Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI Sistem Peredaran Darah Manusia
Inkuiri 3.5 Human Blood Circulatory System
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengkaji sistem peredaran darah manusia
Aim
To study the human blood circulatory system
Bahan Perisian komputer, video atau model sistem peredaran darah manusia
Materials Computer software, video or model of the human blood circulatory system
Prosedur 1. Perhatikan simulasi peredaran darah dalam sistem peredaran darah manusia pada perisian
Procedure komputer atau video.
Observe and study the computer software or videos on the simulation of the blood flow in the human blood
circulatory system.
BAB
2. Labelkan rajah sistem peredaran darah.
Label the diagram of the blood circulatory system.
3
3. Tanda dengan anak panah untuk menunjukkan aliran darah beroksigen dan anak panah
untuk menunjukkan aliran darah terdeoksigen.
Mark using arrow to show the flow of oxygenated blood and arrow to show the flow of deoxygenated
blood.
Pemerhatian
Observation Jantung Peredaran sistemik Vena kava Peparu
Heart Systemic circulation Vena cava Lungs
Aorta Peredaran pulmonari Vena pulmonari Arteri pulmonari
Aorta Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery
(c) Arteri pulmonari Kepala, leher
Pulmonary artery dan lengan
Head, neck
and arms
(d) Vena kava
Vena cava
(a) Peredaran pulmonari (e) Peparu
Pulmonary circulation Lungs (f) Vena pulmonari
Pulmonary vein
(g) Aorta
Aorta
(h) Jantung
Heart
Hati
Liver
(b) Peredaran sistemik Perut, usus
Systemic circulation Stomach, intestine
Ginjal
Kidneys
Kaki
Legs
Perbincangan 1. (a) Namakan jenis sistem peredaran dalam manusia. TP 1
Discussion
Name the type of circulatory system in humans.
Sistem peredaran ganda dua / Double circulatory system
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
(b) Terangkan tentang sistem peredaran yang anda nyatakan di 1(a). TP 2
Explain on the circulatory system that you stated in 1(a).
Darah mengalir melalui jantung dua kali dalam satu peredaraan lengkap.
Blood passes through the heart twice in a complete circulation.
2. Lengkapkan carta di bawah untuk menunjukkan perbezaan antara peredaran pulmonari dan
peredaran sistemik. TP 2
Complete the chart below to show the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
Tisu badan Jantung Peparu
Body tissues Heart Lungs
(a) Peredaran pulmonari / Pulmonary circulation: 3
Jantung Darah terdeoksigen Peparu Darah beroksigen Jantung BAB
Heart Lungs Heart
Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood
(b) Peredaran sistemik / Systemic circulation:
Jantung Darah beroksigen Tisu badan Darah terdeoksigen Jantung
Heart Body tissues Heart
Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood
3. Namakan jenis darah yang diangkut oleh salur darah berikut. TP 1
Name the types of blood carried by the following blood vessels.
(a) Vena pulmonary Darah beroksigen
Pulmonary vein Oxygenated blood
(b) Arteri pulmonary Darah terdeoksigen
Pulmonary artery Deoxygenated blood
4. Apakah peranan sistem peredaran darah dalam pengangkutan bahan? TP 2
What are the roles of the blood circulatory system in the transport of substances?
(a) Mengangkut oksigen dari peparu ke semua sel badan.
Transports oxygen from the lungs to all the body cells.
(b) Mengangkut nutrien dari sistem pencernaan ke semua sel badan.
Transports nutrients from the digestive system to all the body cells.
(c) Mengangkut bahan buangan seperti karbon dioksida dan
urea dari sel badan ke organ perkumuhan.
Transports waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea from the body
cells to excretory organs.
Kesimpulan Sistem peredaran darah manusia terdiri daripada peredaran pulmonari dan
Conclusion
peredaran sistemik .
The human blood circulatory system consists of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI Tekanan Darah
Inkuiri 3.6 Blood Pressure
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengukur dan membaca tekanan darah
Aim Measuring and reading blood pressure
Bahan Mesin sfigmomanometer automatik dan stetoskop
Materials Automatic sphygmomanometer machine and stethoscope
Prosedur 1. Jalankan aktiviti ini secara berpasangan.
Procedure Conduct this activity in pairs.
2. Ukur tekanan darah rakan anda dengan menggunakan mesin sfigmomanometer automatik.
Rekodkan bacaan yang ditunjukkan oleh mesin itu.
Measure the blood pressure of your friend by using the automatic sphygmomanometer machine. Record the reading
BAB
showed by the machine.
3. Kemudian, dengar bunyi denyutan jantung rakan anda dengan menggunakan stetoskop.
3
Apakah bunyi yang anda dengar?
Then, hear the sound of your friend’s heartbeat using a stethoscope. What is the sound you hear?
4. Minta rakan anda mengulang langkah 2 hingga 3 kepada anda.
Ask your friend to repeat steps 2 to 3 to you.
Pemerhatian
Observation Nama Tekanan darah (mmHg) Bacaan sistolik Bacaan diastolik Bacaan nadi
Name Blood pressure Systolic reading Diastolic reading Pulse reading
(mmHg)
(Jawapan murid)
(Student’s answer)
Adakah anda dapat mendengar bunyi denyutan jantung?
Are you able to hear heartbeat sounds?
Ya, saya mendengar bunyi ‘lub dub’. / Yes, I hear the ‘lub dub’ sound.
Perbincangan 1. Berapakah bacaan normal tekanan darah manusia? TP 1
Discussion What is a normal blood pressure reading for human?
120/80 mmHG
2. Terangkan maksud: TP 2
Explain the meaning of:
(a) Bacaan sistolik / Systolic reading:
Tekanan yang dikenakan oleh darah ke atas dinding arteri semasa jantung
mengecut .
The pressure imposed by the blood over the wall of artery during the contraction
of heart.
(b) Bacaan diastolik / Diastolic reading:
Tekanan darah semasa jantung berada dalam keadaan rehat .
The blood pressure while the heart is resting .
3. Apakah yang menyebabkan bunyi ‘lub dub’ semasa jantung berdenyut? TP 2
What causes a ‘lub dub’ sound when the heart is beating?
Pembukaan dan penutupan injap jantung semasa darah mengalir menerusinya.
Opening and closing of the heart valve during the flow of blood through it.
Kesimpulan Tekanan darah boleh diukur dengan menggunakan mesin sfigmomanometer . Denyutan
Conclusion
jantung menghasilkan bunyi ‘lub dub’ .
Our blood pressure can be measured using sphygmomanometer machine . Heartbeat produce ‘lub dub’ sound .
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
EKSPERIMEN 3.7 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Denyutan Nadi
WAJIB Factors Affecting the Pulse Rate Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengkaji kesan aktiviti fizikal ke atas kadar denyutan nadi
Aim To study the effect of physical activities on the pulse rate
Pernyataan Bagaimanakah aktiviti fizikal mempengaruhi kadar denyutan nadi?
Masalah How does a physical activity affect the pulse rate?
Problem Statement
Hipotesis Semakin aktif aktiviti fizikal, semakin tinggi kadar denyutan nadi.
Hypothesis The more vigorous is the physical activity, the higher the pulse rate.
3
Pemboleh Ubah (a) Dimanipulasikan : Jenis aktiviti / Type of activity
Variables Manipulated
(b) Bergerak balas : Kadar denyutan nadi / Pulse rate BAB
Responding
(c) Dimalarkan : Tempoh masa aktiviti
Constant Duration of activity Simulasi
Jangka Masa untuk Mengukur
Denyutan Nadi
Stopwatch for Pulse Measurement
Bahan Jam randik / Stopwatch
Materials
Prosedur 1. Kira bilangan denyutan nadi seorang murid selama satu minit sebelum 60 saat
Procedure 60 seconds
melakukan aktiviti fizikal. Rekodkan di dalam jadual.
Count the number of pulse of a student for one minute before doing a physical activity.
Record in a table.
2. Selepas itu, minta murid tersebut melakukan aktiviti fizikal, iaitu
berjalan mengelilingi makmal selama lima minit.
After that, ask the student to do a physical activity, that is to walk around the
laboratory for five minutes.
Nota:
3. Kira bilangan denyutan nadi murid selama satu minit serta- Note:
merta selepas aktiviti fizikal itu. Rekodkan di dalam jadual. Murid diminta untuk berehat
Count the number of pulse of the student for one minute immediately after selama lima minit sebelum
the physical activity. Record in the table. memulakan aktiviti fizikal yang
lain.
4. Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan berlari keliling padang. Students are required to rest for five
Repeat steps 1 to 3 by running around the field. minutes before starting another physical
activity.
Kaedah 1. Bilangan denyutan nadi seorang murid dikira selama satu minit sebelum melakukan aktiviti
Method
fizikal dan direkodkan di dalam jadual.
The number of pulse of a student was counted for one minute before doing a physical activity and recorded in a table.
2. Selepas itu, murid tersebut diminta melakukan aktiviti fizikal, iaitu berjalan mengelilingi
makmal selama lima minit.
After that, the student was asked to do a physical activity, that is to walk around the laboratory for five minutes.
3. Bilangan denyutan nadi murid tersebut dikira selama satu minit serta-merta selepas aktiviti
fizikal itu dan direkodkan di dalam jadual.
The number of pulse of the student was counted for one minute immediately after the physical activity and recorded
in the table.
4. Langkah 1 hingga 3 diulang dengan berlari keliling padang.
Steps 1 to 3 were repeated by running around the field.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Pemerhatian Bilangan denyutan nadi (per minit)
Observation Number of pulse (per minute)
Jenis aktiviti
Type of activity Sebelum Selepas
Before After
Berjalan
Walking
(Jawapan murid)
(Student’s answer)
Berlari
Running
Perbincangan 1. Adakah setiap murid mempunyai kiraan nadi yang sama? TP 1
Discussion Does every student have the same pulse count?
Tidak / No
BAB
2. (a) Nyatakan satu inferens bagi pemerhatian anda dalam eksperimen ini. TP 2
3
State one inference for your observation in this experiment.
Semakin aktif sesuatu aktiviti yang dilakukan, semakin tinggi kiraan nadi.
The more vigorous is the activity, the higher the pulse count.
(b) Terangkan inferens anda di 2(a).
Explain your inference in 2(a).
Kadar denyutan nadi meningkat selepas melakukan aktiviti fizikal yang aktif
kerana jantung kita perlu mengepam darah dengan pantas untuk
membekalkan oksigen yang mencukupi kepada sel-sel badan dan membebaskan
karbon dioksida keluar dari badan.
Aktiviti Interaktif The pulse rate increases after doing a vigorous physical activity because our heart needs to
Denyutan Nadi pump rapidly oxygen
Pulse blood to supply enough to body cells and release
carbon dioxide out of the body.
3. Apakah maksud ‘kadar denyutan nadi’? TP 2
What is the meaning of ‘pulse rate’.
Kadar denyutan nadi ialah berapa kali jantung berdenyut dalam masa seminit dan diukur
dengan mengira nadi pada pergelangan tangan selama seminit.
The pulse rate is how many times the heart beats in one minute and is measured by counting pulse on the wrist for
one minute.
4. Selain aktiviti fizikal, nyatakan tiga lagi faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar denyutan nadi.
Besides physical activities, state three other factors that affect the pulse rate. TP 1
Jantina, umur dan keadaan kesihatan
Gender, age and health condition
Kesimpulan 1. Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya
Conclusion Is the hypothesis made acceptable? Yes
2. Semakin aktif aktiviti fizikal, semakin tinggi kadar denyutan nadi.
The more vigorous is the physical activity, the higher the pulse rate.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
PROJEK Kepentingan Menjaga Kesihatan Jantung
STEM 3.8 The importance of Maintaining a Healthy Heart
STEM
Objektif aktiviti / Activity objective:
Menjalankan kempen kesedaran mengenai kepentingan menjaga kesihatan jantung di sekolah
Conduct awareness campaigns on the importance of maintaining a healthy heart in the school
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
Kesihatan jantung perlu diberikan perhatian memandangkan fungsinya yang sangat signifikan dalam
kelangsungan hidup manusia.
The health of heart needs attention because its function is very significant in human survival.
3
Prosedur / Procedure:
1. Pencarian fakta / Fact finding: BAB
(a) Bahagikan murid-murid di dalam kelas kepada beberapa kumpulan.
Divide the students in the class into several groups.
(b) Murid-murid dalam setiap kumpulan perlu mengenal pasti fakta-fakta yang berkaitan dengan
kepentingan menjaga kesihatan jantung. Murid-murid dalam setiap kumpulan perlu berbincang dan
mencari maklumat di Internet.
Students in each group need to identify facts related to the importance of maintaining a healthy heart. Students in each group
need to discuss and search information on the Internet.
2. Konsep yang diaplikasikan / Concepts applied:
Struktur dan fungsi jantung
Structure and function of the heart
3. Pelan tindakan / Action plan:
Pembahagian tugas ahli
Pelantikan ketua kumpulan Menentukan matlamat kempen
Appointment of the head group Determine campaign goals kumpulan
Task divisions of group members
Kumpul bahan yang diperlukan
Pengumpulan data/maklumat dan kira kos kempen Pilih lokasi kempen
Collecting data / information Collect materials needed and calculate the Select the location of the
campaign
cost of the campaign
Pelaksanaan kempen
Campaign implementation
4. Penyelesaian / Solution:
(a) Menyediakan poster, brosur dan klip video berkaitan tajuk
Prepare poster, brochure and video clip about the title
(b) Membincangkan tugasan masing-masing sebelum dan semasa kempen dijalankan
Discuss the tasks before and during the campaign
5. Pembentangan / Presentation:
Persembahkan hasil dapatan kumpulan anda semasa kempen berlangsung.
Present the findings during the campaign.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Standard Kandungan 3.3 Darah manusia
AKTIVITI Darah Manusia
Perbincangan 3.9 Human Blood
Masteri
1. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan komponen darah manusia selepas emparan. Lengkapkan rajah ini tentang
komponen-komponen darah dan fungsinya. TP 2
The diagram below shows the human blood component after centrifugation. Complete the diagram on the blood components and their
functions.
sum-sum tulang oksigen platelet terlarut sel darah putih pembekuan darah
bone marrow oxygen platelet dissolved white blood cell blood clotting
red blood cell bacterial liver plasma liver
BAB
3
(a) Plasma / Plasma
55%
Sel darah / Blood cell
45%
(b) Sel darah merah
Red blood cell
• Mengangkut oksigen
Transports oxygen
• Membawa bahan-bahan
terlarut (c) Sel darah putih
White blood cell
Carries dissolved
substances • Melindungi badan daripada
serangan bakteria
Protects body from bacterial attack
(d) Platelet
Platelet
• Membantu dalam pembekuan darah
Helps in blood clotting
• Semua jenis sel darah dihasilkan dalam sum-sum tulang dan dimusnahkan dalam hati .
All types of blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and are destroyed in the liver .
Mahir Think
Lengkapkan peta dakap di bawah tentang komponen darah manusia.
Complete the brace map below on human blood component.
Air (90%)
Water (90%)
Plasma (55%)
Plasma (55%)
Bahan-bahan terlarut (10%)
Dissolved substances (10%)
Darah
Blood Sel darah merah
Red blood cells
Sel-sel darah (45%) Sel darah putih
Blood cells (45%) White blood cells
Platelet
Platelet
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI Kumpulan Darah
Inkuiri 3.10 Blood Group
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengumpul data mengenai jenis kumpulan darah setiap murid dan mengenal pasti penderma
Aim dan penerima darah yang sesuai
Collect data on the type of blood group for each student and identify the appropriate blood donor and recipient
Bahan 4 buah kotak berlabel – Kumpulan darah A, B, O dan AB (dilabel berasingan) dan kertas kecil
Materials 4 boxes with label – Blood group A, B, O and AB (labelled separately) and small paper
Prosedur 1. Bahagikan murid kepada
Procedure empat kumpulan.
Divide students into four groups. 3
2. Guru mengedarkan sehelai BAB
kertas kecil dan jadual seperti
di bawah kepada setiap murid. A B O AB
Simulasi The teacher distributes a small paper
Jenis Darah ABO and table as below to each student.
ABO Blood Type
3. Setiap murid diminta menulis nama dan kumpulan darah masing-masing di atas kertas tersebut.
Each student is asked to write their name and blood group on the paper.
4. Lipat kertas itu dan masukkannya ke dalam kotak yang dilabelkan dengan kumpulan darah
yang sama.
Fold the paper and put it inside box labeled with similar blood group.
5. Kemudian, seorang wakil daripada setiap kumpulan akan mengambil sebuah kotak dan kembali
kepada kumpulannya.
Then, a representative from each group will take a box back to his group.
6. Kertas di dalam kotak dikeluarkan satu persatu dan wakil kumpulan akan membaca nama
murid yang tertulis. Dia dan ahli kumpulannya akan menanda (✓) pada kumpulan darah
murid tersebut di dalam jadual yang diberikan.
The paper in the box is removed one by one and the group representative will read the name of the student written.
He/She and his/her team members will mark (✓) on the blood group of the student in the table given.
7. Setelah selesai, masukkan semula keratan kertas ke dalam kotak dan wakil kumpulan akan
menukar kotak tersebut dengan kumpulan lain.
Once completed, re-insert the paper into the box and the group representative will change the box with another group.
8. Ulang langkah 6 hingga 7 sehingga keempat-empat kotak diperoleh dan kumpulan darah
semua murid di dalam kelas itu telah ditanda.
Repeat steps 6 to 7 until the four boxes are obtained and each blood group of the pupil in the class was complete.
Keputusan
Result
(Jawapan murid)
(Student’s answer)
Perbincangan 1. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, tentukan kumpulan darah yang mempunyai:
Discussion Based on the data obtained, determine the blood group that have:
(a) paling ramai murid / the most student:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
(b) paling sedikit murid / the least student:
Jawapan murid / Student’s answer
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
2. Terangkan dua faktor yang menentukan jenis kumpulan darah seseorang. TP 2
Explain two factors that determine type of blood group of a person.
Jenis antigen pada permukaan sel darah merah dan jenis antibodi yang
terampai di dalam plasma darahnya.
Type of antigen on the surface of the red blood cell and type of antibody that floats in
the plasma of his blood
3. (a) Padankan penderma darah berikut dengan penerimanya yang sesuai. TP 2
Match the following blood donors with their suitable recipients.
Penderma / Donor Penerima / Recipient
A • • A
B • • B
BAB
AB • • AB
3
O • • O
(b) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika kumpulan darah yang tidak serasi bercampur? TP 2
What will happen if the incompatible blood groups are mixed?
Pengaglutinatan (penggumpalan darah) akan berlaku.
Agglutination (blood clotting) will occur.
4. Namakan istilah bagi orang yang mempunyai kumpulan darah yang berikut mengikut
definisinya dan nyatakan kumpulan darah yang berkenaan. TP 2
Name the terms for the people that have the following blood groups according to their definitions and state the
related blood groups.
(a) Penderma universal / Universal donor
Kumpulan darah yang selamat didermakan kepada O
semua kumpulan lain
Blood group that is safe to be donated to all other groups
(b) Penerima universal / Universal receiver
Kumpulan darah yang selamat menerima darah AB
daripada semua kumpulan lain
Blood group that is safe to receive blood from all other groups
Kesimpulan Darah manusia boleh dikelaskan kepada empat kumpulan, iaitu kumpulan darah A , B ,
Conclusion
AB dan O .
Human blood can be classified into four groups, which are blood group A , B , AB and O .
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
PROJEK Kempen Pendermaan Darah
STEM 3.11 Blood Donation Campaign
STEM
Objektif aktiviti / Activity objective:
Menganjurkan kempen pendermaan darah dengan kerjasama dari Pusat Darah Negara dengan berjaya dan berkesan
Organising a blood donation campaign with the cooperation of the National Blood Centre successfully and impactfully
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
Setiap hari, darah diperlukan untuk menyelamatkan nyawa. Darah mungkin diperlukan untuk pembedahan, mangsa
kemalangan atau untuk merawat pesakit leukemia, hemofilia dan lain-lain.
Every day, blood is needed to save lives. Blood may be needed for surgery, accident victims or for treating leukemia, hemophilia and others.
3
Prosedur / Procedure:
1. Pencarian fakta / Fact finding: BAB
(a) Guru memilih beberapa orang murid di dalam satu kelas yang sama untuk membentuk satu kumpulan.
The teacher selects several students in a same class to form a group.
(b) Murid-murid di dalam kumpulan itu perlu berbincang dan mengumpulkan maklumat tentang penganjuran
kempen pendermaan darah di sekolah.
The students in the group need to discuss and collect information about organising a blood donation campaign at the school.
(c) Murid-murid yang lain pula perlu menyediakan brosur atau pamplet tentang:
Other students should prepare brochures or pamphlets about:
• Kepentingan menderma darah / The importance of blood donation
• Kriteria penderma darah / Criteria of a blood donor
• Isu-isu berkaitan pendermaan darah / Issues related to blood donating
• Pengendalian dan penyimpanan darah yang didermakan
The storage and handling of donated blood
2. Konsep yang diaplikasikan / Concepts applied:
Darah – kumpulan darah dan kesesuaian antara penderma dengan penerima
Blood – blood group and suitability between the donor and recipient
3. Pelan tindakan / Action plan:
Pengumpulan fakta/ Penentuan bahan dan
maklumat peralatan Pengiraan kos Pelancaran kempen
Facts / Information Determining materials and Cost calculation Campaign launch
collection tools
Hubungi pihak Pusat Menyediakan tempat Mengira kos yang Seminggu sebelum tarikh
Darah Negara dan yang sesuai dan alatan diperlukan sebelum dan kempen, umumkan
berbincang dengan yang diperlukan semasa semasa berkempen kepada orang ramai
mereka tentang kempen berlangsung Calculate the cost needed before mengenai kempen derma
penganjuran kempen Provide a suitable place and during the darah di sekolah anda
derma darah di sekolah and tools needed during the campaign A week before the campaign
anda campaign date, announce to the public
Contact the National Blood about the blood donation
Centre and discuss with them campaign at your school
about organising a blood
donation campaign in your
school
• Sila rujuk laman web rasmi Pusat Darah Negara untuk mengetahui garis panduan penganjuran kempen
pendermaan darah dengan mengimbas kod QR yang diberi.
Please refer to the official website of the National Blood Center for guidelines on organising blood donation campaigns by scanning
the QR code given.
4. Penyelesaian / Solution: Garis
Menganjurkan kempen pendermaan darah Panduan
Guideline
Organising a blood donation campaign
INFO
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Standard Kandungan 3.4 Pengangkutan dalam tumbuhan
AKTIVITI 3.12 Transpirasi dalam Tumbuhan
Inkuiri Transpiration in Plants
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Membuat pemerhatian untuk mengkaji proses transpirasi dalam tumbuhan
Aim To make observations to study transpiration process in plants
Bahan Pokok berpasu, beg plastik lut sinar dan kertas kobalt klorida kontang
Materials Potted plant, transparent plastic bag and anhydrous cobalt chloride paper
Prosedur 1. Sediakan susunan bahan seperti yang Kertas kobalt
Procedure ditunjukkan dalam rajah. klorida kontang
Prepare the set up of material as shown in the Beg plastik Anhydrous cobalt
diagram. lut sinar chloride paper
BAB
Transparent
2. Lekatkan dua helai kertas kobalt klorida plastic bag
3
kontang di dalam beg plastik lut sinar.
Stick two pieces of anhydrous cobalt chloride paper
in a transparent plastic bag.
3. Kemudian, balutkan beg plastik itu pada pokok. Pastikan beg plastik itu dalam keadaan kering
sepenuhnya.
Then, wrap the plastic bag on the plant. Make sure the plastic bag is fully dry.
4. Biarkan pokok itu selama dua jam di luar makmal.
Leave the tree for two hours outside the laboratory.
5. Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku dan rekodkan pemerhatian anda dalam jadual di bawah.
Observe the changes that occur and record your observations in the table below.
Pemerhatian
Observation Bahan / Material Pemerhatian / Observation
Beg plastik lut sinar Titisan cecair terbentuk pada dinding dalam beg plastik
Transparent plastic bag Liquid droplets are formed on the inner wall of the plastic bag
Kertas kobalt klorida Bertukar warna daripada biru ke merah jambu
kontang Change colour from blue to pink
Anhydrous cobalt chloride
paper
Perbincangan 1. Apakah fungsi kertas kobalt klorida kontang dalam eksperimen ini? TP 1
Discussion What is the function of cobalt chloride paper in this experiment?
Untuk menguji kehadiran air / To test for the presence of water
2 Nyatakan satu inferens untuk setiap pemerhatian di atas. TP 2
State one inference for each observation above.
(a) Titisan cecair terbentuk pada dinding dalam beg plastik kerana pokok itu melakukan
transpirasi .
Liquid droplets are formed on the inner wall of the plastic bag because the plants carry out transpiration .
(b) Warna kertas kobalt klorida kontang berubah daripada biru ke
merah jambu kerana titisan itu ialah air .
The color of the anhydrous cobalt chloride paper is changed from blue to pink
because the droplet is water .
72
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Tarikh:
3. Apakah transpirasi? TP 2
What is transpiration?
Transpirasi ialah proses kehilangan air dalam bentuk wap air secara
penyejatan melalui stoma .
Transpiration is a process of losing water in the form of water vapour by
evaporation through the stoma .
4. Bilakah proses transpirasi berlaku? TP 1
When does the transpiration process occur?
Pada waktu siang / During the day
5. Kaitkan transpirasi dengan keupayaan akar tumbuhan untuk menyerap air. TP 2
Relate transpiration to the ability of the plant roots to absorb water.
Transpirasi mengurangkan kandungan air di dalam tumbuhan. Oleh itu, jumlah air di 3
dalam tumbuhan menjadi kurang daripada tanah dan menyebabkan air di dalam
tanah diserap oleh akar. BAB
Transpiration reduces water content in the plants. Hence, the amount of water in the plant becomes
less than the soil and thus causes the water from the soil to be absorbed by the roots.
6. Lukiskan untuk menunjukkan pergerakan air dalam tumbuhan semasa transpirasi.
Draw to show the movement of water in plants during transpiration. TP 2
Air dalam tanah
Water in soil
7. Nyatakan satu peranan transpirasi yang lain, selain daripada menyingkirkan air yang berlebihan
daripada tumbuhan. TP 2
State one other role of transpiration, besides getting rid of excess water from plants.
Mengangkut air dan garam mineral terlarut dari akar ke seluruh tumbuhan.
Transport water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the whole plant.
8. Apakah cara lain tumbuhan menyingkirkan air? Terangkan. TP 2
What other way plants remove water? Explain.
Pada waktu malam, tumbuhan menyingkirkan air yang
berlebihan melalui proses pelembakan (gutasi) . Air hilang
dalam bentuk cecair melalui liang yang disebut
hidatod yang terdapat pada hujung urat daun. Titisan air
Water droplet
During the night, plants remove excess water through the process of
guttation . Water is lost in the form of liquids
through the pores called hydathodes found at the tip of the vein of leaf.
Kesimpulan Transpirasi ialah proses kehilangan air dalam bentuk wap air secara
Conclusion penyejatan melalui stoma .
Transpiration is a process of losing water in the form of water vapour by evaporation
through the stoma .
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Tarikh:
EKSPERIMEN 3.13 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Transpirasi
WAJIB Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi Bahan Mengajar
Aim To study the factors affecting the rate of transpiration Pengangkutan dalam
Tumbuhan
A Keamatan cahaya Transportation in Plants
Light intensity
Pernyataan Bagaimanakah keamatan cahaya mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?
Masalah How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
Problem Statement
Hipotesis Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Hypothesis
BAB
The higher the intensity of light, the higher the rate of transpiration.
3
:
Pemboleh Ubah (a) Dimanipulasikan Keamatan cahaya / Light intensity
Variables Manipulated
(b) Bergerak balas : Kadar transpirasi / Rate of transpiration
Responding
(c) Dimalarkan : Saiz dan jenis tumbuhan, kelembapan udara, suhu, pergerakan udara
Constant dan masa
Size and the type of plant, humidity, temperature, air movement and time
Bahan Anak pokok keembung, air, minyak dan kapas
Materials
Young balsam plants, water, oil and cotton wool
Radas Kelalang kon dan penimbang elektronik
Apparatus Pokok keembung
Conical flask and electronic balance
Balsam plant
Prosedur 1. Sediakan dua set radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
Procedure rajah. Kelalang kon
Set up two sets of apparatus as shown in the diagram. Conical flask
Kapas
2. Timbang radas dan rekodkan bacaan. Cotton wool
Weigh the apparatus and record the readings.
Minyak
3. Letakkan satu set radas berhampiran tingkap dan satu Oil
set lagi di dalam almari gelap di dalam bilik yang Air (200 ml)
sama. Water (200 ml)
Place one set of the apparatus near a window and another set in a Penimbang elektronik
dark cupboard in the same room. On/Off Electronic balance
4. Selepas 3 jam, timbang semula kedua-dua set radas
dan rekodkan bacaan.
After 3 hours, reweigh the two sets of apparatus and record the readings.
5. Rekodkan semua keputusan di dalam jadual dan hitungkan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan.
Record all the results in a table and calculate the rate of transpiration of the plant.
Kaedah
Method 1. Dua set radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
Two sets of apparatus were set up as shown in the diagram.
2. Radas itu ditimbang dan bacaan direkodkan.
The apparatus was weighed and the readings were recorded.
3. Satu set radas diletakkan berhampiran tingkap dan satu set lagi di dalam almari gelap di dalam
bilik yang sama.
One set of the apparatus was placed near a window and another set in a dark cupboard in the same room.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
4. Selepas 3 jam, kedua-dua set radas ditimbang semula dan bacaan direkodkan.
After 3 hours, the two sets of apparatus were reweighed and the readings were recorded.
5. Semua keputusan direkodkan di dalam jadual dan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan dihitung.
All the results were recorded in a table and the rate of transpiration of the plant was calculated.
Keputusan Keadaan Kehadiran cahaya Ketiadaan cahaya
Result
Condition Presence of light Absence of light
Jisim radas pada awal eksperimen (g) 300 300
Mass of apparatus in the beginning of the experiment (g)
Jisim radas pada akhir eksperimen (g) 260 285
Mass of apparatus at the end of the experiment (g) 3
Perbezaan jisim
Kadar transpirasi = (g/min)
Masa 300 – 260 = 0.22 300 – 285 BAB
Difference in mass 3 × 60 3 × 60 = 0.08
Rate of transpiration = (g/min)
Time
B Kelembapan udara
Humidity
Pernyataan Bagaimanakah kelembapan udara mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?
Masalah How does the humidity affect the rate of transpiration?
Problem Statement
Hipotesis Semakin rendah kelembapan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Hypothesis
The lower the humidity, the higher the rate of transpiration.
Pemboleh Ubah (a) Dimanipulasikan : Kelembapan udara / Humidity
Variables
Manipulated
(b) Bergerak balas : Kadar transpirasi / Rate of transpiration
Responding
(c) Dimalarkan : Saiz dan jenis tumbuhan, suhu, pergerakan udara, keamatan cahaya
Constant
dan masa
Size and type of plant, temperature, air movement, light intensity and time
Bahan Anak pokok keembung, air, minyak, beg plastik, kalsium klorida kontang, tali dan kapas
Materials Young balsam plants, water, oil, plastic bag, anhydrous calcium chloride, string and cotton wool
Radas Kelalang kon dan penimbang elektronik
Apparatus
Conical flasks and electronic balance
Prosedur 1. Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A.
Procedure Repeat steps 1 and 2 in Part A. Pokok keembung
Balsam plant
2. Tutup tumbuhan dalam satu set radas dengan Beg plastik
beg plastik yang mengandungi kalsium klorida Plastic bag Kalsium klorida
kontang seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. kontang
Cover the plant in one set of the apparatus with a plastic Anhydrous calcium
bag containing anhydrous calcium chloride as shown in the chloride
diagram. Minyak
Oil
3. Biarkan kedua-dua set radas di atas meja selama
3 jam. Penimbang Air (200 ml)
Leave the two sets of apparatus on a table for 3 hours. elektronik Water (200 ml)
Electronic On/Off
balance
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Tarikh:
4. Selepas 3 jam, timbang semula kedua-dua set radas dan rekodkan bacaan.
After 3 hours, reweigh the two sets of apparatus and record the readings.
5. Rekodkan semua keputusan di dalam jadual dan hitungkan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan.
Record all the results in a table and calculate the rate of transpiration of the plant.
Kaedah 1. Langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A diulang.
Method
Steps 1 and 2 in Part A were repeated.
2. Tumbuhan dalam satu set radas ditutup dengan beg plastik yang mengandungi kalsium klorida
kontang seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
The plant in one set of the apparatus was covered with a plastic bag containing anhydrous calcium chloride as shown
in the diagram.
BAB
3. Kedua-dua set radas dibiarkan di atas meja selama 3 jam.
The two sets of apparatus were left on a table for 3 hours.
3
4. Selepas 3 jam, kedua-dua set radas ditimbang semula dan bacaan direkodkan.
After 3 hours, the two sets of apparatus were reweighed and the readings were recorded.
5. Semua keputusan direkodkan di dalam jadual dan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan dihitung.
All the results were recorded in a table and the rate of transpiration of the plant was calculated.
Keputusan
Result Keadaan Kelembapan udara yang Kelembapan udara yang
Condition lebih tinggi lebih rendah
Higher humidity Lower humidity
Jisim radas pada awal eksperimen (g) 300 300
Mass of apparatus in the beginning of the experiment (g)
Jisim radas pada akhir eksperimen (g) 282 263
Mass of apparatus at the end of the experiment (g)
Perbezaan jisim
Kadar transpirasi = (g/min)
Masa 300 – 282 = 0.10 300 – 263 = 0.21
3 × 60 3 × 60
Difference in mass
Rate of transpiration = (g/min)
Time
C Suhu
Temperature
Pernyataan Bagaimanakah suhu mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?
Masalah How does the temperature affect the rate of transpiration?
Problem Statement
Hipotesis Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Hypothesis
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.
Pemboleh Ubah (a) Dimanipulasikan : Suhu / Temperature
Variables
Manipulated
(b) Bergerak balas : Kadar transpirasi / Rate of transpiration
Responding
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Tarikh:
(c) Dimalarkan : Saiz dan jenis tumbuhan, pergerakan udara, keamatan cahaya,
Constant
kelembapan udara dan masa
Size and type of plant, air movement, light intensity, humidity and time
Bahan Anak pokok keembung, air, minyak dan kapas
Materials Young balsam plant, water, oil and cotton wool
Radas Kelalang kon dan penimbang elektronik
Apparatus
Conical flasks and electronic balance
Prosedur 1. Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A.
Procedure
Repeat steps 1 and 2 in Part A. 3
2. Letakkan satu set radas di dalam makmal sains dan satu set lagi di tempat yang panas
(contohnya, di padang sekolah). BAB
Place one set of the apparatus in the science laboratory and another set in a hot place (for example, in the school field).
3. Selepas 3 jam, timbang semula kedua-dua set radas dan rekodkan bacaan.
After 3 hours, reweigh the two sets of apparatus and record the readings.
4. Rekodkan semua keputusan dalam jadual dan hitungkan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan.
Record all the results in a table and calculate the rate of transpiration of the plant.
Kaedah 1. Langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A diulang.
Method
Steps 1 and 2 in Part A were repeated.
2. Satu set radas diletakkan di dalam makmal sains dan satu set lagi di tempat yang panas,
iaitu di padang sekolah.
One set of the apparatus was placed in the science laboratory and another set in a hot place, that is in the school field.
3. Selepas 3 jam, kedua-dua set radas ditimbang semula dan bacaan direkodkan.
After 3 hours, the two sets of apparatus were reweighed and the readings were recorded.
4. Semua keputusan direkodkan dalam di jadual dan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan dihitung.
All the results were recorded in a table and the rate of transpiration of the plant was calculated.
Keputusan Keadaan Suhu yang lebih rendah Suhu yang lebih tinggi
Result
Condition Lower temperature Higher temperature
Jisim radas pada awal eksperimen (g) 300 300
Mass of apparatus at the beginning of the experiment (g)
Jisim radas pada akhir eksperimen (g) 279 250
Mass of apparatus at the end of the experiment (g)
Kadar transpirasi
Perbezaan jisim
= (g/min) 300 – 279
Masa = 0.12 300 – 250
Rate of transpiration 3 × 60 3 × 60 = 0.28
Difference in mass
= (g/min)
Time
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
D Pergerakan udara
Movement of air
Pernyataan Bagaimanakah pergerakan udara mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?
Masalah How does movement of air affect the rate of transpiration?
Problem Statement
Hipotesis Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.
Hypothesis
The faster the air movement, the higher the rate of transpiration.
Pemboleh Ubah (a) Dimanipulasikan : Pergerakan udara / Air movement
Variables Manipulated
(b) Bergerak balas : Kadar transpirasi / Rate of transpiration
Responding
(c) Dimalarkan : Saiz dan jenis tumbuhan, kelembapan udara, suhu, keamatan
BAB
Constant cahaya dan masa
Size and the type of plant, humidity, temperature, light intensity and time
3
Bahan Anak pokok keembung, air, minyak dan kapas
Materials Young balsam plant, water, oil and cotton wool
Radas Kelalang kon, penimbang elektronik dan kipas
Apparatus Conical flasks, electronic balance and fan
Prosedur 1. Ulang langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A.
Procedure
Repeat steps 1 and 2 in Part A.
2. Letakkan satu set radas di dalam makmal sains tanpa terdedah kepada tiupan angin dan satu
set lagi di bawah kipas yang bergerak laju.
Place one set of the apparatus in the science laboratory without exposure to wind and another set under a fast-
moving fan.
3. Selepas 3 jam, timbang semula kedua-dua set radas dan rekodkan bacaan.
After 3 hours, reweigh the two sets of apparatus and record the readings.
4. Rekodkan semua keputusan dalam jadual dan hitungkan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan itu.
Record all the results in a table and calculate the rate of transpiration of the plant.
Kaedah 1. Langkah 1 dan 2 dalam Bahagian A diulang.
Method
Steps 1 and 2 in Part A were repeated.
2. Satu set radas diletakkan di dalam makmal sains tanpa terdedah kepada tiupan angin dan
satu set lagi di bawah kipas yang bergerak laju.
One set of the apparatus was placed in the science laboratory without exposure to wind and another set under a
fast-moving fan.
3. Selepas 3 jam, kedua-dua set radas ditimbang semula dan bacaan direkodkan.
After 3 hours, the two sets of apparatus were reweighed and the readings were recorded.
4. Semua keputusan direkodkan di dalam jadual dan kadar transpirasi tumbuhan dihitung.
All the results were recorded in a table and the rate of transpiration of the plant was calculated.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Keputusan
Result Keadaan Kehadiran angin Ketiadaan angin
Condition Presence of wind Absence of wind
Jisim radas pada awal eksperimen (g) 300 300
Mass of apparatus at the beginning of the experiment (g)
Jisim radas pada akhir eksperimen (g) 258 279
Mass of apparatus at the end of the experiment (g)
Perbezaan jisim
Kadar transpirasi = (g/min) 300 – 258 300 – 279
Masa = 0.23 = 0.12
Difference in mass 3 × 60 3 × 60
Rate of transpiration = (g/min)
Time
Perbincangan 1. (a) Mengapakah terdapat perubahan jisim tumbuhan bagi setiap eksperimen? TP 2
Discussion 3
Why is there a change in the mass of the plant in each experiment?
Kehilangan air daripada tumbuhan melalui daun. BAB
The loss of water from plants through leaves.
(b) Apakah nama proses ini berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1(a)? TP 1
What is this process called based on your answer in 1(a)?
Transpirasi / Transpiration
2. Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi? TP 1
What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration?
Keamatan cahaya, kelembapan udara, suhu dan pergerakan udara
Light intensity, air humidity, temperature and movement of air
3. Apakah tujuan meletakkan lapisan minyak di atas permukaan air? TP 2
What is the purpose of putting a layer of oil on the surface of the water?
Untuk menghalang penyejatan air
To prevent evaporation of water
4. Nyatakan kadar transpirasi sama ada bertambah atau berkurang dalam setiap keadaan yang
berikut: TP 2
State the rate of transpiration; whether it increases or decreases in each of the following conditions:
Keadaan Kadar transpirasi
Condition Rate of transpiration
(a) Udara pegun Berkurang
Still air Decreases
(b) Tempat yang lembap Berkurang
Damp area Decreases
(c) Hari panas Bertambah
Hot day Increases
(d) Tempat yang gelap Berkurang
Dark area Decreases
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5. Tumbuhan selalunya mempunyai kurang stoma pada permukaan atas daun berbanding dengan
permukaan bawah daun. Mengapa? TP 2
Plants usually have fewer stomata on the top surface of their leaves compared to the bottom surface of the leaves. Why?
Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air berlebihan daripada transpirasi kerana
permukaan atas daun adalah lebih terdedah kepada cahaya matahari .
To reduce excessive water loss from transpiration because the top surface of leaves are more exposed to
the sunlight .
BAB
3
6. Tumbuhan kehilangan air melalui transpirasi dan stoma memainkan peranan penting dalam
proses ini. Bagaimanakah tumbuhan yang hidup di gurun menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan
kekurangan air? TP 2
Plants lose water through transpiration and stomata play an important role in this process. How do plants that live
in desert adapt themselves with the condition of water scarcity?
Stoma kekal tertutup pada waktu siang dan hanya buka pada waktu malam
untuk mencegah kehilangan air .
Stomata remain closed during daytime and only open at night to prevent loss of water .
Kesimpulan 1. Adakah semua hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima?
Conclusion Are all the hypothesis made acceptable?
Ya / Yes
2. Kadar transpirasi meningkat apabila adanya keamatan cahaya yang tinggi ,
kelembapan udara yang rendah , suhu persekitaran yang tinggi dan
pergerakan udara .
The rate of transpiration increases when the light intensity is high , humidity is low , the
temperature of the surroundings is high and there is air movement.
Video Eksperimen Aktiviti Interaktif
Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kadar Transpirasi Kadar Transpirasi
Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpiration Rate of Transpiration
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Tarikh:
AKTIVITI Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Inkuiri 3.14 Transport System in Plants
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengenal pasti kedudukan xilem dan floem
Aim
To identify the location of xylem and phloem
Bahan Slaid keratan rentas akar, batang dan daun tumbuhan dikotiledon (contoh: bunga matahari) dan
Materials tumbuhan monokotiledon (contoh: jagung)
Slides of the cross-sections of root, stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant (e.g. sunflower) and a monocotyledonous
plant (e.g. maize)
3
Radas Mikroskop
Apparatus Microscope
BAB
Prosedur 1. Perhatikan slaid keratan rentas akar, batang dan daun tumbuhan dikotiledon dan tumbuhan
Procedure
monokotiledon menerusi mikroskop.
Observe the slides of the cross-sections of root, stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous and a monocotyledonous plants
through a microscope.
2. Kenal pasti kedudukan xilem dan floem.
Identify the location of xylem and phloem.
3. Lukiskan rajah berlabel bagi setiap spesimen untuk menunjukkan kedudukan xilem dan floem.
Draw a labelled diagram for each specimen to show the location of xylem and phloem.
Pemerhatian
Observation Tumbuhan dikotiledon
Dicotyledonous plant
Xilem
Xylem
Floem
Floem
Phloem Phloem
Xilem
Xylem Xilem Floem
Xylem Phloem
Keratan rentas akar Keratan rentas batang Keratan rentas daun
Cross-section of the root Cross-section of the stem Cross-section of the leaf
Tumbuhan monokotiledon
Monocotyledonous plant
Xilem
Xylem
Floem Floem
Phloem Phloem
Xilem
Xylem
Xilem
Xylem Floem
Phloem
Keratan rentas akar Keratan rentas batang Keratan rentas daun
Cross-section of the root Cross-section of the stem Cross-section of the leaf
Perbincangan 1. Namakan struktur-struktur yang terlibat dalam sistem pengangkutan tumbuhan. TP 1
Discussion Name the structures involved in the transport system of plants.
Xilem dan floem / Xylem and phloem
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2. Apakah bentuk struktur-struktur ini yang membantu mengangkut bahan-bahan dalam
tumbuhan? TP 1
What is the shape of these structures that helps to transport substances in plants?
Bentuk (tiub, sfera).
(Tube, Sphere) shape.
3. Huraikan kedudukan struktur-struktur ini dalam batang TP 2
Describe the location of these structures in the stem of
(a) tumbuhan dikotiledon:
a dicotyledonous plant:
Xilem dan floem (tersusun dalam satu gelang, bertaburan). Floem terletak di bahagian
(luar, dalam) kambium.
Xylem and phloem are (arranged in a ring, scattered). Phloem is on the (outer, inner) side of the cambium.
BAB
(b) tumbuhan monokotiledon:
a monocotyledonous plant:
3
Xilem dan floem (tersusun dalam satu gelang, bertaburan).
Xylem and phloem are (arranged in a ring, scattered).
4. Xilem mempunyai dinding (selulosa, berlignin), manakala floem mempunyai dinding
(selulosa, berlignin).
Xylem has (cellulose, lignin) walls, whereas phloem has (cellulose, lignin) walls.
5. (Xilem, Floem) terdiri daripada sel-sel mati, manakala sel-sel dalam (xilem, floem) adalah
sel hidup.
(Xylem, Phloem) is made up of dead cells, whereas the cells in (xylem, phloem) are living cells.
6. Namakan struktur-struktur tumbuhan mengikut fungsinya. TP 2
Name the structures of plants according to their functions.
(a) Mengangkut makanan terlarut dari daun ke Floem
bahagian lain tumbuhan Phloem
Carries dissolved food from the leaves to other parts of the plant
(b) Mengangkut air dan garam mineral terlarut dari
akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan Xilem
Carries water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to other Xylem
parts of the plant
7. Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada tumbuhan tanpa salur xilem dan floem. TP 4
Predict what will happen to the plant without xylem and phloem tubes. Menganalisis
Tanpa xilem, air dan garam mineral dari akar tidak dapat bergerak
ke bahagian lain tumbuhan. Maka, kadar fotosintesis akan menurun . Tanpa
floem, makanan yang dihasilkan oleh daun semasa proses fotosintesis tidak dapat
diangkut ke bahagian lain tumbuhan. Maka, tumbuhan akan layu dan
mati .
Without xylem, water and mineral salts from roots cannot be transported
to other parts of the plant. Thus, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease . Without phloem, the
food produced by the leaves during the photosynthesis process cannot be transported
to other parts of the plant. Thus, the plant will wilt and die .
Kesimpulan Sistem pengangkutan dalam tumbuhan terdiri daripada xilem dan floem .
Conclusion
The transport system in plants comprises of xylem and phloem .
82
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
AKTIVITI 3.15 Pengangkutan Air dalam Tumbuhan
Inkuiri Transportation of Water in Plants
Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengkaji pengangkutan air dari akar ke daun melalui xilem
Aim To study the transport of water from the roots to the leaves via xylem
Bahan Pokok keembung dan pewarna merah
Materials Balsam plant and red food dye
Radas Mikroskop, slaid, pisau kecil dan kelalang kon 500 cm 3
Apparatus Microscope, slide, small knife and 500 cm conical flask
3
3
Prosedur
Procedure BAB
Pokok keembung
Balsam plant
Video Eksperimen
Pengangkutan Air dalam Tumbuhan Kelalang kon
Transportation of Water in Plants Conical flask
Air + pewarna merah
Water + red food dye
1. Isi kelalang kon dengan kira-kira 300 cm air dan kemudian tambahkan beberapa titik pewarna
3
merah.
3
Fill a conical flask with approximately 300 cm of water and then add a few drops of red food dye.
2. Bersihkan akar pokok keembung.
Clean the roots of a balsam plant.
3. Letakkan tumbuhan itu di dalam kelalang kon dan letakkannya berdekatan dengan tingkap.
Place the plant in the conical flask and leave it near a window.
4. Selepas satu hari, potong keratan rentas nipis pada bahagian akar, batang dan daun tumbuhan
dengan menggunakan pisau kecil.
After a day, cut thin cross-sections of the root, stem and leaf of the plant using a small knife.
Tip Praktikal
Jangan biarkan pewarna merah mengotori baju anda. Berhati-hati semasa menggunakan
pisau kecil.
Do not let the red food dye stain your clothes. Be careful when using the small knife.
5. Letakkan setiap keratan rentas di atas slaid kaca dengan cermat dan perhatikannya menerusi
mikroskop.
Place each cross-section carefully on a glass slide and observe through a microscope.
6. Lukiskan keratan rentas akar, batang dan daun. Kemudian, lorekkan tisu yang berwarna.
Draw the cross-sections of the root, stem and leaf. Then, shade the stained tissues.
Pemerhatian
Observation
Floem
Floem Phloem
Phloem
Xilem Xilem
Xylem Xilem Xylem
Xylem
Floem
Phloem
Keratan rentas akar Keratan rentas batang Keratan rentas daun
Cross-section of the root Cross-section of the stem Cross-section of the leaf
83 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Perbincangan 1. (a) Apakah tisu yang berwarna yang diperhatikan di dalam slaid? TP 1
Discussion
What are the stained tissues observed in the slides?
Tisu xilem / Xylem tissues
(b) Apakah inferens yang dapat anda buat daripada pemerhatian di atas?
What is the inference you can make from the observation above?
Tisu xilem terdapat di bahagian akar , batang dan daun
tumbuhan.
Xylem tissues are found in the roots , stems and leaves of a plant.
2. Terangkan sebab bahagian batang dan daun juga berwarna merah. TP 2
Explain why the stem and leaf are also stained red.
Air berwarna yang diserap oleh akar diangkut oleh tisu xilem naik
ke batang dan ke daun .
BAB
The coloured water absorbed by the roots is transported by xylem tissues up the stem and
3
to the leaves .
3. Tuliskan laluan yang menunjukkan pengangkutan air ke daun. TP 2
Write the pathway to show how water is transported to the leaves.
Batang Rambut akar Daun Akar
Stem Root hair Leaf Root
(a) Rambut akar (b) Akar (c) Batang (d) Daun
Root hair Root Stem Leaf
4. Apakah fungsi xilem?
What is the function of xylem?
Xilem berfungsi untuk mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke
daun.
Xylem functions to transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.
5. Apakah kepentingan air diangkut dari akar ke daun? TP 2
What is the importance of water to be transported from the root to the leaf?
Membolehkan tumbuhan hijau menjalankan proses fotosintesis untuk membuat
makanan.
To enable green plants to carry out photosynthesis to make foods.
Kesimpulan Tisu xilem terdapat pada bahagian akar , batang dan daun
Conclusion
tumbuhan. Tisu xilem mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke batang
dan daun.
Xylem tissues are found in the roots , stems and leaves of plants.
Xylem tissues transport water and mineral salts from the roots up to the stems and leaves.
84
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Pengangkutan Bahan Makanan yang Disintesis dalam
AKTIVITI 3.16 Tumbuhan
Inkuiri Transportation of Synthesised Food Substances in Plants Pendekatan inkuiri
Tujuan Mengkaji pengangkutan bahan makanan yang disintesis dalam tumbuhan melalui floem
Aim To study the transport of synthesised food substances in plants via phloem
Bahan Pokok bunga raya
Materials Hibiscus plant
Radas Pisau
Apparatus Knife
3
Prosedur 1. Potong dan buang segelang kulit daripada dahan pokok bunga raya. Gelang kulit
Procedure Cut and remove a ring of bark from the branch of a hibiscus plant. yang dibuang BAB
Ring of bark
removed
Tip Praktikal
Pokok bunga raya
Berhati-hati semasa menggunakan pisau. Hibiscus plant
Be careful when using a knife.
2. Siram pokok itu dengan air setiap hari dan biarkan selama dua
minggu.
Water the plant daily and leave the plant for two weeks.
3. Perhatikan dan lukiskan dahan yang telah dipotong.
Observe and draw the cut branch.
Pemerhatian
Observation
Gelang kulit Selepas dua minggu
yang dibuang
Ring of bark After two weeks
cut away
Awal aktiviti Akhir aktiviti
Beginning of the activity End of the activity
Perbincangan 1. (a) Apakah yang terjadi kepada bahagian atas gelang selepas dua minggu? TP 1
Discussion What happens to the part above the ring after two weeks?
Bahagian itu membengkak .
It has become swollen .
(b) Tandakan (✓) pada bahagian pada kulit kayu yang telah dibuang.
Mark (✓) on the part of the woody stem that has been removed.
Xilem ✓ Floem
Xylem Phloem
(c) Terangkan jawapan anda di 1(a) dan (b). TP 2
Explain your answer in 1(a) and (b).
Floem mengangkut bahan makanan yang disintesiskan dari daun ke akar.
Pada bahagian yang telah dipotong, tiada tisu floem . Oleh itu, bahan
makanan yang disintesis terkumpul di bahagian atas gelang.
Phloem transports synthesised food substances from the leaves to the roots. In the cut part, there
are no phloem tissues. Hence, the synthesised food substances accumulate in the region
above the ring.
85 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
2. Apakah yang terjadi kepada bahagian di bawah gelang? Terangkan jawapan anda. TP 2
What happens to the part below the ring? Explain your answer.
Bahagian itu akan mengecut kerana tisu tumbuhan tidak mendapat makanan yang
disintesiskan oleh daun.
It will shrink because the plant tissues do not get the food synthesised by the leaves.
3. Apakah inferens yang dapat anda buat tentang kedudukan tisu xilem dan floem dalam dahan?
What inference can you make about the position of the xylem and phloem tissues in a branch? TP 2
Tisu floem terletak di bahagian luar kambium manakala tisu xilem terletak
di bahagian dalam kambium.
The phloem tissues are located on the outer side of the cambium whereas the xylem
tissues are located on the inner side of the cambium.
Kesimpulan Tisu floem mengangkut bahan makanan yang disintesiskan dari daun ke batang
BAB
BAB
Conclusion
dan akar .
3
3
Phloem tissues transport synthesised food substances from the leaves to the stems and roots .
Tarikh:
Standard Kandungan 3.5 Sistem peredaran darah dalam haiwan dan sistem pengangkutan dalam tumbuhan
Perbandingan antara Sistem Peredaran Darah dalam Haiwan
dengan Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
AKTIVITI Comparison between the Blood Circulatory System in Animals and the
Perbincangan 3.17 Transport System in Plants
Masteri
Lengkapkan peta buih berganda di bawah untuk menunjukkan perbandingan antara sistem peredaran darah
dalam haiwan dengan sistem pengangkutan dalam tumbuhan. TP 1
Complete the double bubble map below to show the comparison between blood circulatory system in animals and the transport system in
plants.
- THINK
Mengangkut Hanya
makanan, bahan Untuk mengangkut
kumuh, air mengangkut air, mineral dan
mineral bahan makanan
Transport food, waste To transport
substance, water, substance Only transport water,
minerals mineral and food
Bahan diangkut Sistem Bahan diangkut
oleh arteri, vena Sistem pengangkutan oleh xilem dan
dan kapilari peredaran darah tumbuhan floem
Substance transported Blood circulatory Transport
by arteries, veins and system system in Substance transported
by xylem and phloem
capillaries plants
Medium Pergerakan bahan
pengangkutan satu hala Tiada medium
pengangkutan
adalah darah Movement of No medium of
Medium of transport substance in one transportation
is blood direction
86
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Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Praktis PdPR Jawapan Tarikh:
Bab 3 Praktis PdPR Bab 3
Praktis PT3
Bahagian A / Section A
1. Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mempunyai sistem 4. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia
pengangkutan yang khusus? yang mempunyai empat ruang.
Which of the following has spesific transport system? The diagram below shows the structure of the human heart
A Mukor which has four chambers.
Mucor
B Ikan
Fish
C Ameba 3
Amoeba
D Yis BAB
Yeast
2. Apakah kaedah yang digunakan oleh organisma ringkas
untuk menyingkirkan bahan kumuh daripada sel badan?
What is the method used by simple organisms to eliminate
excretory products from body cells?
A Osmosis
Osmosis
B Resapan
Diffusion Antara yang berikut, ruang yang manakah menghasilkan
C Pengangkutan aktif tekanan paling tinggi semasa pengecutan jantung
Active transportation manusia?
D Pengangkutan pasif Which of the following chambers produces the highest
Passive transportation pressure during the contraction of the human heart?
A Atrium kanan
3. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah Right atrium
dalam manusia. B Atrium kiri
The diagram below shows the blood circulatory system in Left atrium
humans. C Ventrikel kanan
Right ventricle
Peparu
Lungs D Ventrikel kiri
Left ventricle
Jantung
Heart 5. Kumpulan penderma dan penerima darah yang manakah
menyebabkan pengaglutinatan?
Badan Which donor and its recipient lead to agglutination?
Body
Penderma Penerima
Antara pernyataan yang berikut, yang manakah benar Donor Recipient
tentang darah beroksigen dan darah terdeoksigen? A
Which of the following statements is true about oxygenated A A, AB
and deoxygenated blood? B
A Darah terdeoksigen mengalir dari jantung ke seluruh B B, AB
bahagian badan. C AB A, B
Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart to all parts of
the body. D O A, B, AB, O
B Darah beroksigen mengalir dari peparu ke jantung
dan ke seluruh bahagian badan. 6. Apakah persamaan antara sistem peredaran haiwan
Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the heart and dengan sistem pengangkutan dalam tumbuhan?
to all parts of the body. What is the similarity between the circulatory system in
C Darah beroksigen mengalir dari jantung ke peparu animals and the transport system in plants?
dan ke seluruh bahagian badan. A Arah pengerakan bahan adalah sehala
Oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the lungs and The direction of the substance movement is one way.
to all parts of the body B Mengangkut air, mineral dan glukosa.
D Darah terdeoksigen mengalir dari peparu ke jantung Transport water, minerals and glucose.
dan ke seluruh bahagian badan. C Melibatkan tisu vaskular.
Deoxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the heart Involve vascular tissues.
and to all parts of the body. D Mempunyai organ untuk mengepam bahan yang
diangkut.
Have an organ to pump the substances to transport.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Bahagian B / Section B
1. (a) Gariskan jawapan yang betul tentang sistem peredaran dalam haiwan.
Underline the correct answers on the circulatory system in animals.
(i) Katak mempunyai sistem peredaran darah (tunggal / ganda dua) dan mempunyai dua atrium dan satu ventrikel.
The frog has a (single / double) blood circulatory system and has two atriums and one ventricle.
(ii) Ikan mempunyai sistem peredaran darah tunggal dan mempunyai satu atrium dan (satu, dua) ventrikel.
The fish has a single blood circulatory system and has one atrium and (one, two) ventricle / ventricles.
[2 markah / 2 marks]
(b) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia.
The diagram below shows the structure of the human heart.
L: Vena kava
Vena cava M: Vena pulmonari
Pulmonary vein
BAB
3
Labelkan struktur yang diwakili oleh L dan M dengan menggunakan perkataan yang diberi.
Label the structures represented by L and M using the words given.
Vena pulmonari Vena kava Arteri pulmonari
Pulmonary vein Vena kava Pulmonary artery
[2 markah / 2 marks]
Bahagian C / Section C
2. (a) Seorang murid mendapati keadaan satu pokok adalah lebih segar pada waktu pagi berbanding pada waktu tengah
hari.
A student observed that the condition of a plant is different in the morning compared in the afternoon.
11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5
Pagi Petang
Morning Afternoon
(i) Nyatakan inferens yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan 2(a).
State the inference that can be made based on 2(a).
Pokok tersebut layu kerana kehilangan air melalui transpirasi.
The plant wilts because it loses water through transpiration.
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(ii) Namakan proses di atas.
Name the process above.
Transpirasi / Transpiration
[1 markah / 1 mark]
88
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
(b) Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keratan rentas pokok itu.
The diagram below shows the cross section of the plant.
X
Y
Sampel tisu X dan Y diambil untuk diuji dengan larutan Benedict di dalam makmal. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
keputusan ujikaji itu.
The tissue samples of X and Y were taken to be tested with Benedict solution in the laboratory. The table below shows the results
of the test.
3
Sampel tisu Pemerhatian terhadap larutan Benedict
Tissue sample Observation on Benedict solution
BAB
Mendakan merah bata terbentuk
X
Brick red precipitate forms
Tiada perubahan warna
Y No colour change
(i) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, namakan tisu
Based on the table above, name tissue
X: Floem / Phloem
Y: Xilem / Xylem
[2 markah / 2 marks]
(ii) Jelaskan mengapa mendakan merah bata terbentuk pada sampel tisu X.
Explain why brick red precipitate forms on tissue sample X.
Tisu X mengangkut glukosa / Tissue X transports glucose
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(iii) Nyatakan fungsi tisu Y.
State the function of tissue Y.
Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke batang
Transports water and mineral salts from the root to the stem
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(iv) Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku jika bahagian tisu X dan Y dibuang.
Predict what will happen if the parts of tissue X and Y are removed.
Tanpa Y, air dan garam mineral dari akar tidak dapat diangkut ke bahagian lain tumbuhan, maka kadar fotosintesis
akan menurun. Tanpa X, glukosa yang dihasilkan melalui proses fotosintesis tidak dapat diangkut ke bahagian lain
tumbuhan dan menyebabkan tumbuhan mati.
Without Y, water and mineral salts from the root cannot be transported to other parts of the plant, thus the rate of
photosynthesis decreases. Without X, the glucose produced through photosynthesis cannot be transported to other parts of
the plant and causes the plant to die.
[2 markah / 2 marks]
89 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
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Sains Tingkatan 3 Bab 3
Tarikh:
Cabaran
Cabaran
1. Rajah menunjukkan pengasingan komponen darah.
The diagram shows the separation of blood components. PANDUAN MENJAWAB
(a) Komponen darah yang manakah wujud dalam P Plasma dan sel darah diasingkan
keadaan Q melalui kaedah emparan.
Which blood component exists in the state of Menganalisis R Plasma dan blood cells are separated
through centrifuge method.
(i) cecair / liquid?
P
(ii) pepejal / solid? Q dan R / Q and R
(b) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika darah kita kekurangan R? R adalah sel darah merah.
BAB
What will happen if our blood lacks of R? Menilai R is red blod cell.
Kita akan menghidap penyakit anemia / badan kekurangan oksigen
3
We will suffer from anaemia / body is lack of oxygen
2. Rajah menunjukkan suatu organ di dalam Ruang R ialah atrium kanan.
badan kita. S ialah ventrikel kiri.
The diagram shows an organ in our body. R is right atrium. S is left ventricle.
Terangkan satu perbezaan antara darah
yang mengalir ke dalam ruang R dengan R S
darah yang mengalir ke dalam ruang S.
Explain one difference between the blood that
flows into R and the blood that flows into S.
Mengaplikasi
Darah yang mengalir ke dalam ruang R ialah darah terdeoksigen
manakala darah yang mengalir ke dalam ruang S ialah darah beroksigen.
The blood that flows into R is deoxygenated blood whereas the blood that flows into S is
oxygenated blood.
3. Orang yang tinggal di altitud lebih tinggi Semakin tinggi altitud, semakin
mempunyai sel darah merah yang lebih kurang oksigen dalam udara.
banyak berbanding dengan orang yang The higher the altitude, the less
tinggal di kawasan pada aras laut. Apakah oxygen in the air.
sebabnya yang anda fikir?
People who live at high altitude have more red blood
cells than people who live at sea level. What do you
think is the reason for this? Menganalisis
Untuk membantu mereka mengambil lebih banyak oksigen kerana apabila
altitud meningkat, tekanan atmosfera menurun. Maka, paras oksigen turut
menurun.
To help them to take in more oxygen as the altitude increases the atmospheric pressure
decrease. Thus, the oxygen level decreases too.
? Praktis PT3 & Praktis
Interaktif
Jawapan Cabaran KBAT
90
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Format: 210mm X 297mm Extent= 248 pgs (11.42 mm) 60gsm Status: CRC
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TINGKATAN PC163042S
PRO SE S SAIN S
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Mengapa perlu memilih
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Soalan mirip PT3 & MRSM Nota Penting Bertopik Pembelajaran Abad ke-21 (PAK-21)
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TINGKATAN
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