf a;]/ t]O;
lbg;Dd tk:of ul/g\ . oL ljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf tk:ofsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;fwgfsf] kf| lKt /
;a} ks| f/sf df]xaf6 pGdl' Stsf] rfxgf g} lyof] . oL tk:ofsf ljljw df8] x¿ d'Vo p2Z] o
hLjgsf nfe] / df]xaf6 d'St xbF' } ;dfh ;'wf/sf] rfxgf /fVg' lyof] .

;GGof;L hLjg ;'? u/];uF } of]udfofdf ;fdflhs r]tgf ;nanfof] . pgL wfld{s, ;fdflhs,
kz| f;lgs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts If]qdf ljBdfg ;a} vfn] ljsl[ tx¿sf af/d] f vn' ]/
lj/fw] ug{ yflng\ . pgL 5j' f5'tnfO{ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] snª\s 7flGyg\ . To;}n]
s'g} klg ;fdflhs sfo{df dflg;x¿nfO{ 5t' / c5't tyf dflyNnf] hft / tNnf] hftdf
56' o\ fpg' 3f/] ck/fw dflGyg\ . ;gftgL k/Dk/fsf] gfddf hftsf cfwf/df km/s km/s
sfg'g kr| ngdf /xs] f] To; ;dosf] ;dfhdf 5'jf5t' / hftkft gdfGg' 3f]/ cfklQsf]
ljifo x'GYof] . To:tf JolStx¿ ljleGg b08sf efuL x'Gy] . To:tf] s7f/] /f0ffsfnLg
;dodf klg pgn] 5'jf5t' tyf j0ff{>dsf] v'n/] lj/fw] ul/g\ . k"hf, cf/fwgf, ehg, sLtg{ ,
k;| fb ljt/0f / u|x0fdf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ pgn] cfˆgf] wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df
klg ptfl/g\ . pgsf y'k}| eStx¿ slyt blnt klg lyP / pgLx¿ ;a} hgf ljgfe]befj
;a} ultljlwdf ;n+ Ug xg' ;Sy] . pgsf] cf>ddf kr| lnt o; lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't/lxt
jftfj/0f bv] ]/ slyt ;gftgLx¿ of]udfofsf] va' cfnf]rgf uy]{ .

ofu] dfof nª} \lus lje]bsf] klg s6\6/ lj/fw] L lyOg\ . pgL afnljjfxsf] ljkIfdf plelGyg\
t/ :jl} R5s ljwjf ljjfxsf] ;dy{g ulyg{ \ . ;tL k|yf / bf; k|yfsf] 3f]/ lj/f]w uly{g\ .
sfg'gL ¿kdf ;tL ky| f t klxNo} pGd"ng ePsf] elgP klg Jojxf/df To; ;do;Dd
k|rlnt g} lyof] . lj=;+= !(*@ df bf; ky| f cGTo ePsf] 3fi] f0ff xbF' f pgL cToGt xlift{
eOg\ . rGb|;d;/] sf o:tf] sfo{sf] vn' ]/} kz| ;+ f ul/g\ . pgL tTsfnLg Goflos kl/kf6Lsf]
lj/f]wL lyOg\ . pgL ;dfhsf 7n' fa8f ;fxd' xfhgn] ul/asf] 9f8 ;]Sg] u/L Aofh nufpg]

g]kfnL, sIff !! 47

rngsf] lgGbf uly{g\ . lbbF f ;fgf] kfyL / lnbF f 7'nf] kfyL ko| f]u ug{] ;fx'dxfhgsf] pgL
va' lj/f]w uly{g\ . ul/ab'MvLn] lg;fkm gkfpg], dxf/fh b/af/aflx/ cfP/ gxg] {,] ljrf/Ln]
pN6f] lg;fkm lbg] s'/fsf] lgGbf uly{g\ .

ofu] dfofsf b[li6df st{Jo g} wd{ xf] . pgL wdn{ fO{ dfgj lxt dflGyg\ / wdn{ fO{ dfgjtfsf
kIfaf6 xl] /g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /flVyg\ . wdn{ fO{ /fHon] klg dfgjtfsf] sf]0faf6 xg] {k' 5{ eGg]
wf/0ff /fVg] ofu] dfof ;dGofodf hf8] lblGyg\ . o;sf nflu pgn] tTsfnLg zf;sx¿;uF
cfux| klg ul/g\ / ;To wds{ f] leIff dfUg dflg;x¿ klg k7fOg\ . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
h'4;d;]/sf kfnfdf kl08t k|d] gf/fo0fnfO{ ;To wd{sf] leIff dfUg k7fpg] sfo{ oxfF
k|z+;gLo 5 . Tolt eP klg Tof] leIff cfZjf;gdf dfq ;Lldt /xo\ f] . o;af6 pgL lg/fz
eOg\ t/ To; lg/fzfnfO{ zlStdf abNg cfkm}F sf7df8f}F hfg] lgwf] ul/g\ . sf7df8fF} uP/
lj= ;+= !((# sf] dxfgjdLsf lbg >L # h4' ;d;]/nfO{ e6] L pSt cfZjf;g k/" f ug{ cfux|
ul/g\ . h'4;d;/] n] k'gM jrga4tf hgfP t/ nfdf] kvfO{ kZrft\ klg pSt cfZjf;g
sfofG{ jogdf cfPg . o; 36gfn] pgnfO{ emg\ ljb|f]xL agfof] . of]udfofn] lj=;=+ !((% sf]
sflQs @& ut] zlgaf/sf lbg ;/sf/n] ;To wds{ f] leIff glbP cfˆgf tdfd eSt;lxt
clUg;dflw lng] 3f]if0ff ul/g\ . clUg;dflwsf] lbg glhlsFb} uof] . dflg;x¿ la:tf/} en] f
x'g yfn] . pk|mf}nL6f/sf] d}bfgdf 7n' f] o1:yn agfOof] . o1sf nflu hªu\ naf6 k|z:t
sf7x¿ a6l' nP . clUg s0' 8df xjg ug{ >Lv08 hDdf kfl/of] . clUg;dflw lng @$)
hgf hlt eStx¿n] :jR] 5fn] gfd n]vfP t/ pgsf] clUg;dflwsf] of]hgfnfO{ ;/sf/n]
;kmn x'g lbPg . clUg;dflwsf] 3f]if0ff ldlteGbf Ps lbg klxn] g} wgs'6faf6 a8fxflsd
dfwj ;d;]/sf] gt] [Tjdf vl6cfPsf] / ef]hk/' af6 ;d]t vl6uPsf] 7n' f] kmfh} n] 3/] f xfnL
pSt clUg;dflwdfly kl| taGw nufof] . o;} j|mddf P3f/ hgfnfO{ wgs6' fsf] h]n rnfg
ul/of] / of]udfof tyf pgsf dlxnf eStx¿nfO{ ef]hk'/sf] Pp6f kf6Ldf sx] L lbg aGbL
agfOof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dlxnfx¿nfO{ aGbL agfOPsf] of] klxnf] 36gf lyof] . o;/L
lg/ª\sz' ;/sf/ / tTsfnLg ;fdGtL ;Qfsf] lj?4df Pp6L dlxnfn] g]t[Tj lnPsf] ljZj
Oltxf;d} cgf7} f] / ;fxl;s ljb|f]xnfO{ ankj" {s bafOof] . clxn]sf] ;dfhdf o:tf] ljbf| ]x
pkoS' t g/x] klg To; a]nfsf nflu of] ;zSt ljb|f]x g} lyof] .

clUg;dflw 3f]if0ff c;kmn ePkl5 of]udfofdf emg\ j}/fUo;lxtsf] ljbf| x] emg\ a9\g
yfNof] . pd]/n] ;Q/L sf6] klg pgL emg\ a9L ;fwgf, Wofg / tk:ofdf 8'Ag yflng\ .
pgdf /fHoaf6 …;To wds{ f] leIffÚ k|fKt xfn] f eGg] cfzf lyof] t/ /f0ff zf;sn] tL ljb|fx] L
dlxnfsf] cfjfh ;g' ]gg\ . clUg;dflw sf08sf sf/0f zf;sx¿ lrl9Psf lyP . lg/ªs\ z'

48 gk] fnL, sIff !!

/fHo;Qf pgLk|lt emg\emg\ bdgsf/L / aa{/ xbF' } uof] . ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf kIfw/x¿,
7'nf7fn' ;fxd' xfhgx¿ of]udfof h:tf ljb|fx] L / ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] ckI] ff ug{] hf];'s}nfO{
b'Mv lbGy], bl08t uy{] . o;l} ar zf;ssf] o; pkI] ff lj?4sf ljb|f]xsf ¿kdf of]udfofn]
ufK] o ¿kdf hn;dflw lng] ofh] gf agfOg\ . /f0ff kw| fgdGqL tyf l;ªu\ f] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{
clUg;dflw / hn;dflw h:tf x7ofu] rg' f}tL t lyof] g,} pgL / pgsf cgo' foLx¿sf]
ljrf/df d'lSt kf| lKtsf] ;xL dfu{ klg lyof] . To;n} ] clUg;dflw sf08df kjm| fp k/]sf
;a} hgf hn] dS' t ePkl5 pgn] c7;67\ L hgf k/d eStx¿;lxt lj=;=+ !((* c;f/ @@
ut] xl/zogL PsfbzLsf lbg ;"of]b{ o gxb'F } æcwds{ f] cGTo xf];,\ wd/{ fHo :yfkgf xf;] \,
d'lStsf] åf/ vn' f;] \Æ eGb} c?0f gbLdf ;dlkt{ eP/ hn;dflw lnOg\ .

of]udfof 5'jf5't/lxt, zfi] f0f/lxt / ei| 6frf//lxt g]kfnL ;dfhsf] vfh] Ldf nflug\ /
zf;sx¿sf lj?4 ljb|fx] ul/g\ . pgn] of]u;fwgf, Wofg, tk:of, kj| rg / ;fdflhs
Jojxf/sf dfWodaf6 ;tL k|yf, bf; ky| f, 5'jf5't h:tf s/' Lltaf6 d'St Gofok0" f{ ;dfh
lgdf0{ f ug]{ k|of; ul/g\ . tTsfnLg ;fdGtL ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿n] o;nfO{ ;g' g] g\ . ;dfhdf
;rt] ljbf| ]xsf] ¿kdf /x] klg k/' fgf ljrf/sf dfG5x] ¿sf nflu pgsf ljrf/ ?lrs/
lyPgg\ . ;a}lt/af6 cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ gl:jsfl/Pkl5 ;fd"lxs hn;dflwsf dfWodaf6
ljbf| ]xsf] g]tT[ j lng] of]udfof efl} ts ¿kdf hn;dflws} ldltb]lv xfdL;fd' /lxgg\ .
;Tolgi7f / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] ;kgfsf nflu cgf7} f] jm| flGt ug]{ ofu] dfofsf] bg] dfgj
;Eotfsf] :d[ltdf cdL6 /x]sf] 5 . pgsf] :d[ltdf …;jf{y{ of]ujf0fLÚ gfds s[lt;dt]
ks| fzg ePsf] 5 . cdl] /sL kf| Wofks af/a/f lgd|L clhh / an] fotL ljåfg\ dfOsn x6sf
cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx¿dfkm{t pgsf] cbDo ;fx;sf] rrf{ g]kfnL eu" f]n gf3/] cd]l/sf
/ o/' f]k;Dd kml} nPsf] 5 . pgsf hLjgLdf cfwfl/t …of]udfofÚ zLif{ssf] pkGof; klg
ks| flzt 5 . o;/L cfk} rfl/s lzIff cfhg{ ug{] cj;/ gkfP klg of]u;fwgf, tk:of, Wofg,
lrGtg / kj| rgsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;rt] gf ljsf; ug]{ of]udfofsf] hLjg cfbz{ /
;Eo ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 49

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

z Ab cy{

-s_ hn;dflw kL8f

-v_ a8fxflsd d2' fdfldnfsf] lgrf]8 lvr]/ GofofwLznfO{
cjut u/fpg] JolSt

-u_ cfo{ ;dfh kfgLdf 8a' ]/ ul/g] k|f0fTofu

-3_ j}wJo /f0ff zf;gsf ;dodf / To;kl5 klg sx] L
;do lhNnfsf] ;jf]R{ r kz| f;s

-ª_ x7ofu] ;gftg wd{df pbf/tf Nofpg rnfOPsf] Ps
wfld{s ;Dk|bfo

-r_ kt| f8gf ljwjf x'gfsf] efj

-5_ ljrf/L jl/kl/ kfrF lsl;dsf clUg afn]/ ul/g] tk:of

-h_ k~rflUg kt~hlnåf/f k|ltkflbt of]u -od, lgod cflb_
åf/f z/L/nfO{ w]/} si6 lbP/ lrQjl[ QnfO{
cGtdv{' L kfg{] ofu] sf] Ps ljlw

k"jLo{ kf| rLg lrlsT;f k4lt

@= kf7 k9L uf9f ul/Psf kbfjnLsf] ;66\ fdf ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ C0f, wg, k]|d, 30[ ff, O{iof{, 3dG8, dfof, dfx] , ;Gtfg / lhDdj] f/L ;a} ;f;+ fl/s
h~hfn ;DembF f t oj' f pd/] d} ;Gof; wd{ u|x0f u/]sf] JolSt ag]/ lx8fF} h:tf]
nfU5 .

-v_ k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;+:sl[ tsf] gfddf ;dfhdf cfh klg 5j' f5t' /
hftkftsf cfwf/df e]befj ugx{] ¿ 5g\ .

-u_ of]udfofn] oxL 1fg / cge' jsf cfwf/df kl08tx¿;uF zf:qLo ljifodf ts{
ljts{ ug{] tyf ;dfhsf k'?ifx¿;uF ax; klg ug{ yflng\ .

50 gk] fnL, sIff !!

-3_ ofu] dfofn] tTsfnLg /f0ffzf;s;fd' wd{/fHo :yfkgfsf] dfu /fvs] L lyOg\ /
Tof] dfu k"/f geP clUgdf k;]/ ul/g] k|f0fTofu ug]{ 3fi] f0ff u/s] L lyOg\ .

#= lbOPsf zAb k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpg'xf;] \ M
:jl;sfO, ljbf| x] , ;~hfn, wf/fkj| fx, of]u;fwgf, lg/fxf/, j0ff{>d, :jl] R5s, o1:yn,
:dl[ t

$= lbOPsf zAbx¿ k|of]u u/L Pp6f cg'R5b] n]Vg'xf];\ M
;f;," gGb, cfdfh", ;DwL, h7] fg, eb}, ;;'/f

af]w / cleJolSt
!= kf7 k9\g'xf;] \ / lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ eGgx' f];\ M

-s_ of]udfofsf] hLjgL slt cgR' 5b] df ;/+ lrt 5 <
-v_ rf}yf] cgR' 5b] df sltcf6] f jfSo 5g\ <
-u_ bf];|f] cg'R5b] df of]udfofsf] hLjgsf] s'g cj:yfsf] j0f{g 5 <
-3_ ofu] dfofsf] hn;dflwsf] ;Gbe{ s'g cg'R5]bdf 5 <

@= lbOPsf jfSox¿ hLjgLsf] s'g cg'R5b] df 5g\, kQf nufpgx' f];\ M
-s_ pgn] tk:ofsf lg/fxf/, hnfxf/, cNkfxf/ h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u uly{g\ .
-v_ o:tf ;fdflhs, wflds{ sfo,{ cfo{;dfhLx¿sf] ;w' f/ rt] gf / ;fw';Gtx¿sf]
;ªu\ tn] of]udfofdf hLjg / ;dfhnfO{ xg] {] gofF rt] gf hfu[t eO/x]sf] lyof] .
-u_ wdn{ fO{ /fHon] klg dfgjtfsf] sf]0faf6 xg] {k' 5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fVg] ofu] dfof
;dGofodf hf8] lblGyg\ .
-3_ of]udfofn] lj=;+= !((% sf] sflQs @& ut] zlgaf/sf lbg ;/sf/n] ;To
wds{ f] leIff glbP cfˆgf tdfd eSt;lxt clUg;dflw lng] 3f]if0ff ul/g\ .
-ª_ ;Tolgi7f / ;dtfdn" s ;dfhsf] ;kgfsf nflu cgf7} f] j|mflGt ug{] ofu] dfofsf]
b]g dfgj ;Eotfsf] :d[ltdf cdL6 /xsf] 5 .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 51

#= lbOPsf ldltdf ofu] dfofsf] hLjgL;uF ;DalGwt sg' sg' 36gf ePsf xg' ,\ eGgx' f;] \ M
-s_ lj=;=+ !(@%
-v_ lj=;=+ !(&#
-u_ lj=;+= !(*@
-3_ lj=;=+ !(**
-ª_ lj=;+= !((@
-r_ lj=;=+ !((#
-5_ lj=;+= !((%
-h_ lj=;=+ !((&
-em_ lj=;=+ !((*

$= hLjgLsf cfwf/df 36gfj|md ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ clUg;dflwsf] 3fi] f0ff t/ c;kmn
-v_ hn;dflwsf] tof/L / ;kmntf
-u_ efu/] dfOtL hfg'
-3_ cf;fdaf6 kmls{g'
-ª_ cfo{;dfhL x'g'
-r_ bLIff lnO{ ;GGof;L aGg'
-5_ bf; k|yf, ;tL k|yfsf lj?4 cfjfh lbg'
-h_ lg/fxf/, cNkxf/ / hnfxf/ eP/ tk:of ug'{
-em_ ljwjf xg' ' / k'gljj{ fx ug'{
-`_ pkm| fn} L6f/df s6' L agfpg'

%= kf7sf] rf}yf] cg'R5b] k9\g'xf;] \ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ of]udfofn] s'6L agfPsf 7fpxF ¿sf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ dflg;x¿ ofu] dfof;uF ke| fljt x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <

52 g]kfnL, sIff !!

-u_ ofu] dfofn] lsg tk:of u/s] L xg' \ <

-3_ …pgL slxn] lg/fxf/, slxn] hnfxf/, slxn] cNkfxf/ tk:of ulyg{ \Ú eGgs' f]
tfTko{ s] xf] <

-ª_ of]udfofn] hn;dflw glnPsf] eP cfGbfn] gn] s:tf] :j¿k lnGYof] xfn] f,
cg'dfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .

^= …ofu] dfof 5j' f5t' /lxt====clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5Ú hLjgLsf] c+z k9L ;fl] wPsf
kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ of]udfof s:tf] ;dfhsf] vf]hLdf nflug\ <

-v_ tTsfnLg ;dfhn] cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/k] l5 pgn] s;/L ljb|fx] ul/g\ <

-u_ ofu] dfofsf] ;Ddfgdf s] s:tf sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ <

&= lbOPsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

;GGof;L hLjg ;?' u/];Fu} of]udfofdf ;fdflhs r]tgf ;nanfof] . pgL wflds{ ,
;fdflhs, kz| f;lgs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts Ifq] df ljBdfg ;a} vfn] ljsl[ tx¿sf
af/]df vn' ]/ lj/fw] ug{ yflng\ . pgL 5j' f5t' nfO{ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;ae} Gbf 7n' f]
snª\s 7flGyg\ . To;}n] s'g} klg ;fdflhs sfo{df dflg;x¿nfO{ 5t' / c5t' tyf
dflyNnf] hft / tNnf] hftdf 5'6\ofpg' 3f]/ ck/fw dflGyg\ . ;gftgL k/Dk/fsf]
gfddf hftsf cfwf/df km/s km/s sfgg' kr| ngdf /xs] f] To; ;dosf] ;dfhdf
5'jf5't / hftkft gdfGg' 3f]/ cfklQsf] ljifo x'GYof] . To:tf JolStx¿ ljleGg
b08sf efuL xG' y] . To:tf] s7f]/ /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf klg pgn] 5j' f5t' tyf
j0ff>{ dsf] vn' ]/ lj/fw] ul/g\ . k"hf, cf/fwgf, ehg, sLtg{ , k;| fb ljt/0f / ux| 0fdf
ltgLx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ pgn] cfˆgf] wf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df klg ptfl/g\ . pgsf
y'k}| eStx¿ slyt blnt klg lyP / pgLx¿ ;a} hgf ljgfe]befj ;a} ultljlwdf
;+nUg xg' ;Sy] . pgsf] cf>ddf kr| lnt o; lsl;dsf] 5j' f5't/lxt jftfj/0f
bv] /] slyt ;gftgLx¿ of]udfofsf] v'a cfnf]rgf uy]{ .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ of]udfofsf] wd{;DaGwL dfGotf s:tf] /xs] f] lyof] <

-v_ kf7;dt] sf cfwf/df of]udfofn] u/]sf ;'wf/sf ko| f;x¿sf] j0f{g ugx'{ f;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 53

*= pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M
-s_ ofu] dfofsf] afNosfn / lszf]/fj:yf s:tf] /xo\ f] <
-v_ of]udfof s;/L cfWoflTds ljifodf cfs[i6 eOg\ <
-u_ of]udfofsf] ;fwgf / tk:ofsf af/]df pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .
-3_ of]udfofsf] clUg;dflwsf] ofh] gf s;/L c;kmn eof] <
-ª_ ofu] dfofsf] hLjgLaf6 kfOg] lzIff s] xf] <

(= JofVof ug'x{ f;] \ M
-s_ oL tk:ofsf ljljw dfx] x¿sf] dV' o p2]Zo hLjgsf nfe] / df]xaf6 d'St x'Fb}
;dfh ;w' f/sf] rfxgf /fVg' lyof] .

!)= ;Tolgi7f / ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgfdf ofu] dfofn] lbPsf] ofu] bfgsf] rrf{
ug'{xf];\ .

!!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9g\ 'xf;] \ / ;fl] wPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
jt{dfg o'u lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . lj1fgn] ljljw Ifq] df u/]sf] k|ultn] jt{dfg
o'u ;l' jwfoS' t aGg ku' ]sf] 5 . 6l] nkmf]gsf] cfljisf/n] ubf{ ;;+ f/sf sg' f s'gfdf
t¿' Gt} ;Dks{ u/L bfx] f/] f] s/' fsfgL ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . /l] 8of] / 6l] nlehgsf
dfWodaf6 ljZjdf 36s] f ljleGg 36gfx¿sf af/d] f 3/d} f a;L a;L ;dfrf/ ;G' g /
x]g{ ;Sg] ;l' jwf ;an} fO{ pknAw ePsf] 5 . o;} u/L /n] , df6] /, kfgLhxfh, xjfO{hxfh
h:tf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿n] 6f9f 6f9fsf] uGtJonfO{ klg ;u' d tN' ofOlbPsf 5g\ .
j}1flgs Ifq] df ePsf] cfzftLt ku| ltn] ubf{ 3/fo;L sfdbl] v lnP/ s[lif, pBfu] ,
jfl0fHo cflb Ifq] df dfgjLo hLjgk4lt ;v' L, ;DkGg / ;'ljwfo'St aGg ku' s] f] 5 .
dflg;n] cfhg{ u/s] f] cet" kj" { 1fg, lg/Gt/ s8f ldlxgt] / cg';Gwfgsf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k …oGqdfgjÚ cfljisf/ ug]{ dxìjk"0f{ sfo{df ;dt] ;kmntf kf| Kt ePsf] 5 .
oGqdfgj eg]sf] dflg;n] h:t} sfd ug{ ;Sg] Pp6f :jrflnt oGq xf] . o;n]
dflg;nfO{ j}1flgs, cfB} fl] us, 3/fo;L cflb ljljw If]qdf ;3fpg] sfd u5{ .

54 gk] fnL, sIff !!

k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;~rf/sf dfWod tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgn] ;+;f/nfO{ s;/L glhs agfPsf]
5<

-v_ oGqdfgjn] dflg;nfO{ s;/L ;3fp5F <

-u_ j}1flgs If]qdf ePsf] cfzftLt ku| ltn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ s:tf] agfPsf] 5 <

-3_ …j}1flgsÚ / …cg;' GwfgÚ zAbsf] lgdf0{ f k|lj|mof bv] fpgx' f;] \ .

!@= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9\g'xf];\ / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

;/sf/n] lgif]wf1f hf/L u/]s} ;dodf k0" f{ Ohnf;n] p;nfO{ sfongfdf u/fP/
u}/Goflos sfd u/s] f] eGb} pTk|]if0f ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg d'NtaLdf
/flvlbP5g\ . hdfgL a:g uPsf] hodª\un xbDofbsf] s/' } gae' mL ;gfvt u/]/
lx8F ]5 . k]6af]nLdf sx] L s/' } gnv] L yg' 5s] ax;df sl;Psf æhgshL kg' /fjb] g
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k0" f{ ;/' lIft 5, clxn] ljifoj:ts' f] txlssft u/fÆF} eGb} klG5g vfh] ] .
p;n] klg æaGb;jfn, txlssft, ;sf/gfdf, b/lk7 h] h] ug]{ u/fnF} f . of] dxfdf/Lsf]
;dodf xflh/hdfgL 5f8g\ ldNnf lg Û a? tfl/v kfpmF Æ eGb} xft hf8] o\ f] .

k|Zgx¿

-s_ ;/sf/n] lsg lgifw] f1f hf/L u/s] f] xf] <

-v_ hodª\unn] s;/L ;gfvt u/]/ lx8F 5\ <

-u_ dflysf] kf7df …pmÚ eg]sf] sf] xf]nf <

-3_ zAbsf]zsf] ;xfotf lnO{ dflysf kf7df cfPsf uf9f zAbx¿sf] cy{
nV] gx' f;] \ .

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= ;'gfO kf7 $ sf cfwf/df lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] zAb eg'{xf];\ M

-s_ hokY[ jLaxfb'/ l;+xn] =============== ;Ddsf] cfk} rfl/s lzIff lnPsf lyP .

-v_ hok[YjLaxfb/' l;x+ nfO{ cfwl' gs lzIffsf =================== dflgG5 .

-u_ hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;x+ n] g]kfnsf] h7] f] klqsf ============= sf] kw| fg;Dkfbs eO{
sfd u/s] f lyP .

gk] fnL, sIff !! 55

-3_ hokY[ jLaxfb'/ l;x+ n] ============== /xFbf s6" gLlt1sf e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .
-ª_ hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;x+ ============== ljrf/s lyP .
@= ;'gfO kf7 $ sf cfwf/df 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
-s_ hok[YjLaxfb/' l;x+ n] s:tf s:tf sfo{ u/]sf lyP <
-v_ hok[YjLaxfb/' l;x+ n] slt;Ddsf] cfk} rfl/s lzIff xfl;n u/] <
-u_ hokY[ jLaxfb'/ l;+xn] s'g s'g If]qdf el" dsf lgjfx{ u/]sf lyP <
#= ;g' fO kf7 $ sf cfwf/df pQ/ eGg'xf;] \ M
-s_ hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xn] s] s:tf kf7o\ k':tsx¿ nv] ]sf lyP <
-v_ hokY[ jLaxfb'/nfO{ lsg axd' v' L kl| tefsf wgL JolStTj dflgG5 <
-u_ hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;+xsf JolStTjsf If]qx¿ s'g sg' xg' ,\ eGg'xf];\ .
efifftìj
gfdofu] L
!= lbOPsf jfSodf gfdof]uL klxrfg u/L nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ pgLx¿l;t aGb's 5 .
-v_ 5fgfdfly l3/fF}nf 5 .
-u_ /dz] 3f6tkm{ nfUof] .
-3_ ?vaf6 kft em¥of] .
-ª_ pmafx]s sf]xL afn] ]gg\ .
-r_ hLjgel/ ;'v kfOPg .
@= lbOPsf] hLjgLsf] cz+ af6 bzcf]6f gfdof]uL l6Kgx' f;] \ M
ofu] dfofl;t z}lIfs ofU] otfsf] kd| f0fkq lyPg t/ cfˆgf] ou' nfO{ a'emg\ ] cGt/b[li6
lyof] . ;dosf] pN6f] ultcg';f/ axg] xfO] g, ;dosf] wf/nfO{ g} ;xL lbzfk6l\ 6
8fx] f]¥ofpg] ;fx; pgdf lyof] . pgL;uF cfk"mafx]s sx] L lyPg t/ sfJofTds
kj| rgdfkm{t bl' gofnF fO{ cfˆgf] Ps O;f/fdf ljbf| ]xsf lglDt dT[ o;' Dd l:jsfg]{
agfpg ;Sg] sfz} n lyof] . cTofrf/dfly lgeo{ ;fy kx| f/ ug]{ cfF6 lyof] .

56 g]kfnL, sIff !!

#= …of]udfofÚ kf7af6 bzcf]6f gfdof]uL l6kL jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf;] \ .

ljm| ofofu] L
!= lbOPsf lj|mofofu] L klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ M

d]/f] efO lxhf] ;feF mlt/ kfl/ uof] / ev/{ dfq kmSof]{ . d}n] pm Totf hfg] / l9nf]
kmsg{ ] sf/0f ;fw] F] . pm Hofb} la:tf/} / 8/fO8/fO{sg af]Nof,] æd k9\g uPsf]
lyPF .Æ

@= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]baf6 afx|cf]6f ljm| ofofu] L l6Kgx' f;] \ M
cl:t d lgs} l9nf] 3/ kms]{F . af6f] v'nf lyof] tfklg dn} ] a]tf8] n] uf8L sb' fOgF .
uNnLdf oqtq e:' ofxf s's'/x¿ lyP . ss' /' x¿ lagl;QL el' s/xs] f lyP . sg' } s'g}
k;n /flt ca/] ;Dd v'n} lyP . sx] L a6j' f n8v8fpbF } lxFl8/x]sf lyP . dnfO{ ToxfF
5'66\ } b'lgofF 5 h:tf] nfUof] . uNnL Hofb} ;fF3/' f] geP klg /fd|/L kmn} g gkfPsf]
h:tf] lyof] .

#= kf7df k|o'St bzcf6] f lj|mofofu] L l6kL jfSodf k|of]u ug'x{ f;] \ .

;o+ fh] s
!= lbOPsf jfSo k9L ;+ofh] s klxrfg ug{'xf;] \ M

-s_ p;n] 3/ / af/L lsGof] .
-v_ af]6df sfF8f lyP tfklg kmn" ;'Gb/ lyof] .
-u_ ltd|f] efO Pjd\ d]/f] 5f/] f] ;uF } a:5g\ /] .
-3_ dn} ] Tof] gofF 3/ jf of] k'/fgf] uf8L lsGg] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5' .
-ª_ pgLx¿ 3/ uP clg k9\g yflnxfn] .
-r_ s]6fx¿ ToxfF ku' ] t/ s]6Lx¿ eflu;ss] f /x5] g\ .

@= …ofu] dfofÚ kf7af6 bzcf]6f ;+ofh] s l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
#= lbOPsf ;o+ fh] s /fvL jfSo agfpgx' f;] \ M
gq, lsGt', oBlk, klg, lsgeg,] ls=== ls, tyflk, g=== g, eGg]

g]kfnL, sIff !! 57

$= lsGt', To;}n] ha=== ta, lsgeg,] hxfF === ToxfF k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf af/]df
Ps cg'R5b] n]Vg'xf;] \ .

lj:doflbafw] s
!= lbOPsf jfSo k9L lj:doflbafw] s klxrfg ug'{xf;] \ M

-s_ cfxf Û slt ;G' b/ lxdfn .
-v_ x/] Û of] s] bV] g' k¥of] .
-u_ 5o\ f Û slt lhl:sg ;ss] f] .
-3_ cfTyf Û s:tf] tftf] kfgL .
-ª_ :ofaf; Û ltdLn] a8f] uha u¥of} .
@= lbOPsf vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] lj:doflbafw] s /fvL jfSo k/" f ugx'{ f;] \ M
-s_ =============== s:tf] udL{ .
-v_ =============== ltdf| ] of] lhGbuLnfO{ .
-u_ =============== slt ;'Gb/ cIf/ .
-3_ =============== slt lr;f] xfjf .
-ª_ =============== s:tf] b'u{lGwt sf]7f .
#= lbOPsf lj:doflbafw] s /fvL jfSo agfpg'xf;] \ M
cfDdf Û, :ofaf; Û, cAa'O Û, l5l5 Û, P]of Û
lgkft
!= lbOPsf jfSo k9L lgkft klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ ltdLnfO{ kf] ;ayf]s cfp5F .
-v_ d t x}/fg ePF .
-u_ Pp6f ufpdF f nfn' gfd u/s] f] dfG5] a:Yof] /] .
-3_ nf}, cfhnfO{ labf rfxG5' .
-ª_ ltdL klg cfPgf} Sof/ .

58 g]kfnL, sIff !!

@= lbOPsf] vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] lgkft /fvL jfSo k/" f ug{x' f;] \ M
-s_ ============ dnfO{ sx] L yfxf 5}g .

-v_ ============ cfhnfO{ labf .

-u_ pm ============ cfh} cfpF5 .

-3_ pm 8fS6/ ============ x'g rfxG5 .

-ª_ tnF fO{ ============ s]xL rflxbF }g .

-r_ ltdL klg lxh} cfof} ============<

-5_ pgLx¿ ;x/d} a:5g\ ============.

#= lbOPsf] lgkftx¿nfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ug'x{ f];\ M
/], Sof/], x,} c/,] lg, kf,] Hofb,} nf, v}

kbju;{ DaGwL yk cEof;
!= /]vfª\sg ul/Psf kbx¿sf] kbju{ klxrfg u/L nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ :ofaf; Û ltdL g} k|yd x'G5f} eGg] dnfO{ k"/f ljZjf; lyof] eg]/
u?' n] Tof] lbg eGg'ePsf] s'/f d cem} emnemnL ;DemG5' .

-v_ clgn cfsfzlt/ kms]/{ 3G6f}F xl] //xg ;S5 t/ c¿x¿ p;sf] o:tf] cgf}7f]
afgLnfO{ sxfF dg k/fpF5g\ / Û

-u_ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf kr| '/ dfqfdf 5g\ tfklg logsf] /fd/| L pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf;Dd
xfdf| ] b]zsf] pGglt x'g] s/' fdf zª\sf g} dfGg'k5{ .

-3_ ul/asf] cfly{s:t/ dfly gp7fP;Dd ;'Gb/ g]kfnsf] sNkgf ug{' t c;Dej
of]hgf aGnf lg lsgeg] xfdL ul/aL;uF n8\g ;Sg] g} ePsf 5g} f}F .

-ª_ af6fel/ xfd|} ;fdn vfof,] clg oxfF cfOku' ]/ t xfdL b'j}nfO{ 5f]8]/ pm sxfF
efUof] efUof] .

-r_ gk] fnsf cUnf lxdlzv/, snsn aUg] gbLgfnf, 5ª\5ª ug{] 5x/f, gf/} ªu\ L
8fFkm,] dg' fn tyf s:t"/L / d'gfn;Fu ;fOgf] ufF:g cfpg] ;a} ko6{ sx¿nfO{
xfdL :jfut ubg}{ f} / <

g]kfnL, sIff !! 59

-5_ cfˆgf dfux¿ k/" f u/fpg c¿nfO{ ;f:tL lbg' ;jy{ f cGofo g} x'G5 t/ klg
Odfgbf/Lkj" s{ of] s'/f dfGg lognfO{ lsg ufx|f] x'G5 xF <

-h_ cfxf Û oxfnF ] t c;fWo} ld7f] sljtf kf] ;'gfpg'eof] eg]/ pgn] dnfO{ km' SofP{ .

¿kfog
!= lbOPsf zAbsf] ¿kfog klxrfg ugx{' f;] \ M

!= s6] f ] — s6] f] – s]6L
@= cUnf] — cUnf] – cUnf
#= d — d, tF, pm
$= n]v\ — n]V5g\, n]V5f}, n]Vgx' 'G5
%= a; \ — a:of], a:5, a:g] 5
^= a; \ — a:b} 5, a;s] f] 5, a;]5, a:Yof]
&= a;\ — a:of], a;, a;f;] \, a:nf
*= s]6f] — s6] fn], s6] fnfO,{ s]6faf6, s]6fsf,] s6] fdf
(= eg\ — eG5g\, elgG5
!)= ? — ?G5', ?lbFg
pbfx/0f ! df …s]6fÚ] sf] k'lnª\uL / :qLlnªu\ L ¿kx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f @
df rflxF …cUnfÚ] sf] Psjrg / ax'jrg a'emfpg] ¿kx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ . To;} u/L
pbfx/0f # df …dÚ …tÚF , …pmÚ h:tf km/s km/s k?' if hgfpg] ;j{gfd 5g\ eg] $
df n]v\ wfta' f6 ag]sf cfb/afw] s lj|mof 5g\ . % df …a;\Ú wfta' f6 aGg] ljleGg
sfnafw] s lj|mofkbx¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0f ^ df klg …a;Ú\ wft'af6 ag]sf ljleGg kIf
hgfpg] ljm| ofkbx¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0f & df klg pxL wfta' f6 ag]sf ljleGg efj
ae' mfpg] lj|mofkbx¿ 5g\ eg] pbfx/0f * df rflxF ljleGg ljelStsf lrx\gx¿ nfu]/
ljleGg sf/s ae' mfpg ;Sg] …s6] fÚ] af6 algPsf ¿kx¿ 5g\ . ( df …eg\Ú wfta' f6
ag]sf jfRo a'emfpg] ljm| of 5g\ . !) df …?Ú wft'af6 ags] f wj|' Lotfaf]ws lj|mof 5g\ .
o:tf lnªu\ , jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf, efj, sf/s, jfRo, w|'jLotf h:tf Jofs/0ffTds
sf]l6sf cfwf/df zAbsf] ¿k kl/jtg{ ug]{ k|lj|mof g} ¿kfog xf] .

60 g]kfnL, sIff !!

@= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] nfO{ :qLlnªu\ df kl/jt{g ugx{' f;] \ M

efGhf ahf/ uP . pgn] ToxfF ;fyLx¿nfO{ e6] ] . ;fyLx¿;uF w]/} a/] s/' fsfgL
u/] . s'/fsfgLs} j|mddf pgn] ;do lats] f] kQ} kfPgg\ . pgL xtf/ xtf/ lsgdn]
u//] 3/ kmlsP{ .

#= lbOPsf cgR' 5]bnfO{ tt[ Lo k'?ifdf kl/jtg{ ug{x' f];\ M

xfdL ;dod} ljBfno kU' ofF} . ljBfnodf k'u]/ ltdLn] ;a} ;fdfgsf] lg/LIf0f u¥of} .
To;kl5 lzIfssf] lgb{]zgcg';f/ xfdLn] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ug{ yfNof}F . o; jm| ddf
xfdLn] gofF gofF j1} flgs tYox¿ kmn] f kf¥ofF} .

l;hg{ f / kl/of]hgf

!= lbOPsf] tl:a/ xg] x{' f;] \ / ltgsf jl/kl/sf kbfjnLsf cfwf/df hLjgL nV] gx' f;] \ M

hgsk/' adsf08kl5 lj=;=+ !((( df /fhfsf] hgsk'/
sx] L ;do kj| f; udg hGd]sf ed| 0fdf ad k|xf/sf]

cf/f]k

b]jgf/fo0f÷bl] jsf ;lxb bu' fg{ Gb emf t/fOd{ "nsf
emf -a'afcfdf_ ;lxb
g]kfn kms{k] l5
lg/ªs\ 'z k~rfotL kj|mfp / To;kl5 lj=;+= @)@) df3 %
Joj:yfsf lj?4df ;xfbt kf| Kt
plePsf k|hftflGqs kmf;F L
/fhf dx]Gbn| ] lj=;+=
of]4f @)!& df k~rfotL

wg'iff lhNnfsf] Joj:yf 3fi] f0ff
hx6L eGg] 7fpdF f

hGd]sf

gk] fnL, sIff !! 61

@= lbOPsf a'bF fx¿sf cfwf/df ;ªl\ IfKt hLjgL tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ M

gfd M emnsdfg uGwj{

hGd:yfg M af6'nr] p/, kfv] /f, sf:sL

hGdldlt M lj=;+= !((@ j}zfv !@ ut]

dftf M ds}8fnL uGwj{

lktf M bu' fa{ xfb/' uGwj{

lzIff M ;fdfGo nv] k9 -cgfk} rfl/s_

of]ubfg M gf} jifs{ f] slnn} pd/] af6} ;f/ª\uL ahfpg ;?'

— cfˆg} xh/' a'afaf6 nf]sufogsf] k/]| 0ff

— nfs] ufogdf ljlzi6 ofu] bfg

— nfs] uLt ;ªs\ ng / ufog

— @)@@ ;fndf rlrt{ uLt …cfdfn] ;fl] Wng\ lg v} 5f/] f] elGng\Ú
uLtaf6 Voflt sdfPsf

— @)@$ ;fnb]lv /]l8of] g]kfndf hflu/ cf/De

— logsf @%) eGbf a9L uLt /]sl8{ª /l] 8of] g]kfndf u/]sf

— pgsf] ;l' /nf] efsfn] ;as} f] x[bo 5f]Psf]

— pgsf cNnf/] gfgL, /fwf lkof/L, wfgsf] afnf h:tf Hofb} nf]slk|o
uLt x'g'

— pgn] ljleGg ks| f/sf nfs] uLtx¿ em\ofp/], svf,{ VofnL /
ehgx¿ ufPsf

— pgn] hd{gL, ou' f]:nfleof, al] Nhod / ef/tdf klg cfˆgf]
;fªu\ Llts snf k|:tt' u/]sf

;Dffg tyf k/' :sf/ M cflbslj efge' St :dl[ t k/' :sf/, OGb/| fHo nIdL k1| f k/' :sf/,
gf/fo0fufk] fn ;ªu\ Lt sfi] f tyf dfemL rnlrqaf6 gub k/' :sf/ kf| Kt

dT[ o' M @)^) ;fn dªl\ ;/ & ut] cfOtaf/, kf]v/f

#= tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhdf dxìjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] s'g} Ps JolStsf] ;ª\lIfKt hLjgL
n]Vg'xf;] \ .

62 gk] fnL, sIff !!

;'gfO kf7 $

hok[YjLaxfb/' l;x+

hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;+xsf] hGd aemfªsf] r}gk/' df lj=;=+ !(#$ df ePsf] lyof] . aemfªu\ L
/fhf ljj|mdaxfb'/ l;x+ / /fgL ?bs| 'df/L l;+xsf] ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf /fhkl/jf/df
hGd]sf hokY[ jLn] cfO={ P= ;Ddsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n u/s] f lyP .

hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;+x axd' 'vL kl| tefsf wgL JolSt x'g\ . ;TojfbL kf| ylds kf7zfnf
vf]nL cfkm}F lzIf0fdf vlgPsf l;+xn] …cIf/fª\s lzIff,Ú …Jojxf/dfnf,Ú …;:]| tfaf]wÚ,
…lzIff bk0{ fÚ, …k|fst[ Jofs/0fÚ, …kbfy{ tìj ljj]sÚ, …e"ufn] lzIffÚ h:tf bh{gfF}
kf7\ok:' ts n]v]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ g]kfnsf cfw'lgs lzIffsf hgs klg elgG5 .
gk] fnsf] nfdf] Oltxf; afs] ]sf] uf]/vfkqsf k|wfg;Dkfbs / Joj:yfks eO{ kqsf/,
;Dkfbs / Joj:yfkgsf ¿kdf klg lrlgPsf 5g\ . To:t} cfˆgf] ufpF7fpFdf
uf]/]6f], 3f8] 6] f,] kn' agfP/, xf6 nufP/, ljleGg JolStnfO{ l;k l;Sg ;x/ k7fP/,
kf7zfnf vf]n/] , ;fdfh ;'wf/sf cg]s ultljlwsf] gt] [Tj u/]sf lyP . o;sf cnfjf
;+;f/sf ;a} dflg; Pp6} xg' \ eGg] dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/sf kIfw/ l;x+ n] o'4e"ldd} uO{
3fOtx] ¿sf] pkrf/;d]t u/]sf lyP . pgL snsQfdf /xFbf jlsn tyf gk] fnsf
tkm{af6 s6" gLlt1sf ¿kdf sfd klg u/s] f lyP .

lgisif{df hokY[ jLaxfb/' l;x+ gk] fn cfdfsf To:tf dxfg\ ;GttL x'g,\ hf]
PSn}df lzIff;]jL, n]vs, Jofs/0fsf/, kqsf/, ;Dkfbs, Joj:yfks, ;dfh;'wf/s,
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/s, jlsn tyf s"6gLlt1sf ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;kmn eP .

gk] fnL, sIff !! 63

kf7

% ;fyLnfO{ lr7L

ldlt @)&&÷)%÷!&

k]gfª, dn]l;of

lk|o ldq ;/' h

gd:sf/ / w]/} w]/} ;Demgf Û

tkfOF{n] k7fPsf] kq kfPF . kqdfkmt{ ufpF3/df tLj| ¿kdf x'bF } u/s] f] ljsf;sf] s/' f yfxf
kfP/ cToGt xlif{t 5' . kq k9\bf v';L klg nfu]sf] 5 .

ldq ;/' h, wg sdfpg] /x/df ufpF3/ 5f]8s] f] klg nueu gf} jif{ hlt eO;Sof] . d}n] afO;
jif{sf] nSsf hjfgLdf ufpF 5f]8]/ ljb]l;Fbf dnfO{ tkfO‘n{ ] k9fO 5f]8L ljbz] hfg cfu|x
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . dnfO{ tkfO{Fn] clnslt wo} { / ;sf/fTds ;fr] /fVg ;e' mfj lbg'ePsf]
lyof] . d eg] k/b]zdf ;g' sf] af]6 x'G5 / Tof] ;g' 6kf6k l6k]/ wgL algG5 eGg] ;kgf
bv] s] f] lyPF . tkfO{Fsf] ;'emfjnfO{ nTofP/ otf lx8F F] . clxn] dnfO{ d]/f] hLjgsf] Tof] lg0fo{
;ae} Gbf b'Mvb xf] eGg] nfus] f] 5 .

;/' hhL Û tkfOn{F ] eGge' Ps} lyof,] k/bz] bz] h:tf] slxNo} xFb' }g . ;?' ;?' df t dnfO{F
tkfOsF{ f] egfO ;xL h:tf] nfu]g . sfd sl7g g} eP klg dlxgf dgf;{ fy cf7 ;o l/ª\u6]
hlt xftdf kbf{ v;' Ln] ;u/dfyf g} r9] h:tf] cg'e"ltdf /dfPF . cfdfaa' f, cleefjs,
5/l5ds] jf lrgh] fgs] f dfG5]x¿af6 6f9f xbF' f s]xL eGg] cj:yf klg ePg . To;}n]
:jtGqtfsf] ;xL gfd oxL /x]5 eG7fg]/ d va' d:tLdf 8a' ]F . a'9o\ f}nLlt/ nfUb} u/]sf
cfdfa'afsf] PSnf] 5f/] f] / cfzfe/f];fsf] s]Gb| d g} xF' eGg] s'/f klg la;{F] . d}n] pxfFx¿nfO{
lr7Lkq k7fOgF . kmfg] ;Dks{ klg ul/gF / vra{ r{ klg k7fOgF . s]an dg nfus] f] ;dodf
/ uf]hLdf ;'sf] l;l4Pkl5 dfq sfd u/F] . d ;wF} /dfOnfdf 8a' ]F .

lbgx¿ g xg' ,\ lalt/x] . pd/] klg psfnf] rl9/xo\ f] . 3/af6 klg lr7Lkq / kmf]g;Dks{
xg' 5f8o\ f] . Ps lbg crfgs d sfd ubfu{ b{} t];f| ] tnfaf6 e'O‘{df ahfl/PF . d]/f] bfofF xft
/ afofF v6' \6f eflF rof] . c:ktfndf Ps dlxgf a:gk' ¥of] . uf]hLdf ePsf] k;} f ;lsof] .
lrg]sf ;fyLx¿;uF C0f ;fk6L dfUgk' ¥of] . cln dlxgf;Dd oxL jm| dn] hLjg rln/x\of] .
bO' { dlxgfkl5 sfddf kmsF{bf sDkgLn] klg /fvg] . sDkgLsf] dg] h] /;uF /f]Os/fO{ ubf{

64 gk] fnL, sIff !!

klg km]l/ sfddf kmsg{ lbOPg . Tolt a]nf dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof,] b]z / k/b]zsf] cGt/ Û
gful/s xg' ' / cgful/s xg' 'sf] cGt/ Û olt s'/f a'‰g w]/} l9nf eO;ss] f] lyof] . To;kl5
eg] 3/ kmsg{ ] OR5f tLj| xg' yfNof] t/ sg' d'v lnP/ 3/ kmsg{ ] ca < dfh] d:tLdf
nfu]/ Ps ;'sf] arfOgF . . km]l/ 3fOt] ePkl5 C0f klg nfus] f] lyof] . hLjgkl| t
ljti[ 0ff knfO/x]sf] lyof], dgdf pynkyn dlRr/x]sf] lyof] . o:t}df d h:t} s]xL bl' vof
;fyLx¿sf] ;xofu] n] csf]{ sDkgLdf sfd kfPF . Tof] sfd rflxF klxn]sf] eGbf cem sl7g
/ Hofnf rflxF yf]/} . xftd'v hf8] g\ / ;fyLx¿sf] C0f ltg{ klg o:tf] sfd ug}{ k¥of] . ca
ljbz] df o;/L w]/} bM' v ulbg{ F . ca l566\ } gk] fn kms/{] cfˆg} df6fd] f kl/>d u/L hLjg
lgjfx{ ug{] ljrf/df 5' . casf] tLg dlxgfleq d cfˆgf] hGdynf], cfˆgf cfdfa'afsf] sfv
/ d]/f lko| hgx¿sf] dfemdf xg' ] 5' .

ldq ;'/h Û cjZo g} k9fO 5f]8]/ wg sdfpg k/bl] zg] d]/f] lg0f{o cToGt unt lyof] .
wg sdfpg g;s] klg cfˆgf] ufpF, cfˆgf] kl/jf/, Oi6ldq, ;dfh / b]z ;Dem/] 3/ kms{g]
of] d/] f] lg0fo{ unt xg' ] 5}g . To;f] t lg0fo{ cfkmdF} f ;xL jf unt xFb' g} . To;nfO{ ;xL
jf unt agfpg] t xfdL cfkmn}F ] xf] . To;n} ] 3/ kms{g] d/] f] of] lg0fo{ nfO{ d h;/L klg
;xL ;flat u5{' .

clxn] d ;DemG5,' xfd|f] b]zdf cGg dfq xf]Og, dt[ ;~hLjgL a6' Lx¿ pd|G5g\ . lxdfnsf]
lxpF kUn]/ aUg] s~rg hn/flzdf ;;+ f/s} dflg;x¿sf] Kof; d]6fpg ;Sg] ;fdYo{ 5 . 7'nf]
ev" 08 l;~rg ug]{ / k|sfzdo agfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf 5 . ;:+ sl[ t / efiffsf] ljzfn e08f/
5 . tftf] rflxP k}tF fln; l8u|Lsf] tfkj|md / lr;f] rflxP z"Go l8u|LeGbf w]/} tn;Ddsf]
xfjfkfgL 5 . tn hfg'k/] ;db' |sf] 5j] };Dd k'luG5, dfly r9\bf ;;+ f/s} ;ae} Gbf cUnf]
;u/dfyf 5 . oL ;a xFb' fxFb' } klg xfdf| ] b]zsf] ljsf;n] lsg ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g <
o:tf ;a} ;jfnx¿sf] hafkm Pp6} /x5] / Tof] hafkm xf] – Tof] bz] sf hgtfx¿sf] b9[
OR5fzlSt / Odfgbf/ ko| Tg . d ToxL OR5fzlStsf] lbof] af]s/] d]/f] b]z kmsF{b} 5' / ToxL
lbofn] ] c¿ w/] } lbof] ;Nsfp5F ' . dn} ] k/b]zdf l;s]sf] l;knfO{ cfˆg} ufpF7fpdF f vGofpF5' .
ck'/f] d/] f] k9fO k"/f u5'{ . ufpF;dfhsf] ljsf; / pGgltdf tkfOF{x¿;uF } xft]dfnf] ub{}
Ps OF6f eP klg yK5' . wg sdfpg] nf]edf labl] ;g xtfl/g] oj' fx¿nfO{ b]z / k/b]zsf]
cGt/ a'emfpFb} pgLx¿sf] oj' f hf]; / hfuF /nfO{ cfˆg} dn' 'ssf] df6fd] f vGofpg clek|]l/t
u5'{ . a'9;] sfnlt/ nDsbF } ug{'ePsf cfdfa'afsf] ;xf/f aG5' . o;/L casf afFsL hLjg
tkfOFx{ ¿s} kyufdL eP/ ;fys{ agfpF5' .

gk] fnL, sIff !! 65

cfx] f] Û 3/ kms{g kfpg] ;kgf rfF8} g} ;fsf/ x'g] s/' fn] pål] nt ePsf] dg zAbdf kf]lvbF }
hfFbf lr7L t lgs} nfdf] eP5 . tkfOFn{ fO{ eGg rfx]sf s'/fx¿sf] Ps 5p] klg oxfF nV] g
;lsgF . cfhnfO{ olQ g} afsF L s'/f e6] d} u/f}Fnf .

tkfOs{F f] z'elrGts

k0" f{ljj|md a:g]t

vfdsf] gd'gf

k7fpg ] kfpg]

k"0f{ljj|md a:gt] >L ;/' h gk] fn

an] l:66« bN' n' gu/kflnsf – #

k]gfª bn} v]

dnl] ;of sgfn{ L kb| z]

g]kfn

zAbe08f/

!= lbOPsf cy;{ uF ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ dn]l;ofsf] db' f|

-v_ ljbz]

-u_ gful/s gePsf] cj:yf

-3_ dg{ nfu]sfnfO{ arfpg]

-ª_ ;kmf

-r_ pynk'yn

-h_ sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf ]

-5_ hGd]sf] 7fp F

66 g]kfnL, sIff !!

@= v08 …sÚ df lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] cy{ v08 …vÚ df lbOPsf] 5, tL cyx{ ¿ lrg]/
hf]8f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

v08 …sÚ v08 …vÚ
-s_ /x/ sDk
;fgf] s8f jf d'Gbf| ]
-v_ sfd OR5f
h'StL
-u_ kq leGgtf
Ps lsl;dsf] bfn
-3_ s8L lr7L
leqL xb[ o
-ª_ cGt/ sfo{
tx

#= lbOPsf cgs] fyL{ zAbx¿sf] PseGbf a9L cy{ nV] g'xf];\ M
df;, v/L, tfn, vfu, km/] L, ;fFrf,] s5f8, cy{, r/0f, sfn

$= lbOPsf kbfjnLnfO{ cy{ :ki6 xg' ] u/L jfSodf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ M
sxfnL nfUg,' 6kf6k l6Kg,' dlxgf dg'{, /fO] s/fO ug'{, ljti[ 0ff knfpg,' xftd'v
hf]8g\ ,' ph'/L ug{,' >d :jLs[lt lng,' cjw} flgs, abnf lng,' ;xf/f aGg'

afw] / cleJolSt
!= kf7 k9L lbOPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ lr7Ldf sltcf]6f cgR' 5]b /x]sf 5g\ <
-v_ lr7Lsf] cflb, dWo / cGTo efudf s:tf ljifoj:t' 5g\ <
-u_ k0" fl{ jj|mdn] ;'?sf b'Ot{ Lg jif{ ljbz] df s;/L latfP <
-3_ k"j{ljjm| d s:tf] ;kgf afs] /] ljb]z uPsf lyP <
-ª_ lr7Ldf s] s:tf cªu\ x¿ xG' 5g\, nV] g'xf];\ .

gk] fnL, sIff !! 67

@= …lbgx¿====xg' ] 5'Ú, lr7Lsf] c+z k9L vfnL 7fpFdf 56' ]sf zAb egx{' f];\ M
-s_ b'O{ dlxgfkl5 sfddf kmsb{F f ========= klg /fv]g .
-v_ Tolt a]nf dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof], bz] / k/b]zsf] cGt/ Û gful/s xg' ' / =====
xg' s' f] cGt/ Û
-u_ hLjgk|lt ========= knfO/x]sf] lyof] .
-3_ l566\ } gk] fn kms/{] cfˆg} ======================= kl/>d u/L hLjg lgjfx{ ug]{
ljrf/df 5' .
-ª_ casf] ================= d cfˆgf] hGdynf], cfˆgf cfdfaa' fsf] sfv / lko| hgx¿sf]
dfemdf x'g] 5' .

#= …clxn] d ;DemG5=' ===;fy{s agfpF5Ú' lr7Lsf] cz+ k9L lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/
nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ gk] fnsf] hn/flzdf s:tf] ;fdYo{ /x]sf] 5 <
-v_ xfd|f] bz] sf] ljsf;n] ult lng g;Sgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ k/b]zdf l;s]sf] l;kn] s;/L bz] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 <
-3_ b]z ljsf;sf] d"n dGq s] /x5] <
-ª_ d kfq lsg 3/ kms{g rfx]sf] xf] <

$= lbOPsf] lr7Lsf] cz+ k9L kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \ M
ldq ;'/h Û cjZo g} k9fO 5f]8/] wg sdfpg k/bl] zg] d/] f] lg0fo{ cToGt unt
lyof] . wg sdfpg g;s] klg cfˆgf] ufpF, cfˆgf] kl/jf/, Oi6ldq, ;dfh / b]z
;Dem]/ 3/ kms{g] of] d]/f] lg0f{o unt x'g] 5}g . To;f] t lg0fo{ cfkmF}df ;xL jf unt
xb'F }g . To;nfO{ ;xL jf unt agfpg] t xfdL cfkmFn} ] xf] . To;}n] 3/ kms{g] d/] f] of]
lg0fo{ nfO{ d h;/L klg ;xL ;flat u5'{ .

kZ| gx¿
-s_ d kfqn] u/s] f ;xL / unt lg0f{o s] s] lyP <
-v_ d kfqsf] 3/ kmsg{ ] lg0f{okl| t tkfOs{F f] wf/0ff n]Vgx' f;] \ .

68 gk] fnL, sIff !!

%= k0" f{ljj|mdsf 7fpFdf tkfOF{ xg' e' Psf] eP s] ug{'x'GYof,] cfˆgf] ljrf/ k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .

^= tkfO{F ;'/h x'g'ePsf] eP k"0fl{ jj|mdsf] lr7Lsf] kl| tpQ/ s;/L lbg'xG' Yof], nV] gx' f];\ .

&= lbOPsf] cg'R5b] k9\gx' f;] \ / ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cleGg cªu\ sf ¿kdf dN" ofªs\ gnfO{ lnOG5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f,
kf7o\ j|mdsf] lgdf0{ f tyf sfofG{ jog / l;sfO ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk cflb
z}lIfs k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;uF ;uF } cfPsf xG' 5g\ . ;fdfGotof dN" ofªs\ gleq ljBfyL{
dN" ofªs\ gsf ;fy;fy} sfo{j|md d"Nofª\sg, kf7o\ j|md dN" ofªs\ g, lzIfs d"Nofªs\ g
cflb kb5{ g\ . o;sf cltl/St sfoj{ m| d pTkfbg, gLlt lgod, sfo{bIftf Joj:yfkg
cflb Ifq] nfO{ klg dN" ofªs\ gleq ;d6] \g ;lsG5 .

;fdfGotof dfkg, k/LIf0f / d"Nofªs\ gnfO{ Pp6} cy{sf ¿kdf lnOP tfklg
logLx¿lardf tflìjs leGgtf 5 . dfkg / k/LIf0feGbf dN" ofª\sg a9L Jofks
5 . d"Nofªs\ gleq} dfkg / k/LIf0f kb{5g\ . k/LIf0fsf cfwf/df dfkg ul/G5 .
dfkgn] ljBfyL{sf] u'0f, Ifdtf jf ljz]iftfsf] ;ª\VofTds j0fg{ ub{5 . d"Nofªs\ gn]
;ª\VofTds, u'0ffTds JofVofsf ;fy} d"No lgwf{/0f ub5{ . d"Nofªs\ gs} cfwf/df
sg' } ljBfyL{ jf sfo{jm| dsf] clGtd lg0f{o lbg] sfd ul/G5 .

ljz]if u/L ljBfyL{ d"Nofªs\ g ubf{ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds u/L bO' { lsl;daf6 ug{
;lsG5 . ;w' f/fTds dN" ofª\sg lgdf0{ ffTds d"Nofªs\ g xf] . of] sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng
;Fu;uF } ul/G5 . lg/Gt/ dN" ofª\sg ub{} k[i7kf]if0f lbg ldNg] of] d"Nofª\sg h'g;'s}
;dodf cfk} rfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 . lgdf{0ffTds dN" ofªs\ gsf
c+znfO{ klg ;dfjz] ub{} zl} Ifs sfoj{ |mdsf cGTodf ul/g] of] lg0f{ofTds dN" ofªs\ gn]
k|df0fkq lbg] sfd ub5{ . o:tf] d"Nofªs\ g lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{jm| d jf zI} fl0fs
sfo{jm| dsf] cGTodf ul/G5 .

kZ| gx¿

-s_ dN" ofªs\ g eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ lgdf0{ ffTds / lg0f{ofTds dN" ofª\sglar s] km/s 5 <

-u_ k|df0fkq lbg] k/LIff lsg cfjZos 5 <

-3_ …kf7o\ j|mdÚ / …ki[ 7kfi] f0fÚ sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 69

*= ufpsF f] ljsf;sf nflu kof{j/0fd}qL ;8s cfjZos 5 eGg] s/' f vn' fpFb} ;fyLnfO{
lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .

(= lbOPsf] clegGbg kq k9g\ x' f];\ / ;flxTosf If]qdf ofu] bfg u/s] f s'g} Ps
JolStTjnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] clegGbg kqsf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M
clegGbg kq

>L ============================Ho"

tkfO{F g]kfnsf] ;flxTo, ;:+ sl[ t, Oltxf;sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf cGji] f0fsf
k|ltdl" t,{ cys ;fws, /fi6« / /fli6o« tfsf pb\afw] s tyf gofF k:' tfsf nflu
cgk' d pTk]/| s x'gx' 'G5 . sljtf, gf6s, lgaGw tyf ;f+:sl[ ts vf]hsf dfWodaf6
tkfOFn{ ] gk] fn / g]kfnLx¿sf nflu lbg'ePsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofª\sg o; kljq
df6fn] cjZo klg u/]sf] 5 . Ps ztfAbLsf] ofqfdf klg tkfO{Fsf] plQs}
;lj|motf, ;zSttf, hLjGttf / cgj/t ;fwgf bv] /] xfdL uf/} jflGjt ags] f
5fF} . tkfOs{F f] oxL clåtLo, cg'kd / cJoSt bL3{ ;fwgfk|lt gtd:ts xb'F } /
;:' jf:Yo, ;ljm| o bL3h{ Ljgsf nflu xflbs{ z'esfdgf JoSt ub{} tkfOFn{ fO{ xflb{s
;Ddfgsf ;fy of] clegGbg kq kb| fg ub{5f}F .

;flxTo ;dfh, gk] fn

!)= ;fdflhs Ifq] df ofu] bfg k¥' ofpg] s'g} Ps JolStTjsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ kb| fg
ul/g] ;Ddfg kqsf] gd'gf tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

!!= lbOPsf] cfjZostf;DaGwL lj1fkg k9g\ 'xf];\ / To:t} lsl;dsf] Pp6f lj1fkgsf]
gdg' f tof/ kfg{x' f];\ .

sdr{ f/L cfjZostf;DaGwL lj1fkg

-k|yd k6s k|sfzg ldlt M @)&&÷)#÷@@_

cGgk0" f{ dfWolds ljBfno, rfd], dgfªsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf]

cfjZostf;DaGwL ;"rgf

o; ljBfnodf l/St /xg uPsf] n]vf ;xfos kbsf] v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f :yfoL
kbk"lt{ ug{k' g]{ ePsfn] of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . bx] foadf]lhdsf of]Uotf
k'us] f g]kfnL gful/saf6 of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] #% lbgleqdf b/vf:t
cfxj\ fg ul/G5 . Dofb ;lsPsf] ldltaf6 ;ft lbg;Dd bf]Aa/ b:t/' lt/L
b/vf:t lbg ;lsg] 5 .

70 g]kfnL, sIff !!

b/vf:tsf ;fy kf;kf6] { ;fOhsf] kmf]6f] bO' k{ |lt / z}lIfs ofU] otfsf k|df0f kq
tyf gful/stfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk bO' { bO' { k|lt k]; ug'k{ g]{ 5 . b/vf:tafkt
nfUg] b:t'/ ?=!))) -Ps xhf/ ?lkofF dfq_ o;} ljBfnosf] g]kfn
aª} s\ , rfd,] dgfª zfvfdf /x]sf] vftfdf hDdf u/L ;Ssn ef}r/ k]; ugk{' g]{
5 . l/t gku' L cfPsf] b/vf:tpk/ sg' } sf/afxL x'g] 5}g .

k/LIffsf] lsl;d M lnlvt tyf dfl} vs

cfjZos Go"gtd of]Uotf M nv] fljlw ljifo lnO{ sDtLdf låtLo >0] fLdf sIff !@
pQL0f{

;Dks{ ldlt M b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldltsf] ef]lnkN6

tna tyf cGo ;l' jwf M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgodcg;' f/

kbkl" t{ ;ldlt

cGgk0" f{ dfWolds ljBfno

rfd,] dgfª

!@= lbOPsf] lgdGq0ff kq k9\g'xf];\ / To:t} lsl;dsf] Pp6f lgdGq0ff kqsf] gdg' f tof/
kfg{'xf];\ M

>L df]tL dfWolds ljBfno

lzj;tfIfL @, emfkf

xflbs{ lgdGq0ff

>L =============================================

dfggLo lzIff, lj1fg tyf kl| jlw dGqL =========================Ho"sf] k|d'v cfltYodf
;';DkGg xg' ] o; ljBfnosf] jflifs{ f]T;j tyf cleefjs lbj; ;df/fx] df oxfFsf]
ul/dfdo pkl:yltsf nflu ;fb/ cfdGq0f ul/G5 .

ldlt M @)&& df3 * ut] laxLaf/ kf| yL{

;do M lbgsf] !! ah] kw| fgfWofks

:yfg M ljBfno k|fª\u0f ljBfno kl/jf/

gk] fnL, sIff !! 71

!# lbOPsf] z'esfdgf kq k9g\ x' f];\ / tkfOFs{ f] lk|ohgsf] hGdlbgdf lbg ze' sfdgf
kqsf] gd'gf tof/ ugx'{ f];\ M

ze' sfdgf

g]kfnLx¿sf] 3/cfuF gdf cfpbF } u/]sf b;}F, ltxf/, 57nufotsf rf8x¿n]
bz] ljbz] df /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ gk] fnLx¿df ;v' , zflGt, ;dl[ 4sf] ljsf; u/fpbF }
efOrf/fsf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ xf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf JoSt ub5{ .

vKt8 ;dfh, g]kfn

!$= lbOPsf] >4f~hnL tyf ;dj]bgf k9g\ 'xf];\ / l5d]ssf s;s} f] d[To' xFb' f agfpg]
>4f~hnL tyf ;dj]bgfsf] gd'gf agfpgx' f;] \ M

>4f~hnL tyf ;dj]bgf

hGd :juf/{ f]x0f

lj= ;+= @))(÷)$÷)* lj= ;+= @)&^÷)!÷@!

xl/jg, ;nfx{ L sf7df8f F}



o; ;:+ yfsf cfhLjg ;b:o rGbg| u/ ufpFkflnsf % ;nf{xLsf >L /gjg sfsLs{ f]
@)&^÷)!÷@! uts] f lbg ^& jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsfdf xl/jg
;'wf/ ;dfh :tAw ePsf] 5 . o; bM' vb 38Ldf lbjªu\ t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf]
sfdgf ub{} efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ug'{sf ;fy} zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgdf ulx/f]
;djb] gf JoSt ub5{ .

xl/jg 6fn] ;w' f/ ;dfh, ;nfx{ L

;'gfO / afn] fO

!= lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\ M

-s_ of] ;r" gf s'g ko| f]hgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] <

-v_ o; jgefh] sfoj{ m| dsf] dV' o p2]Zo s] xf] <

-u_ jgefh] sfoj{ |mddf s;nfO{ ;xeflutfsf nflu clkn ul/Psf] 5 <

-3_ jgefh] sg' :yfg / ldltdf x'Fb} 5 <

72 gk] fnL, sIff !!

@= lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df tkfOsF{ f] ljBfnodf cfof]hgf xg' ] bGt lzlj/
;~rfng;DaGwL ;r" gfsf] gd'gf tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

#= jb} ]lzs /f]huf/Lsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf af/d] f ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L
sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f];\ .

$= /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg h:tf ;~rf/df ;fwgx¿sf] dxìj b:ff{pFb} ;fyLnfO{ nl] vg]
Odn] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfg{x' f;] \ .

efifftìj

n]Vo lrx\g

!= lbOPsf] cgR' 5]b k9L s'g sg' n]Vo lrxg\ k|ofu] ePsf 5g\, klxrfg ug'{xf];\ M

æToxL s'/fsf] v;' L 5Ù lxDdt t lsg xfl/GYof] / Û c/,] Ps ;fn ePg t csf]{
;fn sxfF hfnf Û ha pt/ uP /0f k] tf] lk5] x6gf Sof]F < t/ Pp6f s/' fsf] b'Mv 5
efO Û o:tf] a]nfdf, ls;'g efO Û ltdL klg ufpFdf xF'bf xf} t xfdLnfO{ w]/} cf8e/f];
ldNYof,] an ldNYof] cflv/ xfdL t d"v{ / uFjf/ g xf}F . ltdL nv] k9 u/s] f] dfG5] .
ltdL eGof ufpFsf] cledfg xf}, xfdf| ] OHht xf} . t/ ltdL klg k/bz] L eOlbbF f ufpF
dflnsx¿sf] Psnf6} L /hfOdF f k5{===.Æ

@ lbOPsf jfSox¿df cfjZos 7fpFdf cfjZos lrxg\ k|of]u ug'x{ f];\ M

-s_ dn} ] 3/ af6f] k"mn dfG5] / uf8Lx¿sf] lrq agfPsf] 5' .

-v_ ltdL oxfF a; rsrs gu/

-3_ xfdLn] ;v' b'Mv /ftlbg hLjgd/0f h:tf cfO/xg] uO/xg] s/' f xg' \ eGg]
a‰' g'k5{ .

-ª_ ltdL / p;n] s] sfd u¥of}

-r_ cxf slt ;'Gb/ hLjg

-5_ cUnf] xf]rf] 6f9f glhs j/ k/ cflb ljk/LtfyL{ zAb xg' \

-h_ d t?' Gt} kmlsx{ fN5' p;n] eGof]

-em_ d/] f] b]zsf] gfd xf] g]kfn

gk] fnL, sIff !! 73

-`_ lj|mofx¿nfO{ sdk{ |bfgtfsf cfwf/df bO' { lsl;ddf afF8g\ ;lsG5 M
-s_ ;sds{ -v_ csds{
-6_ plSt syg bO' { lsl;dsf x'G5g\ kT| oIf syg / ckT| oIf syg
-9_ n] åf/f af6 k|yd ljelSt xg' ;S5g\
-8_ dflg; 7'nf] lbnn] x'G5 hftn] xFb' g} of] ;"lSt b]jsf]6fsf] xf]
-0f_ xl/ ltdL s] ub{} 5f}
# plrt nV] o lrxg\ x¿ ko| f]u u/L lbOPsf] cg'R5]b kg' n]{vg ug'{xf;] \ M
cf]xf,] efl] n t k/LIffkmn ks| flzt x'g] lbg d/] f] lhlkP slt cfpg] xf]nf Joy}{ k/LIff
cfpg] an] fdf klg k'm6an v]Ng] eO6f]kns] f] a'afn] t ;DemfpbF } xg' x' 'GYof] k9fO klxnf]
s/' f / clgdfq c¿ s'/f cfp5F g\ eg]/ t/ Toltv]/ jf:tf ul/Pg /fd, xl/, ufk] fn
/ lzjn] s/ u/]kl5 vN] g} k¥of] g t k'm6an g} lhltof] g t k9fOdf g} Wofg lbg
;lsof] t/ s] g} lauf/]sf] 5' / sf]N6] kb}{ wt\ ca lrGtf u/]/ s] kmfObf / lg0f{o ug{
uNtL u/] k5'tfpg'k5{ u'?n] eGge' Psf] lyof] To:t} eP h:tf] 5, v/} h] eof] eof]
ca rflxF o:tf] gug'{knf{ aQL lgefpF5 / ;'T5 .
$= lbOPsf lrx\gx¿ k|of]u u/L Pp6f cg'R5b] tof/ kfgx{' f];\ M
-s_ p4/0f lrx\g
-v_ pb\uf/ lrx\g
-u_ sfi] 7s lrx\g
-3_ of]hs lrx\g
l;hg{ f÷kl/ofh] gf
! cfˆg} pBfu] df pTkflbt sg' } j:t'sf] ahf/ kj| w{gsf nflu agfOg] Pp6f Jofkfl/s
lj1fkgsf] gdg' f tof/ ug'x{ f];\ .
@= lbOPsf] awfO{ kq k9\gx' f;] \ / tkfOsF{ f 6fn] l5ds] sf JolSt /fi6« aª} \ssf ueg{/sf
¿kdf lgo'St xb'F f 6f]n;'wf/ ;ldltn] lbg] awfO{ kq tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ M

74 g]kfnL, sIff !!

xflbs{ awfO{

gk] fnL efiff ;flxTosf Ifq] df ofu] bfg ugx'{ g' ] ljlzi6 k|ltef, cys ;fws,
k|v/ ku| ltjfbL, lgaGwsf/ tyf ;dfnfr] s, lg8/ slj, gf/LjfbL l;h{gf tyf
;dfnfr] gf Ifq] sf lzv/ kl| tef, :ki6 bl[ i6sf]0f / / lgeLs{ JolStTjsf ¿kdf
z}lIfs Oltxf;d} gofF lj/f;t lgdf{0f ub}{ cfpge' Psf tkfOF{ >L xd] Gtf lg/f}nfnfO{
g]kfn k|1f kl| ti7fgsf] k|f1 h:tf] ul/dfdo kbdf dgfg] og xg' 'ePsfdf xflb{s
awfOs{ f ;fy} sfo{sfnsf] k0" f{ ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub5{ .

g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo kl| ti7fg

sf7df8f}F

#= tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fodf xg' ] ljleGg sfo{j|mddf cfkmGt jf dfGohgnfO{ nl] vg] lgdGq0ff kq
;ª\sng ug{'xf;] \ / tL ;Gbec{ g;' f/sf lgdGq0ff kqdf kfOg] ;dfgtf / leGgtfsf]
;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f;] \ .

$= ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf lj1fkg, >4f~hnLsf gdg' f ;ª\sng u/L sIffdf
k|bz{g ug{x' f;] \ .

;'gfO kf7 %

jgef]h;DaGwL ;r" gf

/fN] kf lhNnfaf6 sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf cfO{ a;f]af; ug'{xg' ] lhNnfaf;L
dxfge' fjx¿sf lar cfk;L ;DaGw sfod ug{s' f ;fy} ;xofu] / ;b\efjsf]
efjgf clej[l4 ug{] kljq p2]Zo /fvL lgDglnlvt ldlt / :yfgdf …d}qLÚ jgefh]
sfoj{ m| dsf] cfofh] gf ul/Psf] xb'F f pkTosfdf /xgx' g' ] ;Dk"0f{ /fN] kf lhNnfaf;L
cfdfa'af, bfhe' fO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿df ;xeflutfsf nflu xflbs{ clkn ul/G5 .

jgefh] sfoj{ m| d :yn M lqe'jgkfs{, yfgsf]6

jgefh] sfo{jm| d ldlt M @)&&÷)&÷)* zlgaf/

a; ;j] f pknAw x'g] :yfgx¿ M sf6] Z] j/, PsfGtsg' f, /Tgkfs{,

rfalxn, dxf/fhuGh, snª\sL

gk] fnL, sIff !! 75

a; 5'6g\ ] ;do M sf]6]Zj/ / rfalxnaf6 laxfg * ah]
dxf/fhuGhaf6 laxfg *M#) ah]
snª\sLaf6 laxfg ( ah]
;Dks{ JolSt
;l' :dtf kl/of/
nlnt yfkf du/
k]|dk;| fb Gofk} fg]
kh" f dxt/f
cfof]hs

/fN] kfd}qL ;dfh, nlntk'/

76 gk] fnL, sIff !!

kf7

^ Tof] kml] / kmsn{ f <

— ejfgL leIf'

jm| dzM cUnf] xF'b} uPsf] si6k|b,
s7f]/, bu' {d kxf8sf] IfL0f kynfO{
cfFvfn] e6] ;] Dd xb] f{ dfG5] kf] xf] ls
ed| kfg{] Pp6f wAaf h:tf] sx] L klg
b]lvPg .

;o" {n] klZrdtkms{ f] kj{tk5fl8 cfˆgf]
d'v n'sfP tfklg ltgsf] nfnL sfnf]
kxf8sf 6K' kfx¿df km}lng uPsf]
lyof] . vfn] fx¿ cfˆgf] clj/fd uLt
ufPsfufPs} lyP . pgLx¿nfO{
huts\ f] lrGtfdf s]xL /;, cg/' lSt lyPg . wldnf]kgf cGwsf/lt/ 8A' b} uO/xs] f] lyof] .

dw;] af6 cfpg nfus] f] Pp6f ofqLn], ofj} gsf] l;9F Ldf v6' 6\ f c8fO{ 3/sf] åf/df plePsL
;fgL;uF ;fW] of–] æoxfF af; kfOG5 <Æ

æsl' Gg, cfdf;Fu ;fW] gk' 5{ .Æ

æcfdf Û ltdL| cfdf stf l5g,\ sf] xg' ,\ d}n] t lrg]sf] 5g} . sf];Fu ;fW] g] <Æ

clg æcfdf === P cfdf === ÛÆ k'i6 s07af6 lg:ss] f] of] ld7f] / tLj| :j/ kjt{ sf] sg' f
sg' fdf k:g uof] . t/ sfx] L klg cfPg . Ps} l5g k|tLIff u/]kl5, ækvg{ f];\ x} d clxNo}
cfdfnfO{ 8fsL Nofpg] 5Æ' eGb} ;fgL Psflt/ uO{ / cln a/] d} Pp6L a'9L;Fu ofqLsf]
;Dd'v cfOku' L .

ænf} cfdf log} xg' ,\ tkfOFs{ f el/ofx¿ stf 5g\ <Æ

æel/of Pp6} 5 . Tof] klg a9' f], lx8F g\ } g;Sg] < To;n} ] ubf{ t oxfF a:gk' ¥of] . gq cfh
lrTnfª kU' g] ljrf/ u/s] f] lyPF . ToxfF lrgfhfgL ePsf k;n]x¿ klg 5g\ . af; klg /fd|}
7fpFdf kfOGYof] . t/ === vfO] Û of] t e66\ L k;n kf] xf] Sof/] <Æ

g]kfnL, sIff !! 77

æxf] === .Æ :j/nfO{ cln tfGb}, cfZro{ / pkI] ff ldl>t :j/df pQ/ lbO{ .

æe6\6L k;n eP/ s] xG' 5 < lrTnfªdf klg t ToxL xf] lg . 5p] sf] sf7] f t ;km} 5 .Æ
;fgLn] t'?Gt egL .

æxf]OgÆ – a'9Ln] ;f]wL, – === æsx] L vfglkg klg ug'x{ fn] f ls <Æ

ælkpg t xfO] g, vfg dfq} . efF8fat{g ;Fu} 5g\ .Æ

;fgLn] cfˆgL cfdfsf] dv' g/] } d'v nfP/ egL – ælsg cfdf rfdn, bfn, l3p, bfp/f t
lsGg] g} 5g,\ gg' , t]n, d;nf, t/sf/L === . k/ sf]7fdf efG5f / 5p] sf] sf]7fdf ;'t] t
eOxfNof] lg .Æ

æPskN6 sf]7f x]¿F . ;kmf 5 ls, ;kmf geP t === .Æ

ælsg xG' gYof] Û xg] {;' ,\ sf]7fdf s] 5 / < ev{/ lnlk/fv]sf] sf7] f, rflxP Pp6f ;'s'n klg
cf5] \ofOlbpFnf . nf}, el/of klg cfOk'Uof] . a:gx' 'G5 ls <Æ

æP ;fgL, cfOhÆ eGb} a9' L dfly pSnL . ;fgL åf/d} pe]sL lyO{ . cfOku' ]sf] el/ofn]
dv' af6 Pp6f ;':s]/f xfnL ef/L la;fpbF } eGof]– æolt uxF'u| f] ef/L, o:tf] psfnf], gf} ;s' f
Hofnf, p;}df el/of gfOs] klg, af6f] vr{ klg === O;f]/ ÛÆ

r'krfk plePsL ;fgLsf] cgx' f/df 5rlNs/x]sf] lh1f;fdf klg cfzf, ljZjf; / ;Gtfi] fsf]
klg cfef b]lvof] .

sf7] f;f7] f xl] /;s]kl5 ofqLn] ToxLF af; a:g] lgZro u¥of] / ;fgL klg cln :j:y em}F
eO{ . el/ofsf] ;xfotfn] Pp6f sf]7fdf ;'s'n xfnL e'OdF } cfˆgf] cf5] \ofg cf5] \ofP/ To;n]
cln cln lglZrGttfsf] ;f; km]g{ nfus] f] s] lyof,] el/ofn] eGof]– ænf} t ca hfpmF xh/'
=== yfls/fvs] f] 5', s]xL vfglkg klg ug{k' nf{, vfgf vfgnfO{ bO' { rf/ cfgf lbg'kg{] xf] .Æ

ænf === Æ eg/] ofqLn] rf/ k;} f ˆoflF slbof] . Pp6f ;Gtf]ifsf] b[li6 xfNb} a'9f] el/of e'OFaf6
k};fx¿ l6kL hfg nfu]s} lyof,] kml] / Tof] ;fgLn] ;f]wL–

æefG5fnfO{ s] s] Nofpg'knf{, eGgf;] \ g Û /ft kg{ cf6F \of], tkfOl{F ;t nfnl6g t 5Fb} 5,
dl6tn] klg rflxG5 ls <Æ

o; k|Zgsf] pQ/ glbP/ To;n] hfg nfu]sf] el/ofnfO{ eGof]– æP a'9f, 8fs] fa] f6 ef8F fx¿
lems]/ vf]nfdf kvfnL Nofpm .Æ clg ;fgLlt/ kms{]/ eGof]– ækfgL Nofpg Pp6f ufu|L t
lbgk' nf,{ kfgL klg NofOxfnf];\ . ca of] klg vfglkgdf nfUg] 5 .Æ

78 g]kfnL, sIff !!

æxG' 5, d clxNo} dflyaf6 NofOlbG5' .Æ

æt/ ufu|L ;kmf 5 <Æ

ænf} Û ufuL| df s] nfu]sf] 5 / < lrQ a'‰b}g eg] vfn] fdf dfem]/} kfgL Nofpg' egk] l5 t
e}xfNof] lg ÛÆ aflnsfsf] cg'xf/df cln ;ª\sfr] 5n{ªu\ xg' uPsf] lyof] .

el/ofn] 8fs] faf6 efF8fx¿ lemls;ss] f] lyof] . ;fgLn] dflyaf6 t?' Gt} Pp6f ;fgf] lkTn]
ufu|L NofOlbO{ . Tof;] d]t lnP/ el/of vf]nflt/ uof] . To;kl5 o'jf ofqLn] ;GWofsf] wldnf]
ks| fzdf x¥] of] –æTof] e6\6L k;NgLsL 5f/] Lsf] kl/ro, afxo\ cfj/0f dn} f] / bl/bt| fsf]
lj1fkg eP klg To;sf] cg'xf/ g/fdf| ] lyPg . ufnfdf kfj{To jfo' / kl/>dsf] ;'Gb/
pkxf/, :jfefljs nfnL / ofj} gsf] l;9F Ldf plSn/x]sf] To;sf] a}F; 5 . cfFvf uf]n, pHHjn
/ leqsf gfgL lgs} sfnf / r~rn 5g\ . ltgLx¿df ckf/ lh1f;f cf} pT;'stf j|mL8f
ul//x]sf lyP .

æta === efG;fsf lglDt s] s] NofpmF <Æ k|Zg PsfGthGo ;ª\sfr] sf] dWod :j/df lyof] .
ofqLn] eGof]– æc;n k'/fgf] dl;gf] rfdn Ps dfgf, Ps rfy} fO bfn, b'O{ k;} fsf] oxfF
kfOg] t/sf/L / bO' { cfgfsf] l3p, a; olt dfq} eP kU' 5 .Æ

s/' f ;g' /] Tof] dfly pSnL / cln a/] d} } eg] hlt hDd} yfs] NofObL . el/ofn] klg ef8F f / kfgL
kNnf] sf7] fdf /fvL uO;ss] f] lyof] . To; sf7] fdf lnkkft] u/s] f] rn' f] / 7fpF bj' } ;kmf lyP .

rfdn xb] {} ofqLn] eGof–] ævfO] , of] t /fd|f] rfdn ePg .Æ t/ o;eGbf /fd|f] rfdn t oxfF
st} klg kfOGg . ePbl] v t d cfkmF} NofOxfNg] lyPF . t/sf/L klg cfn'afx]s c¿ s]xL
kfObF } kfOGg .Æ

cln xf;F ]/ ofqLn] eGof–] æP, To;f] xf] eg] s] nfU5, kfP hlQs}df ;Gtfi] f ugk'{ nf{ .Æ

æca d hfpmF t <Æ ;fgLn] ;fw] L .

æxG' 5Æ, eGbf eGb} oj' snfO{ sl' Gg lsg kml] / PskN6 To; ;fgLsf] cgx' f/df bl[ i6 kmg] {]
cfjZostfsf] cge' j eof] . bj' s} f cfvF f hw' F] . aflnsf nHhfjGt eP/ dfly pSng nfuL . t/
t¿' Gt} kms/{] To;n] cln ;fx;sf] :j/df :jfefljstf NofP/ ;fw] L– t/sf/L ksfpgnfO{ e6' g'
/ bfp/f rflxGo} 5 . gg' , d;nf / nfnl6gdf dl6tn] klg Nofpgk' 5{ ls <Æ

æP === === Û of] t la;s{] } /x]5' . t/sf/L t l3pd} el' 6xfnnF' f, d;nf rflxGg . Ps k;} fsf]
clnslt a];f/ / g'g bj' } Nofpm clg ltdf| ] s] /,] rf/ k;} fsf] bfp/f, nfnl6gdf rflxF 5
k;} fsf] tn] eP k'U5 .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 79

Ps} l5gkl5 ;a} yfs] NofO{ ;fgL dfly pSnL . cfˆgL cfdf;Fu} sx] L vfglkg u/]/ kGwl| a;
ldg]6leq} cfˆgf] ;'Tgs] f]7fdf k;L leqaf6 9fs] f yl' gxfnL .

clxn] ;feF msf] ;f9] ;ft dfq} ahs] f] lyof] tk} lg lgs} cFWof/f] ePsf] lyof] . ;3g / ljzfn
kj{tx¿sf] cª\udf ePsf tL k'tnL emF} bO' {rf/cf6] f 3/ o:t/L :tAw ple/xs] f lyP
dfgf}F z/L/leqaf6 kf| 0f} lgl:s;s]sf] 5 . vfn] fsf] æzª[ v\ nfa4 uhg{ Psgf;l;t Wjlgt
eO/xs] f] lyof] tk} lg To; zG" okgfsf] eofgstf al9/xs] } lyof] . cf5] \ofgdf kN6s] L sl' Gg
s] s] ;f]lr/xs] L ;fgLn] x7ft\ ofqLsf] sf7] faf6 cfO/xs] f] v6k6 Wjlg ;'gL . Tof] ToxL
s'/f ;f]Rgdf dUg eO{, – æclxn];Dd To;n] vfglkg ul/;ss] f] /x]g5 Sof/] . eft ksfpg
hfGbf] xf] ls xfO] g, ksfO;s]sf] ltxg' t/sf/L rN' xfa] f6 ptfbf{ v;fNof] kf] xf]nf ls Û
nfU] g] dfG5] eft ksfpg sxfF hfGbf] xf] / Û t/ Tof] t ;wF} dw];}df al;/x]sf] dfG5] xf] .
ToxfF s;n] eft ksfO{ vj' fpFbf] xf] lg Û cyjf sfx] L efG;] /fv]sf] xfn] f . t/ sn} ] xG' Yof]
dw;] df vr{ lgs} kf] nfUb5, o;f] x]bf{vl] / of] sg' } ;fx'dxfhg h:tf] klg 5g} . To;f] eP
otflt/ wdfwd cfpgx] ¿sf] h:tf] 7'nf 7'nf l6gsf el/e/fp ePsf uxª|' u\ f afs;x¿
xg' k' b{Yof], 5fnfsf tLgrf/cf6] f ;fgf 7'nf Aofu, efRF g] vf6, gfs] /, w]/} hgf el/of, cfkm"
tfdbfg jf sfk]6{ df a;/] cfpgk' g],{ vfO] Tof] t s]xL klg 5g} . of] t dw];df st} hflu/]
kf] xf]nf h:tf] 5 . cfkm}F gfs] /L ug]{n] efG;] sxfF /fVg ;S5 / ÛÆ

ljrf/wf/f cs}{lt/ aUof]– æTo;f] eP To;sL :jf:gL xf]nL .Æ clg d6' d' f Kof6\6 Pp6f
yk8L h:tf] nfUof] . RofKk u/] emF} Tof] cfˆgf] cGt/}df lg:tAw eO{ . aflx/ ToxL clj/fd
:j/n] ulh{/xs] f] lyof] vf]nfsf] x/{/ Wjlg . hDdf eO/x]sf ljrf/x¿ cln ljzª[ \vn h:tf
eP . To;n] Pp6f nfdf] ;f; km/] L t/ Tof] cj:yf Psl5g kVtfgkVtf nf]EofO/fvs] f tL
dw'/ sNkgfx¿n] km]l/ 5fK] g yfn] . ;f; koG{ t cln yfd/] To;n] ;'Tg] k|oTg u/L– æofqL
eft;ft vfO{ ;T' of] ls ÛÆ tnaf6 s]xL cfjfh ;'lgPg . æTo;f] eP Tof] ;T' of] .Æ t/ kml] /
ToxL v6k6 . æd;' fx¿ xfn] fg,\ xfO] gg\, ToxL xf] lar/f cem === Æ t/ cl3 g} tl;{;s]sf
tL ds" ;xfge' l" tx¿nfO{ ljrf/x¿n] ;dfTg ;fx; u/g] g\ . Ps} l5gkl5 cf5] \ofgaf6
h?' Ss p7/] ;nfO{ sf]/L / l;/fglt/sf] vfk] fdf /fvs] f] 6s' L afnL . wd' o| 'St IfL0f k|sfzn]
cGwsf/df 5fDg yfNof] . 6'sL lnP/ la:tf/} Tof] tn cfn] L{ . To;sf] 5ftL xfGg nfus] f]
lyof–] æa9' L ;'lt/x]sL 5 ls <Æ Pp6f cJoSt / IfL0f 8/n] cGt/sf] w/] } 6f9faf6 lrofpg]
h:tf] ko| Tg klg u¥of] . Tof] tn k'uL . æt/ === lsg cf]Nx]{sL xnF' L Û sx] L sfd 5g} .Æ
ofqLsf] sf]7fdf nfnl6gsf] gL/j / dGb k|sfz lyof] . To;tkm{ o;f] em66\ PskN6 x/] L,
cfvF f kms{] . Tof] cfˆgf] ;t] f] cf]5o\ fgdf ;l' t/xs] f] lyof–] lglZrGt, lg?låUg, lglj{sf/ Û

80 gk] fnL, sIff !!

kf| 0fkoG{ tnfO{ tLjt| fsf ;fy tflglng] Pp6f eofgs nfe] To;sf] leq d6' s' f] xgfOsf]
;fy} xfGg nfUof] / sg' } cJoSt pNnf;, ;fx;, 8/ / kL8fsf] eGg g;lsg] ld>0f To;sf]
g;f g;fdf bu'g{ yfNof], kj| flxt eof] . ToxL xnrn, ToxL k|jfx lnP/ Tof] dfly k'uL .
cfˆgf] dn} f] cf5] o\ fgdf n8L .

ofqL rflxg] laxfg} p7/] uOxfNof] . ;fgLsf] cfvF fdf cfO;s]sf / 5rlNs/xs] f d"s dfx]
/ sl' Gg s:tf cJoSt cfsfªI\ ffx¿ To;nfO{ lgs} 6f9f;Dd kxf8sf] 6K' kfdf k'¥ofO{ kms]{ .
sl' Gg sn] ] xf,] To;sf] dg ef/L xb'F } cfof] . x[bodf cfb{| efjgfx¿df ux|'ª\uf] k|jfx aUg
yfNof] / To;sf] leq dgdf nuftf/ Pp6f k|Zg pDng yfNof–] æTof] km]l/ kms{nf <Æ

t/ ;fgLsf] To; k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg ePg . Tof] ofqL kmsg]{ . sx] L lbgkl5 ;fgLsf] laxf klg
eof] . Tof] cfˆgf] 3/df uO{ . 3/ u[x:yLsf] st{Jo / nfU] g]sf] k|]d, dfof, ddtf OToflb klg
;fwf/0f lgodh:t} ;dfltg yfn] . pgLx¿sf sfod{ f ;fgLaf6 s]xL c:jfefljstf klg
k/]g . t/ ;fgLsf] ufpnF ] ;:+ sl[ t ePsf] ;'b"/ cGt/sf] Pp6f dgn] eujfg\sf] j/bfg h:tf]
;dft]sf] Tof] k|Zg– æTof] kml] / kms{nf ÛÆ n] lbgdf bO' { rf/ k6s cjZo} lrofpg] k|oTg
ul/xfNYof] . nf]Ug]sf] 3/df /x]sf avt slxn]sfxLF Pp6f zª\sfn] eofgs cGt/ ;ª\u|fd
dRrfOlbGYof], æd oxfF 5,' ofqL kms{]/ uOxfns] f] eP === <Æ t/ o; k|Zgsf] ljZni] f0f ug]{
;fx; To; avt;Dd To;df /xg} hfGgYof] . s:tf] uxª|' \uf,] s:tf] eofgs, s:tf] kL8fkb|
zª\sf xf] Û a? ofqL slxNo} klg gkmsf;]{ ,\ To;sf] ky x]bf{ xb] }{ o; hLjgsf] klg cGt
eOhfcf];\ t/ ;fgLnfO{ ge]6L Tof] To;} uOxfNnf eGg] ljlwljwfgsf] :jfut ug]{ zlSt
To;df lyPg . Tof] ti[ 0ff, Tof] cgGtsfnLg k|tLIff, Tof] lbgx'sF f] cEo:t lg/fzfsf] wSsf
To;sf] ;f;df ldl;O;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL To;sf] hLjg lyof], ToxL To;sf] hLjgj|md .
To;n} fO{ ;dft/] Tof] cfˆgf] hLjg ux[ :yLsf] ul[ x0fL lyO{, cfˆgL ;f;"sL ax' f/L / kfO] sL
hfO] { . t/ sbflrt\ s'g} x7ft\ clezfkn] ToxLF l5GgleGg ul/lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg Tof]
;fgL rflxg] ul[ x0fL, ax' f/L / nfU] gs] L :jf:gL eO/xg ;SnL < sg' x[boaf6 o:tf] cfzf
ug{] <

olt eP klg ;fgLaf6 nfU] gs] f kl| t kTgLTjdf sx] L afwf Jof3ft k/]sf] lyPg / To;
kTgLTjdf sg' } 5n lyof,] sta} f6 To;df l5b| lyof], of] s/' f eGgn] fO{ eofgs >fk lbg]
zlSt klg To; ;fgLdf cjZo lyof] . gf/Lsf] ljzfn xb[ odf afnsk|lt, cfdfa'af k|lt,
dfOtsf ;fyLefOsf] kl| t, kltux[ df ;f;", ;;/' f, h7] fh', bj] /, elthf cflb ;a}sf] kl| t
ddtf /xg ;S5 eg] ;fgLsf] xb[ odf To; ofqL k|lt klg sg' } kl| tWjlg lyof] . gf/L rflxF
kltsL :jf:gL xf] . of] s'/f kb| LKt ;"o{ em}F ;To 5 t/ kTgLTjsf] xb;Dd dfq} . lsGt' gf/L

g]kfnL, sIff !! 81

Ps dfq kTgL g} t xf]Og . Tof] kTgLeGbf afx]s klg sx] L xf], alxgL xf], a'xf/L xf,] lbbL xf],
efph" xf,] cfdf xf] / oL ;a}eGbf k/ gf/L d"lt{doL ddtf xf] . ;d:t hutd\ f gf/Ls} dxfg\
ddtf 5l/g guPsf] eP of] ljzfn ljZj z'is ?v emF} lghL{j sf7 dfq /xg hfGYof] Û

hfg] avtdf ofqLn] kGw| lbgdf km]l/ kmsg{ k' nf{ eGg] s/' f u/s] f] lyof] . To; kGw| lbgsf]
kt| LIff ;fgLnfO{ cem;Dd klg ofb 5 . 5;ft lbg Pp6f eofgs pbf;Lgtf, dxfg\
zG" otfdf ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . cf7f}F lbgb]lv cfh}sf lbgdf Tof] kml] / kmsn{] f eGg] cfzfn]
cln cln lrofpg] k|oTg u¥of] . ;fgLnfO{ ;Demgf 5, To; lbg ufO{nfO{ Vjfpg] 3f;F
sf6\g hfFbf sl' Gg s'g efjgf, sg' cfzf, s'g pT;fxn] Tof] kxf8sf] 6'Kkf;Dd k'lu5 .
3f;F sf] ef/L eO' {Fdf /fvL Pp6f 9ª' \ufdf a;L cfˆgf] cGt/sf] ;'vb sNkgfdf dUg eO5 .
cfFvf Psfu| eP/ g]kfnaf6 cfpg] af6f] x]l//xs] f lyP . Totflt/af6 cfpgx] ¿nfO{ bV] bf
To;sf] leqL sNkgf Pp6f pT;fx el/g hfGYof–] cToGt ;v' b / kf| 0fk|b æTo:t} cfhs} f
lbg Tof] klg ;+;f/}sf] k;| Ggtf cfˆgf cªu\ k|Toª\udf ;l~rt u/L cfpnf, cfˆgf]
kj" k{ l/rosf] k|;Ggtf cln cln xf;F f]df 5l/b]nf / kml] / Ps lbg ToxLF af; a:nf . t/ af;
ga;b] ]lv t === < l5 M o:tf] bi' sNkgf Û To;nfO{ slt klg c;'ljwf / b'Mv d sxfF k/]sf]
lyPg . dn} ] hDd} sfd ul/lbPsL lyPF . /fd|/L ksfO{ vfO{ ;'t]sf] lyof] . lsg ga:g' ÛÆ o:t}
ks| f/n] lgTo gofF gofF sNkgfx¿ To;sf] cfzfnfO{ kb| LKt tN' ofpbF } lbgx¿nfO{ latfpbF }
uP . cGttM Tof] lr/ ceLlK;t kGw|fF} lbg klg cfof] . ;fgLnfO{ ;Demgf 5, To; lbg
laxfg x'g'eGbf tLg 306f cufl8 /flt g} To;sf] lgb|f v'lnxfNof] . 9f]sf vfn] ]/ PskN6
aflx/lt/ xb] f{ /ft w]/} afFsL lyof] . hg" 6x6x nflu/x]sf / cfsfz :jR5 lyof] . vfn] fsf]
æx/{/Æ Wjlg pTkm' Nntfsf] :jfut ufg emF} nfUof] . eujfg\sf] af; ug{] cfsfz cfˆgf]
lgd{n h"gdf xflF ;/x]sf] h:tf] k|tLt eof] . bO' t{ Lg 306fd} kb| LKt ;o" { lg:sg] 5g,\ kxf8sf
6K' kfdf ltgsf ;g' f}nf ls/0fx¿ kml} ng hfG5g\ . oxL lbg To;sf] cfpg] z'efT] ;j xG' 5 .
Tof] cfpnf, ef]ln g} Tof] cfpnf, laxfg xg' l] alQs} Tof] lxF8\5 / ;'vsf] e08f/ emF} eP/
;fgLnfO{ e]6\6fpnf ÛÆ w]/a} /] ;Dd Tof] To;} ljrf/df dUg, ;v' sNkgf ljef/] eP/ al;/xL
clg Pp6f cflQP h:tf] nfdf] ;f; km/] L cfˆgf] sf7] fdf uP/ cf]5\ofgdf cf]N6s] fN] 6] ug{
yfnL . To;kl5 laxfg klg eof,] ;o" { klg pbfof,] ;fgLn] plåUg kt| LIff klg u/L, ;feF m
eof,] /ft klg k¥of,] t/ === t/ === kGw| lbgsf] cToGt plåUg kt| LIffsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
;fgLn] kfO{– æTof] cfPg .Æ cfFvfdf cf;F ', x[bodf j]bgf, kf| 0fdf cGwsf/, s07df eSsfg'
/ /f]d /f]dkoG{ tdf cfb| ?bg e//] To; ofqLsf] ;66\ fdf ;fgLn] oxL rf/ cIf/sf] :jfut
u/L cfˆgf] d'6d' f a;fnL– æTof] cfPg ÛÆ

82 g]kfnL, sIff !!

s7a} /L, gf/Lsf] lgan{ x[bo Û tFdf pT;us{ f] kl/df0f slt 5 < pT;u{ ug{nfO{ t}nF ] slt
/;, slt dfof, slt aGwg / sl' Gg s] s] ;l~rt ul//fv]sL 5;] \ <

To:tf s}of}F kGw| lbg lat] . hLjgdf / hLjgjm| ddf cfBGt emF} leGgtf cfOnfUof] km]l/ æTof]
cfPgÆ sf] ;fy} æTof] km]l/ kms{nf ls === === <Æ eGg] klg ;Da4 eO{ cEoGt/ ofqf ug{
yfNof] . o; ofqfsf] lj/fd sxfF 5, nIo sxfF 5 / cGt sxfF 5, hLjgsf] zi] fdf ls
To;eGbf klg kfl/, s'lGg <

jm| dzM cUnf] xbF' } uPsf] si6kb| , s7f]/, bu' d{ kxf8sf] IfL0f kynfO{ cfvF fn] e]6;] Dd x]bf{
dfG5] kf] xf] ls eGg] e|d kfg{] Pp6f wAaf h:tf] klg sx] L bl] vPg .

xbF' fxFb' f ou' }sf] kl/jt{g eof] . ;fgLsL cfdf klg cgGt;Fu e]6g\ uOxfnL hxfF uP/ sfx] L
klg kmsG{ g . ;fgLn] cfˆgf] dfOts} 3/df ToxL k'/fgf] Joj;fo yfdL a;L . Tof] nfU] gs] }
3/df ePsf avt æofqL uOxfn]5 ls <Æ eGg] ;fgLsf] ;fx|} ;DefjgLo zª\sfsf] 6ª' \uf]
nfUof] . To;kl5 g]kfnaf6 nfvfF} ofqLx¿ ToxL dfvs'{ f] af6f] eO{ tn dw];lt/ cfn] {] t/
æTof] ofqLÆ slxNo} t kms{nf Û To;sf] lg/fz cfzfnfO{ 8f¥] ofpg] Pp6f IfL0f, dl;gf]
wfuf]sf] 5p] k|fKt x'g uof] / To;nfO{ To;n] nDofpbF } uO{ t/ === Û slt ;s' 'df/, s:tf]
;G' b/, s:tf] nfE] ofpg] / slt nfdf] xG' 5 of] lg/fz cfzfsf] dl;gf] wfuf] Û To; wfufsf]
abnf s;n} ] To;sf] hLjg, ofj} g b'j}sf] wfuf] rf8F rfF8} tfGb} tfGb} uO/x]sf] lyof], t/
;fgLnfO{ o;sf] kQf lyof] < Tof] t cfˆgf] ctLtsf] dgf/] d :dl[ t sj] n Ps lbg dfqsf]
Ifl0fs :jKgdf JofKt lyO{ . Tof] :jlKgn ;s' d' f/tf, Tof] dw'l/df, ky| d of}jgsf] klxnf]
pkxf/df st[ 1tf :j¿k To;n] u/s] f] pT;u{sf] ;fys{ tf slxn] kml] / klg cfpnf ÛÆ oxL
ljlwnfO{ lgTo lg/Gt/ gofF t'NofpbF } tx nfO/fVgdf g} Tof] Jo:t lyO{ . To;nfO{ hLjg;q"
tfgs] f] yfx} s;/L xG' Yof] / === === < kd]| hLjgsf] af6f] xf] / pT;u{ To;sf] clGtd nIoÙ
To; nIo;Dd k'uk] l5 kfOG5 cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] ljn'lKt .

Ps lbg ;feF msf] avt ;fgL cfˆgf] k;n p7fO;sk] l5 åf/df cGodg:s eO{ ple/xs] L
lyO{ . o:t} ple/x]sf] cj:yfdf, o:t} zfGt SnfGt ;GWofsf] wldnfk] gfdf, cg'/fusf] k|tLs
emF} cfPsf] lyof] æTof] ofqL .Æ t/ cfh} dfq xf]Og ls hLjgsf cg]sfF} eUg cfsfª\Iff,
;':ofO/xs] f] cfzf, d6' s' f] pbf;Lg kL8f lnO{ To;n] slt slt kN6 To;} åf/df pleO{
cfzfxLg Joy{ kt| LIff u/L t/ Tof] gcfPsf] gcfPs} eof] . o:tf hDd} ldYof :jfutsf]
pQ/df To;n] kfPsL lyO–{ kf| 0fsf] tnaf6 pDng] Pp6f gL/j cfb|tf / uxel/ cfF;' .
cfh klg Tof] To;} ple/xL ofqLsf] xf]Og ls To;sf] lr/ kl/lrt ToxL cfbt|{ f, ToxL cft,{

g]kfnL, sIff !! 83

ds" ?bg / ToxL cfF;'sf] kt| LIff ul//x]sL lyO{ / Pp6f ofj} gkfl/ kl' u;s]sf] dfgjbx] n]
To;sf] ;fd'Gg] cfOku' L ;f]Wof]– æoxfF af; kfOG5 <Æ

x[bodf alu/x]sf] /St yfldg uP h:tf] xg' nfUof] . Pp6f ahk| |xf/ emF} ctLtsf] d8' \sL
xflgg uof] æwSsÆ . cfpgs] f] dv' x/] ]sf] x/] s} eO5 æTof] ;fgL .Æ

æoxfF af; kfOG5 ls kfOFbg} <Æ kml] / kZ| g eof] . ;fgLsf] dv' PskN6 emg\ kb| LKt eP/
tTIf0f} sfnf] lghL{j emF} eOxfNof] . To;n] cGtl/Iflt/ x]b{} cToGt si6;fy egL ===
ækfOG5, el/ofx¿ stf 5g\ <Æ

æcfpg nfus] f 5g\ .Æ – ofqLn] Pp6f 9'ªu\ fdf a;/] eGof–] æw]/} lbg eO;Sof] dw];af6
g]kfn uPsf,] kmsg{ } ;lsgF . cfh aNn kms{g nfu]sf] 5,' b]V5,' af6f], kxf8 hDd} gofF h:tf
eO;ss] f /x5] g\ . gk] fn hfg nfu]sf] avt klg o;} 3/df af; a;]sf] lyPF, cfh klg Tof]
3/ ePb]lv o;d} f a;'Fnf eGg] ljrf/ u/L 3/af6 lxF8s] f,] aNn cfOku' ]F . vf]O Tof] a'9L <
;fgL rflxg] t ltdL g} xf} ls === === <Æ

ahf| blk s7f/] k|no uh{geGbf klg tLj| sf]nfxndo To; cfpgs] f] pko'S{ t s/' f ;fgLsf]
cGt/df plqg uof] . Tof] q:t eOxfnL . oltsf lbgsf] bL3{ k|tLIff, o:tf] /f}F /f}nF fO{ sNkfO
/fVg] g}/fZosf] ?bgsf] cGt/nfO{ o:t/L ;lhnf]kgfdf :jfut ug{ Tof] tof/ lyOg .
pkm\ dfgj Û ;fgLsf] o:tf] hLjgJofkL ;d:t cfsfª\Iff, cfzf, kL8f, ?bg, g}/fZo, t[i0ff,
sNkgf, ;'v, bM' v / ;d:t cfxj\ fgsf] k|tLs hDd} ltdL g} xf,} of] ltdLnfO{ yfxfkoG{ t
klg 5}g . ltdf| ] of] ;lhnf] k|Zgdf ltdf| ] of] ckT| oflzt cfudgdf, of] hLjgJofkL syf
;dli6df Pp6f gf/L x[bosf] s] s] slt slt r"0f{ ljr0" f{ eO;ss] f] 5, ltdL lsg, s;/L
cgd' fg ug{ ;St5f} Û

;'b"/ lIflthaf6 cfPsf] Wjlg em}F ;fgLsf] dv' af6 lg:Sof]– æc,F ;fgL d} xF' .Æ

æxf,] d}n] lrlg;s]s} lyPF . t/ ltdL === ltdL t a9' L eO;ls5f} ÛÆ cfpg]n] d';'d;' ' xf:F t}
eGof] .

aNn ;fgLsf cfFvf p3]| . To;nfO{ cfˆgf] cª\ukT| oªu\ s;f] v'lDrg nfu]sf] 5fnf b]v]/
lats] f] bL3{ ;dosf] ;Demgf eof] / emg\ kT| oIfdf To;n] bv] L, ofqfsf] tLg rfy} fO k"/f
ePkl5 To;n] kfO5 – cfzf ;dflKtsf] ;fy;fy} hLjg;GWof klg cfOk'u]sf] /x5] . bl' gofF
cs{} ePsf] /x]5, o; jtd{ fg;uF To; ;fgLdf s'g} ks| f/sf] ;fd~h:o /xg] 5 Û cfzfn]
cem;Dd al' 4nfO{ wfv] f lbO/xs] f] lyof], ;fgL lzlyn, SnfGt em}F xg' uO{ . pleO/xgdf
z/L/ ;fx|} g} un]sf] h:tf] efg x'g nfUof] / To;} åf/df yrSs a;L .

84 g]kfnL, sIff !!

laxfg xg' l] alQs–} ToxLF ctLts} h:tf] ofqL kml] / lxlF 8xfNof] . To;} lbgbl] v To;sf] hLjgsf]
p2]Zo} x/fof] . To;n] cem;Dd cfˆgf] cGt/df ;dftL, cfˆgf] cfzfdf em' G8o\ fO/fvs] f
To;sf pdªu\ , pT;fx / ofj} gko{GtnfO{ ofqLsf] ToxL Pp6} jfSon] vfOlbof–] æt/ ltdL
t a'9L eO;ls5f} ÛÆ To;kl5 Tof] gf/L, Tof] hLjgko{Gtsf] ds" cfzf, Tof] cfkm}Fdf lglxt
eO/xg] uxª'| \uf] jb] gf, Tof] ;fgL cfˆgf] bL3{ kt| LIffdf cfkmF}df ;dfKt eOxfnL . t/ Tolt
dfq} xfO] g, cfx Û kf| 0feGbf klg a9t\ f dfof u/L tx nfO/fvs] f] To;sf] hLjgJofkL kl/lrt,
lk|o Tof] k|Zg klg Pp6f eofgs ljifbs\ f] cGwsf/df ljnK' t xg' uof–] æTof] kml] / kmsn{ f <Æ

zAbe08f/

!= tn lbOPsf zAbx¿sf] ljk/Lt cy;{ uF hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M
;'b/" s[t£gtf
s[t1tf l:y/
jb] gf cGwsf/
kb| LKt ;:j/
ctLt koG{ t
ds" lgs6
k|jfx eljio
v;' L

@= uf9f zAbsf] cy{ klxrfg u/L lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ M
-s_ vfn] fn ] clj/fd uLt ufO/xs] } lyof] .
-c_ cfjfhljxLg -cf_ lg/Gt/ -O_ /f]lsO{ /fl] sO{ -O_{ 7n' f] :j/n]
-v_ :j/nfO{ cln tfGb}, cfZro{ / pkI] ff ldl>t :j/df pQ/ lbO{ .
-c_ OR5f -cf_ rfxgf -O_ aj] f:tf -O{_ cfux|
-u_ kZ| g PsfGthGo ;ªs\ f]rsf] dWod :j/df lyof] .
-c_ c;lhnfk] g -cf_ ;xh cj:yf -O_ w/] } ;lhnf];uF -O{_ zªs\ f

gk] fnL, sIff !! 85

-3_ Ps lbg ;fFemsf] avt ;fgL cfkm\ gf] k;n p7fO;sk] l5 åf/df cGodg:s eO{
ple/x]sL lyO{ .

-c_ dg 7u] fgdf gePsf] cj:yf -cf_ cGtlt/ Wofg guPsf] cj:yf
-O_ dg v';L /x]sf cj:yf -O{_ cGtlt/ g;fr] ]sf] cj:yf   
-ª_ Tof ] ceLl;Kt kGwfF} lbg klg cfof] .
-c_ c8l\ sPsf] -cf_ cg'ej ePsf]   -O_ glhs /x]sf]
-O_{ Hofb} k|tLIff ul/Psf]
-r_ Tof] cfk\mgf] cGt/}df lg:tAw eO{ .
-c_ pT;s' -cf_ ;g' ;fg -O_ cfGbf]lnt -O_{ kk| 'mNn
#= lbOPsf cy{x¿sf] kofo{ jfrL zAb kf7af6 vfh] L nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ c;lhnfk] g
-v_ ;'Svf
-u__ nhfn'
-3_ ?jfO
-ª_ kvf{O
-r_ w'nfl] k7f]
-5_ JoSt gePsf]
-h_ jhe| Gbf klg
$= kf7df /xs] f] æhfg] avtdf ====Tof] cfPg ÛÚÚ syfz+ k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/
n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ …tfÚ kT| oo nfus] f rf/cf]6f zAb vf]Hgx' f];\ .
-v_ rf/cf]6f pk;u{ Jo'TkGg zAb klxrfg u/L n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ o; cgR' 5b] df k|oS' t bzcf6] f tT;d zAbx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

86 gk] fnL, sIff !!

%= zAbsfz] sf] ;xfotf lnO{ lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \ / jfSodf k|ofu] ugx{' f;] \ M
ko{Gt, lg:tAw, plåUg, pNnf;, SnfGt, lzlyn, dw'l/df, ljifb\, ;fd~h:o, pT;u{,

cEoGt/, ljnK' t
afw] / cleJolSt
!= …Tof] kml] / kms{nf <Ú syf k9L lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ syf slt cgR' 5]bdf ;+/lrt 5 <
-v_ syfsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] cg'R5b] sg' xf] <
-u_ syfsf] s'g cg'R5b] df k'Ubf ;fgL / ofqLsf] e6] ePsf] 5 <
-3_ ;+jfbsf] k|ofu] gePsf cg'R5]bx¿ kf7df sltcf6] f 5g\ <
@= …Tof] km]l/ kmsn{ f <Ú syf k9L lbOPsf 36gfjm| d ldnfO{ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ ofqL ;t' k] l5 ;fgL ofqLsf sNkgfdf 8'a'NsL dfg{'
-v_ Ps lbg ;feF msf] ;dodf Pp6f ofqL cfP/ oxfF af; kfOG5 eg]/ ;fgLnfO{

;f]Wg'
-u_ ;doj|mddf ;fgLsf] ljjfx x'g' / u[x:yLsf ;Dk"0f{ s/' f ;fgLn] :jfefljs

¿kdf k"/f ug'{
-3_ ofqL labf eP/ uPkl5 k|Tos] lbg ofqLnfO{ ;Demg'
-ª_ kGw|f}F lbg;Dd pT;fxkj" s{ ¿kdf ;fgL a:g' t/ ofqL gkms{g'
-r_ cfdfn] af; a:g cgd' lt lbg'
-5_ ;fgLsL cfdfsf] :ju]{ ePkl5 ;fgL ToxLF uP/ cfdfsf] k];f cFufn]/ a:g'
-h_ Ps lbg crfgs ToxL ofqL cfP/ af; dfUg'
-em_ cfdfsf] :jLsl[ t / ofqL af; a:g] lglZrt ePkl5 ;fgL v;' L xg' '
-`_ ;fgLn] kf| 0fkoG{ t;Dd kv]{sf] ofqLn] s'/fsfgLsf j|mddf ltdL t a9' L

eO;ls5o\ f} eGg'
-6_ ;fgLsf] bL3{ kt| LIff ;dfKt x'g'

gk] fnL, sIff !! 87

-7_ ofqLsf] af;sf nflu ;fgL ;lj|mo eP/ nfUg' / leqleq} ofqLkl| t cfslif{t xg' '
-8_ cfkmn" ] dfq ofqLsf] k|tLIff u/s] f] t/ ofqLn] To:tf] sg' } cfux| , cg'/fu

gePsf] yfxf kfpg'
-9_ laxfg xg' l] alQs} klxn] em}F ofqL lxF8\g '
-0f_ cgfof; ;fgL ofqL ;t' ]sf] 7fpdF f k'Ug' / ofqL lglZrGt ;l' t/x]sf] x'g'

#= æljrf/wf/f csl{} t/====cf]5o\ fgdf n8L .Æ syfz+ k9L ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/
lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;fgL s] sf/0fn] lg:tAw eO{ <
-v_ ofqL ;'t]sf] bv] k] l5 ;fgLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <
-u_ 6s' L afnk] l5 ;fgLnfO{ lsg 8/ nfUof] <
-3_ ;fgLsf] dgfb] zf s;/L kl/jtg{ ePsf] 5 <

$= lbOPsf syf+z k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ Tof] ti[ 0ff, Tof] cgGtsfnLg k|tLIff, Tof] lbgxsF' f] cEo:t lg/fzfsf] wSsf
To;sf] ;f;df ldl;O;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL To;sf] hLjg lyof], ToxL To;sf]
hLjgj|md . To;n} fO{ ;dft/] Tof] cfˆgf] hLjg u[x:yLsf] ul[ x0fL lyO{, cfˆgL
;f;"sL a'xf/L / kf]OsL hf]O{ . t/ sbflrt\ s'g} x7ft\ clezfkn] ToxLF
l5GgleGg ul/lbPsf] cj:yfdf klg Tof] ;fgL rflxg] u[lx0fL, a'xf/L / nf]Ugs] L
:jf:gL eO/xg ;SnL < sg' xb[ oaf6 o:tf] cfzf ug]{ <

kZ| gx¿
-c_ ;fgLsf] kt| LIffn] p;sf] s:tf] dgl:yltnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 <
-cf_ ;fgLsf] hLjgdf s] s:tf ptf/r9fjx¿ b]lvG5g\ <
-v_ aNn ;fgLsf cfvF f p3]| . To;nfO{ cfˆgf] cª\ukT| oª\u s;f] v'lDrg nfu]sf]
5fnf bv] ]/ lat]sf] bL3{ ;dosf] ;Demgf eof] / emg\ k|ToIfdf To;n] bv] L,
ofqfsf] tLg rf}yfO k"/f ePkl5 To;n] kfO5 – cfzf ;dflKtsf] ;fy;fy}
hLjg ;GWof klg cfOk'us] f] /x]5 . b'lgofF cs}{ ePsf] /x5] , o; jt{dfg;Fu
To; ;fgLdf sg' } ks| f/sf] ;fd~h:o /x]g5 Û cfzfn] cem;Dd a'l4nfO{ wfv] f

88 gk] fnL, sIff !!

lbO/x]sf] lyof], ;fgL lzlyn, SnfGt em}F x'g uO{ . pleO/xgdf z/L/ ;fx}| g}
un]sf] h:tf] efg x'g nfUof] / To;} åf/df yrSs a;L .
k|Zgx¿
-c_ ;fgLsf] k|tLIff s;/L ;dfKt eof] <
-cf_ o; cg'R5b] df ;fgLsf] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg k|:tt' ePsf] 5 <
%= JofVof ugx'{ f];\ M
-s_ ;d:t hutd\ f gf/Ls} dxfg\ ddtf 5l/g guPsf] eP of] ljzfn ljZj z'is
?v em}F lghL{j sf7 dfq /xg hfGYof] Û
-v_ k]|d hLjgsf] af6f] xf] / pT;u{ To;sf] clGtd nIo, To; nIo;Dd k'u]kl5
kfOG5 cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] ljnl' Kt .
&= pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ lbOPsf ;Gbes{ f cfwf/df ;fgLsf] rl/q lrq0f ug{x' f];\ M
-c_ syfut el" dsf
-cf_ kfl/jfl/s l:ylt
-O_ zf/Ll/s l:ylt
-O{_ dfgl;s l:ylt
-p_ cflys{ l:ylt
-v_ …Tof] kml] / kmsn{ f <Ú syfn] s:tf] dgf]lj1fg k|:tt' u/s] f] 5 <
-u_ …Tof] kml] / kms{nf <Ú syfdf ;fdflhs, cflys{ / k|fs[lts kl/j]zsf] lrq0f
s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
-3_ …Tof] km]l/ kmsn{ f <Ú syfsf] zLifs{ ;fy{stf k'li6 ug'x{ f];\ .
*= cfˆgf] 3/df af; a:g cfOku' ]sf] ofqLsf nflu ;fgLn] u/s] f] bL3{ kt| LIff tkfOF{nfO{
s:tf] nfUof], syfTds ;Gbes{ f cfwf/df ljZni] f0f ug{x' f];\ .

g]kfnL, sIff !! 89

(= lbOPsf cgR' 5b] k9L sg' } rf/cf6] f kZ| g lgdf0{ f ugx{' f;] \ M

j/k/sf] jftfj/0f ablnO;ss] f] lyof] . ;nfd sl/:dfnfO{ 5f8/] gbLlt/ eml/;s]sf]
lyof] kfgL vfg . ko{6sx¿ ltt/lat/ eO;ss] f lyP . sl/:df klg rg{ yfns] L
lyO{ . aw' g sl/:dfsf] glhs uof] / rl//xs] f] sl/:dfnfO{ la:tf/} ;'d;D' ofof] .
sfgsf h/L / ufnf d';f¥of] / cFufnf] df¥of] . sl/:dfn] klg cfˆgf] gfs b/fnL
p;sf] 6fpsfdf . e/f]; lbP h:t} nfUof] aw' gnfO{ sl/:dfn] .

;f/} fxf rfs] g/] cfOkU' bf cs:dft cfˆgf] ;fdG' g] xftdf bj' fnL lnPsf] xl/ofnfO{
ple/xs] f] bV] of] . emG8} ;ftfk] T' nf] p8s] f] p;sf] . p;nfO{ nfUof,] xl/ofnfO{ ;a kQf
rln;ss] f] 5 . ;ndfg / sl/:dfsf] s/' f . To;n} ] t p;nfO{ ufnL ug{ jf k;} f
dfUg plePsf] 5 oxfF . æx/] aw' g, dnfO{ g;fw] L d/] } ;ndfg;uF ldnfOln; cfˆgf]
sl/:dfsf] <Æ oxL eg/] p;sf] uwg{ df ePsf] ufD5f ;dfTg] 5 clg æklRr; ;o lgsfnL
lnG5;\ ls oxL bj' fnLn] dfl/lnOxfnF' /] tnF fO{ <Æ o;} eGnf eGg] 8/n] lgnf] eof] aw' g .

æx] /] a'wg, d]/f] ;ndfgsf=] ==Æ olt dfq af]n]sf] lyof] xl/of, af]nL 6ª' \Uofpg} lbPg
a'wgn] . cQflnFb} bflxg] xftn] cfªU\ ofpg} lbPg a'wgn] . cQflnbF } bflxg] xftn]
cfˆgf] ?b3| G6L ;dfpbF } eGof], æ/fd s;d xl/of rfrf, dn} ] sl/:dfnfO{ ;ndfgsf]
;uF === .Æ 8/fP/ k"/f jfSo afN] g} ;sg] a'wgn] . x8a8fP/ sfFks] f] :j/df afn] s] f]
b]v/] cfz ljk/Lt p;sf] sfFw ykykfpbF } xl/ofn] eGof,] æs] eof] /] a'wg tnF fO{ <
lsg o;/L 8/fOlnPsf] < dnfO{ e"t b]lvlnO;\ ls s] xf] /] < dn} ] t d]/f] ;ndfgsf]
bl] vxfln;\ ls eg]/ ;fl] wlng vfh] ]sf] lyPF . t sl/:df;Fu} NofOlbxfn]sf] eP x'g]
elglng vf]hs] f] lyPF . d}n] cR5f vf;f ;jf/L e6] s] f] 5' . v/} 5f]l8xfn\ . ToxL
vf]nfs] } 5p] d] rg{ 5fl] 8lnP y]F . ca d uP/ NofOxfN5' /] . tF hfbF } u/=\ ==== .Æ af]Nb}
lxlF 8;ss] f] lyof] xl/of .

xl/of / aw' g ljk/Lt lbzflt/ nfu] . aNn aw' gsf] ;f; cfof] . æwQ/] L=== xl/of rfrfsf]
t dfnd' g} /xg] 5, laTyfdf d klg olt w/] } 8/fOlnPF . cfˆg} 6fpsfdf Kof66\ kf¥of]
aw' gn] clg sl/:dflt/ xb] {} eGof,] kQf grnf;] \ rfrfnfO{ clxn] . a;\ tF Pp6f /fdf| ] a58] f
lbOlbxfn . To;kl5 t klRr; ;o xg} tLg xhf/ g} lblbG5' /] .Æ 9S' s xg' vfH] of] aw' g .

6fFuf lnP/ 3/;Dd kU' bf p;n] af6fe] l/ s]xL / s;n} fO{ bv] ]g . /ftf] /ftf] lrNnf]
lrNnf] /fd|f] ;fgf] sl/:df h:t} a58] f p;sf] cfvF fel/ bf}l8/x\of] .

-dlGb/f dw>' Lsf] …aw' gsf] 3f8] LÚ -@)&#_ syf ;ªu\ x| af6 ;fef/_

90 gk] fnL, sIff !!

!)= lbOPsf] cg'R5]b k9L cGTodf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

;fdfGo ¿kdf a'‰bf dgsf] lj1fgnfO{ dgf]lj1fg elgP klg cfwl' gs dgfl] j1fgn]
dflg;sf] Jojxf/sf] cWoog ub{5 . cg'xf/ x/] ]/ dgsf] s'/f yfxf kfpg] dfq xfO] g,
JolStsf ] Jojxf/ / p;n] ug{] kl| tlj|mofsf cfwf/df p;sf af/]df cjwf/0ff agfpg'
dgfl] j1fg xf] . JolSt jftfj/0fdf a:b5 . JolSt / jftfj/0flar ;w}F lj|mofkl| tljm| of
rln/xG5 . JolSt cfˆgf] rfxgfsf] t[lKtdf nfu]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] rfxgfcg'sn"
jftfj/0f gxg' ;S5 . JolSt eg] hlxNo} p;sf] rfxgfcg;' f/ jftfj/0fdf kl/jtg{
Nofpg vfH] 5 . o:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ JolStn] bv] fpg] ljm| of Jojxf/ xf] .
dgf]lj1fgn] JolStn] cfˆgf] rfxgfcg;' f/sf] jftfj/0f lgdf0{ f ug{ s] s:tf kl| tljm| of
hgfp5F eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ub5{ . JolStsf] Jojxf/df c;/ kg{] jftfj/0f tLg
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 3/, v]t, kxf8, cfjfh, uGw, hf8f,] udL{, af6f]3f6f,] xf6ahf/
cflb efl} ts jftfj/0f x'g\ . kl/jf/, l5d]s, gLltlgod, sfgg' , k;] f, Joj;fo, JolSt
JolStlarsf] cfk;L ;DaGw cflb ;fdflhs jftfj/0f xg' \ . JolStsf cfˆg} sNkgf,
efjgf, rfxgf, OR5f, cfsfªI\ ff, s0' 7f, ;j+ u] cflb dfgl;s jf cfGtl/s jftfj/0f xg' \ .
oL jftfj/0fn] pQh] gfsf] sfd ug]{ ePsfn] dflg;n] p;df kg]{ ke| fjsf cfwf/df km/s
km/s kl| tljm| of bv] fp5F . dgfl] j1fgn] oL jftfj/0f / tHhGo kl/l:yltn] pTkGGf ePsf]
dflg;sf] PsLst[ Jojxf/sf] l;nl;nfa4 ¿kdf cWoog ub5{ .  

k|Zgx¿

-s_ dgf]lj1fg s] xf] <

-v_ JolSt s:tf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ vf]H5 <

-u_ ;fdflhs / ef}lts jftfj/0fn] dgf]lj1fgdf s;/L ke| fj kf5{ <

-3_ …;+j]uÚ / …tHhGoÚ zAbsf] cy{ n]Vg'xf];\ . 

;g' fO / af]nfO

!= ;'gfO kf7 ^ ;'Gg'xf];\ / l7s pQ/ klxNofpgx' f;] \ M

-s_ k:| t't syfdf jl0ft{ 36gf sg' ;dodf 36]sf] xf] <

-c_ /ftsf] P3f/ ah] -cf_ /ftsf] afx| ah]

-O_ /ftsf] Ps ah] -O{_ /ftsf] ;f9] afx| ah]

gk] fnL, sIff !! 91

-v_ ck];| g vr{ slt nfUg] /x5] <
-c_ kfrF nfv -cf_ Ps s/f8]
-O_ bz s/f]8 -O_{ bz nfv
-u_ PsfPs k|s6 ePsf eujfgn\ ] s] eg] <
-c_ P Û dgj' f s] ;f]Rb} 5;\ -cf_ P dgj' f Û tnfO{F s] rflxof ]
-O_ P dgj' f Û s] dfU5;\ dfu\ -O{_ P efO, d s] dfu"F
-3_ d kfqn] s] dfUof] <
-c_ uf8L -cf_ k};f -O_ 3/ -O_{ hLjg
-ª_ eujfg\ s] eg]/ lanfP <
-c_ tyf:t' -cf_ wGojfb -O_ ltd|f] OR5f k/" f eof] -O_{ gd:sf/
@= ;'gfO kf7 ^ df k|o'St lbOPsf zAb / cy{lar hf]8f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
z Ab cy {
-s_ ef| lGt crfgs
-v_ dgj' f To:t} xf;] \ egL cfzLjfb{ lbOg] zAb
-u_ ckT| ofl;t dflg;
-3_ tyf:t ' af]nL aGb /xs] f] l:ylt
-ª_ cjfs \ sg' } s/' f] bV] bf jf ;G' bf To:t} csf{] s/' fsf] efg xg' ] cj:yf
#= ;'gfO kf7 ^ sf cfwf/df pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ d kfq s] ;fl] r/xs] f] lyof] <
-v_ d kfqn] cfk}mFnfO{ lsg lrdf6] s] f] xf] <
-u_ d kfq x8a8fpgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
-3_ eujfg\n] 38L x]b{} s] eg] <
-ª_ d kfq lsg lrRofof] <
-r_ k|:tt' syfsf] ;f/ s] xf] <

92 gk] fnL, sIff !!