50 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Sword A gold-plated and carved sword with ivory hilt. A gift from the Siamese government to the late Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 51 Letter of Oath A letter of oath from the Indian community in Kedah was presented to the late Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah to express their congratulations in conjunction with the 50 years of his reign. This letter was dated 28 Zulhijjah 1349/ 16th May 1931.
52 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum White Elephant Sword A sword with an ivory tip and symbol of four elephants on its sides. A gift from the Siamese government to the late Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 53 Letters of Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1882-1943) Valuable copies of letters that had become a treasure of Kedah Darul Aman’s state heritage. This record is the only evidence about the Malay Sultanate before the arrival of the Western colonists.
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 55 ROYAL REGALIAS
56 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 57 CAPITAL CITIES OF KEDAH STATE GOVERNMENT
58 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum CAPITAL CITIES OF KEDAH STATE GOVERNMENT KOTA BUKIT MERIAM, KUALA MUDA 1136 - 1236 (100 Years) 1. Sultan Al-Mudzaffar Shah I (1136- 1179) 2. Sultan Mu’adzam Shah (1179-1202) 3. Sultan Muhammad Shah (1202-1236) 4. Sultan Muzzil Shah (1236) KOTA SEPUTIH, KUBANG PASU 1323-1626 (303 Years) 6. Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1323-1373) 7. Sultan Sulaiman Shah I (1373-1423) 8. Sultan Atha'allah Muhammad Shah I (1423-1473) 9. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I (1473-1506) 10. Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1506-1547) 11. Sultan Mudzaffar Shah II (1547-1602) 12. Sultan Sulaiman Shah II (1602-1626) KOTA SUNGAI MAS, KUALA MUDA 1236 - 1323 (87 Years) 4. Sultan Muzzil Shah (1236-1280) 5. Sultan Mahmud Shah I (1280-1321) 6. Sultan Ibrahim Shah (1321-1323)
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 59 KOTA SENA, KEDAH 1654-1664 (10 Years) 14. Sultan Muhyiddin Mansor Shah (1654-1662) 15. Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah I (1662-1664) KOTA INDERA KAYANGAN, PERLIS 1664-1688 (24 Years) 15. Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah 1 (1664-1688) KOTA BUKIT PINANG 1688-1735 (47 Years) 16. Sultan Atha'allah Muhammad Shah II (1688-1698) 17. Sultan Abdullah Mu’adzam Shah I (1698-1706) 18. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah I (1706-1710) 19. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II (1710-1735) KOTA SETAR 1735 - Present 19. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah II (1735-1778) 20. Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah II (1178-1797) 21. Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah II (1797-1804) 22. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II (1804-1845) 23. Sultan Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah I (1845-1854) 24. Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah (1854-1879) 25. Sultan Zainal Rashid Mu'adzam Shah II (1879-1881) 26. Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah (1882-1943) 27. Sultan Badlishah (1943-1958) 28. Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah (1958-2017) 29. Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Al-Aminul Karim Sultan Sallehuddin Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (2017-Sekarang) KOTA NAGA, KUBANG PASU 1626-1654 (28 Years) 13. Sultan Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah (1626-1652) 14. Sultan Muhyiddin Mansor Shah (1652-1654)
60 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum KOTA BUKIT MERIAM, 1136 – 1236 The Kedah Sultanate began at Bukit Meriam, which is located in the Kuala Muda district. Bukit Meriam served as the centre of the Kedah government for 100 years, with four sultans residing in this city. During the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah, the 3rd Sultan of Kedah (1201-1236), he introduced several regulations in the state of Kedah and issued the first gold coin. His Majesty’s name, ‘Muhammad Shah’, as well as ‘Al Sultan Al-Kedah’ were inscribed on the coin. KOTA SUNGAI EMAS, 1236 – 1323 The location of this second government centre is not far from Kota Bukit Meriam, founded by Sultan Muzzil Shah (1236-1280), the 4th Sultan of Kedah. In this era, business has grown rapidly. There was also a growing population around Gunung Jerai and the banks of Sungai Merbok. During the reign of the 5th sultan, Sultan Mahmud Shah (1280- 1321), he ordered his younger brother Tunku Ahmad (Crown Prince) to open a new place, which was later named Seputih. Sultan Mahmud later opened another new area, Kota Merpah, at the headstream of Sungai Merpah in the Setul Region, as a defence centre in the northern part of Kedah. KOTA SEPUTIH, 1323 – 1626 Kota Seputih is located west of Padang Sera, in Kubang Pasu district. This government centre existed for more than 300 years under the rule of eight sultans. During the reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah II (1506 - 1546), the 10th Sultan of Kedah, measuring methods were introduced in Kedah, namely kepul, kal, cupak, and gantang. Each measuring device has the words ‘Negeri Kedah Darul Aman’ engraved on it. His Majesty also paid a courtesy visit to the Malacca Palace, which was ruled by Sultan Mahmud Shah (1488 - 1511) at that time. During the reign of Sultan Sulaiman Shah II (1602 - 1626), Kedah was threatened and attacked by Aceh, led by Sultan Iskandar Muda, due to competition for the production and trade of black pepper. KOTA NAGA, 1626 – 1654 On Monday, 3rd August 1626/10 Zulkaedah 1035 Hijrah, Kota Naga commenced as the 4th administrative centre of Kedah Darul Aman. In 1619, Sultan Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah left Kota Seputih, which he felt was no longer suitable after the Acehnese army attacked and destroyed it. During Sultan Rijaluddin’s reign, there was an awareness to enact laws to strengthen the state administration, including matters related to ports and trade. At the beginning of the text of ‘Undang-undang Kedah’ (Kedah Laws), the author stated: ‘Thus, this law is made during the reign of Sultan Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah, residing in Naga, with all the ministers, officials and experts in agreement that the provisions of this custom should never be changed.’ During that period, Kedah had established trade relations with India, the Portuguese in Malacca, and the Netherlands in Betawi (Java). At that time, Kedah exported a lot of tin and elephants. The Naga district was known as a centre for catching and taming elephants.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 61 KOTA SETAR TILL PRESENT The last centre of government is Kota Setar, which is later known as Alor Star. Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adillin Muadzam Shah II officially opened this city on Saturday, 15 Syaaban 1148 Hijrah (31 December, 1735). The 19th Sultan of Kedah once travelled to seek Islamic knowledge in Sumatra, Java, and India. Upon returning to Kedah, he brought back Sheikh Abdul Jalil with him, whom he appointed as his advisor. In 1735, His Majesty moved the centre of government from Kota Bukit Pinang to Kota Setar. Before moving, he built the city and palace, Balai Besar, Balai Nobat, and a mosque, in addition to building another palace in Anak Bukit. Until now, a total of 11 sultans reside here. KOTA SENA, 1654 – 1664 Kota Sena, located in Mukim Sena, is not far from Kangar, Perlis. At that time, Perlis was still part of Kedah. Kota Sena was founded by Sultan Muhyiddin Mansor Shah (1651 – 1661), the 14th Sultan of Kedah. Trade relations with the Netherlands in tin, gold, and elephants continued. However, a dispute occurred between the two parties when the Dutch failed to establish a tin monopoly policy in Kedah. As a result, starting in 1659, the Dutch tried to besiege the river forts in Kedah, which temporarily hindered trade activities for Kedahans. KOTA INDERA KAYANGAN, 1664 – 1687 Kota Indera Kayangan is located on the banks of Sungai Perlis, between Kangar and Kuala Perlis. The city’s site is currently located in Kampung Wai, Mukim Kuala Perlis. This city became the centre of government of the 6th Kedah Sultanate from 1664 to 1687. Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah I (1661 - 1687) founded this city as well as another city and built a palace in Bukit Pinang as the official residence of the Crown Prince. For the first time in Kedah’s history, the Bugis fleet tried to attack Kedah due to the disagreement on the appointment of the Crown Prince. However, the Bugis mercenary attempt was unsuccessful. After the death of Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah I (1687), this centre of government became neglected. Nevertheless, it fully functioned again when Tunku Dhiauddin ascended the throne with the title of Sultan Dhiauddin Mukaram Shah II (1797 - 1804). KOTA BUKIT PINANG, 1687 – 1735 Kota Bukit Pinang was founded in 1664. Four Kedahan sultans once resided here. During the reign of Sultan Abdullah Muadzam Shah (1698 - 1706), the 17th sultan, his younger brother Tunku Ibrahim was appointed as the Crown Prince. Tunku Ibrahim resided in Kota Limbong, about 9 kilometers from Alor Setar. At that time, Limbong became the most important inland port in Kedah. He was also commissioned to build the Royal Mausoleum in Langgar.
62 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 63 JURISDICTION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KEDAH DARUL AMAN
64 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum JURISDICTION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KEDAH DARUL AMAN AUTHORITY TO CALL AND DISSOLVE THE KEDAH STATE ASSEMBLY Under the Constitution of the State of Kedah Darul Aman, His Royal Highness the Sultan has the power to call the State Assembly to convene or even dissolve the State Assembly. According to Article 53 (1) of the Constitution of the State of Kedah Darul Aman, the Ruler shall, from time to time, summon the State Assembly and shall not allow a period of six months to lapse between meetings held in one sitting with the date set for the first meeting in the upcoming sitting. Based on this provision, His Royal Highness the Sultan shall, from time to time, call the State Assembly to meet but shall not let the period between the previous State Assembly and the following session exceed six months. His Royal Highness the Sultan also has the power to dismiss or dissolve the State Assembly. Article 53 (2) of the Constitution of the State Government of Kedah Darul Aman empowers the Ruler to dismiss or dissolve the State Assembly.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 65 JURISDICTION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KEDAH DARUL AMAN POWER OF AMNESTY/PARDONING In criminal matters in the State of Kedah Darul Aman, when all channels and methods of justice have been exhausted, a person, who has been sentenced, can still ask for amnesty from His Royal Highness the Sultan as a last step. The Constitution of Kedah Darul Aman also empowers His Royal Highness the Sultan to pardon, suspend or even reduce the term of imprisonment for an offense that has been sentenced by the Court. According to Article 42 (1) of the Constitution of Kedah Darul Aman, the Ruler has the power to grant pardon, delay or reduce the period for any offense committed within the state of Kedah Darul Aman (apart from any offense that has been tried by Court Martial) and any power conferred by Federal Law or State Law to lighten or adjourn or change the sentence for any offense committed by him. According to Article 42 (2) of the Constitution of Kedah Darul Aman, the powers mentioned in clause (1) shall be carried out in accordance with the rules and conditions established in Article 42 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia. The authority of Royal Highness the Sultan shall be exercised in accordance with the advice of the Pardons Board established by each state in accordance with Clause 5. The Pardons Board established for a State shall consist of the Federal Attorney General, the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), and no more than three other members appointed by His Royal Highness the Sultan.
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 67 JURISDICTION OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN EXCERPTS FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF KEDAH DARUL AMAN CONSENT AND APPROVAL OF BILL His Royal Highness Sultan’s position as part of the State Legislature means that a law passed by the State Legislature does not become law until the bill receives approval from His Royal Highness the Sultan. Under Article 60 (1) of the Constitution of Kedah Darul Aman, the State Legislative Council can make State Laws which must be carried out with the Draft Law approved by the State Assembly and the Ruler. While Article 60 (3) of the Constitution of Kedah Darul Aman also provides that Articles of Law shall become law when approved by the Ruler. His Royal Highness the Sultan gives his consent to a bill by signing and affixing his Royal Seal. When a bill becomes law after being approved by His Royal Highness the Sultan, the law usually only comes into force when published in the Government Gazette. There are times, however, due to certain reasons, a bill approved by His Royal Highness the Sultan and published in the Government Gazette only comes into force from a past or a future date.
68 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 69 SEAL STAMPS OF KEDAH SULTANATE
70 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Seal stamps have several functions, including as a symbol of the power and institutional rights of the king. Seal stamp is one of the ways of authentication done by dignitaries and dignitaries by placing a special mark that has a name in addition to a signature. Signs and symbols are intended to guarantee authenticity, in addition to being a symbol of trust and authority to a letter sealed with a seal.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 71 Kedah State Museum
72 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Seal Stamps Sultan Abdullah Mu’adzam Shah I, 17th Sultan Kedah (1698-1706 M) Seal Stamps Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, 26th Sultan Kedah (1882-1943M) Seal Stamps Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu’adzam Shah II, 19th Sultan Kedah (1710-1778 M)
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 73 Seal Stamps Almarhum Sultan Badlishah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, 27th Sultan Kedah (1943-1958M) Seal Stamps Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Al Aminul Karim Sultan Sallehuddin Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, 29th Sultan Kedah (2017-present) Seal Stamps Almarhum Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah, 28th Sultan Kedah (1958-2017M)
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 75 ROYAL STANDARD FLAGS AND COAT OF ARMS
76 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Royal Coat of Arms HRH Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman Coronation Coat of Arms of HRH Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 77 Royal Standard of HRH Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman Standard of the Representative to HRH Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman Royal Standard of the Deputy Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman Royal Standard of HRH Sultanah of Kedah Darul Aman Royal Standard of the Crown Prince of Kedah Darul Aman
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 79 COINS OF KEDAH SULTANATE
80 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Coins of Kedah Sultanate Silver coin issued in 750 AD when Kedah was part of the Sriwijaya empire. The Sandalwood flower and the word ‘Pali’ appear on the face (obverse or reverse?) of the coin. Sultan Mudzaffar Shah continued to use this coin even after converting to Islam in 1136. Silver coin during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah, the 3rd Sultan of Kedah (1201 - 1236). He was the first Sultan of Kedah to introduce his own currency. Copper coin during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Shah, the 3rd Sultan of Kedah (1202 - 1236). Silver coin during the reign of Sultan Rijaluddin Muhammad Shah, the 13th Sultan of Kedah (1526-1652). His Majesty also introduced the Kedah Code of Law, issued in 1650.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 81 Coins of Kedah Sultanate Silver coin during the reign of Sultan Dhiauddin Mukarram Shah, the 15th Sultan of Kedah (1662-1688). His Majesty’s centre of government was Kota Indera Kayangan. Kedah had issued currency made of tin that is worth ‘Satu Tera’ (One Tera). The words ‘Belanja Negeri Kedah’ (Currency of Kedah State) and ‘Darul Aman’ (Kingdom of Peace) are inscribed on the face (obverse) of the coin. The coin, found on the riverbank of Kuala Kedah, is believed to have been minted during the reign of Sultan Abdullah Muadzam Shah, the 17th Sultan of Kedah (1698-1706). Silver coin during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Muadzam Shah II, the 19th Sultan of Kedah (1710-1778). Kedah currency, made of tin, is called ‘Satu Tera’ (One Tera). It was inscribed with the words ‘Balad Kedah Darul Aman’ (State of Kedah Darul Aman) and a sketch of an eight-petalled lotus flower. It was found on the riverbank of Kuala Kedah and is believed to have been forged during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Shah, the 24th Sultan of Kedah (1854-1879).
82 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 83 DUTIES OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN
84 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum DUTIES OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE SULTAN Head of Islamic Religion
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 85 The Appoint Letter of Kedah’s Mufti
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88 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Chancellor Universiti Utara Malaysia
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 89 Chancellor Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah
90 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Ceremonial Dress Code No. 1 Colonel in Cheif of the Malay Royal Regiment and Royal Services Cops Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 91
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 93 Bush Jacket Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
94 The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum Attire No.5 (Digital Camouflage) Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 97 Mess Kit No.6 Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry’s standard dummy text ever scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
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Kedah Sultanate Museum The Kedah Sultanate Collections • Kedah Sultanate Museum 99