Social Studies grade 4 final corrected Rt 2078 (2)

Lesson Cleaning of Public Places

4.5 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• give an introduction to public places;
• keep public places neat and tidy; and
• take part in cleanliness campaign of public places

and encourage others also to do so.

There are several public places around us. They do not belong to a
particular person. They belong to all of us. We all can use them. They
are public properties. The government built them for the benefit
of all with public money. The examples of public properties are
roads, schools, streets, temples, hospitals, zoos, parks, museums,
mosques, churches, gumbas, wells and canals. Public places are
common properties of all of us.

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Komal’s house is in Nilakantha municipality of Dhading district.
She studies there in a local school in grade 4.
One Friday, all students of grade 4 decided to clean the path
from Bich Bazar to Siran Bazar. Komal actively participated
in the cleanliness campaign. Each student brought a broom, a
basket and a dustbin to clean the path. They also cleaned the
temples, taps, and Chautaras near the path. The locals were very
happy to see it. They praised the campaign. They encouraged
everyone to clean public places.
They pasted several posters on the wall thereafter. The posters
read: 'Do not throw wastes at random places', 'Keep dustbins for
wastes.' They also made local people aware of the importance
of public places. They also fixed certain places for managing
wastes. Everyone appreciated the efforts of the students.
After the campaign was over, the Principal of the school said,
“It is our duty to take care of public properties around us. The
government has spent a lot of money on constructing and
repairing them. If we preserve them, then only other people
can utilise them. We all should save them from any type of
damage or misuse. We should clean them time and again. If
public places in our locality are in proper order, other people
will think that we are civilised people.”

museum GLOSSARY

canal : a building in which interesting and valuable things
random (such as paintings and sculptures or scientific or
historical objects) are collected and shown to the
public

: a long narrow place that is filled with water to
supply fields, crops, etc., with water

: chosen, done, etc., without a particular plan or
pattern

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EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) Public properties belong to a single person.
(b) The government builds public properties
for the benefit of all with public money.
(c) It is not our duty to clean the public places
of our locality.
(d) We should fix certain places for dumping
wastes.
(f) We all should save public places from
any type of damage or misuse.

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) What are public properties?
(b) Give any six examples of public properties.
(c) Why should we protect the public properties around us?
Write any two reasons.
(d) How can we protect public properties in our locality?
Write any two ways.
(e) What can you do to protect the properties of your
school? Write any two activities.

(3) Prepare a list of slogans that encourage all to clean
public places. Write them on chart papers to make
posters.

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Lesson Traffic Rules

4.6 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• tell important traffic rules;
• obey traffic rules sincerely; and
• make other people aware of traffic rules.

There are many rules for pedestrians
and drivers to prevent accidents.
Such rules are traffic rules. The
population number is high in towns
and cities. A large number of
vehicles ply there. Thus, everyone
has to obey traffic rules to prevent
accidents. When everyone obeys
traffic rules, there are few chances
of accidents. Many people have
lost their lives in road accidents.
Therefore, we all should be familiar with traffic rules and obey them
strictly to be safe from accidents.

Some common traffic rules are given below:

We should cross the road only from zebra crossing, subway

and overhead bridge.

Pedestrians should cross the way only when there is green

light with a figure of a human being. They must always look
left and right before and while crossing the road.

We should always wait for the signals of traffic police before

crossing the road.

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We should never cross the road at bends. Likewise, we should

never cross the road from the front or backside of a stationary
vehicle.

While crossing the road, we should always look on our left

and right side to see if vehicles are too close. We should never
cross the road in a hurry.

We should always walk on the footpath. If there is no footpath,

always walk from the right side of the road so that you can see
the vehicles coming from the opposite direction.

We should always walk in a queue while walking on the road.
We should not give random signals to stop the vehicle. We

should get on the vehicles only when they come to a stop.

We shouldn’t take out our head or any body parts outside the

window and door when the vehicle is moving.

We should always look at our left and right side while getting

off the vehicle. Also, we should get off only when the vehicle
stops completely. We should never get off a moving bus.

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We should never play on the road.
We should not leave our pets and cattle on the road. Likewise,

we should never dry grains, straw and other things on the
road.

We shouldn’t put construction materials such as sand, bricks,

and iron rods on the road.
We must always follow the above-mentioned traffic rules. Our
parents or neighbours may not know them. In such cases, we should
make them aware of those traffic rules and request them to follow
those rules strictly.

Some common traffic signs are given below:

No U-turn No Stopping No Pedestrians

No Lorries or Trucks No Left Turn No Entry

Maximum Speed Road Narrow on Both Sides No Overtaking

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GLOSSARY

pedestrians : persons who are walking in a city, along a road, etc.

ply : to go along the same route regularly

strictly : with a lot of control and rules that must be obeyed

subway : underpass

stationary : not moving or changing

EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are right or
wrong.
(a) Many people have lost their lives in
road accidents.
(b) We should always cross the road in a hurry.
(c) We should never walk on the footpath.
(d) We should take out our head or any body
parts outside the window and door when
the vehicle is moving.
(e) We should always play on the road.

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) What are traffic rules? Introduce in a sentence.
(b) Why should we obey traffic rules? What will happen if
we don’t follow them?
(c) Where should we cross the roads from?

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(d) What should we do to those who are not aware of traffic
rules?

(e) Mention any five traffic rules that one must follow.

(3) Write the meanings of the following traffic signs.





(4) Complete the following table.

SN Traffic light Meaning for Meaning for
colour pedestrians drivers and riders

1 Red light

2 Yellow light

3 Green light

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Lesson Rural Municipality

4.7 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• tell the structures and functions of a rural municipality.

There are three levels of government according to our present
constitution. They are federal, provincial and local. The Government
of Nepal is the central government of Nepal. It is based in
Kathmandu, which is the national capital city of our country.
Provincial governments are located in all seven provinces and local
governments are there in all villages, towns and cities.
Rural municipalities are the local bodies in the villages in our
country. They are commonly known as Gaunpalika. There are 460
rural municipalities in Nepal at present. They exercise the power of
government in their respective areas. A rural municipality consists
of 5 to 21 wards depending on its size. A rural municipality has an
executive body elected by the local people themselves. It is known
as rural municipal executive.

Structure of Rural Municipal Executive

Chairperson

Vice-chairperson

Ward Four women members Two members
Chairpersons elected by the Rural elected by Rural
elected from each Municipal Assembly Municipal Assembly
from the Dalit or
ward members from amongst minority communities
themselves

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One must be a resident of the concerned rural municipality and
have attained the age of 18 or above to vote for the candidates
of rural municipality. The candidates for the post of head, deputy
head, ward chairperson and ward members must have the following
qualifications.

(a) Should be a Nepali citizen;
(b) Should have attained twenty-one years;
(c) Should be included in the voters list of the rural

municipality; and
(d) Should not be ineligible by any law.

The tenure of the elected representatives is of five years. The local
government is responsible for local affairs including tax collection,
law making at local levels, policy-making, development planning,
administration, and distribution of benefits and local development
funds. The major functions of a rural municipality are as follow.

(1) To arrange and manage local markets and fairs.
(2) To construct canals for irrigation.
(3) To construct, manage and maintain public places such as

health posts, parks, public toilets, schools and bridges.
(4) To develop transport facilities.
(5) To distribute clean drinking water by constructing and

repairing taps, wells, and ponds.
(6) To grant permissions to publish newspapers and operate local

FM radios.
(7) To maintain cleanliness and plant trees.
(8) To run health centres, health posts and sub-health posts.
(9) To take necessary measures to control landslide, soil erosion

and flood.
(10) To collect local tax (revenue) and make laws effective in the

local level.

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Provincewise Number of Rural Municipalities

SN Names of Provinces No. of Rural Municipalities

1 Province Number 1 88

2 Province Number 2 59

3 Bagmati Pradesh 74

4 Gandaki Pradesh 58

5 Lumbini Pradesh 73

6 Karnali Pradesh 54

7 Sudurpaschim Pradesh 54

Total 460

Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration

tenure GLOSSARY
attained
grant : the amount of time that a person holds a job or office
resident : reached
ineligible : to agree to do, give, or allow
revenue : someone who lives in a particular place
: not allowed to do or be something; not eligible
: money that the government collects for public use

through taxes

EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) There are three levels of government
according to our present constitution.
(b) The tenure of the elected representatives
of a rural municipality is of four years.

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(c) The highest number of rural
municipalities is in Bagmati Pradesh.

(d) A person who has reached 18 years old
can be a candidate for the post of the
chairperson of the rural municipality.

(e) A rural municipality is responsible for
maintaining cleanliness and planting trees
in its area.

(2) Write very short answers to the following questions.

(a) What is the name of your rural municipality or
municipality?
..........................................

(b) In which ward number of your local body do you live?
..........................................

(c) Who is the chairperson of your rural municipality or
municipality?
..........................................

(3) Answer the following questions.

(a) What are the different levels of government according
to our present constitution?

(b) How many rural municipalities are there in Nepal? What
are they commonly called?

(c) What are necessary qualifications for the candidates of
chairperson, vice-chairperson and ward chairpersons of
a rural municipality? Mention them.

(d) Make a list of any three functions of a rural municipality.
(e) Which provinces have the highest and the lowest number

of rural municipalities in Nepal?

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Lesson Municipality

4.8 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• tell the structures and functions of a municipality.

A municipality is a city or town with its own local government. The
Government of Nepal can give a status of municipality to a certain
urban area if it meets the criteria of size of population, income
and facilities. A municipality must have sound infrastructure of
electricity, drinking water supply, road, and other infrastructures.
There are three categories of municipalities in Nepal. They are:
(1) Metropolitan city (Mahanagarpalika)
(2) Sub-metropolitan city (Upa Mahanagarpalika)
(3) Municipality (Nagarpalika)
A municipality consists of 9 to 35 wards depending on its size,
population and income. The head of the municipality is called a
Mayor.

Structure of Municipal Executive

Mayor

Deputy Mayor

Ward Five women members Three members
Chairpersons elected by the Municipal elected by Municipal
elected from each Assembly members from Assembly from the

ward amongst themselves Dalit or minority
communities

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The tenure of the elected representatives of the municipality is of five
years. One must of the resident of the concerned municipality and
have attained the age of 18 years to vote his or her representatives
in a municipality. The candidates of mayor, deputy mayor, ward
chairpersons and members of a municipality need to have the
following requirements.

(a) Should be a Nepali citizen;
(b) Should be at least twenty-one years old;
(c) Should be included in the voters list of the municipality;

and
(d) Should not be ineligible by any law.

The major functions of a municipality are as follow:

(1) To deploy municipal police.
(2) To ban the use of anything that affects public health.
(3) To preserve public places such as public taps, wells, ponds

and sites of religious, historical and cultural significance.
(4) To conduct afforestation programmes and other social

programmes.
(5) To give permission to operate FM radios.
(6) To collect various types of taxes and revenue.
(7) To operate primary healthcare and sanitation programmes.
(8) To permit, regulate and monitor the operation of cooperatives.
(9) To conduct local level development projects and constructions.
(10) To preserve and promote cottage and small scale industries.

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Provincewise Number of Municipalities

SN Names of Provinces No of No of No of
metropolitan sub-metropolitan municipalities

cities cities

1 Province Number 1 1 2 46

2 Province Number 2 1 3 73

3 Bagmati Pradesh 3 1 41

4 Gandaki Pradesh 1 - 26

5 Lumbini Pradesh - 4 32

6 Karnali Pradesh - - 25

7 Sudurpaschim Pradesh - 1 33

Total 6 11 276

The six metropolitan cities of Nepal are Kathmandu, Pokhara (Kaski), Lalitpur, Bharatpur
(Chitwan), Biratnagar (Morang) and Birgunj (Parsa).
The eleven sub-metropolitan cities are Janakpur (Dhanusha), Ghorahi (Dang), Hetauda
(Makwanpur), Dhangadhi (Kailali), Tulsipur (Dang), Itahari (Sunsari), Nepalgunj (Banke),
Butwal (Rupandehi), Dharan (Sunsari), Kalaiya (Bara), and Jitpur-Simara (Bara).

Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration

deploy GLOSSARY
ban
sites : organise and send out people for a particular purpose
regulate : to prevent people from using something
: a place where something is located
: to make rules or laws that control something

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EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
(a) A municipality is a …………………. or a town with its
own local government.
(b) There are …………………. categories of municipalities
in Nepal.
(c) A municipality consists of ………………. to 35 wards.
(d) The tenure of the elected representatives of the
municipality is …………………. years.
(e) There are …………………. municipalities in our country.
(f) The head of a municipality is called a .......................... .

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) How does the government give the status of a
municipality to an urban area?
(b) Mention the different categories of municipalities in
Nepal.
(c) What are requirements to vote for the candidates for
the representatives of a municipality?
(d) Make a list of any three functions of a municipality.
(e) How many metropolitan cities, sub-metropolitan cities
and municipalities are there in Nepal at present?
(f) Write the names of all metropolitan cities of Nepal.

(3) What activities should be done for the development
of your village/town/city? Make a list of any five
activities.

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Lesson Equal Treatment

4.9 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• to treat people of all background equally and fairly;
• to respect other people;
• not to discriminate between males and females; and
• not to discriminate against people based on their

caste, language, religion and occupation.

Sampada Tharu’s home is in Dang district. She is a primary level
teacher. She lives in Ghorahi. It is the district headquarters of
Dang. People of different occupations such as farming, teaching,
construction, service and business live in her neighbourhood. She
treats all of them equally. She doesn’t discriminate between rich and
poor, and between males and females. There is no discrimination in
her family. Her husband helps her in cooking, washing and cleaning.
Her son and daughter study in the same school where she teaches.

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All people appreciate Sampada’s behaviour. Her neighbours
praise her. Like Sampada, we should treat all members of our
family, community and neighbourhood with respect. We shouldn’t
discriminate between males and females. They are equal in the
eyes of the law and society.
She often says, “We live in a male-dominated society. Many people
think that males are superior to females. Many parents discriminate
between sons and daughters. People do not send their daughters
to school, especially in rural areas. They do not educate their
daughters because they think that they will go to other’s house
after marriage. They forget that education provides the knowledge
and skills necessary for them in their life. Education can make their
life better and raise their social status. Women can also handle their
responsibilities as better as men if they get opportunities. Thus, we
should focus more on women education.”
She further adds, “The contribution of people of every background
is necessary for the smooth running of society. Our society cannot
run with the contribution of a single sex, occupation, caste and idea
only. It looks beautiful because of people from diverse background.
Therefore, we should treat all people with love and respect. Then
only we can get respect from them. Any form is discrimination is
unacceptable. We shouldn’t discriminate against people because
of their caste, colour, religion, territory, sex or ideology. It is an
illegal and inhuman activity.”

appreciate GLOSSARY
diverse
: to admire and value something or someone
ideology : made up of people or things that are different from

each other
: the set of ideas and beliefs of a group

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EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) People of the same occupation live in
our neighbourhood
(b) Husbands should help their wives with
household chores.
(c) We should treat all members of our family,
community and neighbourhood with respect.
(d) Education makes one’s life better and
raise his or her social status.
(e) Our society can run with the contribution of
a single sex, occupation, caste and idea.

(2) Answer the following questions.

(a) Why shouldn’t we discriminate between males and
females?

(b) Why don’t many parents send their daughters to school,
especially in rural areas?

(c) Write the reason why women need education.
(d) What is necessary for the smooth running of our society?
(e) Why should we treat all people with love and respect?

(3) “Respect others to expect respect in return.” Is this an
appropriate statement? Give your logic.

(4) There must be incidents of discrimination and equal
treatment in your community too. Find such cases and
share them with your friends in the class.

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Revisiting the Unit

(1) Give any four examples of the following.
(a) Cultural heritage sites in our country
(b) Public places
(c) Rural municipalities in Nepal
(d) Municipalities in Nepal

(2) Write short paragraphs on the following topics.
(a) Child Rights
(b) Importance of Forest
(c) Water Resources
(d) Traffic Rules

(3) Write creative answers to the following questions.
(a) Many children of Nepal are still deprived of their basic
rights. What should be done to solve this problem?
(b) What should we do to preserve the natural resources of
our country? Write any five ways.
(c) Make a list of any five common traffic rules that we
should follow.
(d) Make a list of any three functions of both rural
municipality and municipality.

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Unit : Five

OUR EARTH

Lessons in this unit:
5.1 Our District
5.2 Ilam District on a Map
5.3 Origin of the Earth
5.4 Structure of the Earth
5.5 India: Our Neighbouring Country
5.6 China: Our Neighbouring Country

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Lesson Our District

5.1

After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• find the map of our district on the administrative
map of Nepal;

• give a brief description to the geographical
structure of our district;

• tell the names of famous landmarks of our district;
and

• give a short description to the lifestyle of people
living in our district.

Bhim Tamang studies in grade four. His house is in Ramechhap
district. Manthali is the district headquarters of Ramechhap.
It covers an area of 1546 sq km and lies in Bagmati Province. It
shares its border with Okhaldhunga and Solukhumbu to the east,
Sindupalchowk and Kavrepalanchowk to the west, Sindhuli to the
south, and Dolakha to the north. This district falls in the mid-hill
region of Nepal.

The shape of this district is like
a plough on the map of Nepal.
Most of the parts of this district
are sloppy areas. There are several
large areas of plain land (Taars) in
Ramechhap. They are Ramjantar,
Mungitar, Deuralitar, Jhaganitar,
and Birtatar. The land on the bank
of Tamakoshi, Sunkoshi, Likhu,

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Khimti rivers is fertile. There is a diverse climate in Ramechhap. The
climate of the southern part is hot, and the climate of the northern
part is very cold.

Different types of soil are found in Ramechhap. They include alluvial
soil, sandy soil, and Himali soil. Paddy, wheat, maize, potato, barley,
and pulses grow well here. Most of the people are involved in
farming, industry, service and business. Men wear Daura, Suruwal,
coat, Dhakatopi, shirt, and pant and women wear Chaubandi Cholo,
Sari, Lungi, Pachhauri and Kurta Suruwal. They celebrate various
festivals such as Dashain, Tihar, Lhosar, Teej and Shivaratri. People
of different castes such as Chhetri, Brahmin, Magar, Tharu, Tamang,
Newar, Kami, and Yadav live here in perfect harmony. The district
has the highest number of people of Kusunda group. They live in
the jungle and are also known as Banraja (king of the forest).

Ramechhap is rich in medicinal herbs and minerals. The herbs such
as Sarpagandha, Timmur, Jatamasi, Panchaunle, Harro and Amala
are found in this district. Likewise, minerals like iron, copper, marble,
limestone, and glass are also available here. The famous places of
Ramechhap are Panchpokhari, Sailung, Tribeni and Bhimeshwor
Mahadev.

Ramechhap is the birthplace of Gangalal Shrestha, a martyr of Nepal.

alluvial GLOSSARY
harmony
limestone : made up of or found in the materials that are left by
the water of rivers, floods, etc.

: a situation in which people are peaceful and agree
with each other.

: a type of white stone that is commonly used in
building

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EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
(a) The district headquarters of Ramechhap is ................... .
(b) The shape of Ramechhap on the map of Nepal is like a
.............................. .
(c) Most of the parts of this district are .............................. .
(d) There is ................................ climate in Ramechhap.
(e) Ramechhap is rich in medicinal herbs and ..................... .

(2) Name any four of the following.
(a) Neighbouring districts of Ramechhap
(b) Taars in Ramechhap
(c) Rivers in Ramechhap
(d) Ethnic groups that live in Ramechhap
(e) Medicinal herbs found in Ramechhap
(f) Minerals found in Ramechhap

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) In which province does Ramechhap lie? What is its area?
(b) How is the climate of Ramechhap?
(c) Name the types of soil found in Ramechhap. Also, make
a list of crops grown there.
(d) Who are Kusundas? What are they also called?
(e) Name the famous places of Ramechhap.

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(4) Write a paragraph about your own district on the basis
of the following points.
(a) District headquarters:
(b) Neighbouring districts:
(c) Languages spoken:
(d) Agricultural products:
(e) Climate:
(f) Structure of the land:
(g) Lifestyle of people:
(h) Natural vegetation:
(i) Festivals celebrated:
(j) Major rivers and lakes:
(k) Famous places:

(5) Draw a map of your district and indicate some famous
places in it.

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Lesson Ilam District on a Map

5.2 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• draw a simple map of our district; and
• locate some places of our district on the map.

(Amshu lives in Chitwan with her family. Her father had promised to
take her to an exciting place for an outing after her examination.
Today is the last day of her second terminal examination. She has
worked very hard for her exam. Here is a conversation between
Amshu and her father in the evening.)

Amshu : Papa! You had told us that we will go on a tour after
my examination. Where are we going this time?

Dad : Yes, you are right, dear. We are going to visit Ilam
this time. We will start our journey early in the
morning day after tomorrow.

Amshu : Wow, I am very excited! I have seen the pictures
of tea gardens of Ilam in my book. How far is that
place from here, Papa?

Dad : That’s a good question dear. We should know
about the location and famous places of a place
before visiting it. It is around 360 km far from here.

Amshu : Could you please tell me how and where can we
get more information about the place?

Dad : Yes, I have brought a map of Nepal. You can consult
it to see where Ilam is located. Look at it carefully.

(Amshu observes the map carefully.)

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Amshu : Oh, Ilam lies in the eastern part of Nepal. It lies
near India.

Dad : Right, Ilam lies in Province Number 1. It is also
known as “Queen of Hills.” The former name of
Ilam is Charkhola because it lies in the centre of four
rivers- Maikhola, Jogmai, Puwamai and Deumai.

Many tourists
like to visit Ilam
every year. They
call it “Heaven
on Earth”. The
famous places
of Ilam are
Maipokhari,
Shree Antudanda,
Kanyam,
Sandakpur, and
Siddhi Thumka. We will visit all of these places
during our journey. We will taste different flavours
of tea available in Ilam. Besides tea leaves, Ilam is
also famous for Alu (Potato), Alan (Milk), Alainchi
(Cardamom), Aduwa (Ginger), Amriso (Broom
Grass), and Akabare khursani (Round Chillies).

Amshu : Papa, shall we go shopping tomorrow before the
tour?

Dad : Sure! Don’t forget to buy all things that you need
for the journey.

(Amshu's mother calls them for dinner and both of them go to the
dining room.)

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outing GLOSSARY

former : a brief trip that people take for fun, usually as a
flavours group

: existing in the past
: a particular type of taste

EXERCISE

(1) Match the following.
(a) Alu a species of chilly
(b) Alan potato
(c) Alainchi milk
(d) Aduwa cardamom (a type of spice)
(e) Amriso ginger
(f) Akbare Khursani broom grass

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) What is another name of Ilam?
(b) What is the former name of Ilam? Why is it called so?
(c) What are the famous places of Ilam?
(d) Besides tea, what is Ilam famous for?

(3) Make a list of the names of historical, religious and
natural places of your district.

(4) Find your district on the map of Nepal and copy it in
your exercise book. Then, write important places in
your district such as rivers, lakes, main roads, forests,
religious places and mountains.

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Lesson Origin of the Earth

5.3 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• describe the concept of the origin of the Earth in
brief;

• tell the names of the planets in the solar system;
• find the place of the Earth in the solar system;
• draw the picture of the solar system; and
• find out how living organisms emerged on the Earth.

The age of the Earth is about 456 million years. However, it was not
like this in the past.

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According to scientists, millions of years ago, the sun was a big
hot ball. A comet came close to the sun. As a result, one huge part
of the sun dropped out. This part broke down into many pieces
and continued to move around the sun because of gravitational
force. Such pieces are called planets. They are large, round objects
in space. They travel around a star (such as the sun). The Earth is
one of the planets. There are eight planets in the solar system.
They are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune. Among them, Jupiter is the largest planet, and Mercury
is the smallest. The parts separated from the planet are satellites.
They move around planets. The moon is the natural satellite of the
Earth.

Since the Earth was also a part of the hot ball, it was very hot in the
beginning. Vapour came out from the Earth in its stage of cooling.
The vapour cooled and formed clouds, and there was heavy rain.
The rain got collected in deep parts of the Earth to form rivers
and oceans. The higher landmass formed into hills and mountains.
Then slowly, plants and animals emerged on the Earth. At first,
aquatic animals emerged, and gradually terrestrial animals came
into existence.

comet GLOSSARY

satellite : an object in outer space that develops a long,
bright tail when it passes near the sun
emerged
gradually : an object (such as a moon) that moves around a
much larger planet

: came out into view

: slowly, over a long period of time

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EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) The sun was larger than its present form
millions of years ago.
(b) Planets were formed before the sun.
(c) The moon is the natural satellite of the
Earth.
(d) Vapour came out from the Earth in its stage
of cooling.
(e) Terrestrial animals emerged before
aquatic animals on the earth.

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) How did the Earth come into its present form?
(b) In what form was the Earth in the beginning?
(c) Why could not animals and plants exist on the Earth in
the beginning?
(d) How were the rivers and oceans formed?
(e) Name all planets in the solar system.

(3) Draw different pictures to represent the origin of the
Earth and exchange them with your friends.

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Lesson Structure of the Earth

5.4 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• tell the shape of the Earth by giving examples;
• draw a picture to represent the structure of the Earth;
• compare the structure of the Earth with an egg, litchi,

and Lapsi; and
• describe the reasons why the Earth is hotter as we go

deeper into it.

External Structure of the Earth

Our Earth is round in shape.

Surprised? If we stand in an open

and look around, we can see the

Earth flat, not round. The Earth is

too large for us to find it round. As

a small ant walking on a huge ball

cannot see all parts, we are also

too tiny to observe all parts of the

Earth. Therefore, it is difficult for us External structure of Earth

to consider that the Earth is round.

We see the moon round from the Earth. Similarly, our Earth also

looks round from the moon. However, it is not exactly round. It is

of orange shape.

The Earth is unique in the solar system because it provides just the
right conditions to support life. It is neither too hot nor too cold. It

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has plentiful supplies of liquid water and oxygen in the atmosphere.
It is the third planet from the sun. Another name of the Earth is the
blue planet as it looks blue from the space due to the colour of the
ocean.

Internal Structure of the Earth

The inner structure of the Earth is
different. There are three layers in
the Earth. They are crust, mantle
and core.

1. Crust

This is the outermost surface of the

Earth. We live in the crust part of Internal structure of the Earth
the Earth. There are rivers, land,

oceans, hills, and plain areas. There is a presence of air in the crust.

The whole mass of air that surrounds the Earth is the atmosphere. It

contains different gases, including oxygen. The atmosphere helps

us in breathing. The thickness of the crust is different from place to

place. It can go as much as 44 miles (70 km) deep from the surface.

It is a thin but hard layer made up of soil and rocks. The solid outer

layer of the Earth is called lithosphere, and the watery part of the

Earth’s surface is hydrosphere.

2. Mantle

It lies between the crust and the core. It is made up of hard rock. So,
it is thick. Its thickness is up to 2900 km. Although the temperature
of the mantle is higher than that of the crust, we can find rocks here
in solid form because of high pressure.

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3. Core

The core is the innermost layer of the Earth. It is very hot. All the
things are found in semisolid condition here because of excessive
heat. It is further divided into two parts: outer core and inner core.
The thickness of the outer core is about 2000 km. The outer core
has iron and nickel in liquid form. The inner core is up to 2740 km
in its thickness. It is a ball of solid iron and nickel. The deeper we
go inside from the Earth’s surface, the higher the temperature is.

plentiful GLOSSARY
excessive
nickel : a lot of; abundant
: going beyond what is usual, normal, or proper
: a hard silver-white metal

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.
(a) The shape of the Earth is like an .................................... .
(b) We live in ...................................... part of the Earth.
(c) ...................................... helps us in breathing.
(d) The thickness of the ........................... is about 2000 km.
(e) The deeper we go inside from the Earth’s surface; the
temperature is .............................

(2) Define the following terms. Core
(a) Crust (b) Mantle (c)
(d) Hydrosphere (e) Lithosphere

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(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) Why is the Earth unique in the solar system?
(b) Why is the Earth also known as the 'blue planet'?
(c) What is the atmosphere?
(d) How is mantle different from core?
(e) Why are all the things found in core in semisolid form?

(4) Cut different objects such as a boiled egg or a lychee
into two halves to compare their layer with the layers
of the Earth.

(5) What would happen if the Earth were flat as a plate
instead of round? Imagine and discuss with your
friends.

(6) Draw the picture of the internal structure of the Earth,
colour it, and write the names of different layers.

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Lesson India: Our Neighbouring
Country
5.5
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• locate the map of India on the map of Asia or the
world; and

• tell the names of countries that surround India in all
directions;

• locate the important places of India on its map; and
• describe the languages, religions, occupations and

festivals of India.

India is one of the two closest neighbouring countries of Nepal.

It lies to the south, east and west

of our country. The capital city of

India is New Delhi. It is around 22

times bigger than Nepal. Its area

is about 32,87,263 square km. It is

the seventh-largest country in the

world. The currency of India is the

rupee. 100 Indian rupees is around

Rs 160 in Nepal. India is the most

populated country in the world Map of India

after China.

The British ruled India from 1757 AD to 1947 AD. It became an
independent country on August 15, 1947 AD. The official languages
of India are Hindi and English. Each state of India has its own
language. There are 28 states. India has a hot climate in most of the
part, but a cold climate is also found in the northern hilly region.

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Nepal, China and Bhutan lie to the north of India. Bangladesh,
Myanmar, and Bay of Bengal share borders to the east. Sri Lanka
and the Indian Ocean lie to the south of India and Pakistan,
Afghanistan and the Arabian Sea lie to the west of India. There is a
long Himalayan range in the northern part of India.

The major rivers of India are the Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra,
Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Kaveri, and Satalaja. Cultivation is
very good in the land near these rivers as the soil is fertile. Mumbai,
Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Kanpur, Hyderabad, Pune and
Ahmedabad are major cities of India.

Most of the people in India
are Hindus. However, there are
large numbers of Muslims, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Jains and Christians.
Most of the people are involved
in farming, but there are many
factories and industries. Farmers
grow paddy, wheat, sugarcane,
fruits, beans, cotton, tea, coffee,
rubber, and spices in a large
amount. The production of textiles,
carpets, and clothing is one of the Taj Mahal

major industries in India. There are many cities and ports. Therefore,
the business has flourished much in India.

Rice, chapati, pulses, and curry are the staple food. Indian people
celebrate many festivals. Durgapuja, Holi, Diwali, Eid, Christmas,
Rakhi, Onam, Buddha Jayanti, Thrissur Pooram and Pongal are the
major festivals.

Nepal and India have a friendly relationship from ancient times. In
fact, many social, economic and cultural aspects of India and Nepal
are similar. The government of India has helped Nepal in many
development projects such as the construction of Bir Hospital,

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Tribhuwan Highway and BP Koirala Memorial Hospital. It offers
many scholarship opportunities for Nepalese students every year.
Nearly 80 lakh million Nepalese citizens live and work in India.

Nepal imports clothes, construction materials, foodstuffs, fruits,
vegetables, machinery parts, vehicles, and so on from India,
whereas Nepal exports vegetable ghee, copper cable, medicinal
herbs, honey and raw materials. In this way, Nepal and India enjoy
excellent two-sided bonds.

textile GLOSSARY
port
: a woven or knit fabric
flourished : a place where ships load and unload goods or
staple
shelter from storms
: grew well to achieve success
: an important food that people eat very often

EXERCISE

(1) Complete the following table with the necessary
information about India.

S.N Features Answer

1 Total area

2 Capital city

3 Neighbouring countries

4 Currency

5 Major languages

6 Major occupations

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7 Major rivers
8 Major food items
9 Major religions
10 Major festivals

(2) Answer the following questions.
(a) When did India become an independent country?
(b) How is the climate of India?
(c) How is the relationship between Nepal and India?
(d) Name the major cities of India.
(e) Make a list of imports and exports of Nepal with India.

(3) If you get an opportunity to visit one of the places in
India, which place will you choose? Why? Give reasons.

(4) Write a letter to your friend giving information about
India.

(5) Observe the map of India given in the lesson carefully
and find out the major cities of India.

(6) Draw the picture of the flag of India, and colour it with
suitable colours.

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Lesson Our Neighbouring
Country: China
5.6
After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• locate China on a map of Asia or the world;
• tell the names of surrounding countries of China in

all directions;
• draw the national flag of China and colour it; and
• make a list of area, major rivers, major cities,

languages and religions of China.

China lies to the northern side of Nepal. The official name of China
is People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is the largest country in Asia
and the fourth largest country in the world. The total area of China is
95,72,000 square km. China is around 65 times bigger than Nepal.
The capital of China is Beijing. More than one-fifth of all the people
in the world live in China.

Mongolia and Russia lie to the
north of China. Korea and the
Pacific Ocean are situated to the
east. Likewise, Vietnam, Laos,
Myanmar, India, Nepal, and Bhutan
lie to its south, and Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
and Kazakhstan are to its west.
In fact, China is the country that
shares its border with the largest
number of countries in the world. Map of China

The currency of China is called
Yuan. It is the most populated country in the world. The national
language of China is Mandarin Chinese.

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About two-third part of the land Great Wall of China
in China is mountains and semi-
desert. However, there are fertile
plain areas and deltas in the eastern
part of China. The major rivers of
China are Huang He (Yellow River),
Yangtze (the longest river in China,
6300 km), Huai river and Mekong
river. Likewise, the major cities of
China are Beijing, Shanghai, Hong
Kong, Taipei, Nanjing and Tianjin.

China is a multi-religious country. People have high regards for
Confucius, Buddha, Christ and Mohammad. About 38 per cent
of the people live in cities. More than 40 cities have at least 1
million residents. The government has tried to control the growing
population by asking families to have only one child.

China is the world’s top producer of rice. It also produces corn,
wheat, soybeans, peanuts, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, cotton, pigs,
and chickens. Mining and manufacturing are the most important
economic activities. Mines produce zinc, lead, copper, iron ore,
coal, and other minerals. Factories make cement, steel, iron, paper,
chemicals, fabrics, electronic products, household appliances, and
cars. China has achieved a very fast rate of economic development.
It is now one of the most important economic and industrial powers
in the world.

China and Nepal have good relations since the ancient period.
Nepalese artist Balabahu (Araniko) went to China in 1317 BS and
promoted Nepali art and architecture. Nepali princess Bhrikuti was
married to a prince of Tibet. These days, a large flock of tourists come
from China to visit Nepal. Nepal imports clothes, machinery parts,
toys, and electrical items from China, and it exports medicinal herbs
and construction materials. China has supported Nepal very much
in its economic development. It has supported in the construction

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of Araniko Highway, Kathmandu Ring Road, Durbar High School,
Sunkoshi Hydroelectricity Project, and many other projects. In this
way, China is our close neighbour and friend of Nepal.

GLOSSARY

delta : a piece of land shaped like a triangle that is formed
when a river splits into smaller rivers before it flows
into an ocean

mining : the process or business of digging in mines to
obtain minerals, metals, jewels, etc.

appliances : a machine such as a stove, microwave, or
dishwasher powered by electricity and used in
people’s houses to perform a particular job

architecture : the art or science of designing and creating
buildings

EXERCISE

(1) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

(a) China is around ....................... times bigger than Nepal.

(b) The national language of China is ............................... .

(c) There are fertile plain areas and deltas in the .................
part of China.

(d) Mining and ............................. are the most important
economic activities of China.

(e) .......................... promoted Nepali art and architecture
in China.

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(2) Write whether the following statements are right or
wrong.
(a) China is larger than India.
(b) India is more populated than China.
(c) China shares its border with the largest
number of countries in the world.
(d) All people follow the same religion in
China.
(e) China has supported Nepal very much
in its economic development.

(3) Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the official name of China? Write its capital city
and the name of currency.
(b) Name the neighbouring countries of China.
(c) What are the major rivers and cities of China?
(d) Make a list of major things made in China.
(e) How has China helped Nepal? Explain in brief.

(4) Here is the map of Asia. Find China and colour it.

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Revisiting the Unit

(1) Give any four examples of the following.
(a) Taars situated in Ramechhap district
(b) Important places in Ilam district
(c) Neighbouring countries of India
(d) Neighbouring countries of China

(2) Write short paragraphs on the following topics.
(a) My District
(b) Our Earth
(c) India
(d) China

(3) Write creative answers to the following questions.
(a) What are the special features of your district? Mention
any five of them.
(b) Which country would you like to visit between India or
China? Why? Mention any five reasons.

(4) Which countries have the following flags. Identify and
write.

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Unit : Six

OUR PAST

Lessons in this unit:
6.1 History of My Place
6.2 Our Historical Heritages
6.3 Origin of the Word 'Nepal'
6.4 Our Brave Martyrs

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Lesson History of My Place

6.1

After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• explore the historical places and objects in our
locality;

• give a historical introduction of our community; and
• find out the historical background of historical

objects of our community.

Every place has a historical background. There are many places
of historical significance in our country. We should know the
historical background of the place we live in.

Krishna Baral is from Sindhuli. He
studies at Arniko School in grade
four. He is going to tell us about
the history of his place today.

Sindhuli is an important historical
treasure of Nepal. It lies in Bagmati
Province. It was popular as “Purba
Dui Nambar” during Rana reign. It
is also known as the district of Inner
Terai.

Sindhuli Gadhi (fort), Hariharpur Remains of Sindhuligadhi
Gadhi, Ranichuli Gadhi are historical
forts in Nepal. All of them lie in
Sindhuli district. Sindhuli Gadhi holds a special place in the history
of Nepal. This is the ancient fort where the Gurkha soldiers won
over the soldiers from the British Empire in 1767 AD. Therefore,
this fort stands as a symbol of the bravery of Nepali soldiers these
days.

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During the unification campaign, King Prithvi Narayan Shah
blockaded the Kathmandu Valley to weaken it. King Jayaprakash
Malla was the King of Kantipur at that time. Malla requested the
East India Company to help him. The Company sent more than 2400
soldiers under the commandership of Captain George Kinloch.
When the soldiers arrived at Pauwagadhi, the Gorkhalis suddenly
attacked and defeated them. The British Army had modern weapons
and cannons, but the Gorkhalis defeated them with Khukuris,
swords, arrows, slings, and stones. They captured more than 500
guns of the British force that time.
The East India Company was able to defeat the powerful France
kingdom just before 4 years ago before they attacked Sindhugadhi.
However, they had to accept their defeat in front of Gorkhali troops
in Sindhuligadhi. This historical achievement remains a glorious
history of my place.

Sindhuli produces the largest amount of Junaar (a type of
orange) in Nepal.

treasure GLOSSARY
fort
blockaded : something that is very special, important, or
cannon valuable
sling
glorious : a strong building or group of buildings where
soldiers live

: stopped food and supplies from entering into a
place

: a large gun that shoots heavy metal or stone balls
: a strap usually with a pocket in the middle that is

used to throw something (such as a stone)
: having or deserving glory, fame, or honour

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EXERCISE

(1) Write whether the following statements are true or
false.
(a) Sindhuli lies in Gandaki Pradesh.
(b) Sindhuli district is famous for
Junaar (a type of orange).
(c) We should know the historical background
of the place we live in.
(d) There aren’t many places of historical
significance in our country.

(2) Answer the following questions.

(a) What are the other names of Sindhuli?
(b) Why does Sindhuli Gadhi stand as a symbol of bravery?
(c) Why did Jayaprakash Malla request the East India

Company to help him?
(d) What happened when the British soldiers arrived at

Pauwagadhi?
(e) What is the historical significance of Sindhuli district?

(3) There must be important historical places in your locality
or district. Take help of your parents or teachers about
such a place to write in your exercise book.

(a) Name and address of the historical place
(b) Things found there
(c) Who built that place? When was it built?
(d) How is the place now?

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Lesson Our Historical Heritages

6.2 After the completion of this lesson, we will be able to:

• make a plan to study the historical objects and
places in our locality;

• conserve historical heritages of our community; and
• prepare a public notice.

There are many ancient places and things in our country. They
introduce our country to the rest of the world. They are our
historical heritages. They are common properties of all people.
Temples, chaityas, monasteries, mosques, churches, educational
institutions, Pati, Pauwa, and ponds are our historical heritages.
Ancient palaces, buildings, statues, artistic objects, manuscripts,
and paper print made by ancestors are also our historical heritages.

Among such heritages, Lumbini, Bauddha, Changunarayan,
Swoyambhu, Pashupatinath, Hanumandhoka Durbar Square,
Bhaktapur Durbar Square and
Patan Durbar Square are extremely
important historical heritages of
Nepal. United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO), an agency of the United
Nations, has listed them as World
Heritage Sites. Besides them, there
are many other important historical
sites in Nepal.

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Our national heritages are of great
importance. They depict the skill
and lifestyle of our ancestors. They
attract a large number of national
and international tourists every
year. From them, we can earn
foreign currency. They introduce
our country to the rest of the world.
They help to promote the feeling
of nationality. They convey our
glorious history. Therefore, we should preserve them.

In order to preserve the historical heritages of our country, we
should clean and renovate such historical heritage sites from time
to time. The government has to make effective plans and policies
to preserve them. Awareness programmes need to be launched to
make local people aware of such places. There should be a tight
security system around such heritage sites.

recognise GLOSSARY

manuscript : to accept or be aware that (something) is true or
exists
agency
: a very old book or document that was written by
nationality hand before printing was invented
renovate
: a department that is responsible for a particular
activity, area, etc.

: the legal status of belonging to a particular nation
: to make changes and repairs to (an old house,

building, room, etc.) so that it is back in good
condition

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