-Û_ of] pb\uf/ lrxg\ -Û_ xf ] . bM' v, ;v' , cfZro{ cflb hgfpg] zAb, kbfjnL jf jfSosf
kl5 o; lrx\gsf] k|of]u x'G5 . dfly jfSo ‘r’ df o; lrxg\ sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
tnsf] cgR' 5b] nfO{ l7s nV] o lrx\gsf] k|ofu] u//] kg' n{v] g u/ M
aa' fn] eGg'eof] æcfhsf] xfn va/ s] 5 xÆ“ efOn] ;dfrf/kq NofP/ aa' fnfO{ lbof]
Toxfs“ f] Pp6f n]v k9/] xfdLnfO{ ;g' fpge' of ] . d, cfdf, efO / alxgLn] aa' fn] ;g' fPsf] nv]
Wofgkj" s{ ;G' of“ } .
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!(= tnsf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL n]v/] lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm M
-s_ gfd M qn} fS] ogfy kf]v/]n
-v_ hGd M lj= ;=+ !(() kmfu'g, wgs6' f
-u_ afNo hLjg M ;fdfGo kl/jf/sf] ePsfn] b'Mv;v' df lats] f]
-3_ ljz]if 36gf M !((@ ;fndf lakm/sf] dxfdf/L k}mlnPsf], ToxL
dxfdf/Ln] cf“vfsf] x]g]{ zlSt gi6 ePsf]
-ª_ ldlxg]t / ;fwgf M c¿n] eg]sf] ;'g]/ kf7 s07 kfg]{ afgL, oxL jm| ddf
@)@! ;fndf cfkm" n] pQ/ eGg] / ;xofu] Ln] nl] vlbg] u//] P;Pn;L
k/LIff pQL0f{, jm| dzM o;/L g} k9]/ / hf“r lbP/ cfOP, laP / PdP
pQL0f{, PdP pQL0f{ ePsf] ;fn lj= ;=+ @)@(
-r_ lj=;+= @)#) b]lv @)%* ;Dd lqrGb| snh] df kf| Wofkg
-5_ lgwg M @)%* h]i7 !( ut]
@)= tnsf] ljifodf rf/ rf/ hgf ldn]/ kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/ M
lzIfssf] lgb{]zg / ;xofu] df :yfgLo kl| tli7t JolStsf] hLjgL nv] .
50 gk] fnL sIff &
^ Pp6} d'6' Pp6} dd{
9f]sfsf] cl3 wn' fdf a;L d slt ufpn“ f < – dfwjk;| fb l3ld/]
x] ke| ' Û ltdf| ] dlGb/leq slxn] cfpn“ f <
51
cf“ugL5p] ufOg] ufp“5 lbnsf] ;afO{
c5t' efO lxbo{ 5'G5 ;f/ª\uL ahfO{ .
;as} f] Ps} xf8 / df;' /ª\u / /f]ug
bx] df lbn, lbndf O{Zj/, c5t' geg .
O{Zj/sf] 5f/] f], dfG5]sf] efO dfG5]n] 5'“b}g
of]eGbf 7n" f] lgl3g{ L kfk ;;+ f/df x'b“ g} .
Pp6} d'6', Pp6} dd{, Pp6} OZ{ j/
e]b / efj d]6/] k;f}“ k|]dsf] OZ{ j/ .
k|e' M OZ{ j/
;afO{ M Ps k|sf/sf] nfs] no
/ªu\ /f]ug M s'g} j:tn' fO{ /“ufpg] sfd, kfln;
lgl3{gL M l3gnfUbf], nfhdbf]{
dd{ M leqL j]bgf, kL8f
eb] / efj M km/s Jojxf/, kIfkft
g]kfnL sIff &
cEof;
!= sIffdf kf7sf] uLt no xfn]/ kfnk} fnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9]sf] klg
;g' .
@= pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ lbnsf] ;afO{ s;n] ufp“5 <
-v_ ;a} dflg; p:t} xg' \ eGg] cfwf/ s] xf] <
-u_ s;n] s] u//] kfk ub}{ 5 <
-3_ uLtsf] clGtd x/kmn] s] egs] f] 5 <
-r_ o; kf7sf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <
#= vfnL 7fp“ e/L uLtsf x/km k/" f u/ M
;as} f] ============== xf8 / df;' ============= / ===============
=============== lbn, =============== OZ{ j/, =============== geg .
$= efjlj:tf/ u/ M
9f]sfsf] cl3 wn' fdf a;L d slt ufp“nf <
x] ke| ' Û ltdf| ] dlGb/leq slxn] cfp“nf <
%= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf uLtsf x/kmnfO{ jfSodf nv] M
pbfx/0f M 9f]sfsf] cl3 wn' fdf a;L d slt ufp“nf <
d 9fs] fsf] cl3 w'nfdf a;L slt ufpn“ f <
cf“ugL5p] ufOg] ufp“5 lbnsf] ;afO{
c5t' efO lxb{o 5G' 5 ;f/ª\uL ahfO { .
52 gk] fnL sIff &
zAbe08f/
^= pxL cy{ xg' ] Ps Pscf]6f zAb n]v M
9f]sf O{Zj/ e]b k|]d
&= tNnf] x/kmsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;“u hf]8f ldnfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
c5't b]x e]b k:g ' kfk
;dfgtf 5t' cfTdf wd{ lg:sg '
*= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L zAb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M xf8 / df;' = xf8df;'
/ª / /fu] g = /ª/fu] g
bfn / eft dfn / ;fdfg 1fg / lj1fg
snd / d;L xft / v6' 6\ f al' 4 / ljj]s
k9fO / nv] fO xf6 / ahf/ gfd / sfd
lstfa / sfkL ufp“ / a;“] L 3/ / uf7]
(= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
eb] , lgl3g{ L, dd,{ ;f/ª\uL, c5t'
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ M
9f]sf, dlGb/, ;afO,{ ke| ', lbn, ;+;f/
g]kfnL sIff & 53
!!= kf7 x/] /] ;Rofpm M
bLn, O{:j/, c5t" , ufp5“ , cfugL, efO{
!@= uLtsf] t;] f| ] / rfy} f] x/km sfkLdf ;f/ .
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!#= k9 / ae' m M
;a} dflg;sf] lbn xG' 5 . dflg;sf] lbndf OZ{ j/ a:5g \ . To;n} ] s;n} fO{ klg c5t' geg .
dflysf] jfSosf uf9f cIf/sf zAbn] jfSo k/" f u/]sf 5g \ . tL zAbx¿ ljm| ofkb
xg' \ . dflysf h:t} cGo bzcf6] f lj|mofkb n]v .
!$= k9, ae' m / u/ M
uLtsf] klxnf] / bf;] |f] x/kmdf k|of]u ePsf] ‘ufpn“ f, cfpn“ f’ ;Defjgfy{s ljm| ofkb
xg' \ . o:t} lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf tnsf jfSox¿ k9 M
d kv6] f nufP/ p8“'nf . ljZj ax| \df08 rxf?n“ f . gof“ gof“ s'/f vf]h'n“ f . tLdWos] f
/fd|f s/' f /f]h“n' f . tL s/' f xfd|f] bz] df Nofpn“ f . ;an} fO{ af8'“nf . cfk"m klg agn“' f .
c¿nfO{ klg agfp“nf .
dflysf jfSonfO{ tn bv] fP h:t} u/L kl/jtg{ u/ M
h:t} M xfdL kv6] f nufP/ p8fn+“} f . ========================
!%= k9, ae' m / u/ M
-s_ kf7sf] sljtf /fdf| ;] u“ k9 .
-v_ Pp6} d6' Pp6} dd{sf af/]df kf“r jfSox¿ eg .
-u_ ltdL uLt ufpm .
dflysf jfSox¿ cf1fy{ hgfpg] jfSox¿ xg' \ . cf1fy{ ;Gbe{cg';f/ cg'/f]w, k|fy{gf,
;Nnfx jf sfdgf a'emfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . cf1fy{ hgfpg] ljm| ofkbsf] k|of]u
u//] kf“rcf]6f jfSox¿ agfpm .
54 g]kfnL sIff &
!^= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf 5b“' }g, xb“' g} , geg cs/0f lj|mofkb xg' \ .
tnsf ljm| ofkbx¿nfO{ cs/0fdf kl/jtg{ u/L jfSodf k|ofu]
u/ M
k9b\ Yof} eg] 5 ul/;Sof ] ;fW] 5g \ agfp5“ '
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
!&= kf7sf] uLtsf] nodf Pp6f uLt n]v/] sIffdf ;g' fpm .
!*= kf7sf] lrqsf] j0fg{ u/ .
gk] fnL sIff & 55
& ;ft lbg] ;ef
hgsk|;fb xd' fufO+{F
;fu/sf] kf7zfnf hfg] af6fdf Pp6f kf6L lyof ] . kf6Lsf] 5fgf] k/' fgf] ePsfn] 7fp“ 7fp“
rl' xg yfns] f] lyof ] . Ps lbg kf7zfnf hf“bf kf6Llt/ bv] fpb“ } ;fu/sL alxgL uªu\ fn] egL,
æbfO, of] kf6L s;n] agfp“5 < Æ
;fu/n] eGof,] ælsg / <Æ
alxgL uª\ufn] egL, æ5fgf] g5fP elTsG5 xfO] g / <Æ
;fu/n] eGof], æeTs] s] ef] t, xfdf| ] 3/ xfO] g ÛÆ
;fu/ / uªu\ fn] o;/L s/' f u/s] f] lbg a]n'sfb]lv g} s]xL lbg nfdf] em/L k¥of] . of] em/L
/f]lsb“ f g/fl] sb“ } kf6Lsf] 5fgf] uNofd{ u'n'd{ elTsof ] . kf6L eTss] f] b]v/] uªu\ fn] egL,
æxg] '{xf;] \ bfO, 5fgf] t elTsxfn]5 ÛÆ
kf6L M a6j' fnfO{ af; a:g jf ysfO dfg{ agfOPsf] ;fjh{ lgs 3/, wd{zfnf, ;Œfn
em/L M nuftf/ ePsf] jiff{
56 gk] fnL sIff &
;fu/n] PskN6 d'G6f] kmsf{P/ kf6Llt/ x¥] of] . kf6Lsf] 5fgf] etfe'ª\u ePsf] b]Vof ] . p;n]
sx] L egs] } lyPg . km]l/ uª\ufn] egL, æs;/L eTs5] xlu bfO <Æ ;fu/n] km]l/ eGof], æeTs]
s] ef] t, xfd|f] 3/ xf]Og . uªu\ fn] egL, æxfdf| ] 3/ geP klg af6fdf lx“8\bf, kfgL kbf{ bf8} “b}
uP/ cf]t nfu/] a:g kfOGYof ] . o;/L sltkN6 a;s] f lyof,}“ xfO] g / <Æ
;fu/n] eGof,] æx'g t xf] t/ ca ga;fn“} f, ePg / <Æ
alxgLn] egL, æ;fgf] kfgL k/] t ga;fn}“ f, d';nwf/] kfgL kbf{ klg ga:g] <Æ
;fu/n] eGof], æa:g] 7fp“ gePkl5 d';nwf/] kfgL k/] klg ga:g], l;dl;d] kfgL k/] klg
ga:g] . l56f] l56f] bf}8“b} 3/ k'Ug an ug]{ .Æ
uª\ufn] em/L kbf{ kfgLdf ?em] / lx8“ g\ ' xb'“ }g, Hj/f] cfp5“ , la/fdL kl/G5 eg]sf] ;g' ]sL lyO{ .
PskN6 dfdf3/ hf“bf pm cfÇgL cfdf;u“ 7'nf] kfgLdf ?em]sL lyO{ . To;an] f p;nfO{
Hj/f] cfP/ sx] L lbg ;'Tg'k/]sf] lyof] . dfdf3/ uP/ 3d' lkm/ ug{ klg kfPsL lyOg . p;sL
cfdfnfO{ klg la;Grf] ePsf] lyof] . Tof] af6f] eP/ lx8“ \g] c¿ dflg; klg kfgL kbf{ kf6Ldf
cf]t nfUy ] . yfSbf ysfO dfy]{ . uª\ufn] oL ;a} s/' f ;Dem“ b} kf6L eTsg' 3/ eTsg'eGbf klg
g/fd|f] eof] eGg] 7fgL t/ ;fu/n] of] s'/f a'em\g ;s] h:tf] nfu]g . cfk"meGbf 7'nf] ePsfn]
bfh;' u“ a9L s/' f ug{ klg ;lsg .
uª\ufsf] 3/df p;sf cfdfa'afn] xKtfdf PskN6 ;a} hgf a;]/ ;ef ug{] u/s] f lyP .
Tof] ;efdf uPsf] xKtfdf ePsf sfdx¿af/] s'/fsfgL x'GYof] . ;efdf cfpb“ f] xKtfdf
ug{] sfdx¿sf] ofh] gfaf/] klg 5nkmn ug{] rng lyof] . sg' } 7n' f] ;d:of cfOk¥of] eg]
klg pgLx¿ o:t} ;ef uy {] . ;a} ldn/] ;d:of ;dfwfg uy {] . uªu\ fn] klg kf6Lsf] 5fgf]
eTs]sf] s/' f cfÇgf] 3/sf] ;ft lbg] ;efdf /fVg] lgwf] u/L .
;ft lbg] ;ef x/]s xKtfsf] z'j|maf/ an] 'sf eft vfO;sk] l5 a:Yof] . ;efdf aa' f ;efWoIf
xG' y], cfdf ljz]if cltly x'lGyg\ . ;fgf] efO h'/]nL pb3\ f]ifs aGYof] . ;fu/ / uªu\ f ;xefuL
;b:o aGy ] . ;efdf ;f/} /fd|f];“u 5nkmn x'GYof ] . ;an} ] cfÇgf] dgdf nfu]sf s/' f lgwS{ s
eP/ eGy] . s;n} ] sg' } s/' fsf] uNtL u¥of] eg] klg p;nfO{ x]nf ul/b“ g} Yof] . uNtL ;'wfg]{
dfs} f lbOGYof ] . /fdf| ];u“ 5nkmn u//] lgwf] u/]sf s'/fnfO{ sfg'g ;/x ;a}n] /fd|f];u“ kfngf
uby{ ] . uªu\ f zj' m| af/sf] af6f] x/] ]/ a;s] L lyO{ .
cf]t nfUg ' M kfgLn] gleHg] 7fpd“ f a:g ' d;' nwf/] M d';n e}“m wf/f ePsf], 7n' f]
lgwf ] M lgZro, kSsf
pb3\ f]ifs M ;ef ;df/f]xdf sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ug{] JolSt
lgwS{ s M ws gdfgLsg, 9S' s;“u
sfgg' M /fHon] agfPsf] lgod, ;a}n] dfGg'kg]{ lgod
gk] fnL sIff & 57
cfh zj' m| af/ xf ] . an] s' fsf] efG;f ;s/] ;a} hgf ;efsf7] fdf hDdf eP . aa' f ;efWoIf eP/
a; ] . cfdf klg ljzi] f cltly eP/ a'afsf] 5]pdf al;g \ . ;efdf ul/g] 5nkmndf uªu\ fn]
‘eTss] f] kf6Lsf] ljifodf afN] g’] egL . o;/L g} c¿ h?/L ljifo klg 5nkmnsf lglDt /flvof ] .
cfhsf] ;efdf ;ae} Gbf gof“ ljifo uª\ufs} ePsfn] klxn] afN] g] kfnf] klg uª\ufn] g} kfO{ .
h/' ]nLn] ;efWoIfsf] cgd' lt lnP/ eGof,] æca xfd|f] ;ef ;'? xG' 5 . cfhsf] ;ae} Gbf gof“
ljifo eTss] f] kf6L 5 . o; ljifodf afN] g] k:| tfj lbbL uª\ufn] /fVge' Psf] xf] . cfhsf]
klxnf] jStf klg lbbL uª\uf g} xg' x' G' 5 . d pxf“nfO{ cfÇgf] ljifodf af]Ng cg/' fw] u5' { .Æ
;efdf ;a} hgf ldn]/ a;]sf x'Gy] . a;]/} afN] g] rng lyof] . ;f]xLadfl] hd cfk"m a;]s}
7fpa“ f6 ;Dafw] g ub}{ uª\ufn] egL,
cfb/0fLo ;efWoIf, ljzi] f cltlyHo" / d/] f bfh'efO !
d}n] kf7zfnf hf“bf af6fdf xfdf| ] ufp“sf] kf6Lsf] 5fgf] k'/fgf] eP/ kfgL r'lxg nfu]sf] bv] ]“ .
To;/L kfgL rl' xPkl5 l56} g5fP 5fgf] elTsG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUof] . Tof] 5fgf] s;n] 5fp“5
egL dn} ] bfh' ;fu/;u“ ;fw] “] . bfhn' ] eTs] s] ef ] < xfdf| ] 3/ xf]Og eGge' of] . d}n] bfhn' fO{
s/' f] a'emfpg ;lsg“ . d/] f] ljrf/df Tof] kf6L eTsg' l7s xfO] g .
uªu\ fkl5 o;} ljifodf ;fu/nfO{ af]Ng lbOof ] . ;fu/n] klg ;efnfO{ ;Dafw] g ub{} eGof], æ3/
eTSof] eg] xfdL a:g kfpb“ }gf“}, To;n} ] kf6L eTs“b}df lsg lk/ ug{ ] < d/] f] eGg' olŒf g} xf ] .Æ
o;kl5 ;efWoIfn] pb\3f]ifs h'/n] LnfO{ af]Ng eg ] . Ps l5g 3f]l/b“ } h/' n] Ln] eGof,] ækf6L
eTSof] eg] kfgL kbf{, 3fd rsb{“ f, ysfO nfUbf a6'jfnfO{ a:g] 7fp“ x“b' g} . jf; a:gn] ] klg
jf; kfpb“ g} g\ . kf6L xb“' f xfdLnfO{ dfq xfO] g, w/] n} fO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] cfÇgf]
3/ dfq xf]Og, kf6Lkfj} f klg hf]ufpg'k5 { . eTs] eTsf;] \ eGg' x“b' g} .Æ
uªu\ f, ;fu/ / h/' ]nLkl5 ;efWoIfsf] cf1fcg';f/ ljzi] f cltlysf] cf;gaf6 cfdfn] elgg\,
æcfh uªu\ fn] uª\uf gbL h:t} ljz]if dxŒjsf] ljifodf o; ;efdf cfÇgf] ljrf/ ;'gfOg \ .
h'/n] Ln] klg c;n s'/f eg] . dnfO{ w/] } v';L nfUof ] . ;efWoIfHo" / c¿ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ klg
v';L nfUof] xf]nf ! xfd|f] 3/ eTs] xfdLn] dfq bM' v kfpg] xf }“ . kf6L, kw“ /] f, af6f,] kf7zfnf
c:ktfn eTs] w]/n} fO{ b'Mv xG' 5 . d}n] c¿ s/' f s] eg “" < dnfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f o:t} xf] .Æ
k|:tfj M 5nkmn ug{ NofPsf] ljifo
;Dafw] g M efif0f ubf{ ;efdf /xs] f dflg;nfO{ k|f/Ded} ul/g] lzi6 cleJolSt
kf6Lkfj} f M a6'jfx¿sf nflu af; / kfgLsf] wf/f] ;dt] ePsf] 7fp“
k“w/] f] M kfgL eg]{ wf/f,] sj' f cflb
58 g]kfnL sIff &
;a}sf] afN] g] kfnf] ;lsPkl5 ca Ps k6s ;fu/nfO{ g} ;f]Wg" egL aa' fn] ;efWoIfsf]
x}l;otn] eg] . ;fu/nfO{ cfÇgf] ljrf/ unt nfUof] / æd cfÇgf] ljrf/ ;Rofp“5'Æ eGof] .
æTo;f] xf] eg] ef]ln ;a} ufpn“ n] fO{ afn] fcf“} . ;a} eTss] f] kf6L agfpg hfcf“}Æ olt egL afn]
;ef lj;hg{ u/] .
x}l;ot M kbdf /xs] f] gftf
cEof;
!= pQ/ eg M
-s_ kf6L lsg r'lxg yfns] f] xf] <
-v_ kfgL kbf{ ;fu/ / uªu\ f sxf“ cf]t nfUy] <
-u_ kfgLdf ?‰bf uªu\ fnfO{ s] eof] <
-3_ uªu\ fsf] 3/df z'jm| af/ a]n'sf s] x'GYof] <
-ª_ ;ft lbg] ;efdf uª\ufn] s] s/' f /fvL <
-r_ ;fu/n] ;efdf kf6Laf/] s] eGof] <
-5_ ;ef lj;hg{ ug'c{ lu ;fu/n] s] eGof] <
-h_ ;efWoIfn] kf6Laf/] s] eg] <
@= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M
-s_ uªu\ fsL cfdfnfO{ lsg la;Grf] eof] <
-c_ ?ufvf]sL nfu]/ -cf_ kfgLdf ?em]/ -O_ af6fdf n8/]
-v_ uª\ufn] ;fu/;“u lsg a9L s/' f ul/g <
-c_ ;fu/n] s/' f g;g' s] fn] -cf_ ;fu/n] s/' f /fd/| L ga'ems] fn]
-O_ ;fu/ cfk"meGbf 7'nf] ePsfn]
g]kfnL sIff & 59
-u_ o; syfsf] dV' o ;Gb]z s] xf] <
-c_ xfdLn] xfdf| ] 3/ dfq hfu] fpgk' 5{ .
-cf_ xfdLn] kf6L, kw/]“ f,] af6f,] kf7zfnf cflb hf]ufpg'k5 { .
-O_ xfdLn] cfÇgf] ;fdfg dfq hfu] fpg'k5{ .
#= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf], kQf nufP/ n]v M
-s_ xfdf| ] 3/ geP klg af6fdf lx“8b\ f, kfgL kbf{ bf8} b“ } uP/ cft] nfu]/ a:g
kfOGYof] .
-v_ a:g] 7fp“ gePkl5 d;' nwf/] kfgL k/] klg ga:g] .
-u_ cfhsf] ;a}eGbf gof“ ljifo eTss] f] kf6L 5 .
-3_ dn} ] c¿ s/' f s] eg"“ < dnfO{ nfu]sf] s/' f o:t} xf] .
$= pQ/ nv] M
-s_ kf6Lsf] 5fgf] s] eP/ elTsof] <
-v_ uªu\ fnfO{ lsg Hj/f] cfPsf] lyof] <
-u_ ;ft lbg] ;efdf s] s]sf af/d] f 5nkmn x'GYof] <
-3_ ;ft lbg] ;efsf] ;~rfng ss;n] s;/L uy{] <
%= kf7sf cfwf/df sIffdf 5nkmn u/ M
-s_ kf6L eTsg' lsg l7s xf]Og <
-v_ ;efdf ;fu/ / h/' n] Ln] kf6Lsf ljifodf s] s] eg] <
-u_ uªu\ fn] eTss] f] kf6Lsf af/]df ;efdf k|:tfj /fVgfn] s] eof] <
^= uª\ufn] eTss] f] kf6Laf/] ;efdf egs] f s/' f lzIfsaf6 ;g' /
ae' m .
60 gk] fnL sIff &
zAbe08f/
&= o; syfsf kfqx¿dWo] ltdLnfO{ s;sf] ljrf/ lsg dg k¥of,]
n]v .
*= tNnf] x/kmsf ldNg] cy{;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
kf7zfnf dfdf3/ lj;h{g xKtf jStf
;efsf] cGTo afN] g] dflg; ljBfno ;ft lbgsf] cjlw dfjn
(= tNnf] x/kmsf pN6f] cy{ xg' ] zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
lj;h{g klxnf] jStf d';nwf/ ] ;lhnf]
cK7/] f ] l;dl;d] k|f/De >ft] f clGtd
!)= a9L ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ xfdL yfSbf ………………… u5f“}{ . -dgf]/~hg, e|d0f, cf/fd_
-v_ ;efdf ;d:ofsf]…………vfl] hG5 . -cfjZostf, ;dfwfg, pTklTt_
-u_ ;fu/n] ……………;w' f¥of] . -uNtL, vNtL, af6f_]
-3_ ;efWoIfn] ;xefuLnfO={ ==……lbP . -k/|] 0ff, cf;g, af]Ng] ;do_
!!= ldNbf] zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
uNofd{ un' {D' d km" n km' Ng ' u'8'8' ?g'
9sdSs xg] '{ kmgkmg xf:“ g'
l6gl6g 3fd nfUg' bgbg s'bg\ '
dudu 9Ng ' w'?w'? 3D' g'
6'n6' n' ' af:gf rNg' tktk aNg'
6G6nfk/' aHg ' d';d' ;' ' r'lxg'
gk] fnL sIff & 61
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!@= dflysf] kf7 sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k9/] ;g' fpm .
!#= tnsf zAb l7s;“u pRrf/0f u/ M
eTs]sf], etfe'ª\u, Hj/f], d';nwf/], kf6Lkf}jf, ;efWoIf, lgw{Ss, xKtf, lgwf],
pb\3f]ifs, lj;hg{
!$= tnsf zAbnfO{ kf7 x/] /] ;Rofpm M
uu+ f, cfdf;u+ , hf]/f], c?, xK6f, ;a+ fw] g, larf/, dxŒjk0" f {
!%= kf7af6 z / if ePsf zAb tyf j n]lvg] / a pRrf/0f x'g]
zAb vfh] .
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!^= k9, ae' m / u/ M
;fu/n] eGof,] æxg' t xf] t/ ca ga;f“}nf, ePg / <Æ
dflysf] jfSosf uf9f cIf/sf zAb lgkft x'g\ . lgkft PSn}sf] cy{ xb“' g} t/ jfSodf
ko| f]u ePkl5 To;n] jfSodf ld7f; Nofp5“ .
-s_ kf7sf] klxnfb] ]lv gjf“} cgR' 5]b;Ddsf jfSodf k|ofu] ePsf lgkft zAb vfh] ]/
sfkLdf ;f/ .
-v_ kf,] t, lg, rflx,“ n, nf} lgkft ko| fu] u/L jfSo agfpm .
!&= tnsf jfSox¿df uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb k9 / gfdof]uLaf/]
a'em M
;fu/n] PskN6 dG' 6f] kmsfP{ / kf6Llt/ x]¥of] .
62 gk] fnL sIff &
a:g] 7fp“ gePkl5 d';nwf/] kfgL k/] klg ga:g] l;dl;d] kfgL k/] klg ga:g] .
pm cfk\mgL cfdf;u“ 7'nf] kfgLdf ?ems] L lyO{ .
uªu\ fn] kf6L eTsg' 3/ eTsge' Gbf klg g/fdf| ] xf] eGg] 7fgL .
dflysf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb gfdof]uL xg' \ . o:tf gfdofu] L c¿ klg 5g\, h:t} M
;u“ , tkm,{ dfly, dl' g, k6\l6, kl| t, af/], clu, kl5, ;Dd, ;d]t, afx]s, cg';f/, adf]
lhd OToflb .
-s_ kf7sf] t];f| ], rf}yf] / kfr“ f“} cgR' 5b] af6 gfdof]uL zAb vfh] /] n]v .
-v_ ;Dd, lt/, k6\l6, af/], tkm{ , cg';f/ gfdofu] L k|of]u u/]/ jfSo agfpm .
!*= tnsf jfSodf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb x/] M
;fu/n] eGof,] ælsg / <Æ uª\ufn] ;fu/nfO{ egL, ækf6L g5fP eTs“b}g / <Æ nuftf/
k/]sf] em/Ln] kf6L elTsP5 . ;fu/ / uª\uf ljBfnoaf6 cfp“bf kfgL k/s] f] an] f
kf6Ldf cf]t nfUy] .
dflysf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAbdf hf]l8Psf n], nfO,{ af6 / df ljelSt xg' \ . o:tf
ljelSt c¿ klg 5g\ . h:t} M b]lv, åf/f, sf], sf, sL /f,] /f, /L, gf,] gf, gL]
-s_ l7s ljelSt /fv]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
;fu/ ================= PskN6 dG' 6f] kmsfP{ / kf6Llt/ x¥] of] . uªu\ f ===================
;fu/ ======================s;/L kf6L ====================== 5fgf] eTs5] xls egL . ;fu/
====================== em/L ==================== eTss] f] xfn] f eGof] . uªu\ fn] ;fu/ ====================
ca kfgL kbf{ cft] nfUg] 7fp“ ePg egL . ;fu/n] bf8} “b} 3/ ================== kU' g'k5{
eGof] . b'j} ljBfno ================= 3/ cfpb“ f kfgL k¥of] eg] kf6L ====================
cf]t nfUy] .
-v_ kf7sf] b;f“} cgR' 5]baf6 ljelSt nfus] f zAb vf]h .
g]kfnL sIff & 63
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!(= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ 36gfjm| dcg;' f/ afofk“ 6l\ 6 !, @ cªs\
nv] /] syf agfpm / zLifs{ klg /fv/] kg' nv{] g u/ M
zLif{s M
- _ avf{df w/] } kfgL k¥of] .
- _ ufp“n]x¿ ToxL wf/fsf] kfgL vfGy ] .
- _ kxf8sf] vfr]“ df Pp6f wf/f] lyof ] .
- _ s]xL dflg; kNnf] ufps“ f] kfgL3f6af6 kfgL Nofpg yfn] .
- _ wf/f] klx/fn] ] kl' /of,] ufpn“ n] fO{ kfgL3f6 ePg .
- _ dflyaf6 klx/f] n8]/ wf/f] k'l/of ] .
- _ Ps b'O{ lbg t ;a} ufpn“ ] csf]{ 3f6df kfgL lng uP .
- _ ufps“ f k?' ifx¿n] vf;} jf:tf u/]gg \ .
- _ tLg lbg ;a}n] sfd u/ ] .
- _ wf/f] agfpg ufp“n] dlxnfx¿n] ;ef u/ ] .
- _ klx/f] kG5fPkl5 wf/fsf] kfgLsf] d"n el] 6of] .
- _ klxnf] lbg dlxnfn] dfq sfd u/ ] .
- _ gof“ wf/f] dlxnfsf] ;lj|motfdf aGof ] .
- _ bf];f| ] lbgbl] v k?' ifx¿ klg sfddf cfP .
- _ ufpn“ n] fO{ kfgL Nofpg ;lhnf] eof ] .
64 gk] fnL sIff &
* k|jm[ ltsf] ;G' b/ :yn M vKt8
gk] fnsf] kf| sl[ ts agf6] ljlrqsf] 5 . ;fgf] ef}ufl] ns If]qkmn ePsf] gk] fndf lxdfn, kxf8
/ t/fO{sf] cgf7} f] ;ª\ud /x]sf] 5 . pŒf/ lbzfdf klZrdbl] v k"j;{ Dd km}lnPsf kªl\ Sta4
lxdzª[ \vnfx¿ 5g \ . ljZjsf ;jfR{] r bzcf]6f lzv/dWo] ;u/dfyfnufot cf7 cf]6f
lxdrn' Lx¿ oxL“ /x]sf 5g \ . lxdfnd'lg t/]nL k/]sf xl/of kxf8x¿ 5g\ . ltgsf dl' g
leqL dw;] / pj{/ t/fO{ 5 . k|s[ltsf] Pp6f ;'Gb/ l;h{gf h:tf] nfUg] of] dn' 's ljZjs}
;'Gb/ b]zx¿dWo] Ps xf] . o;leq k|fsl[ ts bZ[ ofjnLsf bl[ i6n] ;of“} cfsifs{ / ;'Gb/
7fpx“ ¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] ;'b/" klZrdf~rnsf] vKt8 ks| [lt, ;:+ sl[ t / hl} js ljljwtfsf bl[ i6n]
dgdfx] s :yn xf] .
vKt8 n]s xf] . of] ;'b/" klZrdsf 8f6] L, c5fd, afh/' f / aemfª lhNnfsf] ;ªu\ ddf /x]sf]
5 . o;sf] klZrddf 8f]6L, kj" d{ f afh/' f, pQ/df aemfª / blIf0fdf c5fd lhNnf kb{5g\ .
of] ns] ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/a !%)) bl] v ##)) ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 .
cgf7} f ] M xg' ] jf bl] vg] eGbf gfn} f]
dgdf]xs M ;'Gb/ dgnfO{ dfl] xt kfg{]
gk] fnL sIff & 65
gk] fn ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ lj= ;+= @)$@ df vKt8 /fli6o« lgs'~h 3fi] f0ff u/s] f] xf] . of]
dWo kxf8L If]qsf] Ps dfq /fli6«o lgs'~h xf ] . o;sf] Ifq] kmn @@% ju{ lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
o; If]qsf] ea" gf6] cgf7} f] 5 . s'g} sz' n lzNkLn] sf6]/ /fv] h:tf t/]nL k/s] f y'Dsf /
ltgsf lardf ;Dd k/s] f ee" fux¿ /xs] f 5g \ . gbLgfnf / em/gfx¿n] of] Ifq] ;'zfl] et
5 . oxf“ /xs] f s'08x¿n] klg o;sf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ a9fPsf 5g\ . o; lgs~' hsf] clwsfz+
efu 3gf hª\unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . oxf“ ns] fnL jgsf] ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL bV] g kfOG5 . ‰ofDd
k/]sf] lgufnf] 3f/L hlt x/] ] klg c3fOb“ }g . oxfa“ f6 ckL / ;}kfn lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/ bZ[ ofjnL
b]lvG5 . oxf“sf cgs] f“} y'Dsf / afO; cf6] f kf6g hf8fd] f lxp“ Pjd\ udL{df /ª\uLlj/ª\uL
km" nn] zfe] fodfg x'G5g \ . o;/L vKt8 k|s[ltn] l;u“ f/]sf] ;'Gb/ Pjd\ /d0fLo 7fp“ dflgG5 .
vKt8 /fli6o« lgs'~h If]qleq dxŒjk"0f{ ;f:+ s[lts Pjd\ wflds{ :ynx¿ klg /x]sf 5g \ .
tLdWo]sf] aemfª lhNnfdf kg{] :j= vKt8 :jfdLsf] cf>d Ps xf] . of] cf>d lgs~' hsf]
dV' o sfof{no glhs} /x]sf] 5 . elgG5, vKt8 afafn] sl/a kf“r bzs o; Ifq] df a;/]
tk:of u/]sf lyP . pgn] oxL“ g} ljrf/ lj1fg, :jf:Yo lj1fg, wd{ lj1fg cflb uG| ysf] /
rgf u/]sf lyP .
csf]{ wflds{ Ifq] c5fddf kg{] ;x;| lnªu\ xf] . cUnf kxf8x¿sf lardf #@&^ ld6/ cUnf]
kj{t 5 . of] lgs'~h If]qs} ;ae} Gbf cUnf] kj{t xf ] . o;nfO{ htfaf6 x/] ] klg lzjlnª\u
h:t} bl] vG5 . oxL r'r'/fnfO{ ;x;| lnªu\ eG5g\ .
/fli6o« lgs'~h M /fi6«n] hf]ufPsf] jg gk] fnL sIff &
dWo kxf8L If]q M dWo kxf8sf] lxp“ kg{] 7fp“
ju{ lsnfl] d6/ M Ps Ps lsnfl] d6/ nDafO / rf8} fO ePsf] If]qkmn
ea" gf]6 M e"cfs[lt, hldgsf] ;+/rgf
lzNkL M sflnu9, snfsf/
yD' sf M af6n' f] cfsf/sf] ;fgf] 8f8“ f,] kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]
clwsf+z M w]/}h;f]
3gf M afSnf]
;bfaxf/ M ;w“} xl/of] /xg,] ;w“} x/fe/f x'g]
3f/L M afSnf] emfª
zf]efodfgM zfe] fn] el/Psf]
;f:+ s[lts M ;:+ sl[ t;DaGwL, k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t
uG| y M dxŒjk"0f{ k:' ts
66
8f6] L lhNnfdf vKt8 lqj0] fL /xs] f] 5 . ;x;| lnª\ult/af6 :j0fu{ ªu\ f au]sL 5g\ . pŒf/
k"j{af6 gLnuª\uf cfPsL 5g \ . l;4f>dsf] k"ja{ f6 cfsfz uªu\ f ax]sL 5g \ . vKt8
lqj0] fLdf oL tLg cf6] } uªu\ fsf] ;ª\ud xG' 5 . lqj]0fLdf Pp6f lzj dlGb/ 5 . u0f]z dlGb/,
sb] f/ 9ª' u\ f, gfu9ª' \uf klg To; Ifq] sf wfld{s :yn x'g \ .
lzj dlGb/ j/k/ c¿ klg k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf ejgx¿ 5g\ . lqj0] fLdf kT| o]s jif{
h]i7 kl" 0f{dfsf lbg uªu\ f bzx/f d]nf nfU5 . lqj0] fLdf :gfg u//] ;x;| lnªu\ sf] bz{g ubf{
k'0o ldNg] wflds{ ljZjf; /xs] f] 5 .
lgs~' hsf] pŒf/ k"jL{ Ifq] df vKk/ -vKt8_ bx 5 . of] bx afh/' f lhNnfdf k5{ . of] o;
Ifq] s} 7'nf] bx xf] . o;sf] cfwf kfgL sfnf] / cfwf kfgL ;]tf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;sf
lsgf/fdf kl| ;4 l;4 k'?if vKk/ d:6fs] f] vKk/df8f“} -dlGb/_ cjl:yt 5 . oxf“ efb| k"l0f{dfsf
lbg 7'nf] dn] f nfU5 .
oxf“ 3f/] n, Ajf“;f,] lrQn, s:t/" L d[u, lrtj' f, efn' h:tf :tgwf/L ag}of hLjhGt' kfOG5g \ .
an' an' , sfO] nL, 8fk“ m,] dg' fn, sflnh, lrn cflb kG5Lx¿ ljr/0f u5g{ \ . efh] kq, ;Nnf,] wk' L,
u'/f;“ , v;|', lrdfn, ry' |f], lr/fOtf], lgufnf] cflb jg:klt kfOG5g\ . oxf“ w]/} h8La6' Lx¿sf]
klxrfg ePsf] 5 . o; If]qdf w/] } k|hfltsf /ª\uLrªu\ L km" nx¿ k'mN5g \ . To;} u/L w/] }
vfn] kt' nLx¿ / cgs] f“} sL6ktªu\ n] o; If]qnfO{ cfk\mgf] jf;:yfg agfPsf 5g\ . lqj0] fL /
vKt8 bxdf aemfª] kfxf / v;|] Eofut' f b]Vg kfOG5 . o;/L vKt8 If]q h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
e08f/ ag]sf] 5 .
lqj0] fL M tLg gbLsf] ;ª\ud
l;4f>d M ;fw';Gtsf] s6' L jf cf>d
k/' ftflŒjs M k/' fgf snf, ;:+ sl[ t;u“ ;DalGwt
uª\uf bzx/f M bz ks| f/sf kfk gfz ug{] uªu\ f :gfgsf] kj{
k0' o M z'e kmn, wd{
l;4 k?' if M ;fwgf, tk:of cflbaf6 ljz]if zlSt kf| Kt JolSt
:tgwf/L M :tg ePsf], aRrfnfO{ bw' r';fpg]
ljr/0f M 3d' lkm/
jg:klt M ?v, af]6la?jf cflb
klxrfg M lrGg] jf 7Dofpg] sfd
sL6ktªu\ M kv]6fsf ;xfotfn] p8\g] hLj, kG5L, kt' nL cflb
gk] fnL sIff & 67
lgs~' hsf] d'Vo sfofn{ odf Pp6f ;ªu\ |xfno 5 . To;sf glhs} cUnf] cjnfs] g 6fj/
lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] 5 . Toxf“af6 lxdfnL zª[ \vnf / To; If]qsf 3f;“ ] d}bfgx¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 .
hxf“ jiff{ofddf rg{sf nflu hgfj/x¿sf] ayfg cfpg] u5{ .
vKt8sf] kf| s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ /fli6o« lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf ] . lgs~' hn]
oyf;Dej ;+/If0fsf] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] If]q dWojtL{ If]qsf afl;Gbfsf] kz'
r/fpg] vs{ klg ags] f] 5 . rl/r/gn] dgf/] d kf| s[lts jftfj/0f vnalng ;S5 . To;n} ]
rl/r/gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{' cfjZos bl] vG5 .
vKt8 ;'b/" klZrdf~rn Ifq] sf] cg'kd kf| s[lts e08f/ xf ] . o; If]qsf] hl} js ljljwtf
/ k/' ftflŒjs j:ts' f] /fd|f] cWoog ePsf] kfOb“ }g . To;} u/L ko{6g k|jw{gsf nflu klg
pNn]vgLo sfd ePsf] b]lvb“ }g . To;n} ] ;j{ky| d vKt8df ;8s oftfoft k'¥ofcf}“ / ko{6g
kj| wg{ u/f “} . ;fy;fy} oxfs“ f] hl} js ljljwtfsf] ;/+ If0f, cWoog / bfx] gsf] cleofg rnfcf “} .
o;f] u/]df vKt8n] ;'b"/ klZrdsf] dfq xf]Og, b]zs} ;dl[ 4df ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] 5 .
;ªu\ |xfno M k/' fgf lrhlah /fVg] 3/ jf 7fp“
cjnfs] g 6fj/ M bZ[ ofjnL xg] { agfPsf] cUnf] 6fj} f
;Dkbf M ;DklŒf
dWojtL{ Ifq] M lgs~' h / dV' o a:tLsf larsf] 7fp“
vs { M kz' r/fpg] 7fp,“ r/g
rl/r/g M ufO{j:t' r/fpg] sfd
cg'kd M pkdf lbg g;lsg], ah] f8] sf]
k|jwg{ M a9fpg] sfd
pNnv] gLo M rrf{ jf j0f{g ug{ pkoS' t
;8s oftfoft M df]6/ uf8L u8' g\ ;Sg] af6f]
bfx] g M a9LeGbf a9L kmfObf lng] sfd
cleofg M s'g} p2Z] o k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] ljzi] f sfd, ultljlw
;dl[ 4 M pGglt, ku| lt
68 g]kfnL sIff &
cEof;
!= pQ/ eg M
-s_ gk] fnsf] e"ufn] sf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-v_ vKt8 lsg kl| ;4 5 <
-u_ vKt8 :jfdLn] s] s] k:' ts n]vs] f 5g\ <
-3_ vKt8 :jfdLsf] cf>d sg' lhNnfdf k5{ <
-ª_ vKt8 lqj0] fLdf slxn] d]nf nfU5 <
-r_ lgs~' hsf] cjnf]sg 6fj/af6 s] s] b]lvG5 <
@= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M
-s_ vKt8sf af/]df tnsf] sg' egfO al] 7s 5 <
-c_ vKt8sf] klZrddf 8f6] L lhNnf k5{ .
-cf_ vKt8sf] k"jd{ f afh'/f lhNnf k5{ .
-O_ vKt8sf] blIf0fdf c5fd lhNnf k5 { .
-O{_ vKt8 dWo kxf8L Ifq] sf] lgs'~h xf] .
-v_ vKt8sf wflds{ :yndWo] sg' sg' sf] ;DaGw lgs6 /xs] f] 5 <
-c_ vKt8 lqj]0fL / vKt8 bx
-cf_ vKt8 lqj0] fL / ;x;| lnª\u
-O_ vKt8 lqj]0fL / vKt8 :jfdLsf] cf>d
-O{_ vKt8 lqj]0fL / vKk/df8f}“
g]kfnL sIff & 69
-u_ vKt8sf] d'Vo ljzi] ftf s] xf] <
-c_ vKt8 ;b' "/ klZrdf~rnsf] ;f+:sl[ ts e08f/ xf ] .
-cf_ vKt8 ;b' "/ klZrdf~rnsf] hl} js ljljwtfsf] e08f/ xf ] .
-O_ vKt8 ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] k|fs[lts ljljwtfsf] e08f/ xf ] .
-O_{ vKt8 ;'b/" klZrdf~rnsf] ks| l[ t, ;+:s[lt / hl} js ljljwtfsf]
lqj]0fL xf] .
#= kf“r jfSodf pQ/ nv] M
-s_ eu" fn] sf cfwf/df vKt8sf] kl/ro b]pm .
-v_ vKt8 If]qsf wflds{ :ynx¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
-u_ k|fsl[ ts bl[ i6n] vKt8 s:tf] 5 <
-3_ h}ljs ljljwtf egs] f] s] xf] <
-ª_ vKt8df s] s:tf] hl} js ljljwtf kfOG5 <
$= efjlj:tf/ u/ M
vKt8 k|s[ltsf] cgk' d e08f/ xf] .
zAbe08f/
%= tNnf] x/kmsf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
y'Dsf] ;G' b/ k0' o k|fsl[ ts lxp“b
kfk s[lqd avf{ pkTosf s'¿k
^= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M
dxŒjk0" f,{ ayfg, s0' 8, kf6g, e08f/, pj/{ , kªl\ Sta4, ;z' fl] et
70 g]kfnL sIff &
&= tnsf zAbsf km/s cy{ k9 / a'em M
sz' n M -!_ l;kfn ' -@_ ;Grf], cf/fd -#_ rt'/f], af7f]
;ªu\ d M -!_ e6] , ldng -@_ bfe] fg, ag] L
lgs'~h M -!_ ?vdf nx/f hl] nP/ ag]sf] 7fp“
-@_ jGohGt' / jg:kltsf] arfpsf nflu hf]ufOPsf] jg
kt' nL M -!_ Ps ks| f/sf] ls/f ]
-@_ dflg; tyf kz' cflbsf] cfsl[ tsf] vn] f}gf
efu M -!_ sg' } j:t'sf] v08, 6'j|mf
-@_ s'g} ;ªV\ ofnfO{ ljleGg v08df af“8\g] sfd
*= tnsf zAbsf] p:t} cy{ x'g] zAb nv] M
:yn, d'Vo, ejg, ayfg, ;8s, s'08, kf6g, e08f/
(= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L zAb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M lxdfn+ O{ = lxdfnL
klZrd, k"j,{ pQ/, blIf0f, g]kfn, c5fd, kxf8, aemfª, leq
pbfx/0f M prf] + cfO = prfO
df]6f,] ufn] f,] rf}8f, nfdf,] cUnf,] enf], l9nf], sl7g, rfy} f,] ulx/f], ;kmf
!)= vKt8 /fli6o« lgs~' hdf kfOg] jg:klt, kG5L, ago} f hLjhGt' /
gbLsf gfd kf7af6 vfh] /] tnsf] h:t} sf7] f agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
jg:klt kG5L ago} f hGt' gbL
!!= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M
;bfaxf/, b[ZofjnL, 3fi] f0ff, k/' ftflŒjs, :tgwf/L, k|hflt, cleofg, lqj]0fL,
;ª\u|xfno
g]kfnL sIff & 71
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!@= sIffdf dflysf] kf7 cfnfk] fnf] u/L k9 / ;fyLn] k9s] f] klg ;g' .
!#= z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
:tgwf/L, efu} fl] ns, ;jfR{] r, klZrdf~rn, /fli6o« lgs~' h, clwsfz+ , cf>d,
;x;| lnª\u, :j0f{uª\uf, l;4f>d, k"l0fd{ f, sL6ktªu\ , dWojtL,{ pNnv] gLo,
;dl[ 4, ;/+ If0f
!$= af]nfO / nv] fOsf] km/s a'em M
af]nfO nv] fO afn] fO n]vfO
kl:rd \ klZrd k'?;\ k?' if
lgsG' h lgs~' h ;D/5\o0f\ ;+/If0f
eG8f/\ e08f/ laUofg“ \ lj1fg
;'b/' \ ;'b/" cf;|d\ cf>d
!%= kf7sf] bf;] |f] cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;'g]/ n]v .
!^= kf7 x/] /] kbofu] / ljof]u ldnfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
g]kfn;/sf/, sL6ktªu\ , kf“rbzs, dV' osfof{no, /fli6o« lgs'~h, tL dWo],
jGo hGt' x¿, b]z x¿ dWo,] jiff{ ofd, ;8softfoft, ;bf axf/
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f
!&= pbfx/0fcg';f/ tnsf s/0f jfSonfO{ cs/0f / cs/0f
jfSonfO{ s/0fdf kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M oxfa“ f6 lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/ b[ZofjnL b]lvG5 .
oxfa“ f6 lxdfnsf] ;'Gb/ b[ZofjnL b]lv“bg} .
72 gk] fnL sIff &
-s_ vKt8df ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL bV] g kfOG5 .
-v_ vKt8 k|sl[ tn] l;u“ f/]sf] /d0fLo 7fp“ dflgG5 .
-u_ vKt8df la; k|hfltsf hLjhGt' kfOb“ g} g\ .
-3_ dV' o sfofn{ o glhs} cjnf]sg 6fj/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
-ª_ Toxf“af6 lxdfnL zª[ \vnf / 3f;“ ] db} fg bV] g ;lsb“ }g .
-r_ ko{6g k|jw{gsf nflu pNnv] gLo sfd ePsf] b]lv“b}g .
!*= tnsf jfSox¿ k9]/ st{j[ fRo / sd{jfRosf] km/s ae' m M
-s_ oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL b]Vg kfOG5 . sdj{ fRo
-v_ d oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL b]Vg kfp“5' . st{[jfRo
-u_ xfdL oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL b]Vg kfp“5f} “ . st{j[ fRo
-3_ t“ oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL bV] g kfp5“ ; \ . st[j{ fRo
-ª_ ltdLx¿ oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL bV] g kfp“5f}“ . st[j{ fRo
-r_ pm oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL b]Vg kfp5“ . stj{[ fRo
-5_ pgLx¿ oxf“ ;bfaxf/ xl/ofnL b]Vg kfp5“ g \ . st[{jfRo
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!(= ltdLn] bv] ]sf] sg' } Ps /d0fLo 7fps“ f] j0fg{ nv] /] sIffdf
;'gfpm .
gk] fnL sIff & 73
( ;fyLnfO{ lr7L
uf}/Lzªs\ / dfWolds ljBfno,
lh/L, bf]nvf
@)&^÷)%÷@%
Kof/L ;fyL ;ndf,
;'dw/' ;Demgf .
ltdf| ] lr7L gcfPsf] klg emG8} tLg dlxgf eO;s5] . otf dn} ] klg lr7L k7fpg kfPsL
lyOg “ . lr7L n]Vg] To:tf] ljifo klg lyPg . cfh eg] gof“ ljifo kfP/ lr7L n]Vb} 5 ' .
k|yd qd} fl;s k/LIffkl5 xfdL zl} Ifs ed| 0fdf uPsf lyof “} . ljBfnon] zl} Ifs ed| 0fsf
lglDt xfdLnfO{ /fli6«o k|fsl[ ts lj1fg ;ªu\ |xfno sf7df8f}“ nu]sf] lyof ] . e|d0f bndf sIff
;ftsf k“l} t; hgf ljBfyL{ lyof }“ . ;fydf xfdLnfO{ lj1fg k9fpg] u'?cfdf zfGtf lh/n] /
u?' ;'zfGt xfo' klg x'gx' G' Yof] . xfdL uPsf] ;ªu\ |xfno sf7df8fs“} f] :joDes" f] 5p] d} /x5] .
lqej' g ljZjljBfnosf] of] ;ª\ux| fno hLjlj1fg k9g\ ] ljBfyLs{ f nflu pkofu] L /x5] . Toxf“
ljleGg ks| f/sf hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf] z/L/ tyf cjzi] f h:tfsf] t:t} /flvPsf /x5] g \ .
;ª\ux| fno k|j]z zN' s la; ?lkof“ /x]5 . ljBfyL{sf lglDt cfwf ;x'lnot ePsfn] bz
?lkofd“ f g} xg] { kfOof] . ;fyLx¿n] z}lIfs e|d0fsf] ;d"x g]tf dnfO{ agfPsf lyP . To;}n]
d}n] ;a} hgfsf lglDt l6s6 lnP“ . To;kl5 xfdL ;a} ;ªu\ x| fnoleq k:of}“ .
;ªu\ x| fno ;fl“ Rrs} /dfOnf] /x5] . Toxf“ ljleGg vfnsf hªu\ nL hgfj/sf z/L/, cl:yk~h/
/ cjzi] f /flvPsf /x]5g \ . bn' e{ h8La'6Lsf kft, xf“uf / h/f klg /flvPsf /x5] g\ .
bz{sx¿nfO{ x]g{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg/] ltgnfO{ ;dx" ;d"xdf 5'6o\ fOPsf] /x]5 .
;ª\ux| fno M dxŒjk"0f{ / b'ne{ j:t'x¿ ;ª\ux| u/L /flvPsf] 3/
hLjlj1fg M hLjhGt'af/] cWoog ug]{ zf:q, k|f0fLzf:q
jg:klt M af]6la?jf, ?v cflb
cl:yk~h/ M k|f0fLsf] xf8 dfqsf] ;/+ rgf, sªs\ fn
cjzi] f M hLjhGts' f] xf8, 5fnf h:tf sg' } j:t,' ars] f] jf /x]sf] efu
b'ne{ M kfpg w/] } sl7g xg' ]
74 gk] fnL sIff &
xfdLn] x/s] ljefudf uP/ Toxf“ /fv]sf hgfj/sf cjzi] f x¥] of}“ . 3f“; vfg] jf zfsfxf/L
hGtx' ¿df xfŒfL, u8}“ f, du[ , xl/0f, h]a|f, /ftf] kfG8f, gLnufO,{ /t'jf du[ cflb /x5] g\ .
df;+ fxf/Ldf l;+x, lrtj' f, lxdfnL efn,' jg la/fnf] cflbsf cjzi] fx¿ /x]5g \ . Toxf“ :tgwf/L
d?] b08Lo / cd?] b08Lo kf| 0fLsf cjzi] f /x5] g \ . :ynr/, hnr/ / peor/ hnhGts' f cjzi] f klg
/flvPsf /x]5g \ . ltgdf klg v6' 6\ fn] km6fkm6 lx“8\g] xfŒfL, u8“} f cflb / ;k,{ ufx] L h:tf
3;|/] lx“8\g] hGtn' fO{ a]Unfa]Un} 56' o\ fP/ /flvPsf] /x]5 . htftt} kfOg] la/fnf]b]lv k[YjLaf6
a;f{}“ klxn] nfk] ePsf] 8fOgf];/sf cfjm[ ltx¿ klg /x5] g\ . jgdfG5s] f] cfs[lt klg /x5] .
clxn] g} lx8“ n\ f ls h:tf] u/L sf“wdf n67\ L t]:of{Psf] jgdfG5] Toxf“sf] x]g}{kg{] lrh nfUof] .
To:t} clhªu\ /sf] cl:yk~h/ klg x]g}{ kg]{ vfnsf] lyof] . xfdLn] 3'dL 3d' L oL ;a} hLjhGt'sf
cjz]if x¥] of}“ .
Toxf“ r/f, kt' nL / ;fªn\ f cflb ls/fx¿sf] 5'6\6} ljefu lyof] . gk] fndf / ;;+ f/sf c¿
7fpd“ f kfOg] kG5L klg /fvs] fn] of] ljefu klg xg] { nfos lyof] . Toxf“ d/]sf r/fnfO{ lhp“b}
h:tf] nfUg] u/L /flvPsf] bV] tf dnfO{ crDd nfUof ] . Kjfv“ / eT' nf gpvn] L kzk' G5Lsf] 5fnf
sf9/] ;s' fO{ leqk6l\ 6 k/fn vf“b/] l;nfp“bf /x]5g\ . u'Rrfsf cf“vf /fvk] l5 Tof] lhp“bf] hGt'
h:t} bl] vb“ f] /x5] . hgfj/sf cjz]if klg o;/L g} /flvPsf /x]5g\ . o:tf] snfnfO{ rd{lzNk
eGbf /x]5g\ . To; l;ksf] pkofu] Toxf“ ePsf] b]lvof ] . cl:yk~h/ dfq ;hfP/ /fvs] f] klg
bl] vof ] . Toxf“ ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] r/f cl:6h« sf] cG8f klg /x5] . ;ks]| f] a]nsf] kmn hq} cl:6«hsf
cG8f b]Vtf xfdL 5Ss k¥of {}“ . kG5Lx¿df 8fk“ m] , sy' s' ]{, ljleGg hftsf xf“;x¿, hª\unL
s'v'/f, wg];, do"/, nf6f]sf;] ]/f], sflnh cflb lyP . Tof] b]Vtf dnfO{ t kG5Lsf] ;+;f/df
k'u] h:tf] kf] nfUof] .
df;+ fxf/L M df;' dfq vfg,] df;' dfq cfxf/ ePsf] hGt,' lx+;s| hGt'
:tgwf/L M aRrf hGdfpg] / To;nfO{ bw' vj' fpg] hGt'
d]?b08Lo M 9f8 jf d?] b08 xg' ]
cd]?b08Lo M 9f8 jf d?] b08 gxg' ]
:ynr/ M hldgdf dfq kfOg], hldgdf dfq af“Rg]
hnr/ M kfgLdf dfq kfOg], kfgLdf dfq afR“ g]
peor/ M kfgL tyf hldg b'j} 7fp“ df a:g], hn / :yn bj' } 7fp“df af“Rg]
8fOgf];/ M xhf/f}“ jif{cl3 g} kY[ jLaf6 nfk] ePsf] Ps hLj
cfs[lt M cfsf/, :j¿k
rd{lzNk M s'g} hGt'sf] 5fnfn] df9] ]/ hGt'sf] p:t} :j¿k agfpg] l;k
g]kfnL sIff & 75
xfdL kz' / kG5Lx¿sf cjzi] f xl] /;s]/ jg:klt ljefudf l5¥of} “ . Toxf“ b'n{e h8La6' L
lr/fOtf], kfr“ cfn“} ,] h6fd;L cflb x]¥of“ } . ?vsf] ;'ss] f] d'9fdf pdg| ] ljleGg hftsf Rofp
klg x¥] of“} . em'l;nls/fsf] lkl7p“df pd|]/ a9\g] bn' e{ h8La'6L ofrfu{ 'Daf klg x]¥of“ } .
o;/L 3'Dbf3'Db} lbp;“ fs] f] tLg alh;s5] . xfdLnfO{ ef]s nfUof ] . xg] ]{ s/' f klg ;lsPsfn]
xfdL aflx/ lgl:sof“} . ;a} hgf glhssf] xf]6ndf vfhf vfg uof “} .
;ndf, lr7L lgs} nfdf] eof] . lbSs gdfg x} Û a? ltdL klg st} 3'ds] L 5\of} xfn] f . To;af/]
j0fg{ u/]/ lr7L n]v . clxn] o; kqaf6 labf eP“ n Û afs“ L s'/f csf{] kqdf n]v'n“ f .
ltdL| ;fyL
;Ltf lh/]n
vfdsf] gdg' f
k7fpg] kfpg] l6s6
;Ltf lh/n] ;ndf >i] 7
uf/} Lzªs\ / df=lj= ;/:jtL df=lj=
lh/L, bf]nvf rf}tf/f, l;Gw'kfNrfs]
76 g]kfnL sIff &
cEof; 77
!= pQ/ eg M
-s_ of] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ n]vs] f] xf] <
-v_ ;Ltfn] ;ndfnfO{ slt dlxgfkl5 of] lr7L nv] ]sL xg' \ <
-u_ /fli6«o kf| sl[ ts lj1fg ;ªu\ x| fno sxf“ 5 <
-3_ zl} Ifs e|d0fdf slt hgf uPsf lyP <
-ª_ u'? / u?' cfdfsf] gfd s] xf] <
-r_ z}lIfs ed| 0fsf] ;dx" gt] f sf] lyof] / p;n] s] sfd u¥of] <
@= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M
-s_ df5f s:tf] hGt' xf] <
-c_ :tgwf/L, cd]?b08Lo / :ynr/
-cf_ :tgwf/L, cd?] b08Lo / peor/
-O_ c:tgwf/L, d]?b08Lo / hnr/
-v_ af3 s:tf] hGt' xf] <
-c_ :tgwf/L, d?] b08Lo / peor/
-cf_ :tgwf/L, d]?b08Lo / :ynr/
-O_ c:tgwf/L, cd?] b08Lo / hnr/
-u_ d[u s:tf] hGt' xf] <
-c_ :tgwf/L, df+;fxf/L / peor/
-cf_ :tgwf/L, zfsfxf/L / :ynr/
-O_ :tgwf/L, ;jfx{ f/L / hnr/
g]kfnL sIff &
-3_ jgdfG5] s'g jud{ f kg]{ kf| 0fL xfn] f <
-c_ :tgwf/L / hnr/
-cf_ :tgwf/L / peor/
-O_ :tgwf/L / :ynr/
#= pQ/ nv] M
-s_ ;ªu\ x| fnodf s] s] /flvPsf /x]5g\ <
-v_ df+;fxf/L hGtx' ¿ s] s] xg' \ <
-u_ s:tf hGtn' fO{ :tgwf/L elgG5 <
-3_ d?] b08 eg]sf] s] xf] / d]?b08Lo k|f0fLdf sg' sg' kb{5g\ <
-ª_ hnr/ / :ynr/ kf| 0fL eGgfn] s:tf / sg' s'g k|f0fL al' emG5 <
$= ltdL cfkm" n] hf8f] labfsf] 56' 6\ Ldf u/s] f] s'g} ed| 0fsf] 5f]6f]
j0fg{ u/L kf7sf] lr7Lsf] pŒf/ bp] m .
%= ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] jgef]h sfo{j|mdsf] j0f{g u/L
;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]v .
zAbe08f/
^= s'g zAbn] ;a} kf| 0fLnfO{ ;d6] \5 < n]Vgx' f];\
-s_ d[u, af3, gLnufO{, kf| 0fL, ;k{, df5f], xfŒfL
-v_ kf“rcf}“n], h6fd;L, h8La6' L, lr/fOtf]
-u_ ;k{, uf]xL, 3;g| ] hGt,' clhª\u/, 5]kf/f]
-3_ k/j] f, sv' /' f, 8f“km,] dg' fn, kG5L, 9s' '/
&= ‘;ª\ux| fno’ ;ª\ux| / cfno bO' { zAbn] ag]sf] 5 . tnsf zAbdf
‘cfno’ hf8] \bf aGg] zAb eg M
cgfy, bj] , lzj, zf}r, lgbz]{ g, sfo{
78 g]kfnL sIff &
*= tnsf zAbnfO{ z4' u/ M
jU} of“lgs, k~5L, z}l5s, lgs'Gh, s'G8, eG8f/, ;/+ 5o\ 0f, k5o\ , blR50f
(= tnsf zAb k9 / a'em M
;ªu\ x| fno, cl:yk~h/, cjzi] f, jg:klt, d]?b08Lo, cd]?b08Lo, hnr/, :ynr/,
peor/, :tgwf/L
oL k|fljlws zAb xg' \ . lj1fg / kl| jlwsf Ifq] df k|fljlws zAbsf] a9L ko| f]u xG' 5 .
dflysf zAbsf] cy{ /fd/| L a'em .
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= sIffdf kf7sf] lr7L k9/] ;'gfpm .
!!= tnsf zAb l7s;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
d?] b08, kY[ jL, rdl{ zNk, cl:6«h, d9' f, h8La6' L, h6fd;L, cS6fk] ;, ofrfu{ 'Daf
!@= kf7af6 cGTodf bL3{ Osf/sf] dfqf xg' ] bzcf]6f zAbx¿ vf]h]/
nv] .
!#= kf7af6 lz/laGb' / rGb|laGb' nfus] f zAb l6k .
!$= kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' ]/ n]v .
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!%= k9 / ae' m M
ltd|f] lr7L gcfPsf] klg emG8} tLg dlxgf eP5 . 79
;ªu\ x| fno ;f“lRrs} /dfOnf] /x5] .
pgLx¿ ;a]/} ;ª\u|xfno k'u5] g\ .
jgdfG5] b]Vbf ;fyLx¿ 5Ss k/5] g\ .
g]kfnL sIff &
o;/L 3D' bf3'Db} lbp“;f]sf] tLg alh;s5] .
dflysf jfSodf eP5, /x5] , ku' 5] g,\ k/5] g\ / ;s5] ljm| ofsf] ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . tL
c1ft kIf hgfpg] lj|mofkb x'g\ .
!^= tnsf jfSonfO{ c1ft kIfdf kl/jtg{ u/ M
ljBfyLx{ ¿ jgef]h uP . jgefh] df ld7f ld7f kl/sf/ vfP . pgLx¿n] gfrufg
u/] . lr6\7f tfg/] v]n vn] ] . cfv“ fdf k6\6L af“w/] xf8“ L km6' fP . ;f9] kf“r ah] 3/
kms{] . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ ;dodf g} 3/ cfOk'u ] .
l;h{gfTds cEof;
!&= cfkm" a;]sf] ufp÷“ 6f]nsf] ;w' f/sf nflu ugk{' g]{ sfdsf]
j0f{g u/L ;dfh;]jfsf] sfd ug]{ lbbLnfO{ lr7L n]v .
!*= k9, ae' m / u/ M
hGdf]T;jsf] pknIodf z'esfdgf
Kof/L ;fyL zfGtf u'?ª
ltdL cfh ebf} @ ut] afx| jif{ k"/f u/L t/] jifd{ f kj| z] u/s] f] z'e hGdf]T;jsf]
pknIodf xfdL ltd|f] ;':jf:Yo, pGglt Pjd\ bL3{ hLjgsf] xflb{s dª\undo
ze' sfdgf JoSt ub5{ f}“ .
sIff ;ftsf ;Dk0" f{ ;fyLx¿
dflysf] ze' sfdgf kq x/] L ltxf/sf] pknIodf ;fyLnfO{ lbg] ze' sfdgf kq tof/ u/ .
80 gk] fnL sIff &
!) ;'g puN] g] efn]
plxn] plxn] c?0f pkTosfdf yk' |} ls/ft /fhfx¿ lyP . To:tf /fhfx¿nfO{ cfk'ªu\ L
/fhf elgGYof] . ;a} cfkª' \uL /fhfx¿sf ;;fgf /fHo lyP . To:tf /fHosf /t} Lx¿n] lt/f]
glt/]kl5 /fhfx¿ klg ul/a g} x'Gy] . ;DkGg / 7'nf] bz] sf] /fhf x'g] /x/n] ;a}nfO{
dxŒjfsfªI\ fL agfPsf] lyof ] . To;}n] Ps /fhfn] csf{] /fhfsf] /fHodf xdnf ul//xGy ] .
;w“} emu8f / slrªu\ n eO/xGYof ] . o;af6 x}/fg eP/ Ps ls/ft /fhf c?0f pkTosfdf
zflGt Nofpg] pkfo ;fW] g kf?xfªsxf“ k'u ] . pgn] ls/ft /fhfx¿larsf] a]d]n / al] yltsf
;a} s/' f ;g' fP . kf?xfªn] ls/ft /fhfx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] ljrf/ u/] .
pkTosf M kxf8n] 3l] /Psf] larsf] ;dy/ hldg
cfk'ªu\ L /fhf M ;;fgf /fHosf /fhf
dxŒjfsfª\IfL M 7n' f] jf zlStzfnL x'g] /x/ ePsf]
slrª\un M emu8f
kf?xfª M ls/ftx¿sf b]jtf, lzj
a]d]n M dn] gePsf] cj:yf
a]lytL M lylt jf lgod sfg'g gePsf] cj:yf
gk] fnL sIff & 81
pgn] cfkm" nfO{ e6] g\ cfPsf /fhfnfO{ Pp6f ;g' puN] g] efn] / ;g' s} k?] ªu\ f] pkxf/ lbP .
kf?xfªn] eg,] æo;n] ltdLx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] 5 .Æ
/fhf v';L xb'“ } ;'gsf] k]?ªu\ f]df efn] af]s/] b/af/ kmlsP{ . ef]lnkN6 laxfg 3fd eml' Nsg]
an] fdf s'v/' L sf“ ub{} efn] af:of] . efnn] ] ToxL“ cfk\mgf] dv' af6 Ps 8Nnf] ;'g klg pu]Nof ] .
To;}u/L 3fd c:tfpg] an] fdf klg laxfgsf] em“} af:t} ;g' pu]Nof ] . o:tf] ;'g puN] g] efn]
kfPkl5 /fhf bªª\ k/ ] . pgL cfkm“} To; sv' '/fsf] x/] rfx tyf bfgfkfgLsf] aGbfa] :t uy] { .
s]xL lbgd} b/af/sf ;a} sf]7frf6] f ;'gsf 8Nnfn] el/P . ca /fhfn] ;g' sf 8Nnf kfn}
kfnf] cfÇgf /t} Lx¿nfO{ af8“ g\ yfn ] . /fHosf ;a} /t} Lx¿ wgL / ;v' L x'g yfn] . To;
/fHosf] aofg rf/t} km{ km} lnof ] .
Ps lbg laxfg /fhf efnn] fO{ k]?ª\ufa] f6 aflx/ lgsfNb} lyP . k]?ªu\ fa] f6 aflx/ glgsfnL
efnn] ] ;'g puN] bg} Yof ] . To;}n] /fhf cfk}m“ To;nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNb} lyP . o;/L lgsfNg nfUbf
y'lgPsf] r/f g xf], Tof] t e'/{ p8]/ hªu\ nlt/ efUof] . /fhfn] x8a8fpb“ } tTsfn} To;nfO{
;dfpg b]zsf ;f/f ;g] f kl/rfng u/ ] . efnn] fO{ k5o\ fpb“ } ;]gfklt hª\un;Dd ku' ] t/
s;s} f] sx] L nfu]g . hªu\ nsf] kTs/d} Tof] efn] x/fof ] . efn] x/fPsfn] /fhf w/] } lrlGtt
eP . efl] nkN6 pgn] ;a} ef/bf/nfO{ afn] fP . pgn] ;g' pu]Ng] Tof] efn] s;/L e6] g\
;lsPnf egL ;f]w ] . ef/bf/x¿n] /fhfnfO{ cg]s ;Nnfx lbP t/ /fhfsf] lrTt ae' m]g .
/fhf cfk“}mn] Pp6f hl' St ;fr] ] . pgn] ;al} t/ pbL{ u/], æx/fPsf] efn] vfh] ]/ ;ft lbgleq
Nofpg]nfO{ bz] sf] ;]gfklt agfOg] 5 .Æ
/fhfsf] pbL{ t?' Gt} bz] el/ kml} nof ] . efn] vfh] /] NofO{ b]zsf] ;]gfklt aGg] /x/n] tLg hgf
dflg; /fhfsf] ;fd' pkl:yt eP . tLg hgfdWo] Pp6fnfO{ af]nfP/ /fhfn] ;f]w], æ;'g
pu]Ng] efn] vfH] g ltdL stf hfG5f} <Æ To; JolStn] hafkm lbof], æd dfª\vfn'ª -dsfn_'
lxdfnlt/ hfG5 ' . Tof] efn] lxdfnsf] sg' } g s'g} kf6f]df n's/] a;]sf] x'gk' 5 { . d To;nfO{
kj|m/] cjZo Nofp5“ ' .Æ
k]?ª\uf] M rf]ofaf6 ags] f] sv' '/f, k/]jf, ;'“u/' , Rofp, df5f, cflb lrh xfNg] ef“8f]
sf]7frf]6f M sf7] f / sf7] f aflx/sf] vfnL 7fp“
kl/rfng M ;~rfng, sfddf v6fpg] sfo{
kTs/ M ;'s]sf kftsf] yk' f| ]
ef/bf/ M /fhfsf d'Vo sdr{ f/L, dGqL ;lrj cflb
pbL { M 3f]if0ff
;g] fklt M ;g] fsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] kb
dsfn ' M c?0f pkTosfeGbf pŒf/lt/sf] lxdfn
82 gk] fnL sIff &
/fhfn] bf];|f] JolStnfO{ af]nfP/ ;f]w,] æltdL stf hfG5f} lg <Æ bf];|f] JolStn] eGof,] æd
lrlrnfsf] kftn hª\undf hfG5 ' . cfk66\ ] kftn hªu\ ndf Tof] n's/] a;s] f] x'g'k5{ . s'v'/f
g xf], Tof] t kltªu\ /n] 5fl] kP/ klg a:g ;S5 . d To;nfO{ kj|mL lnP/ cfp“5 ' .Æ To;u} /L
/fhfn] t];|f] JolStnfO{ ;f]w] . p;n] eGof,] æd vj' fnª' tkm{ -;Ktsf;] L tyf j/fx Ifq] j/k/_
hfG5 ' . efn] ToxLs“ f] vf]“rdf n'ss] f] x'g'k5{ . d Tot} vfh] L u5{ ' .Æ
/fhfn] tLg} hgfnfO{ s'v'/f ;dfpg cfjZos kg]{ ln;f]kf;f,] hfn, 8f]/L cflb lbP/ k7fP .
ltg} hgf cfcfkm\ gf] af6f] nfu] .
dfª\vfnª' lxdfn k'us] f] dflg; alnof] / ;fx;L lyof] . p;n] dfªv\ fnª' lxdfnsf] vf]r“ df
efnn] fO{ bV] of ] . efn] ;dfpg hfn, 8f]/L cflb ;a}sf] k|ofu] u¥of] t/ ;dfpg ;s]g . efn]
dfª\vfn'ª lxdfn 5f]8]/ lrlrnfsf] kftfn jgdf k:of ] .
efn] vf]Hg lrlrnfsf] jgdf k'us] f] dflg;n] Pp6f cUnf] ?vdf efn] a;]sf] bV] of ] . p;n] v;' L
x“b' } To; jgsf cgs] f}“ ?vdf ln;fk] f;f] / hfn klg yfKof] . ;dfpg] p2]Zon] p;n] efn]nfO{
xsfo{ f ] . efn]n] klxn] g} cfk"mnfO{ ;dfpg ln;f]kf;f] yfks] f] yfxf kfO;ss] f] lyof ] . To;n} ]
8/fPsf] Tof] efn] ju] xfGb} c?0f gbLdf kU' of ] . c?0fsf] kfgL dfly dfly p8\b} vj' fnª'
glhss} f] ;Ktsf];Llt/ em¥of] / au/sf] 7n' f] 9ª' \ufdf a:of ] . t];|f] JolSt ;Ktsf];Ldf 8ª' u\ f
lvofpb“ } efn] st} 5 ls eg]/ jfl/kfl/ x]b}{ lyof ] . p;n] glhs} Pp6f 9ª' \ufdfly efn] a;]sf]
b]Vof] . efn] cToGt 8/fPsf] lyof] . ;zªl\ st eP/ Sjf“s== ===Sjf“s ub{} rf/l} t/ xb] }{ lyof ] .
p;n] efn] 8/fPsf] xf] eGg] al' emxfNof ] . To;}n] xtfl/P/ ln;f]kf;f] yfkg] . a? cfkm\ gf]
sDd/df l;pl/Psf] af;“ /' L lemSof] / ahfpg yfNof ] . efn] af“;'/L ahfPsf] w'g ;G' g yfNof ] .
af“;'/L ahfP/ yfs]kl5 pm xfSkf/] efsfdf uLt ufpg yfNof] . efn] af;“ /' Lsf] wg' / xfSkf/]
uLtaf6 cToGt ke| fljt eof ] . Tof] st} efug] . 9'ªu\ fdf pleP/ ;'lg/xo\ f] . pm zfGt eP/
gbLdf 8ª' u\ f lvofpb“ ,} af;“ /' L ahfp“b} / xfSkf/] ufp“b} lbg latfpg yfNof] .
kftn M afSnf], 3gf
cfk6\6 ] M 8/nfUbf]
kltª\u/ M kTs/
vfr“] M b'O{ kxf8sf larsf] ;fu“ /' f] 7fp“
ln;f]kf;f ] M 6]Sbf jf 5“'bf 6fl“ ;g] / lx“8b\ f sl;g] l;sf/sf] ;fwg
xsf{pg' M vb] \g'
au/ M vf]nfsf] lsgf/
8'ªu\ f lvofpg ' M gfp kfgLdf lx8“ fpg'
;zªl\ st M zª\sf u/]sf]
xfSkf/] M nfdf] n]uf| ] tfGb} uLt ufpg] ls/ft uLtsf] Ps efsf
g]kfnL sIff & 83
p;n] To; efnn] ] dg k/fpg] rf/f] klg b/af/af6 ;6' 'Ss nus] f] lyof] . p;n] Tof] rf/f]
au/df 5l/lbof ] . efn] rf/f] l6Kg yfNof ] . Tof] dflg; eg] sx] L klg yfxf gkfPsf] h:tf]
u/L af;“ /' L ahfpb“ } xfSkf/] ufpb“ } clnk/ 8'Ng yfNof] . o;/L bO' { ltg lbgkl5 efn] To;
dflg;kl| t cfslift{ x'b“ } uof ] . o:t}df 5 lbg laTof] .
5 lbg;Dd klg efn] vfH] g uPsf dflg; ;Dksd{ f cfPgg \ . of] bv] /] ptf b/af/df /fhf
56k\ 6fpg yfn ] . ;ftf“} lbg efn] vfH] g dfªv\ fnª' lxdfn / lrlrnfsf] hªu\ nlt/ uPsf
dflg; l/Œf} kmlsP{ . pgLx¿ l/Œf} kmss{] f] bv] /] /fhf Hofb} lg/fz eP . ;fe“ m kg{ nfus] f]
lyof ] . b/af/sf] sx] L k/ af;“ /' Lsf] ld7f] wg' ;l' gof ] . ;an} ] 8f8“ fdf lg:s/] x/] ] . ;Ktsf;] Llt/
efn] ;dfpg lx8“ s] f] dflg; af;“ /' L ahfpb“ } cfpb“ } lyof ] . p;sf] sfw“ df efn] a;s] f] lyof ] .
la:tf/} Tof] dflg; b/af/sf] cfu“ gdf cfOkU' of ] . p;n] efn] /fhfnfO{ lhDdf nufof ] . ;a} 5Ss k/ ] .
efn] ;dft]/ Nofpg] JolStnfO{ /fhfn] ;fw] ,] æltdLn] nu]sf] ln;f]kf;f] klg ;a} h:tfsf] t:t}
5 . hfn klg km' sfPsf 5g} f } . pN6} sx] L gu/Lsg sfw“ df /fv/] kf] efnn] fO{ Nofof } . of] s;/L
;Dej eof ] <Æ
To; JolStn] gd| eP/ eGof,] æd}n] of] r/f 8/fp“b} cfPsf] bv] “] . o;nfO{ d}n] ln;f]kf;f],
hfn yfk]/ / nv6] /] ;dfpg ;lsb“ }g eGg] yfxf kfP“ . To;}n] d}n] af“;/' L ahfP/ xfSkf/]
84 g]kfnL sIff &
ufpb“ } o;nfO{ dg kg{] rf/f] klg lbg yfn“ ] . d}n] o;nfO{ v;' L kfg{ yfn “] . la:tf/} of] efn]
d/] f] glhs xb'“ } uof] . kl5 t d/] f] 6fpsfdf cfP/ a:g kf] yfNof ] . o;/L of] oxf“ cfOk'Uof ] .
s;}nfO{ klg xKsfP/ bKsfP/ nv]6/] b'Mv lbP/ cfkm\ gf] agfpg ;ls“b}g . ld7f] af]nL, jrg
/ Jojxf/n] ;an} fO{ ke| fljt kf/]/ cfk\mgf] kfg{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 g} hLjg ;v' do agfpg
;lsG5 . d}n} u/s] f] / ae' ms] f] olQ xf ] .Æ
To; dflg;sf s/' f ;'g]/ /fhf cToGt v';L eP / p;nfO{ cfkm\ gf] ;]gfklt agfP .
bKsfpg ' M lk6g\ '
cEof; 85
!= pQ/ eg M
-s_ ;;fgf /fHosf /fhfnfO{ s] elgGYof] <
-v_ /fhf kf?xfªsxf“ lsg uP <
-u_ /fhfn] ;g' sf 8Nnf s;nfO{ af“8] <
-3_ efn] sxf“ x/fof] <
-ª_ efn] vfH] g /fhfn] s] u/] <
-r_ klxnf] JolSt efn] vf]Hg stflt/ nfUof] <
-5_ bf];|f] / t];f| ] JolSt efn] vfH] g stflt/ nfu] <
-h_ t;] |f] JolStn] efn]nfO{ s] s] ;g' fof] <
-em_ t;] |f] JolStn] efnn] fO{ sd] f /fv/] Nofof] <
-`_ /fHosf] gof“ ;]gfklt sf] eof] <
@= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf,] kf7sf cfwf/df nv] M
-s_ o;n] ltdLx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ 5 .
-v_ Tof] efn] lxdfnsf] s'g} g sg' } kf6fd] f n's]/ a;]sf] xg' k' 5{ .
-u_ s'v'/f g xf,] Tof] kltª\u/n] 5fl] kP/ klg a:g ;S5 .
gk] fnL sIff &
-3_ efn] ToxL“sf] vf“r] df n'ss] f] xg' k' 5 { . d Tot} vfh] L u5'{ .
-ª_ pN6} sx] L gu/Lsg sf“wdf /fv]/ kf] efnn] fO{ Nofof} .
#= pQ/ n]v M
-s_ /fHox¿lar lsg emu8f / slrªu\ n eO/xGYof] <
-v_ /fhf lsg kf?xfªsxf“ uPsf x'g\ <
-u_ pkxf/ kfPsf] efn]sf s] s] ljzi] ftf lyP <
-3_ efn] s;/L k?] ª\ufa] f6 kml' Tsof] <
-ª_ klxnf] / bf];f| ] JolStn] lsg efn] ;dfpg ;s]gg\ <
-r_ t];|f] JolStn] s;/L efn] ;dft/] Nofof] <
-5_ kzk' G5L klg s:tf] Jojxf/ rfxb“ f /x5] g\ <
$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s;}nfO{ klg xKsfP/, bKsfP/, nv6] /] , b'Mv lbP/ cfk\mgf] agfpg ;ls“b}g . ld7f]
af]nL, jrg / Jojxf/n] k|efljt kf/]/ cfk\mgf] kfg{ ;lsG5 .
%= klxnf] / bf;] f| ] JolStn] ;dfTg g;ss] f] efn]nfO{ t];|f] JolStn]
sf“wdf /fv]/ b/af/df Nofpg ;Sg'sf] sf/0faf/] sIffdf
;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/]/ kfnk} fnf] eg .
zAbe08f/
^= tNnf] x/kmsf pxL cy{ xg' ] zAb;u“ hf]8f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
bfgfkfgL aGbf]a:t lt/f] xdnf kTs/
s/ cfj|md0f th'{df kltª\u/ rf/f]kfgL
&= tNnf] x/kmsf pN6f] cy{ xg' ] zAb;u“ hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
;'vdo zfGt /t} L ;DkGg pu]Ng'
lgNg' /fhf ljkGg bM' vdo czfGt
86 gk] fnL sIff &
*= Psaf6 klxnf] jf k|yd b'Oa{ f6 bf];f| ] eP e“}m tLg, rf/, kfr“ , 5,
;ft, cf7, gf,} bz, la;, krf; / ;oaf6 s] s] aG5g,\ ;fyLx¿;u“
5nkmn u/]/ eg .
(= 8f]/f]af6 8f]/L ag] h:t} tnsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb eg M
7s] f], ufu|f,] sf]bfnf,] 8fnf,] u]8f,] tfpnf]
pRrf/0f / lxHh]
!)= kf7sf] syf kfnk} fnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9s] f] klg ;'g .
!!= tnsf zAb z'4;“u pRrf/0f u/ M
pkTosf, cfk'ªu\ L, dxŒjfsfªI\ fL, k?] ªu\ f], aGbf]a:t, dfª\vfnª' , cfk66\ ], vj' fnª' ,
;zªl\ st, Sjf“sSjfs“ , kf?xfª
!@= tnsf zAb pRrf/0f u/L ‘j’ pRrf/0f u/]/ ‘j’ g} nl] vg] zAb
lrg M
j/, jl/kl/, jfl/, jlsn, jf:tf, v'jf, s5j' f, e'jf, d]jf, kj] f, la?jf, s?jf, xnj' f,
s'jf, ?jf, e'jf, ;]s'jf, a?] jf, a9'jf, s'?jf, e'6j' f, ;'?jf, jfNn, 6\jfNn, 5\jfNn, 5\
jfnL, SjfS“ jf“, :jf66\ , x\jfŒf, jfxjfx
!#= tnsf zAbnfO{ z'4;“u nv] M
k]?+uf], slr+un, klt+u/, ;e+ mgf, em6+ g', s+r6
!$= kf7sf] kf“rf}“ cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' ]/ n]v .
!%= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kf7 x]//] ;Rofpm M
t;] AolStn] gd| eo/] egf,] d}n] of] r/f 8/fpb} cfPsf] b]v ] . dn} ] o;nfO{ nL;fk] fzf,]
hfn yfk/] / nv6] ]/ ;dfpg zlsbg} \ eGg] yfx kfP .
gk] fnL sIff & 87
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!^= tnsf jfSosf uf9f cIf/sf ljm| ofkb x/] / ck0" f{ kIfaf/] ae' m M
-s_ Ps lbg laxfg /fhf efnn] fO{ k]?ªu\ fa] f6 aflx/ lgsfNb} lyP .
-v_ efn] ;zª\lst eP/ Sjfs“ Sjfs“ ub}{ lyof] .
-u_ c?0fsf] kfgL dfly dfly efn] p8b\ } lyof] .
-3_ efn] ;dfpg lx8“ s] f] t];|f] JolSt af;“ '/L ahfpb“ } lyof] .
wft'df t,} b} nfUbf ck0" f{ kIfsf] lj|mofkb aGb5 . dflysf lgsfNb,} ub,{} p8\b,} ahfpb“ }
ck"0f{ kIfsf lj|mofkb x'g \ . tL lj|mofkbdf lyof] hf]8\bf et" sfnsf] ck"0f{ e"t kIfsf]
ljm| ofkb aG5, 5 hf8] \bf ck0" f{ jt{dfg kIfsf] ljm| ofkb aG5 . To:t} xg' ] 5 hf]8]df
eljiot\ sfnsf] ck"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb aGb5 .
!&= tnsf ljm| ofkbnfO{ jm| dzM 5, lyof] / x'g] 5sf ;fydf /fv]/
ck0" f{ kIf hgfpg] tLg} sfnsf lj|mofkb agfP/ cfk\mgf] efOsf]
j0fg{ u/ M
k9\b,} vN] b,} 8N' b}, xf“:b}, /dfpb“ }, pkm|“ b}, lkpb“ ,} vfb“ }, ?“b,} vfS] b}
!*= tnsf jfSosf uf9f cIf/ ePsf zAb k9 / ljm| ofofu] Laf/] ae' m M
plxn] plxn] c?0f pkTosfdf yk' }| ls/ft /fHox¿ lyP .
;w}“ emu8f / slrª\un eO/xGYof ] .
s'v/' f] e/' { p8o\ f ] .
/fhfn] x8a8fpb“ } efn]nfO{ ;dfpg ;]gf kl/rfng u/ ] .
/fhfsf] pbL{ t?' Gt} b]zel/ km}lnof] .
dflysf jfSosf uf9f cIf/sf zAbn] lj|mofkbsf] j0fg{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljm| ofsf] :yfg, ;do,
sfd ubf{sf] tl/sf jf /Llt a'emfpg] o:tf zAb lj|mofofu] L x'g \ . ljm| ofof]uL w/] } 5g\ .
88 gk] fnL sIff &
tnsf ljm| ofof]uL zAb k9 M
oxf“, Toxf“, clu, kl5, dfly, dl' g, leq, aflx/, jfl/, kfl/, glhs}
cfh, lxhf], efl] n, clxn,] plxn], slxn], laxfg, an] s' f
emg\, Hofb}, a;] /L, o;/L, e/' {, Sjfs“ Sjf“s, Eof6Eof6
dudu, bgbg, ;/f;/, ;'6S' s, t?' Gt, cToGt
-s_ kf7sf] gjf“} cg'R5b] af6 lj|mofof]uL zAb vf]h / eg .
-v_ tnsf lj|mofof]uL ko| f]u u/L ljBfnosf] v]n d}bfgsf] j0fg{ u/ M
oxf,“ emg,\ glhs}, lxhf], clxn], klxn], ;/f;/, t'?Gt, cToGt
l;hg{ fTds cEof;
!(= sv' /' f] Pp6f kG5L dfq xf ] . To;n] /fhfn] klg ug{ g;s]sf]
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L u¥of] xf]nf, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
@)= tnsf ab'“ fsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] syf nv] M
Ps hgf ;7] xg' =' == ;7] ;u“ w/] } ;g' xg' =' == cem ;g' a9fpg] rfxgf xg' ' === Ps lbg
Pp6f dflg;sf] 3/df ;7] kU' g=' == To; dflg;n] ;7] nfO{ cfkm\ gf] vt] df ;g' kmN5
eGg=' == ;g' sf] lap ;g' g} rflxG5 eGg=' == lap w/] } gePsfn] bO' { u/fdf dfq ;g' /fk] s] f]
s/' f ug={' == ;7] n] w/] } ;g' lbP/ vt] lsGg vfH] g=' == To; dflg;n] vt] gaR] g' ===
lap lbP pAhs] f] ;'g cfwf cfwf lbg vt] Ljfn tof/ xg' ' === ;]7n] kfr“ tf]nf
;g' lap lbg=' == vt] Ljfnn] 5 dlxgfkl5 !) tfn] f ;g' lbg=' == ;7] n] cfkm" ;u“ sf]
;a} !)) tf]nf ;g' lap lbg=' == 5 dlxgfkl5 v]tLjfn ?b“ } ;7] sxf“ cfpg=' ==
p;n] ;'Svf nfu/] ;'gsf] lap gpds]| f] / ;a} ;g' gi6 ePsf] atfpg=' == ;7]
lhlNng=' == nfe] n] nfe, nfen] ljnfk x'G5 eGg] lzIff kfpg' .
@!= ltdLn] ;g' ]sf] sg' } nf]ssyf sIffdf ;g' fpm .
gk] fnL sIff & 89
!! jm[ lif 7n' f] ls pBf]u 7n' f]
jm[ lif 7'nf] ls pBf]u 7'nf]
cd/l;x+ dfWolds ljBfno, kfv] /f, sf:sLdf cfh sIff ;ftsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf
5 . sIff ;ftsf la; hgf ljBfyLd{ Wo] bz hgfn] kIf / bz hgfn] ljkIfdf afN] g gfd nv] fPsf lyP . tLdWo]
rf/ hgf 5fq5fqf k|ltof]lutfdf cfh ;xefuL x'b“ } 5g\ . sfo{j|mdsf] ;~rfng ug{ ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm“} lr67\ f
xfN5g \ . lr6\7f tfGbf c?0ff tfdfªnfO{ pb\3fi] f0fsf] lhDd]jf/L k¥of] . ;efWoIf xg' ] lr67\ f kl| dnf u?' ªnfO{
/ ;do kfnssf] lr67\ f l5l/ª z]kf{nfO{ k¥of ] . lg0ffo{ s x'g] lr67\ f ;tLz sfo:y, clgtf kg' / ltns
ah|frfon{ ] tfg] . ;an} ] cfcfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L lnP . sfo{j|md ;'? eof] .
pb3\ fi] fs M >L ;efWoIfHo," u'? / u'?cfdf, lg0ff{os d08nsf ;b:ox¿ / Kof/f ;fyLx¿df
d]/f] xflb{ s{ gd:sf/ . cfhsf] jfbljjfbsf] ljifo 5 M ‘s[lif 7n' f] ls pBfu] 7n' f]’
ljifosf] kIf / ljkIfdf afN] g] ;fyLx¿ x'g'xG' 5 – l/ofh cxdb, lrqsnf ofbj, ;~ho
rf}w/L / /Lltsf a:g]t .
;efWoIfsf] cf1fn] d kl| tof]lutfdf kfngf ug'k{ g]{ lgod ;g' fP/ sfoj{ m| d ;'? u5'{ M
jfbljjfb M kIf / ljkIf eP/ ul/g] 5nkmn
lg0ff{os d08n M lg0fo{ ug]{ ;dx"
90 g]kfnL sIff &
afN] bf sg' } l6kf6] x]g{ kfOg] 5g} . tss{ f] v08g ubf{ JolStut cfIf]k nufpg kfOg] 5}g .
kT| o]s k|ltofu] Ln] afN] g] ;do kf“r ldg6] tfl] sPsf] 5 . rf/ ldg6] df hgfp 3G6L / To;sf]
Ps ldg6] kl5 bf];f| ] 3G6L aHg] 5 . bf;] |f] 3G6L aHgf;fy jStJo k/" f ug{'kg]{ 5 .
lg0ff{os d08nsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] 5 .
ca k|ltofl] utf ;'? x'G5 . ;jk{ |yd ljifosf] kIfdf af]Ngx' 'G5 M
l/ofh cxdb
>L ;efWoIfHo," cfb/0fLo u'? / u?' cfdf, lg0ffo{ sHo"x¿ / Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û
d g]kfndf s[lifnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ eGg] kIfdf af]Nb} 5 ' .
gk] fn sl[ ifk|wfg bz] xf ] . c¿sf] bv] fl;sLdf oxf“ s[lifof]Uo hUuf a]r]/ pBfu] vf]Ng] nx/
rNof] t/ kofK{ t k“h' L / sz' n Joj:yfkgsf] cefj eof ] . ;xL k|fljlws 1fg, tflnd k|fKt
sfdbf/x¿ kfOPgg\ / pBf]ux¿ aGb eP .
xfd|f] ufp“df Ps hgf dWod juL{o s[ifs lyP . pgn] v]t a]r]/ pBf]u vf]n] .
pBf]u rnfpg] cg'ej / 1fg pgdf lyPg . sx] L ;do rnfO x/] ], /fd/| L rnfpg ;s]gg\ .
pBfu] aGb eof] . pgL 6]Sg] g ;dfpg] cj:yfdf ku' ] eg] Toxf“sf dhb/' klg a]/fh] uf/ eP .
of] t Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf ] . b]ze/ vf]hd] f o:tf pbfx/0f ;of}“ kfOG5g \ . To;}n]
cf}Bfl] us ljsf;n] g]kfnsf] pGglt x'g ;Sb}g .
gk] fnsf] cyt{ Gqsf] d]?b08 s[lif xf ] . c;L kl| tzteGbf a9L g]kfnL sl[ ifdf ;+nUg 5g\ .
sl[ ifdf cg'ejL hgzlSt kof{Kt 5 . o;sf nflu hldg 5, k/Dk/fut k|ljlw 5 . xnf,]
sf]bfnf] agfpg] / ddt{ ;Def/ ug]{ l;k 5 . k'vfx{ ¿n] 5gf]6 u/s] f cGgafnLsf ;of}“
k|sf/sf lapx¿ 5g\ . sg' lap slxn] / s;/L /fK] gk' 5{ eGg] 1fg Pjd\ cge' j 5 . To;}
n] s[lif ug{ ;lhnf] 5 .
cfIf]k M 58] 5f8, ufnL, bfi] f
s'zn Joj:yfkg M sg' } sfdsf] lgk'0ftfkj" {s ldnfpg] rf“hf]
dWod juLo{ M uh' f/f rnfpg k'Ug] wg ePsf] ;dx" jf ju{sf]
6]Sg] g ;dfpg ] M 6]Sg] / ;dfpg] 7fp“ gePsf,] cf>oxLg
a/] fh] uf/ M sfd gePsf], /fh] uf/ gePsf], a]OndL
cyt{ Gq M cy{ Joj:yf jf cflys{ k|0ffnL
hgzlSt M dfgj zlSt
g]kfnL sIff & 91
cfkm\gf] kl/jf/ ;dfh;“u ePsf] cg'ejsf] pkofu] ugk{' 5{ . l7s ;dodf /fdf| ] lap lahgaf6
;xL lsl;dn] vt] L ug'{k5{ . a9' fa'9Ln] eGg] uy]{ M wfjGtL v]tL, 3f]sGtL ljBf . v]tLsf nflu
wfpg'k5{ egs] f] clns dg nufP/ sfd ug'k{ 5{ egs] f] xf] . dg nufP/ k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf
clnslt ;'wf/ u/]/ v]tL ug'{k5 { .
xfdLnfO{ olŒfsf] vf“rf] 5 . o;f] ugf;{ fy sl[ if pTkfbg a9\5 . vfBfGgdf k/lge{/tfsf]
cGTo eP/ cfTdlge{/tf a9\5 . clxn] ug{] egs] } oxL xf] .
-klxnf] 3G6L nfU5 ._
To;n} ] k"jfw{ f/, k|f/lDes 1fg / cge' j klg gePsf] pBf]ult/ nfu]/ c;kmn xg' ' plrt
x“'b}g . s[lifdf kj" f{wf/ / cg'ej 5 . clnslt ;w' f/ / yk ldlxg]t ugf;{ fy pTkfbg a95\ .
bz] sf] cy{tGq dhat' x'G5 . To;n} ] clxn] g]kfnn] sl[ if ljsf;df hf8] lbg' a'l4dfgL xG' 5 .
wGojfb .
pb3\ fi] fs M ca ljifosf] ljkIfdf lrqsnf ofbj af]Ngx' G' 5 .
lrqsnf ofbj
;efWoIfHo", cfb/0fLo u?' , u?' cfdf, lg0ffo{ s ju{ / ;fyLx¿ Û
d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 afN] b} 5 ' .
kj" j{ Stf ;fyLsf ljrf/ / ts;{ u“ d ;xdt 5g} . pxfs“ f tsx{ ¿ g} cfwf/xLg / ql' 6k0" f{ 5g \ .
pxfn“ ] pBf]u vf]Ng] nx/ rNof] eGg'eof] . To:tf] nx/ rns] f] eP Ps jif{leq xhf/f“} pBfu]
vn' ]/ gk] fn cfB} f]lus d'ns' x'gk' g]{ lyof ] t/ To:tf] ePg . :jfefljs ¿kdf klxns] f] t'ngfdf
pBfu] x¿ a9s] f 5g\ . kh“' L, kl| jlw / Joj:yfkg s'zntfsf] cefjdf pBfu] aGb eP eGg]
s'/f klg unt xf ] . aGb ePsf Ps b'O{ pBf]unfO{ pbfx/0f bv] fP/ ;a} aGb eP eGg ldNbg} .
k|ljlw M lj1fg;Ddt ljlw, tl/sf
k/lge{/tf M c¿df e/ kg{] sfd
cfTdlge{/tf M cfk"mdf e/ kg]{ sfd
k|f/lDes 1fg M k|f/De jf ;?' sf] 1fg
kj" fw{ f/ M klxnb] l] v /xs] f] cfwf/, hu
q'l6k"0f{ M sdhf]/Ln] el/Psf]
92 g]kfnL sIff &
pxfn“ ] s[lifn] ljsf; x'g] 7fs] 'jf uge'{ of ] t/ s[lifdf >d a9L nfU5, sd pTkfbg x'G5 .
df;} dL v]tL dfq ul/G5 . si[ fsx¿ cw{ a]/f]huf/ /xG5g\ . o:tf] s[lif ljsf;n] bz] sf]
ljsf; xg' ] eP plxNo} g]kfn ljsl;t eO;SYof] . lsgls pxfn“ ] eg]sf s'/f t ;of“} jif{
clubl] v g} gk] fndf 5g\ .
of] ou' cfB} fl] us ou' xf ] . To;n} ] bz] sf] ljsf; ug{ pBfu] sf] ljsf; ug{'k5 { . lau|b“ f]
kofj{ /0f / kf| sl[ ts c;Gt'ngn] s[lif k|0ffnLdf c;/ kU' 5 t/ pBfu] df c;/ kb}g{ .
pBf]udf j}1flgstf ckgfOG5 t/ sl[ ifdf pBfu] df h:tf] j1} flgstf ckgfOb“ g} . pBf]udf
w/] } sfd dl] ;gaf6 ul/G5 .
d]l;gsf] sfd l56f], Psgf;sf] / :t/Lo xG' 5 . pBfu] df cfjZostfcg';f/ ;fdfg hlt klg
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ sl[ ifdf ;ls“b}g . oxL sf/0f hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf bz] x¿n]
pBf]unfO{ /fh] ] / l56f] ljsf; u/] . cf}Bfl] us /fi6« ag ] . t;y{ pBf]un] rf“8} bz] sf] dx' f/
kmg] { ;lsG5 . sl[ ifn] ;Dej 5}g .
-klxnf] 3G6L aH5 ._
To;n} ] g]kfndf sl[ if ljsf;df xfO] g, pBf]usf] ljsf;df g} hf]8 lbgk' 5{ . o;}af6 b]zsf]
pGglt x'G5 . wGojfb .
pb3\ f]ifs M ca ljifosf] kIfdf af]Ng'xG' 5 .
;~ho rf}w/L
>L ;efWoIfHo", cfb/0fLo u'? / u?' cfdf, lg0ff{os ju{ / d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û
o; jfbljjfb kl| tof]lutdf d kIfaf6 afN] b} 5' . sl[ if ljsf;sf] kIfdf klxnf] jStfåf/f k:| t't
ts{;“u d k0" f{tM ;xdt 5' . bf];|f] jStfsf ljrf/;u“ k/" } c;xdt 5' / pxfs“ f tsx{ ¿
v08g ub{} 5 ' .
kof{j/0f M jftfj/0f
k|fs[lts c;Gt'ng M ks| l[ tdf xg' ] 36a9
s[lif k|0ffnL M v]tL ug]{ ljlw jf k|lj|mof
j1} flgstf M sg' } sfddf cg;' /0f ul/g] j}1flgs ljlw jf kl| jm| of
g]kfnL sIff & 93
lau|“bf] kof{j/0f, k|fsl[ ts c;Gt'ngsf] k|efj sl[ ifdf dfq xf]Og, cf}Bfl] us ljsf;df klg
k5{ . sl[ ifdf klg j1} flgstf ckgfOG5, gq cGgafnLsf] pTkfbg g} x“b' }gYof ] . cfw'lgs sl[ if
k|0ffnLdf t clws ¿kdf ckgfOG5 . s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0faf6 csNkgLo pknlAw xfl;n
ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnLdf ;a} sfd dl] ;gaf6 x'G5 . pxf“n] OR5f cfjZostfcg'¿k
cfB} fl] us pTkfbg hlt klg ug{ ;lsg] eGg' 9f“6\g vf]Hg' xf ] . cfB} f]lus pTkfbgsf] klg
;Ldf x'G5 . blIf0f sf]l/of s[lifn] vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ ePkl5 cf}Bf]lus ljsf;lt/
nfus] f] xf ] . ukmn] dfq cfB} fl] us ljsf; ;Dej 5g} . To;sf nflu Gog" td kj" fw{ f/ rflxG5 .
Tof] kj" fw{ f/ egs] f] sl[ if ljsf; xf] .
bz] sf] ljsf;df sg' kIfnfO{ kf| yldstf lbg] eGg] s/' f ki[ 7el" dcg;' f/ km/s km/s xG' 5 .
ki[ 7el" ddf To;sf] Oltxf;, kj" fw{ f/, kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] , dfgj ;;+ fwg, ;DefJotf cflb dV' o
x'G5g\ . g]kfndf ;tflAbof}“b]lv v]tL u/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . hldg, lap, cf}hf/ / s[lif
kl| jlw ;DaGwL kj" fw{ f/ 5 . ks| l[ tn] gk] fnnfO{ hl} js ljljwtfsf] wg lgMzN' s kb| fg
u/s] f] 5 . sl[ ifdf cge' j ePsf] nfvfn“} fv hgzlSt 5 . cGo bz] n] sl[ if ljsf;df u/s] f] k|ult
x]bf{ ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿ cToGt w]/} 5g\ t/ o;nfO{ pBfu] sf ¿kdf ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ .
hldgsf ;fgf ;fgf 6j' |mfnfO{ PsLs[t s[lif kmf/fdsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'k{ 5{ . gbLgfnfx¿sf]
cTolws pkofu] u//] l;“rfO ;l' jwf k'¥ofpgk' 5{ . xfdL ;fd"lxs v]tLlt/ cu|;/ x'gk' 5{ .
s[lif ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / s[lif cfh} f/x¿sf] ;'wf/ ugk'{ 5{ . pGgt hftsf] lap nufpgk' 5{ .
ad] f;} dL vt] L nufO{ gub] afnL a9fpgk' 5{ . o;af6 afnL ljljwLs/0f eO{ si[ fsx¿ k0" f{ /fh] uf/
x'G5g\ . yk /f]huf/L klg l;hg{ f xG' 5 . bz] vfBfGgdf cfTdlge/{ dfq xfO] g jm| dzM
cfw'lgs M gof“
cfwl' gsLs/0f M k/Dk/fdf gofk“ g Nofpg], cfwl' gs agfpg] sfd
csNkgLo M ;fR] b} g;f]rs] f,] sNkgf aflx/sf]
Gog" td M ;a}eGbf yf/] ,} cToGt sd
w/] }dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ lbOg] dxŒj
kf| yldstf M hgzlSt
s'g} sfd xg' ;Sg] cj:yf
dfgj ;+;fwg M 6'jm| fx¿ hf8] /] ofh] gf;fy v]tL ul/g] hldgsf] 7'nf] rfSnf]
k|s[lt k|ltsn" ;dodf ul/g] vt] L
;DefJotf M t?' Gt} gub -?lkof“ k;} f_ df abNg ;lsg] pAhgL, pTkfbg
afnLdf ljljwtf jf leGgtf Nofpg] sfd
PsLst[ s[lif kmf/fd M
a]df};dL vt] L M
gub] afnL M
afnL ljljwLs/0f M
94 g]kfnL sIff &
vfBfGgsf] lgoft{ a95\ . sl[ if k;] fdf ;n+ Ug hgtfsf] hLjg :t/df jl[ 4 x'G5 . To;}n]
g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ s[lifaf6 g} aG5 .
rLgsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf sl[ ifsf] 7n' f] ofu] bfg 5 . ef/tdf klg s'n /fli6o« pTkfbgsf] c7f/
k|ltzt s[lifn] cfu] 6]sf] 5 . ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ pBf]u e“}m cfw'lgs k|ljlwåf/f vt] L u5g{ \ .
cd]l/sf / o/' fk] sf w]/} b]zx¿df bO' { tLg kl| tzt hgtf dfq s[lif k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\ .
-klxnf] 3G6L aH5 ._
Toxf“ yf]/} hldgdf w/] } pTkfbg ug{] kl| jlwsf] ljsf; u/L kz| :t cGg pTkfbg u5{g\ . xfdLn]
klg To:t} af6f] cg;' /0f ug'{k5{ . s[lif ljsf;df hf8] lbg'k5{ . wGojfb .
pb\3fi] fs M ca ljkIfdf /Lltsf a:g]t af]Ng'x'G5 .
/Lltsf a:g]t
;efWoIfHo," cfb/0fLo u?' / u?' cfdf, lg0ffo{ s d08n / Kof/f ;fyLx¿df clejfbg .
d ljifosf] ljkIfaf6 af]Nb} 5' .
d kj" {jStf ldqsf ljrf/;u“ c;xdt 5' . pxfn“ ] s[lif ljsf;sf] pbfx/0fdf rLg / ef/tsf]
gfd lng' lbp“;} /ft kfg{] s'/f xf] .
rLg sl[ ifk|wfg geO{ cf}Bfl] us /fi6s« f ¿kdf ljZj k|l;4 5 . rLgdf 7'nf pBfu] x¿ w/] }
5g\ . cfB} fl] us pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f klg 7'nf] 5 . lrlgof“x¿ cfkm\ gf] pTkfbg tTsfn} ljZj
ahf/df k¥' ofp“5g\ . ljZjdf rLgsf] pTkfbg gk'us] f] bz] 5g} eg] klg xG' 5 . o;}af6
cflys{ ;fdYos{ f] ljsf; u//] rLg zlStzfnL /fi6d« f ulg“b} 5 . ef/t cflys{ ¿kdf ;Ifd
x“b' } hfgs' f] sf/0f cfB} f]lus pTkfbg / To;sf] lgoft{ g} xf] . cdl] /sf / o'/f]ksf] pbfx/0f
xfdf| nflu ‘cfsfzsf] kmn cfv“ f t/L d/’ ;/x xf] .
lgoft{ M aflx/ k7fpg] sfd, lgsf;L
ul/aL lgjf/0f M ul/aL x6fpg] sfd
cg';/0f M k5o\ fpg] sfd
kl/df0f M dfqf
cfly{s ;fdYo { M cfly{s zlSt
gk] fnL sIff & 95
ul/a b]zn] s[lif ljsf; ug]{ eg]sf] s[lifIf]q lj:tf/sf nflu jg kmf8“ g\ ] xf] . af9L, klx/f] /
eI" fo h:tf ;d:of lgDTofpg] xf] . kof{j/0f lauf/]/ k|fs[lts c;Gt'ng a9fO{ 7n' f] ;ª\s6
lgDTofpg' xf] . To;n} ] d To:tf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ljkIfdf 5' .
g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ 5g} eGg' cfkm\ gf] zlSt cfk}“mn] yfxf gkfpg' xf] . pBfu]
:yfkgf ug{ cfjZos hldg gk] fn;u“ 5b“ } 5 . gk] fnLx¿n] yf]/} yf/] } k“'hLaf6 w/] } /sd hDdf
u/L nufgL ug{ ;S5g\ . To;f] ubf{ gfkmf bz] leq} /xG5 . sfd ugs{ f nflu a]/fh] uf/
dflg; kz| :t 5g\ . g]kfnLx¿ sl[ if dhb'/ x'ge' Gbf pBfu] sf dhb'/ x'g rfxG5g\ . sRrf
kbfy{ klg oxL“ pknAw x'G5 . oxLs“ f] k'“hL / hgzlStn] sfd ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . s]jn
dl] ;g, cfh} f/ dfq cfoft u/] kU' 5 .
g]kfn ;u/dfyf / a'4sf] b]z eg]/ lrgfP h:t} s[lif ljsf;sf] b]z eg]/ lrgfpg
;lsb“ g} . ;;+ f/sf] s'g} bz] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;n] lrlgPsf] klg 5}g . t/ cfB} f]lus /fi6« eg]/
;+;f/df lrlgPsf b]z w/] } 5g\ . gk] fnnfO{ cfB} fl] us /fi6« eg]/ To;}u/L lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
-klxnf] 3G6L aH5 ._
g]kfnsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f s[lif ljsf;af6 ;Dej 5}g . s[lifn] gk] fnsf] sNof0f ug]{ eP t
plxNo} ul/;SYof] lsgls gk] fndf sl[ if t plxNo}bl] v lyof] . To;n} ] pBf]usf] ljsf;n] dfq
/fi6«sf] ljsf; u5{ . xfdL To;s} ljsf;df h6' \g'k5,{ gq k5'tfpg'k5{ . wGojfb .
pb3\ f]ifsn] cfhsf] jfbljjfbdf kl| tofu] Ln] afN] g] sfo{jm| d k/" f ePsf] hfgsf/L lbP . To;kl5
lg0ffo{ s d08nnfO{ kl| tofl] utfsf] lg0f{o ;'gfpg cg/' f]w ul/of] . lg0ffo{ s d08nn] glthf
;'gfof] . sIff lzIfsn] ljhoL ljBfyL{nfO{ awfO;lxt 5f]6f] dGtJo lbge' of] . sfo{j|mdsf]
cGTodf ;efWoIfn] k/' :sf/ ljt/0f u/L dGtJo;lxt ;ef lj;hg{ ul/g\ .
nufgL M pBfu] Jofkf/ cflbdf ?lkof“ nufpg] sfd
sRrf kbfy{ M g;w' fl/Psf] kf| sl[ ts 9ª' \uf, df6f], sf7 cflb ef}lts j:t'
cfoft M leq Nofpg] sfd, k7} f/L
dGtJo M dgsf] ljrf/, egfO
;ef lj;hg{ M ;ef 6'ªo\ fpg] sfd, ;efsf] ;dflKt
96 g]kfnL sIff &
cEof;
!= 5f6] f] pQ/ eg M
-s_ jfbljjfb eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ jfbljjfb s;/L ;~rfng ul/G5 <
-u_ of] jfbljjfb ;~rfng / ;xeflutfdf slt ljBfyL{ ;+nUg 5g\ <
-3_ ltdLnfO{ jfbljjfb k|ltofl] utf dg k5{ jf dg kbg}{ , sf/0f;lxt :ki6 kf/ .
@= sg' s;sf] egfO xf], hf]8f ldnfpm M
c?0ff tfdfª s;d} fly JolStut cfIfk] nufpg kfOg] 5g} .
l/ofh cxdb of] cfB} f]lus o'u xf] .
/Lltsf a:gt] ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ pBf]udf e“m} cfwl' gs k|ljlwåf/f v]tL u5g{ \ .
lrqsnf ofbj g]kfnsf] cyt{ Gqsf] d]?b08 sl[ if xf ] .
;~ho rfw} /L sRrf kbfy{ klg oxL“ pknAw xG' 5 .
#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M
-s_ ;ef s;n] ;~rfng u5{ <
-c_ ;efWoIfn] -O_ pb\3fi] fsn]
-cf_ ;efWoIfsf] lgb{]zgdf pb3\ f]ifsn ] -O{_ kd| 'v cltlyn]
-v_ æpBfu] df w/] } sfd dl] ;gaf6 ul/G5Æ eGg] jfSo s;n] egs] f] xf] <
-c_ ;~ho rf}w/L -cf_ lrqsnf ofbj
-O_ /Lltsf a:gt] -O_{ l/ofh cxdb
g]kfnL sIff & 97
-u_ sl[ ifdf s] ubf{ yk /fh] uf/Lsf] l;h{gf xG' 5 <
-c_ sl[ ifnfO{ pBf]usf ¿kdf ;~rfng ubf{
-cf_ pGgt hftsf] lap nufpb“ f
-O_ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf vt] L ubf{
-O{_ cGg afnLdf ljljwLs/0f ubf{
-3_ ul/a bz] n] s[lif ljsf; ubf{ s] u5{ <
-c_ v]tLsf] ;a} sfd dl] ;gn] u5{ .
-cf_ yf/] } hldgdf vt] L u/]/ w/] } pTkfbg u5 { .
-O_ sl[ if cf}hf/df ;w' f/ u5{ .
-O{_ s[lif Ifq] lj:tf/sf nflu jg km8“ fgL u5{ .
$= pQ/ nv] M
-s_ kf7df ‘sl[ ifnfO{ hf]8 lbgk' 5’{ eGgx] ¿dWo] s;sf] ts{ lsg /fdf| ] nfUof] <
-v_ kf7df ‘pBfu] nfO{ hf8] lbgk' 5{’ eGg]x¿dWo] s;sf ts{ /fdf| 5g\ <
-u_ c¿sf] s'/f s;n] /fd/| L v08g u/]sf] 5 <
-3_ ltd|f] ljrf/df g]kfndf sl[ ifsf] ljsf; ls pBfu] sf] ljsf; ugk'{ 5,{ lsg <
-ª_ ltdL lg0ff{os ePsf] eP s;nfO{ lsg lhtfpY“ of} <
zAbe08f/
%= pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L tnsf zAbaf6 gof“ zAb agfpm M
-s_ ;~rfng, pb\3fi] f0f, Joj:yfkg, pTkfbg, nv] g, ;Dkfbg
pbfx/0f M ;~rfng = ;~rfns
98 gk] fnL sIff &
-v_ ljsf;, pTkfbg, ;~rfng, ;Defjgf, cfoft, ;Gtn' g, kf| T] ;fxg, lgbz{] g, cfwf/
pbfx/0f M ljsf; = ljsl;t
-u_ ;n+ Ug, lge/{ , c;kmn, s'zn, cfjZos, ljljw, gl} ts, jL/, ;'Gb/
pbfx/0f M ;+nUg ± tf = ;n+ Ugtf
-3_ pBfu] , k|s[lt, lj1fg, kIf, k|ljlw, hLj, ;dx" , cy{, >d
pbfx/0f M pBf]u ± Os = cfB} fl] us
-ª_ a/] fh] uf/, lhDdj] f/, cge' j, gk] fn, vt] , pBf]u, a'l4dfg,\ df};d, ;DaGw, hLjg,
ul/a
pbfx/0f M a]/fh] uf/ ± O{ = a/] fh] uf/L
^= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M
;|f]t, sNof0f, 7f]s'jf, pknlAw, vfBfGg, v08g, k“h' L
&= tnsf zAbsf cufl8 ‘c’ hf8] /] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb agfpm M
kofK{ t, 1fg, ;lhnf], j}1flgs, ;xdt, ljsl;t, ;Dej, k0" f{
pbfx/0f M c ± kofK{ t = ckofK{ t
*= p:t} p:t} cys{ f zAb;u“ hf]8f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
sNof0f jStJo k'h“ L sfdbf/ 7f]s'jf
ou' pGglt ;ªs\ 6 ;DklŒf dhb'/
;do lxt egfO ljsf; ljklŒf
(= tnsf] pvfg x/] L To:t} cGo kfr“ cf6] f pvfgsf] cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf
k|of]u u/ M
cfsfzsf] kmn cfv“ f t/L d/ .
g]kfnL sIff & 99
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Grade 7 Nepali Book
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