Grade 7 Nepali Book

#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M

-s_ if8fgGbn] u/s] f ;dfh;]jfsf sfdx¿dWo] d'Vo sfd s'g xf] <
-c_ kof{j/0f ;+/If0f
-cf_ ;tLk|yfsf] cGTo
-O_ ljBfnosf] :yfkgf
-O{_ d7dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
-v_ To;an] f ljBfno :yfkgf ug{ dV' o sl7gfO s] lyof] <
-c_ bz] df /f0ff zf;g lyof ] .
-cf_ /f0ff zf;sx¿af6 :jLsl[ t lng ;lhnf] lyPg .
-O_ lzIff / r]tgfsf] sdL lyof] .
-O{_ /fhwfgL sf7df8fd“} f g} ljBfno lyPg .

$= ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]v M

-s_ bw' ] afns 5“bf if8fgGbsf] hLjgdf 36]sf] 36gf s] lyof] <
-v_ if8fgGbn] sxf“ sxf“ uP/ s] s] k9] <
-u_ if8fgGbsf] ;dodf ljBfno :yfkgfsf] s'/f lsg rg' ft} Lk0" f{ lyof] <
-3_ if8fgGbn] :yfkgf u/]sf] ljBfno s:tf] lyof] <
-ª_ ljBfno :yfkgfafxs] if8fgGbn] u/]sf d'Vo sfd s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ if8fgGbsf af/]df s] s:tf sfdx¿ x'“b} 5g\ <

%= cfafn ax| \drf/L if8fgGbn] u/s] f sfdx¿sf] j0fg{ u/L Ps
cgR' 5b] df nv]  .

150 g]kfnL sIff &

zAbe08f/

^= tnsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb nv] M

lgwg, dg, ;dtn, au}“rf, af6f], hUuf, k|yf 

&= tn ljk/LtfyL{ zAbx¿ 5o\ f;ld; kf//] /flvPsf 5g,\ ldNg]
zAb hf8] L 5fg]/ Ps} 7fp“df n]v M

vl/b, ;ljm| o, pQ/L, ba' n{ , bf;, ;fu“ /' f,] lajm| L, blIf0fL, ka| n, km/flsnf,] dflns, lglijm| o

*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M

cd/, uxg, cWofkg, lgTo, s]Gb|, sLlt{, zf;s

(= ;ae} Gbf ldNg] zAb 5fg]/ vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ gk] fnLx¿ if8fgGbsf] hLjg sfndf /f0ffx¿af6============================ lyP .
-zf;g, zfl;t, zf;s_

-v_ ;dfhdf============================================= JolStx¿ cToGt yf/] } x'G5g\ .
-kl]| /t, k/|] s, pTk|l] /t_

-u_ 9'ª\ufdf n]lvPsf] n]vnfO{ ============================================= eGb5g\ .
-lznf, lznfn]v, lznfGof;_

-3_ klxn] klxn] ;:+ yfx¿sf] lbuf] ;~rfngsf nflu =============================== sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG' Yof ] . -hUuf, u7' L, cIfo sfi] f_

!)= cy{ v'Ng] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

wd{zfnf, ?b|fIf, b[li6sf0] f, bf;ky| f, cgsG6f/, 5j' f5't, r'gf}tL 

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!!= sIffdf dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9s] f] klg ;'g .

gk] fnL sIff & 151

!@= l7s;u“ pRrf/0f u/ M

bl[ i6sf]0f, tfdk| q, wd{ klqsf, ?bf| If, kofj{ /0f, Joj:yfkg, wdz{ fnf, /fli6«o k'/:sf/,
k|]/s JolStTj, ljBfWoog, k'/f0f d08k, rtb' z{ L

!#= l7s lxHh] ePsf] zAb 5fg M

ljBofWoog ljBfWoog ljBfWog ljwfWoog

/fli6o /fi6«Lo /fli6«o /fl:6o«

cgs" /0fLo cg's/gLo cg's/l0fo cgs' /0fLo

cGsG6f/ cgsG6f/ cgs06f/ cgsG6f/\

!$= kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] nv]  .
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!%= tNnf] x/kmsf gfd;“u dflyNnf] x/kmsf ljzi] f0fsf] hf]8f ldnfO{
sfkLdf n]v M

/d0fLo ue{] hxflgof “ bw' ] ;fdflhs k|an

zf;g afns 7fp “ cfsfªI\ ff 6x' /' f] pGglt

!^= tnsf jfSonfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h;/L b'O{ lsl;dn] n]v M

pbfx/0f M ;fdfGo kIf – ?lSd0fL ynf kl/g \ .

cEo:t kIf – ?lSd0fL ynf kly{g \ .

?lSd0fL la/fdL eP/ ynf kl/5g \ . if8fgGbnfO{ arfpg xDd] eP5 . cfdfsf] dg
cflŒfP5 .

152 gk] fnL sIff &

l;hg{ fTds cEof;

!&= tnsf a'“bfsf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL nv] M

gfd M tn' ;Ld]x/ >]i7

hGd :yfg / ldlt M nlntk'/, lj=;=+ !(%# k;' & ut]

lktf / dftf M s}nfzdx] / >i] 7 / gfgLy“s'

bz jif{sf] pd]/df cfdfsf] lgwg=== 3/d} ;fwf/0f lzIff=== ljleGg sfdn]
ef/tdf cfphfp=== cfo{ ;dfhL bofgGb ;/:jtLsf] 5j' f5t' / s/' Llt x6fpg]
ljrf/af6 k|efljt=== sf7df8f}d“ f dnfdL u7' L eGg] ;:+ yf vf]nL s/' Lltsf] cGTosf
nflu sfd=== rGbz| dz]/af6 afx| jif{sf nflu bz] lgsfnf=== ef/tdf z/0f, af/
jifk{ l5 sf7df8f}“ lkmtf{=== ef/tdf /x“bf dxfTdf ufGwLsf] ljrf/ / Jojxf/af6
ke| fljt=== JolStsf] l;k ljsf; u/L cfTd lge{/ agfpg] p2]Zo=== To;sf nflu
‘rvf{ k|rf/s dxfu7' L’ sf] :yfkgf=== cfÇgf tkma{ f6 @ ;o yfg rvf{ / skf;
ljt/0f=== dlxnfx¿nfO{ sk8f aG' g] tflnd=== dlxnf cf>d / ufGwL cfbz{
:sn' ;~rfng=== !(() ;fnsf] e"sDk kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;xof]u=== @)#% ;fndf
ef/tLo ?lkof“ !,)),))).– sf] ufGwL k/' :sf/af6 ;Ddflgt=== To; /sdaf6 c;xfox¿sf]
p4f/sf nflu cIfo sfi] fsf] :yfkgf=== @)#% ;fn c;fh] !) ut] lgwg=== sd{ g} kh" f /
kl/>d g} wd{ eGg] lzIff pgn] lbPsf

gk] fnL sIff & 153

!( ;Eotf

ke| f e66\ /fO{

lsg olt lkmtnf] ef] ;Eo ;+;f/ xfdf| ]
k/hg lsg /fd|f, nfU5 cfkm“} g/fd|f] .
ca slt lbg p8\g] < gSsnL Kjfv“ hf8] L
tgdg t :jbz] L jz] ei' ff ljb]zL ..

k/ k/ lsg /f]bL < v}h“ 8L nfU5 vf]6f]
ul' gp“ klg x/fof] le5{ sf] cfh ef6] f] <
wª wª wª l8:sf] gfRg sNn] l;sfof] .
/;do 3/ kf]Nof] cf} v/fgL lasfof] ..

rxnkxn gf}nf] ;Eotfn] a9fof]
;do hlt t vfg] nfpgd] } latfof] .
dg duh 5 vfj] m| f] aflx/L eJo afj] m| f]
dlng 5 Clif jf0fL wd{ ;+:sf/ yfq] f] ..

t/t/ kl;gfn] sf]6 lgyS|' s kf/ gk] fnL sIff &
nu' nu' n'u sfDbf kftnf] j:qhfn 
;dol;t glx“8\g] aG5 kfv] uj“ f/
ca dgg u/f}“ x} ;Eotfsf] sdfn Û

lkmtnf ] M sdhf/] , b'a{n
;Eo M eb| lzi6
k/hg M k/fO{ dflg;, cGo hg
/f]bL M u?' ª hfltsf l76fl76Låf/f ul/g] gfrufg
v“}h8L M ehg sLt{gdf ahfpg] Ps k|sf/sf] tfnafhf
vf]6f ] M vf]6 ePsf], bfi] fL, ?vsf] rf]k
l8:sf] M 7'nf] cfjfhsf] ;ª\uLtdf gfRg] 7fp“
/;do M /;}/;n] el/Psf,] /l;nf]

154

lasfpg' M ar] fpg' 155
;Eotf M ;Eo JolStdf xg' ] u'0f, ebt| f, lzi6tf
eJo M cfsif{s, ;'Gb/
dlng M ks| fz sd ePsf,] lg:t]h
Clif jf0fL M Clifsf jrg, pkbz]
;+:sf/ M k/Dk/f, lzIff cflbn] kg{] k|efj
j:qhfn M hfnf]sf ¿kdf /xs] f] kftnf] sk8f
u“jf/ M kfv,] c;Eo
sdfn M rdTsf/, cb\et' \ sfd

cEof;

!= ‘;Eotf’ sljtf no xfn/] k9 .

@= 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ sjloqLn] s]nfO{ gSsnL Kjf“v egs] L l5g\ <
-v_ g]kfnL dg duhnfO{ lsg vf]j|mf] elgPsf] xf] <
-u_ 3/ kf]n/] v/fgL lasfpg' eg]sf] s] xf] <

#= sljtfsf] klxnf] Znfs] nfO{ jfSodf n]v .

$= efjlj:tf/ u/ M

rxnkxn gfn} f] ;Eotfn] a9fof]
;do hlt t vfg] nfpgd] } latfof] .
dg duh 5 vfj] m| f] aflx/L eJo afj] |mf]
dlng 5 Clif jf0fL wd{ ;:+ sf/ yf]qf] ..

%= ;Eotf sljtfsf] ;Gbz] s] xf], kfr“ jfSodf nv]  .

gk] fnL sIff &

zAbe08f/

^= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v M

:jb]zL, k/k/, x/fof], yf]qf,] kftnf]

&= tnsf zAbsf b'O{ b'O{cf6] f kofo{ jfrL zAb vf]h M

pbfx/0f M ;+;f/ = ljZj, hut \
;;+ f/, 3/, tg, gf}nf,] duh, j:q, ;do 

*= sfi] 7ssf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb /fv/] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ k/b]zdf /x“bf ================= sf] ;Demgf w/] } xG' 5 . -k/hg_
-v_ a‰' gx] ¿ af]jm| f] kmfn]/ ================= lnG5g\ . -af]jm| f]_
-u_ ahf/df ================= ;fdfgsf] d"No a9L 5 . -gSsnL_

(= zAb 5fg/] vfnL 7fp“ e/ M

-s_ 3/df /fdf| ] ========================================== kfPsf] JolStsf] Jojxf/ lzi6
xG' 5 . -;:+ sl[ t, ;+:sf/, ;Gb]z_

-v_ cfh ltdf| ] cg'xf/ lsg===================== b]lvG5 < -dn} f,] don el/Psf,] dlng_
-u_ ;+jfbdf pgsf] k|:tl' t ============================== lyof] . -cfsif{0f, eJo, ;f}Gbo_{

!)= cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M

/fb] L, v“}h8L, vf6] f,] ;Eotf, sdfn 

!!= lgy|'Ss h:t} tLgcf]6f cg's/0ffTds zAb ;lDemP/ nv]  .
pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!@= l7s;u“ pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

Kjfv“ , v“}h8L, ul' gp,“ vf]j|mf], eJo, Clifjf0fL, ;+:sf/, lgyS|' s, j:qhfn,  

156 g]kfnL sIff &

!#= sljtfsf] bf;] |f] Znf]s /fd|f cIf/df sfkLdf ;f/ .
!$= kf7af6 ‘a’ afn] /] ‘j’ n]lvg,] ‘a’ af]n]/ ‘a’ nl] vg,] ‘j’ af]n/]

‘j’ n]lvg] zAbx¿ vf]h .
sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f
!%= sljtfsf rf/} Znf]saf6 ;a} ljzi] f0f zAb l6k / sg' } tLg

ljzi] f0f zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .
!^= ‘;Eo’ af6 ‘;Eotf’ ag] h:t} tnsf zAbdf ‘tf’ nufP/ gfd

agfpm M

ldq, zq', bf;, slj, d"v{, ljzi] f, ;G' b/, gjLg

l;h{gfTds cEof;

!&= ldNbf zAbn] sljtfsf x/km k/" f u/ M

;do, Joy{df, eG5, wg, olb, km]/L
l6s l6s l6s ub{} ============================== a]nf atfO{
gu/ s}No} ========================================= gi6 eO{
;do =================================u/]df Joy{df gi6 P]n]
lbO{ ========================kl5 ====================== kfOg] 5g} s}n] ..

!*= cfÇgf] ;+:sl[ t;DaGwL zLif{sdf sljtf n]vL sIffdf ;'gfpm .

g]kfnL sIff & 157

@) gk] fnsf] wflds{ jf:ts' nf

dflg;nfO{ d'Uw agfpg] s'g} klg cfs[ltnfO{ snf eGb5g\ . of] k|fs[lts tyf dfgj
l;lh{t b'j} x'G5 . km" naf/Ldf km' ns] f] k"mn k|fs[lts snf xf ] . lrqsf/n] agfPsf] k"mnsf]
x]¿“ x]¿“ nfUg] lrq rflx“ dfgj l;lh{t snf xf] . vf6] fªsf] xn];L uk' mf kf| s[lts snf
xf] eg] Toxf“sf] u'Daf dfgj l;lh{t snf xf ] . lrq, ;ªu\ Lt, ;flxTo, d"lt{, ejg, bj] fno,
w/x/f cflb dfgj l;lht{ snf xg' \ . snfsf w/] } eb] 5g \ . tLdWo] jf:t'snf klg Ps xf] .
3/, b/af/, w/x/f h:t} b]jfnox¿ klg jf:t'snfsf pbfx/0f x'g \ .

gk] fndf ;Œfn jf kuf8] f, lzv/ / uD' ah zn} Lsf lxGb' tyf af4} bj] fno 5g \ . To:t} snfTds
z}nLdf O:nfd / O;fO{ b]jfno klg /x]sf 5g\ . lxGb' wflds{ jf:ts' nfdf dlGb/ g} w]/} 5g\ .

d'Uw M n77\ k/s] f,] df]lxt
l;lh{t M l;hg{ f u/s] f]
jf:ts' nf M 3/, b/af/, b]jfno cflb lgdf0{ f ug]{ l;k
;Œfn z}nL M tnt} nf 5fgf] ePsf] dlGb/ lgdf0{ f ug]{ z}nL
lzv/ z}nL M 5fgf] lzv/ -kxf8sf] rr' /' f]_ h:t} x'g] dlGb/ agfpg] zn} L
u'Dah zn} L M 5fgf] cw{ uf]nfsf/ cfs[ltsf] xg' ] dlGb/ lgdf0{ fsf] zn} L

158 gk] fnL sIff &

af4} jf:ts' nfdf :tk" , rT} o, uD' af, ljxf/ cflb 5g\ . To;u} /L O:nfd wflds{ jf:ts' nfcGtut{
dl:hb / O;fO{ wd{cGtu{t luhf{3/ /x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ /x]sf] :yfg, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L,
z}nL cflbn] ltgsf] snfTds :j¿k tof/ xG' 5 . o;af6 x]¿“ x¿] “ nfUg] ;f}Gbo{ k|s6 x'G5 .
g]kfnsf k/' fgf clwsf+z bj] fnox¿ 9ª' \uf, O“6, df6f] tyf sf7n] ag]sf 5g \ . tL ax'dN" o
h'xf/t, ;g' rf“bL h:tf cgdf]n wft'n] lgdf{0f eP h:tf dg df]xs bl] vG5g \ .

dlGb/ 9'ªu\ f of O“6 5fk]sf] k|fª\u0fdf ags] f] x'G5 . dlGb/;fd' :tDe / :tDesf] 6K' kfdf
bj] Lbj] tfsf jfxgsf] dl" t{ xG' 5 . kj| z] åf/;Dd kU' g ljleGg txdf 8anLx¿ agfOPsf xG' 5g \ .
dflyNnf] 8anLdf r9g\ ] v6' l\ snfsf bj' l} t/ xfŒfL, af3 cflbsf cfsifs{ dl" t{ ;hfOPsf xG' 5g \ .
rf/}lt/af6 p7fOPsf] 8anLsf] lardf dlGb/ agfOPsf] xG' 5 . dlGb/sf] 6'Kkfdf cfsif{s
uh/' x'G5 . eO' b“ l] v uh'/;Ddsf] o:tf] ;+/rgfn] cgk' d ;fG} bo{sf] l;hg{ f u/]sf] x'G5 .

;Œfn z}nL gk] fnL bj] fno jf:t'snfsf] df}lns zn} L dflgG5 . o; zn} Lsf] dlGb/sf] 5fgf]
tn}tnf ePsf] xG' 5 . To;}n] sltko dflg;x¿ o; zn} LnfO{ tn] zn} L klg eGb5g \ .
dlGb/sf] 5fgf] ;a}eGbf tn km/flsnf] xG' 5 / hlt dfly uof] Tolt ;fgf] xb'“ } hfG5 .
;ae} Gbf dfly uh'/ /xG5 .

o; zn} Lsf w/] }h;f] dlGb/x¿ juf{sf/, rte' h'{ fsf/ tyf uf]nfsf/ xG' 5g \ . ;fy} ci6 tyf
if6\e'hfTds klg kfOG5g \ . dlGb/df sf7sf yfd, lgbfn, emo\ fn tyf 9fs] fdf s“l' bPsf
cfsifs{ a'66\ fx¿ x'G5g\ . 5fgfsf] ;a}eGbf tn sf7sf] a'66\ fbf/ k66\ L /flvPsf] x'G5 .

:tk" M cw{ ufn] fsf/ cfsl[tdfly k1| f rIf,' !# nfs] hgfpg] l;9“ L, 5q / uh/' xg' ] af4} bj] fno
r}To M ljleGg txsf] rf/kf6] hudfly 9'ªu\ fdf a4' dl" t{x¿ s“l' bPsf] af}4 bj] fno
uD' af M nfdf a4' wd{sf] b]jfno
ljxf/ M rf/l} t/ dlGb/s} ;Œfn jf 3/ / lardf :t"k, r}To jf dlGb/ ePsf] Ifq]
dl:hb M O:nfd wd{ dfGgx] ¿n] OZ{ j/sf] k|fy{gf ug{] 3/
luhf{3/ M O;fO{ wd{ dfGg]x¿n] OZ{ j/sf] kf| y{gf ug{] 3/
h'xf/t M df]tL, dl0f cflb axd' N" o /Tg
cgdfn] M w/] } d"No kg{], bfdL
df]xs M df]lxt jf dU' w kfg{]
kf| ªu\ 0f M cfu“ g
:tDe M yfd
8anL M cUnf] / km/flsnf] rft} f/f] jf d~r
juf{sf/ M nDafO rf8} fO a/fa/ ePsf] cfsf/
rte' 'h{ fsf/ M rf/ s'gf jf eh' f ePsf] cfsl[ t
if6e\ h' fTds M 5 eh' f -s'gf_ ePsf]

gk] fnL sIff & 159

o;df emG' 8o\ fOPsf ;;fgf 3G6x¿ xfjf cfp“bf emN' 5g\ . 3G6af6 lg:ss] f] dw/' Wjlgn]
;ªu\ Ltdo jftfj/0fsf] l;hg{ f u5{ . 5fgfsf] rf/} s'gfdf r/f cfsf/sf Ps Ps dfx] s
cfsl[ t /flvPsf xG' 5g \ . 5fgf] yU] g agfOPsf sf7sf 68“' fnx¿df bj] tf, dflg; / hLjhGts' f
cfsifs{ dl" tx{ ¿ sl'“ bPsf x'G5g\ . dlGb/sf] 5fgf] lemu“ 6L jf wft'sf kftfsf] xG' 5 .

uh/' b]lv 5fgf;] Dd wfts' f] ;'Gb/ k6\6L emfl/Psf] x'G5 . uh/' bl] v k|fªu\ 0f;Dd /xs] f oL
cjojn] ;du| dlGb/ Pp6f ;G' b/ snfsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'G5 . eStk/' sf] Goftkf]n /
sf7df8f“}sf] kzk' ltgfysf] dlGb/ sfi7snf / ;Œfn z}nLsf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg'  \ .

gk] fnsf sltko dlGb/ lzv/ / uD' ah zn} Ldf klg ag]sf 5g\ . lzv/ zn} L kxf8 h:t}
tn 7n' f] clg dfl:t/ ;fgf] x“b' } uh'/df 6'ªl\ ug] z}nL xf ] . kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ o; z}nLsf]
ah] f]8 gdg' f xf ] . PSsfO;cf]6f lzv/ / uh'/ ePsf] of] dlGb/ 9ª' \u}9ª' \ufn] ags] f] 5 .
snf kf/vLx¿ o;nfO{ 9ª' \ufdf nl] vPsf] sljtf klg eG5g\ . To;}u/L uD' ah z}nLdf
u'Dahsf] k|dv' e"ldsf /xG5 . uD' ah cw{ ufn] fsf/ x'G5 . uD' ahsf] 6K' kfdf uh/' /xG5 .
sf7df8f“} lqk'/Z] j/sf] sfndfr] g dlGb/ uD' ah zn} Lsf] /fdf| ] pbfx/0f xf ] .

:tk" af}4 b]jfno xf] . of] cw{ uf]nfsf/ ki[ 7el" ddf 7'nf] cfsf/df ags] f] x'G5 . :t"kdf
cf7 bz ld6/ cUnf] ljz]if lsl;dsf] u'Dah ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf
jl/kl/ kb| lIf0ff ubf{ 3d' fpg] dfgx] ¿ /flvPsf xG' 5g \ . o;sf rf/l} t/ vfk] fdf ljleGg a4' sf
d"ltx{ ¿ :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g \ . :t"k ;fdfGotM ;t] f] /ªn] kfl] tPsf] xG' 5 . u'Dahdfly
sG] b|df k|1frIf'sf] cfs[lt /xs] f] xG' 5 . To;dfly t]/ nfs] nfO{ b;f{pg] tnaf6 dfly ;fgf]
x“'b} uPsf] wft'sf] >0] fL xG' 5 . To;dfly emNn/ ePsf] 5q / 5qdfly kbd\ -sdn_ clg
To;dfly ;G' b/ uh'/ /xG5 . log} cjojn] :t"knfO{ snfTds :j¿k k|bfg u/]sf 5g \ .
sf7df8fs“} f] :joDe" / af}4gfy :t"k jf:ts' nfsf pTs[i6 gdg' f x'g \ .

6“'8fn M k/' fgf 3/ dlGb/ cflbsf] 5fgf] c8o\ fpg 58s\ ] kf//] /flvPsf] sf7 jf kmnfd
cjoj M sg' } j:ts' f] cªu\ , efu jf c+z
Goftkfn] M eStk'/df /x]sf] gk] fnsf] kl| ;4 kfr“ tn] dlGb/
snf kf/vL M snfsf] ljz]iftf klxNofpg,] kf/v ug{]
k[i7el" d M sg' } j:t' /xg] dn" cfwf/
k|blIf0ff M 3'Dg] sfd, kl/j|mdf
dfg ] M ‘ç dl0f kbd\ ] x“’' n]lvPsf] 3'dfpg] j:t'
k1| frIf ' M 1fgsf] cf“vf
>]0fL M l;“9L
5q M 5ftf

160 g]kfnL sIff &

rT} o klg af4} jf:t'snfdf k5{ . of] 9'ª\ufn] dfq ag]sf] / cln ;fgf] klg x'G5 .
9ª' u\ faf6 lgld{t rf/kf6] hudfly rT} osf] ;/+ rgf v8f ul/Psf] x'G5 . hudfly rf/} kf6fdf
9'ªu\ fdf a'4sf dl" t{x¿ s“'lbPsf xG' 5g\ . o;dflysf] efu :t"ks} cfsl[ tdf agfOPsf] x'G5 .
;fdfGotM :t"k, ljxf/ cflbsf jl/kl/ r}Tox¿ lgdf{0f ul/Psf xG' 5g \ . r}To k|:t/ snfsf]
pTs[i6 gd'gf dflgG5 .

nfdf a4' wd{sf] bj] fno u'Daf xf ] . uD' afdf ljleGg a4' sf] cf/fwgf x'G5 . uD' afsf]
k|jz] åf/sf] dfly lardf wdr{ j|m ;hfOPsf] x'G5 . wd{rj|msf] bfof“ afof“ Ps cfk;df xb] {}
u/]sf Ps hf8] L d[usf dl" t{ x'G5g\ . uD' afsf] d"nåf/sf] bfof“ afof“ ejrjm| / rf/} lbzfdf
/xg] b]jtfsf /ªu\ Lg lrqx¿ x'G5g \ . 9f]sfsf] dflylt/ sdnsf] lrqdfly eujfg\ a'4sf]
pkb]z / 1fgsf k|tLs k:' tssf cfs[ltx¿ s“'lbPsf xG' 5g \ . dn" åf/sf] rf}sf;] df snfTds
a6' 6\ fx¿ xG' 5g\ . u'Dafleq eujfg\ a'4sf] Pp6f ljzfn ;'gf}nf] d"lt{ x'G5 . ;f] dl" ts{ f] bfof“
afof“ ljleGg a'4sf ;;fgf dl" tx{ ¿ /flvPsf x'G5g \ . u'Dafleqsf] leŒffel/ a4' sf lrqx¿
sfl] /Psf x'G5g \ . eSthgx¿ uD' afdf a'4sf] kh" f, bz{g, k|fyg{ f tyf Wofg ub{5g \ . kxf8
tyf lxdfnL Ifq] df u'Daf bV] g ;lsG5 . ljleGg /ªsf Wjhf ktfsfn] uD' afnfO{ ;hfOPsf]
xG' 5 . tnf tnfsf 5fgfsf 5]pdf /flvPsf 7n' f 7'nf dfgn] ] u'Dafsf] ;fG} bo{ a9fPsf xG' 5g \ .
sf7df8f}“sf] af}4df /xs] f] ;r] g] u'Daf o; jf:t'snfsf] ;G' b/ gdg' f xf] .

dl:hb O:nfd bj] fno xf ] . o;df r'Rrf rfkfsf/sf ‰ofn tyf kj| ]zåf/ xG' 5g\ . dl:hbdf
rf/l} t/ w/x/f cfsf/sf cUnf snfTds ldgf/x¿ xG' 5g\ . ldgf/sf] 6'Kkf] Kofh cfsf/sf]
xG' 5 . x/]s ldgf/sf] 6K' kfdf rfb“ / rlDsnf] tf/f ;hfOPsf] x'G5 . dl:hbsf] leq gdfh
k9g\ ] ljzfn k|fy{gf :yn xG' 5 . Toxf“ a;/] eSthgx¿ gdfh k95\ g\ . k|j]zåf/, ldgf/
cflbn] dl:hbnfO{ snfTds :j¿k kb| fg u/]sf x'G5g \ . sf7df8fs}“ f] 306f3/ glhssf]
sl:d/L hfd] dl:hb gk] fndf w]/} kl| ;4 5 .

luhf{3/ O;fO{ b]jfno xf] . o;sf] kj| ]zåf/ cw{ufn] fsf/ of r'Rrf] lqe'hfsf/sf] x'G5 .

k|:t/ snf M 9'ª\uf] s“b' g\ ] snf 161
wdr{ jm| M wds{ f] lg/Gt/tf bv] fpg] rjm| jf lrxg\
ejrjm| M ;;+ f/df kf| 0fLsf] hGd d/0fsf] s/' f b]vfpg] rjm|
r'Rrf rfkfsf/ M r'Rrf] k/s] f] cw{ jŒ[ f
ldgf/ M w/x/f cfsf/sf] snfk0" f{ ;+/rgf
rfb“ M rGb|df
gdfh M O:nfd wd{ dfGg]x¿n] ug{] k|fy{gf
rR' rf] lqe'hfsf/ M rR' rf] k/s] f] lqeh' sf] cfsf/

g]kfnL sIff &

leqk6\l6 Pp6f d08k tyf 7n' f] a}7s x'G5 . oxf“
a;/] eSthgx¿ kf| y{gf u5g{ \ . d08ksf] leŒffdf
O;l' v:| 6sf] cfsifs{ kl| tdf /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;sf]
5fgf] cw{ 9'ª\u|f] cfsf/sf ;fdu|Ln] agfOPsfn] /
d0fLo bl] vG5 . aflx/ 5fgfsf] lardf rf/kf6] of ;f]
nL cfsf/sf] lzv/ -6fj/_ xG' 5 . lzv/sf] 6K' kfdf
jm| ; /flvPsf] x'G5 . oL cjojsf] ;G' b/ ;+of]
hgn] luhf3{ /snfTds b]lvG5 . kf]v/fsf] /fd3f6sf]
luhf{3/ ;fwf/0f eP/ klg ;G' b/ 5 .

g]kfndf wflds{ jf:ts' nfsf] ljlzi6 :yfg 5 . kf| rLg
gk] fnnfO{ dflg;eGbf a9L dl" t{ / 3/eGbf a9L dlGb/ ePsf] bz] elgGYof ] . clxn] w]/}
dlGb/x¿ / dlGb/ Ifq] sf kf6Lkf}jfx¿ eTs] lau|s] f] cj:yfdf b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] ltgsf] ;/+
If0f / ;j+ w{g ug'{ xfdf| ] bfloTj xf] .

;o+ fh] g M bO' { jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L tŒj ldNg] sfd

cEof; gk] fnL sIff &

!= pQ/ eg M

-s_ snf s]nfO{ eG5g\ <
-v_ xn;] Lsf] u'kmf / uD' af s:tf snf x'g\ <
-u_ gk] fnsf k'/fgf b]jfnox¿ sg' s'g j:ta' f6 ags] f 5g\ <
-3_ lxGb' wflds{ jf:t'snfdf s] s] k5g{ \ <
-ª_ lxGb' bj] fnox¿ s'g s'g zn} Ldf ag]sf 5g\ <
-r_ af}4 bj] fnodf s] s] k5{g\ <
-5_ uD' af s'g wd{sf] bj] fno xf] <
-h_ O:nfd wfld{s b]jfnonfO{ s] elgG5 <
-em_ O;fO{ wfld{s b]jfnosf] gfd s] xf] <

162

@= hf8] f ldnfpm M

lxGbw' d{ :tk" , rT} o ldgf/ uD' af
af4} wd{ uD' af lzv/ -6fj/_ :tk"
O:nfd wd{ luhf3{ / wd{rj|m dlGb/
O;fO{ wd { dlGb/ k|1frIf' dl:hb
nfdf af}4 dl:hb uh'/ luhf3{ /

#= pQ/ nv] M

-s_ s:tf] snfnfO{ dfgj l;lh{t snf elgG5 <
-v_ gk] fnsf lxGb' / af4} b]jfnox¿ s'g s'g zn} Ldf ags] f 5g\ <
-u_ ;Œfn z}nLnfO{ lsg tn] z}nL elgPsf] xf] <
-3_ uD' ah zn} L / lzv/ z}nLdf s] km/s 5 <
-ª_ ;Œfn zn} Lsf dlGb/nfO{ snfTds agfpg] s/' f s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ u'Dafdf s:tf] snf xG' 5 <
-5_ dl:hbnfO{ k/a} f6 lrgfpg] jf:t'snfsf] ;G' b/ j:t' s'g xf] <
-h_ s'g s'g s/' fn] luhf3{ /nfO{ jf:t'snfsf] lrgf/L lbG5g\ <

zAbe08f/

$= tNnf] x/kmsf ljk/Ltfy{s zAb;“u hf8] f ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M

hf]8L lzv/ pTs[i6 km]b /ªu\ Lg
6'Kkf] PSnf ] ;fbf km]bL lgsi[ 6

%= tn kofo{ jfrL zAbx¿ 5o\ f;ld; /flvPsf 5g,\ lrg]/ hf8] f

ldnfO{ sfkLdf n]v M

9'ª\uf] :tDe ks| f/ :yn 9f]sf

e]b åf/ yfd kTy/ :yfg

g]kfnL sIff & 163

^= tnsf zAbsf] km/s cy{ a'em M

ljxf/ M 3'Dg' ljxf/ M af4} b]jfno
sfn M ;do sfn M dT[ o'sf] bj] tf

dfg] M cy{ dfg] M :tk" jf u'Dafdfly /flvPsf] 3'dfpg] j:t'

&= l7s cyd{ f l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M

-s_ ljxf/

-c_ rf/l} t/ lghL 3/x¿ ePsf] 7n' f] rfs] sf] lardf rT} o jf dlGb/ ePsf]
Ifq]

-cf_ rf/l} t/ dlGb/s} ;Ttn jf 3/ / lardf :tk" , rT} o jf dlGb/ ePsf] Ifq]

-O_ ljleGg txsf] hudfly 9'ªu\ fdf a'4 d"ltx{ ¿ s“'lbPsf] agf]6

-v_ jufs{ f/

-c_ rf}8fOeGbf nDafO a9L ePsf] cfsf/

-cf_ nDafO rf8} fO a/fa/ ePsf] cfsf/

-O_ s'g} j:t,' 7fp“ cflbn] lng] jl/kl/sf] 3/] f]

*= tnsf zAbsf] cy{ eg M

b]jfno, k|j]zåf/, cg'kd, lgdf{0f ;fduL| , cf/fwgf, k|fy{gf, pTs[i6, a]hf]8, wo} ,{ wft,'
;+/If0f, ;j+ wg{ , vf]kf,] uf]nfsf/

(= pbfx/0f b]vfP h:t} u/L tnsf zAbaf6 zAb agfpm M

pbfx/0f M jf:t' ± snf = jf:ts' nf
lrq, d"lt,{ ;ªu\ Lt, sfJo, gf6o\ , nlnt, k:| t/
pbfx/0f M km/flsnf] -km/fs ± Onf]_
th] , rDs, hf;] , cf];, :jfb, /;, dn, ;fx;, tfut, hf“u/, kml' t{

164 gk] fnL sIff &

!)= cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

:tk" , rT} o, uD' af, ldgf/, ;Ttn zn} L, jf:ts' nf 

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!!= sIffdf dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9s] f] klg ;g'  .

!@= afn] fO / nv] fOsf] km/s a'em M

afn] fO n]vfO af]nfO nv] fO

lal;:6 ljlzi6 dG8k\ d08k

;ª\lut\ ;ª\uLt ;}ln z}nL

3G6f3/ \ 306f3/ k|Uof “ k|1f

!#= tnsf zAbx¿ l7s;“u pRrf/0f u/ M

uD' ah, k|fªu\ 0f, luhf{3/, dl:hb, rt'eh'{ fsf/, jufs{ f/, Goftkfn] , k[i7e"ld, k|blIf0ff,
wdr{ jm| , ejrjm| , lqeh' fsf/, :tDe, ;o+ fh] g, k1| f rIf,' ljlzi6, hx' f/t, ci6, if6e\ h' fTds

!$= lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] n]v M

:tk" , r}To, u'Daf, ;Ttn z}nL, 6'8“ fn, jf:t'snf, u'Dah, ljxf/, juf{sf/ 

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!%= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L Psjrgdf
abn M

pbfx/0f M b]jfno klg jf:ts' nfsf] pbfx/0f xf ] .

bj] fnox¿ klg jf:ts' nfsf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

dlGb/x¿ 9ª' \uf jf O6“ 5fk]sf] k|fª\u0fdf ag]sf xG' 5g \ .

k'/fgf b]jfnox¿ 9'ª\uf, O6“ , sf7 cflbaf6 ags] f 5g\ .

gk] fnL sIff & 165

tL dgdfx] s b]lvG5g\ .
kj| z] åf/;Dd k'Ug] 8anLx¿ agfOPsf x'G5g\ .
v6' \lsnfsf b'j}lt/ hLjhGts' f dl" tx{ ¿ ;hfOPsf x'G5g\ .

!^= tnsf jfSonfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L ax' jrgdf
kl/jtg{ u/ M

?v lyof ] . ?vdf r/f] a;s] f] lyof ] . Toxf“ r/fsf] u'8“ lyof ] . u8'“ df ar/f] lyof] .
ar/f] ef]sfPsf] lyof ] . ar/f] rL“rL“ u/]/ s/fpb“ } lyof] . ar/fsf] dfp cfof ] . dfpn]
rf/f] Vjfof ] . ar/f] s/fpg 5f8] \of ] .

pbfx/0f M ?vx¿ lyP . …………

l;hg{ fTds cEof;
!&= ltdLn] b]vs] f] dlGb/, :t"k, u'Daf, dl:hb, luhf3{ /dWo] sg' } Pssf]

j0f{g u/ .

166 g]kfnL sIff &

@! afSnf] bfn

æa‰' g' ef] dfdf d klg cabl] v afSnf] bfn vfg] eP“ lg ÛÆ Psflaxfg} d/] f] l5ds] L ldq
xl/x/ cfP/ dnfO“{ va/ ;g' fp5“  . pm dnfO{ ;w“} dfdf eGg] u5 { . ;Dafw] g xf,] lko| nfUg]
hg' ;s' } zAbsf] ko| fu] u/] klg :jLsfo{ 5 . æxf] / < awfO{ 5 .Æ d ;xh ¿kdf pQ/ t lbG5'
t/ d/] f] dgdf Rjf:; la‰5 afSnf] bfnn ] . xfdf| ] ;dfhdf afSnf] bfn vfg] /x/ w/] d} f a9b\ f]
5 . ;dosf] kj| fxn] xf] jf dfgl;s cf/fx] cj/fx] n] xf,] afSnf] bfntkm{ xfdL cfsi[ 6 xb“' } 5f “} .

afSnf] bfn vfg'M 7n' f] kl/jf/af6 5'6\l6P/ ;fgf] kl/jf/df a:g'
;Daf]wg M afn] fpg] sfd, af]nfj6
:jLsfo{ M :jLsf/ ug{'kg,]{ dfGg'kg{]
Rjf:; la‰g ' M dg b'Vg'
kj| fx M axfj, axg] ult jf rfn
cf/f]x cj/fx] M ptf/ r9fj
cfs[i6 M lvlrPsf,] tflgPsf]

gk] fnL sIff & 167

xfdLdf JolStjfbL dgfj] l[ Œf a9\bf] 5, lsg xf] s'lGg < xfd|f] h:tf] ;o+ 'St kfl/jfl/s ;:+ sf/
/xs] f] ;dfhdf of] cem} ;xh :jLsfo{ xg' ;s]sf] 5g}  . To;df klg o;n] PSnf] 5f]/f ePsf
cfdfa'afsf] dgl:ylt l5ofl5of g} kfl/lbPsf] x'G5 .

æs] xf] dfdf Û lsg 6fn] fpg' ef] <Æ p;sf] k|Zgn] d em;ªu\ xG' 5 ' .

æze' ]R5f 5 ldq, afSnf] bfn ld7} agf];\ . slxNo} gld7f] gxf];\ .Æ ;xh x'g olt eG5' .
xl/x/ Ps If0f cndlnG5, ;fob d]/f] laub|“ f] cfs[lt b]v/] xfn] f .

æwGojfb, z'eR] 5fsf nflu t/ tkfOs{“ f] cg'xf/ <Æ pm d/] f] cgx' f/tkm{ nIo u//] ;fW] 5 .

æs] ePsf] 5 / d/] f] cg'xf/ <Æ d ;xh xg' vfH] 5' .

ælsg t sfnfl] gnf], u|x0f nfu]sf] h:tf] <Æ pm d]/f] efj'stfnfO{ nIo ub{} k'gM k|Zg u5 { .

æx/] g ldq, cfh s] ef] s], ltd|f] afSnf] bfn eGg] zAbn] d/] f] dlyªu\ n g} l/“ufOlbof] . afSnf]
bfn vfg] kn| fe] gn] d]/f] Ps k/d ldq cfh kftnf] bfn;dt] vfg g;Sg] cj:yfdf ku' ]sf]
s'/f kf] emnemnL ;Demg ku' “] . d lagl;lQ ;j+ bg] zLn xg' k'u5] ,' Ifdf u/ n ÛÆ d
:ki6Ls/0f lbg vfH] 5' .

æs]xL 5}g dfdf, slxn]sfxL“ o:t} xG' 5 t/ Tof] ;fyLsf] lsg To:tf] cj:yf ef] < eGgx' f;] ,\
a? km6fkm6 .Æ p;n] jftfj/0f ;fdfGo kfg{ vf]Hb} 76o\ fn} L kf/fdf lh1f;f kfV] of] .

JolStjfbL M JolSt -cfk“}m_ nfO{ dxŒj lbg]
dgfj] [lŒf M dgsf] j[lŒf, cfr/0f, Jojxf/
;o+ S' t kl/jf/M cfdfaa' f;u“ g5'6l\ 6O{ a;]sf] Pp6} efG;fdf vfg] kl/jf/
dgl:ylt M dgsf] l:ylt, dfgl;s cj:yf
ze' R] 5f M z'esfdgf
cfs[lt M :j¿k, xl' nof
nIo ug{' M tfSg', t]:of{pg'
u|x0f nfUg' M cW“ of/f] x'g'
efjs' tf M efjgfdf aus] f] l:ylt
k|nf]eg M nf]e
:ki6Ls/0f M k:| 6 jf vn' :t ug{] sfd
lh1f;f M hfGg] OR5f

168 gk] fnL sIff &

æ5f]8 oL s'/f . kl5 eGb} u/f}n“ f . a? s] 5 c¿ xfnrfn <Æ d uDeL/tfaf6 pDsg
vfH] b} afSnf] bfnsf] k|;ªu\ af6 aflx/ lg:sg] ko| f; ug{ vfH] 5' . ev{/ dfq ldqn] afSnf] bfn
vfg] rf“hfk] f“hf] ldnfP/ cfPsf] an] fdf of] k;| ª\u lgsfNg' xg' ] lyPg . lgl:sxfNof,] axleq
u'lD;Psf] ;To o:t}an] f t aflx/ lg:sb“ f] /x5] lg . s] ;fR] of] xfn] f p;n] < d p;sf] d'v
k'nS' s x5] ' { . pm lh1f;' cgx' f/ lnP/ dnfO{ g} x]l//xs] f] /x5]  .

æeGg'xf];\ g, lsg eGg' x'b“ }g <Æ pm s/ ug{ yfN5 .

æeGg' t xG' 5 t/ cfh} ltdLnfO{ o:tf] s'/f s;/L ;'gfpm“ < eof], ltdf| ] dg km]l/ vNnf]
xf]nf . hfpm, a? gof“ hLjg ;'? u/ .Æ d km]l/ cfn6fn ug{ vfH] 5' .

ædfdf eGgf];\ g Û d ;'g/] } hfG5 ' .Æ pm l9kL ug{ yfNof] .

æn, To;f] eP ;'g .Æ d cfÇgf] s/' f cufl8 a9fp“5' .

æpm d/] f] :s'n k9\bfsf] va' ldNg] ;fyLdWo]sf] Ps xf] . ufp“df p;sf] 3/ / d]/f] 3/ ;“u;“u}
5 . d p;sf] 3/df w/] } k6s uPsf] 5' . 3/df p;sf cfdf, aa' f / Pp6L alxgL a:y] .
cfdfaa' fn] v]tL ls;fgL u//] pm / p;sL alxgLnfO{ k9\g k7fpy“ ] . xfdL ;u“ } k9Y\ of }“ .Æ

æt/ p;n] w]/} k9\g ;s]g . cf7 sIffd} p;n] k9fO 5f8\of] / v]tL ls;fgL ug{tkm{ nfUof ] .
cfkm" ;“u ePsf] hfoh]yfdf bz gªu\ f| lvofP/ sfd ubf{ rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k'uL;/L
lyof ] . sx] L jifk{ l5 p;sf] lax] eof ] . alxgLnfO{ klg lax] u//] k7fO;ss] f] lyof ] . xfdLn] xb] f{
kl/jf/ ;v' L g} bl] vGYof] . lgoldt geP klg kl5;Dd p;;“u d/] f] ;Dks{ x'GYof ] .Æ

æd t afSnf] bfn vfg] eP“ lg ÛÆ Ps lbg p;n] klg clxn] ltdLn] ;g' fP h:t} ;uf/} j
;g' fPsf] lyof] .

ax M leqL b'Mv 169
lh1f; ' M hfGg pT;'s
hfohy] f M wg;DklŒf
bz gª\uf| lvofpg' M xftsf bz} cf“}+nfn] sfd ug{'
ku' L;/L M wg;DklŒf ku' s] f] cj:yf
lgoldt M l7s l7s ;dosf]
;uf/} j M uf/} jsf ;fy, kmt' Ls{ f ;fy

g]kfnL sIff &

Toltan] f t ltg 5Ss k/s] f] lyP “ . p;sf] egfOdf d ljZjf; g} ug{ ;ls/xs] f] lyOg “ .
To;n} ] ;f]ws] f] lyP“, æs] eg]sf] < dn} ] al' emg “ .Æ

æxf], d cfdfaa' faf6 5'6l\ 6P/ al;;s] “ . a:g} k¥of,] s] u5f}{ <Æ p;n] :ki6 eg]sf] lyof ] .
of] zAbn] d/] f] sfgdf lem/n] /f]k] e“}m eof] / d6' ';Dd kfN] g yfNof ] .

æ;f“Rr} tn}“ ] cfdfaa' fnfO{ 56' \6ofOlbO;\ < lsg < s] k¥of] To:tf] < a'9;] sfnsf] n67\ L
elGy;\ lg cfk"mnfO{ klxn,] clxn] s] eof] < t]/f] wd{ oxL xf] < s'g 7n' f] kl/jf/ lyof] /
t/] f] < bfhe' fO w/] } eP t nf} l7s} ul/;\ eGg] lyP“ t/ a9' fa9' L bO' { hgfnfO{ klg kfNg ;lsg; \ .
s] gfdb{ ePsf] x“ t“ < lwSsf/ 5 tn“ fO { .Æ d/] f] efjs' tfsf] lj:kmf6] eof] . ;fob c¿nfO{ eP d
Tolt;f/f] eGg ;lSbgy“] x“n' f t/ pm t d/] f] l;u“ fg] ;fyL . dn} ] cfk"mnfO{ yfDg} ;ss] f] lyOg “ .

æTo;f] geg,\ dn} } 56' l\ 6g} k¥of ] . d ljjz 5' of/ . d/] f] klg cfÇgf] hLjg 5 . kl/jf/sf
cfk\mg} dfux¿ 5g\ . d ;o+ 'St kl/jf/df a;]/ oL s/' f wfGg} g;Sg] eP“ . To;}n] dfq afSnf]
bfn vfg] /x/ u/]sf] x“ ' . al' emb] g d]/f] ;d:of klg .Æ p;n] cfÇgf] tkm{af6 :ki6Ls/0f lbg]
k|of; u/s] f] lyof] t/ d}n] p;sf] s'/f cfwf ae' mg\ ;s“], cfwf a'‰g ;lsg“ . d]/f] dl:tis
afSnf] bfnn] l/“ufpg yfln;s]sf] lyof] .

æv'a ul/;\ efO, va' /fdf| ] sfd ul/; \ . 5f/] fsf] st{Jo /fd};| u“ k"/f ul/;\ . hf, ca afSnf]
bfn ksfP/ cfkm" klg vf :jf:gLnfO{ klg vfg lbP; \ .Æ d/] f] ?Gr] t/ s7f/] :j/n] p;nfO{ labf
u¥of] . pm uPkl5 p;sf j[4 cfdfa'afsf sf?l0fs cg'xf/ ;Demb“ f b'O{ yfk] f cf“;' cgfof;
em/s] f lyP .

æclxn] ;'G5', p;sf] cflys{ cj:yf Hofb} sdhf/] ePsf] 5 . p;sL :jf:gL bL3/{ f]uL ePsL
5 ] . pm :jod\ klg :j:y 5g}  . p;sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] klg k9\g kfPg5g\ . 5f]/f] t sn' tdf
;dt] nfus] f] 5 /] Û b'Oc{ f]6L 5f]/L ljjfx ofU] o eO;ss] f 5g\ . v,} s;/L Jojxf/ wfGg] xf]
p;n] <Æ d ;':s/] f xfNg ku' 5]  ' .

sfgdf lem/n] /f]Kg' M leq;Dd b'Vg] u/L 3f]Rg'

lj:kmf]6 M km6' \g'

ljjz M afWo

sf?l0fs M bofnfUbf], s?0ff ePsf]

cgfof; M lagf sf]l;;, cfkm“}

bL3/{ fu] L M nfdf] ;do;Dd nflu/xg] /fu] ePsf]

sn' t M v/fa cfbt, afgL

170 g]kfnL sIff &

æs;/L To:tf] eP5 t dfdf <Æ xl/x/n] sf/0f a‰' g vfH] of ] .

æsf/0f s] xg' ' / ToxL afSnf] bfns} s/fdt t xf] . cfsfªI\ ff 7'nf] ePkl5 o:t} x'“bf] /x5]  .Æ

ætk} lg .Æ xl/x/n] lh1f;f kfV] of] .

æv} c¿ s] xg' ' < p;n] 3/ Jojxf/ wfGg ;s]g . a9b\ f] vr{nfO{ p;sf] ;Lldt cfo:tfn] y]
Ug ;s]g . ePsf] v]taf/L klg bO' { lx:;f nflu;ss] f] lyof ] . ;uf]ndf cltl/St JolStnfO{
s]xL d7' L rfdn yk] dfq klg 5fs 6Yof{] xfn] f . b'O{ rn' f] ePkl5 bfx] f]/f] vr{ xg' ] g} eof ] .
To;df klg 56' l\ 6Psf] sx] L dlxgfkl5 g} cfdfaa' f la/lStP . pgLx¿n] la/lStP/ cfÇgf] efudf
k/]sf] ;a} vt] af/L a]r]/ tLy{ ug{ uP . pgLx¿ cfh;Dd kms{]gg\ . d/] af“r] s]xL kQf]
ePg . o;/L Psflt/ cfdfa'afsf] larNnL csf]t{ km{ cfÇg} bb' z{ f .

ldq Û nf} eg, afSnf] bfn ld7f] aGof] t <Æ d xl/x/nfO{ cfÇgf] s'/fdf ;xdt u/fpg
k|Zg u5 {' .

xl/x/ ;f]em} ;xdt xg' g;s] klg ;xfge' "lt hgfp5“  .

klxn} g} a'l4 k¥' ofpg ;ss] f] eP o:tf] xg' ] lyPg xf]nf . j[4 cfdfafa'nfO{ af]em ;lDemof ] .
cfdfaa' fsf] PSnf] 5f/] fsf] a'l4 lau]k| l5 s;sf] s] nfU5 < ldlnh'nL a;]sf eP To:tf] x“'b}gYof]
ls <Æ s'/f 6'ªU\ ofpb“ } d xl/x/nfO{ k'n'Ss x5] {' . p;sf] cg'xf/df sfnf] afbn ;nanfPsf]
cg'ej ug{ k'U5' . em6\6 ;DemG5', xl/x/ klg t cfdfa'afsf] PSnf] 5f]/f] xf ] .

æltdL klg cfdfaa' fsf] PSnf] 5f]/f] xfO] gf} / <Æ d cgfof; xl/x/nfO{ ;f]Wg k'U5', sg' } larf/}
gu/L . pm s'g} k|To'Œf/ lb“b}g . pm c“Wof/f] cg'xf/ nufP/ h'?Ss p7\5 . d pm
uPsf] x]l//xG5 ' .

s/fdt M rdTsf/, sdfn
;Lldt M yf]/} dfqfsf,] ;Ldfdf af“lwPsf]
cfo:tf M cfDbfgL
lx:;f M efu
;uf]n M leGg geO{ Pp6} 7'nf] kl/jf/df a;]sf]
cltl/St M ePsfdf yk
la/lStg' M la/St x'g,' lvGg xg' ,'
;xfg'e"lt M c¿sf] kL8fdf x'g] bM' vsf] cg'ej
sfnf] afbn ;nanfpg' M c“Wof/fsf] k|efj a9\g'

g]kfnL sIff & 171

cEof;
!= pQ/ eg M

-s_ afSnf] bfn vfg] s'/f s;n] sf;] “u u/s] f] 5 <
-v_ JolStjfbL dgfj] l[ Q eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ afSnf] bfn zAb ;G' bf dfdf lsg ;j+ b] gzLn xg' ku' ] <
-3_ dfdfsf ldqsf] kl/jf/sf] l:ylt klxn] s:tf] lyof] <
-ª_ afSnf] bfn vfPkl5 ldqsf] kl/jf/sf] l:ylt s:tf] eP5 <

@= tnsf egfO s;sf x'g,\ nv] M

-s_ ze' R] 5f 5 ldq, afSnf] bfn ld7} agf;]  \ . slxNo} gld7f] gxf;] \ .
-v_ sx] L 5g} dfdf, slxn]sfxL“ o:t} x'G5 t/ Tof] ;fyLsf] lsg To:tf] cj:yf ef] <

eGg'xf];,\ a? km6fkm6 .
-u_ xf], d cfdfaa' f;u“ 56' l\ 6P/ al;;s] “ . a:g} k¥of,] s] u5f{} <

#= l7s pQ/df l7s lrgf] -√_ nufpm M

-s_ ;o+ 'St kl/jf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-c_ Ps} 3/df a;]sf] kl/jf/
-cf_ cnu cnu efG;f ePsf] Ps 7'nf] kl/jf/
-O_ cfdfaa' f;u“ g56' l\ 6O{ Pp6} efG;fdf vfg] kl/jf/
-O{_ cz+ aG8f gePsf] t/ eftefG;f 5'6l\ 6Psf] kl/jf/
-v_ ‘afSnf] bfn’ syfsf] d'Vo cfzo s] xf] <
-c_ xl/x/ / dfdfsf ldqn] u/]sf] sfd Tolt al] 7s xfO] g .
-cf_ JolStjfbL ;f]rsf sf/0f Psn kl/jf/lt/sf] ems' fj a9\bf] 5 .

172 g]kfnL sIff &

-O_ PSnf] 5f]/f] klg cfdfaa' f;“u 5'6\l6P/ a:g] sfd xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;:+ s[lt
ljk/Lt 5 .

-O{__ cfhsnsf dflg;x¿ cfÇgf cfdfa'afnfO{ xn] f ug{ yfn]sf 5g \ .
-u_ cz+ lnP/ leGg eO{ Psn -;fgf]_ kl/jf/df a:g'nfO{ afSnf] bfn vfg] lsg

elgPsf] xfn] f <
-c_ ;o+ S' t kl/jf/sf] efG;fdf bfn g} gksfpg] ePsfn]
-cf_ ;+oS' t kl/jf/df w/] } hgfnfO{ ksfpb“ f bfn kftnf] xg' ] ePsfn]
-O_ 5'6l\ 6P/ ;fgf] kl/jf/ ePkl5 dfq bfn vfg k'Ug] ePsfn]
-O{_ 5'6\l6Psf] ;fgf] kl/jf/nfO{ ld7f] ld7f] vfg k'Ug] ePsfn]

$= pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ‘afSnf] bfn’ syfsf dfdfsf ldqsf] syf cfÇgf zAbdf nv]  .
-v_ ‘afSnf] bfn’ syfsf d'Vo dV' o s/' f l6k .

-u_ ‘afSnf] bfn’ syf k9]/ ltdLn] kfPsf] lzIff s] xf] <

zAbe08f/

%= tnsf cgs' /0ffTds zAbsf] ldNg] lj|mof;“u hf8] f ldnfpm M

em;ª\u x]g' { rn' '{Dd la;{g'÷lgbfpg'

emnemnL eGg' k'n'{Ss cl8g'

kn' S' s la‰g' e;' S' s 9Ng'

h?' Ss xg' ' w'?w'? klN6g'

km6fkm6 b]Vg' uNofD{ d ?g'

Rjf:; p7\g' 6Ss 8A' g

gk] fnL sIff & 173

^= kf7af6 tnsf zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb vf]h M

dlyª\un, wfGg,' cfsfªI\ ff, s/, larNnL

&= tn ljk/LtfyL{ zAbx¿ 5o\ f;ld; kf/]/ /flvPsf 5g\, k9 /
zAb hf8] L ldnfP/ nv] M

h:t} M afSnf] – kftnf]
afSnf] bf]xf]/f] kftnf ] hLjg cj/f]x Psf]xf]/f ] :j:y

a9\bf ] vNnf ] d/0f 36\bf ] /fu] L cf/fx] :jflbnf]

*= sfi] 7ssf lj|mofd"naf6 zAb agfO{ vfnL 7fp“ e/M

-s_ laxfgsf] sdfOn] uLtfsf] a]n'sfsf] ………=============… . -5fs 6g_'{
-v_ PSnf] 5f/] f] 5'6l\ 6Pkl5 cfdfa'af ……………============… . -la/lStg'_
-u_ ljZjgfy uK' tfn] ……………=================… Ps dfgfsf] aGbfa] :t u/s] f 5g \ .

-bz gª\u|f lvofpg_'
-3_ klqsfdf k9s] f] ckx/0fsf] 36gfn] d]/f] ……========…… . -dlyª\un l/u“ fpg_'
-ª_ sfG5Ln] a9b\ f] dxu“ Lsf sf/0f si6n] …………=========… . -Jojxf/ wfGg'_
-r_ afSnf] bfnn] PSnf] 5f]/f] ePsf afac' fdfsf] dg ………===… . -l5ofl5of x'g'_

(= cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ M

JolStjfbL, lh1f;', hfohy] f, ;ufn] , s/fdt 

pRrf/0f / lxHh]

!)= ‘afSnf] bfn’ syf kfn}kfnf] k9 / ;fyLn] k9]sf] klg ;'g .

!!= ‘afSnf] bfn’ syfsf ;?' sf gf} cgR' 5b] lzIfsaf6 ;g' /] tnsf kZ| gsf]
hjfkm bp] m M

174 gk] fnL sIff &

-s_ s;n] ‘afSnf] bfn’ vfg] s'/f ;g' fof] <
-v_ dfdf lsg 6f]nfP <
-u_ dfdfsf] cg'xf/ lsg lgnfs] fnf] eof] <
-3_ xl/x/n] s'g s'/f km6fkm6 eGg cg'/f]w u/] <

!@= afn] fO / n]vfOsf] km/s a'em M

af]nfO nv] fO afn] fO nv] fO

;Dab] gl\ ;n\ ;j+ ]bgzLn AolStaflb JolStjfbL

la:kmf]6\ lj:kmf]6 lb3/{ f]lu bL3/{ fu] L

la:jf;\ ljZjf; cflqm:6 cfsi[ 6

laa; \ ljjz lhUof“; ' lh1f;'

!#= z4' ;“u pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M

;Daf]wg, :jLsfo{, Rjf:; la‰g', cfs[i6, JolStjfbL, dgf]j[lŒf, ;+o'St, ;+:sf/, dgl:ylt,
z'e]R5f, em;ª\u, slxNo}, cfs[lt, nIo, dlyª\un, :ki6Ls/0f, lh1f;', gª\u|f, lj:kmf]6,

gfdb{, lwSsf/, st{Jo, cfsfª\Iff, la/lStP, larNnL, k|To'Q/ 

!$= ‘afSnf] bfn’ syfdf o÷P ko| fu] ePsf zAbx¿ l6kf6] u/ . bzf“} cgR' 5b]
sfkLdf ;f/ .

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!%= syfsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] cgR' 5b] af6 ljz]if0f / gfd zAb vfh] .

!^= dflysf] kf7sf] cf7f}+“ cg'R5]baf6 lgkft zAb vfh] ]/ n]v .

!&= kf7af6 cNklj/fd, k|Zgjfrs, pbu\ f/ / sfi] 7s lrx\g k|ofu]

ePsf Ps Ps jfSo vfh] ]/ n]v .

gk] fnL sIff & 175

l;h{gfTds cEof;
!*= dfly cEof; $ -v_ sf] l6kf]6sf cfwf/df ‘afSnf] bfn’ syf
5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
!(= tnsf a“'bfsf cfwf/df syf n]v M

Ps hgf ul/a dflg;=== ul/a dhb/' L u/]/ hLjg lgjfx{ ug{]=== Ps lbg
Pp6f dxfTdf cfOku' ]sf=== dxfTdfnfO{ ul/an] ef]hg u/fPsf]=== dxfTdfn]
Pp6f cgf7} f] hft“ f] pkxf/ lbPsf=== rflxg] s'/fsf] gfd lnP/ bfoft“ km{ hf“tf]
3'dfpb“ f egs] f] s/' f cfO/xg=] == eof] eg]/ b]a|]tkm{ 3'dfPkl5 hf“tf] 3D' g aGb
xg' ]=== ul/a dfG5] hft“ fn] ] rf8“ } wgL ePsf=] == Ps lbg hft“ f] rf/] L ePsf=] == rf/]
hft“ f] rf]//] 3/sf kl/jf/ lnP/ ;db' L| ofqfdf=== 8ª' \ufdf hf“tf]nfO{ eg/] /f6] L
/ df5f w/] } ksfPsf=] == df5f tf/]/ vfg tof/ u/]sf]=== gg' gePsfn] hf“tfn] fO{
gg' dfus] f]=== hf“tf] aGb ug{] tl/sf rf/] nfO{ yfxf gePsf]=== hft“ fa] f6 gg'
cfO/x]sf]=== gg' n] gfp el/P/ 8A' g'=== gfp;“u} rf]/ klg 8'a/] dg{=' == ToxL g'g
;db' |df kUn]/ ;d'bs| f] kfgL g'lgnf] ePsf] ljZjf;

@)= æaxleq u'lD;Psf] ;To o:ta} ]nf t aflx/ lg:sb“ f] /x]5 lg .Æ of] jfSo
k9b\ f ltdLnfO{ s:tf] cg'e"lt eof,] nv] M

176 g]kfnL sIff &