- i - Tryponia Nining Widiyastuti, S.Pd. Geography for 10th Class
- ii - Praise be Allah the Almigthy, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful, for all His mercy and grace so that this book can be released to the readers. This book is arranged based on competence standart and based competence, indicator, and learning materials, the lesson og Geography 2013 curriculum for Senior High School Students. This book includes material which is arranged compactly and sistematically so that hopefully can be practical and representative handbook to learn everyday. In every last module in this book served the tasks and exercises to evaluate or test competency. Hopefully, this book gives a lot of advantages. Jogjakarta, June 2022 The writer
- iii - COVER i PREFACE ii CONTENT iii BAB I REALITY OF GEOGRAPHY................................................................. 1 The Definition of Geography.................................................................... 2 Object of Geography................................................................................. 3 A. Material Object………………………………………………....... 3 B. Formal Object……………………………………………………. 4 Game………………………………………………………………… 5 Principles of Geography............................................................................ 6 Geographical Skecth.......................................................................... 7 Essensial Concept of Geography………………………………………. 8 Portfolio…………………………………………………………….. 11 Aspect of geography……………………………………………….......... 12 Comprehension Knowledge……………………………………………. 13 1. Development of Geography……………………………………… 13 2. Classification and Branches of Geography Science……………… 14 3. The Scope of Geography………………………………………… 15 Sumarry………………………………………………………………….. 17 Competency Exercises…………………………………………………… 18 BAB 2 The Universe……….……………………………………………………. 23 The Theories……….……………………………………………………. 24 Materials in the Universe ………………………………………………. 25 A. Galaxy …………………………………………………………… 25 B. Stars ……………………………………………………………... 26 C. Group of stars…………………………………………………….. 26 The Solar System ……………………………………………………….. 26 The Material in the solar system ………………………………………. 29 A. Metor ……………………………………………………………. 29 B. Comet …………………………………………………………... 29 C. Asteroid ………………………………………………………… 30 D. Planet …………………………………………………………… 31 E. Satelit……………………………………………………………. 32
- iv - F. The Moon ………………………………………………………. 34 G. The Sun………………………. …………………………………. 34 Description of the planet………………………………………………... 38 A. Mercury ………………………………………………………... 38 B. Venus …………………………………………………………… 39 C. Earth ……………………………………………………………. 40 D. Mars ……………………………………………………………. 44 E. Jupiter …………………………………………………………... 45 F. Saturn ………………………. …………………………………. 46 G. Uranus ……………………………………………………. 48 H. Neptune …………………………………………………………. 50 The Eclipse………………………………………………………………. 52 A. Lunar Eclipse …………………………………………………….. 52 B. Solar Eclipse ………………………. ……………………………. 52 Lithosfer Dinamic ………………………………………………………. 53 The Earthquake Distribution in Indonesia …………………………… 54 Fire Mountan Range Distribution in Indonesia ……………………… 55 Summary …….………………………. ………………………………… 56 Competency Exercises …………………………………………………. 57 General Exercises ………………………………………………………. 63 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………. 73
- 1 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class REALITY Of GEOGRAPHY Goals: After learning this chapter students are expected to be able to describe about geographical science, scope and object of geography, also principles used by geographical science in analyzing every phenomenon on earth’surface. Besides, students are directed to learn material discussed in geography.
- 2 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class 1. Etymology (it’s originally word) Figure: The earth Geography was first proposed by ERATOSTHENES in his writing title "GEOGRAPHIKE". Literally, geography comes from the words, Geo = earth and graphike = painting or article. So, geographike means painting or article about the earth. Term of Geography also recognized in so many Languages, like geography (English), geographie (France), die geographie / die erdkunde (Germany), geografie/ aardrijkskunde (Deutch) and geographike (Greek). 2. Bintarto ( 1977) “Geography is a science that images, explains about earth’s surface, analyzes natural and demographical phenomena, and also learns specific characteristics in life and tries to find the function of earth’s elements in space and time.” 3. Seminar and Workshop in Semarang ( 1988) “Geography is a science that studies similarities and differences of geospheric phenomena with environmental and regional point of view in spatial context.”
- 3 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class OBJECT of GEOGRAFI Basically, the object of Geography divided into two, they are material objects and formal objects. A. Material Objects The material objects of geography are geospheric phenomena consist of: 1. Atmosphere (the air layer that covers the earth ) The examples of phenomena that happens on the atmosphere are weather and climate occasion involve wind, rain, cloud, etc. 2. Lithosphere (the outermost part of Earth‘s crust) The examples of phenomena that happens on the lithosphere are volcanic earthquake that happens because of volcanic explosion, tectonic earthquake happens because the movement of earth’s crust, landslide, erotion, etc. Material Objects Formal Objects Geospherics Phenomena 1. Spatial approach 2. Ecological approach 3. Regional complex approach 1. Atmosphere 2. Lithosphere 3. Hydrosphere 4. Biosphere 5. Anthroposphere
- 4 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class 3. Hydrosphere ( a watery layer that covers Earth) The examples of phenomena that happens on the hydrosphere are formation of delta in the lower course of river, hydrologic cycle, the high and low tide of see water, etc.. 4. Biosphere (animal and plant) The examples of phenomena that happens on the biosphere are plants need water from the soil and CO2 from the air in photosyntesis process, plants need sunbeam, spreading of flora and fauna, atc.. 5. Anthroposphere( human being) The examples of anthroposphere phenomena are natalitas, mortalitas, urbanization, emigration, etc. B. Formal Objects Formal objects correspond to points of view on a spatial phenomenon on earth’s surface. There are three points of view in formal object; they are spatial approach, ecological approach, and regional complex approach. Figure: Object of geography to describe of shore regions
- 5 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class PUZZLE of GEOGRAPHY Direction : Fill in the blank row using the help’s word in the column below . People study 1 for many reasons. The main reasons such as fact that earth and it’s processes has close relationship with our daily life. Since the book of “Silent Spring” written by Rachel 2 published, people have become more realize of needs to pay attention and look after earth’s 3 . Nowadays, phenomena that became issues are 4 and 5 . The cause is the rising of carbondioxide’s concentration (CO2) on earth atmosphere. Global warming happens because the increasing of 6 Intensity as the cause of 7 reflection from earth. The reflection cannot released on space and soak in some gas molecules which is called 8 . To solve that problems we must study the earth with 9 . We all are the part of earth’s climate physically, 10 , and socially. The more we know, our life will be better. physical environment greenhouse effect global warming ecology climate changing greenhouse gas complex interactions earth infra-red wave carson
- 6 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class In board outline, geographical principle divided into four, descriptive principle, spreading principle, interrelationship principle, and chorological principle. A. Spreading Principle Spreading principle can be used to describe geographical phenomena and facts, also to express relationship between one geographical phenomenon and another. It is because the spreading of geographical phenomena and facts is not uniform. Example: A lot of soil in west part of Indonesia undergoes further corrosion , has low level of nutrient element and pH of soil is acidic, while in east part of Indonesia is dry so the pH of the soil is basic. B. Interrelationship Principle Interrelationship principle is used to analyze the relationship between physical and non-physical phenomena and also expresses geographical or facts in a certain region. Example: Cutting of forests in mountain regions can cause erosion and flood. Behavior of such human being happens because of low awareness to forest function. C. Descriptive Principle Descriptive principle is used to give further illustration about geographical phenomena and problem analyzed. Appropriate with this principle geography try to give illustration or description in the form of map, graph, diagram, or table. D. Chorological Principle Chorological principle is used to analyze geographical phenomena, facts, and problems seen from their spreading, interrelationship, and interaction in space.
- 7 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class 1. Consider the following figures ! a. Earthquake b. Forest fire 2. Make an article based on above figures by using analyze of 5 W + 1 H (What, Where, When, Why, Who, dan How)! 3. Collect the work to your teacher!
- 8 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class A. Concept of Location Concept of location is divided in two kinds, they are: 1. Absolute location Absolute location is location of region based on latitude and longitude. Example: The location of Indonesia is between 6 o North Latitude (NL) - 11o South Latitude (SL) and 95o East Longitude (EL) - 141o East Longitude (EL). Figure: Indonesian Map 2. Relative Location Relative location is the location that has changing properties because it is influenced by the regions around it. Example: - The location of Indonesia is between two Continents and two Oceans. - Malaka strain constitutes trading track - Indonesia has strategic position to build international corporation with another country.
- 9 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class B. Concept of Distance Distance is related with location to satisfy basic needs of life. Concept of distance is divided into two kinds, they are: 1. Absolute Distance Absolute distance is distance of two places measured with set of length (kilometre, metre) 2. Relative Distance Distance relative is distance between two places which is related with certain factors, like economic factor, psychology, time, transportation appliance, and others. Set of it’s time (clock, minute, or second) C. Concept of Accessibility Accessibility is related to the condition of earth’s surface that has influenced on the human life activity. In other words, accessibility is the easy or not a location reached from the regions around it. Example: A village in highland is usually harder to reach than a village which is located on lowland. Figure: Accessibility in mountain region (highland) D. Consept of Agglomeration Agglomeration is spread of tendency characterized to group in a relatively narrow region. Example: Industrial activities in Indonesia are centered in Java Island, cor metal industry centered in Klaten, central Java, DIY silver industry centered in Kotagede..
- 10 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class E. Concept of Pattern Concept of pattern is related to various forms and spreading of geographical phenomena in a certain region that follows certain patterns. Example: 1. The flow pattern of river in lowland and beach is commonly dendritic pattern. 2. Housing pattern along the road follows the road pattern F. Concept of Morphology Morphology are corresponds to the shape of earth’s surface. Figure : Farming in lowland Figure : Mangrove forest Example: 1. Lowlands are usually used for housing, industry, and farming because lowlands usually get more water than highland. 2. A slightly sloping shore is the place where mangrove usually grow and used as cultivation place of fish or fishpond. G. Concept of Utility Value Utility value is a geographical phenomenon on earth’s surface has relative characterization to each other among regions. Example: Mangrove forests have more utility value for inhabitants who live in coastal region better than people who live in highland.
- 11 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class H. Concept of Interaction and Interdependency Interaction is mutual relationship between two regions or more. Meanwhile, interdependency is one phenomenon in which one region depends on another. Example: Interaction of city - village happens because the village produces raw material, while the city produces industrial products. Both regions need each other, then interaction and interdependency happens. I. Concept of Spatial Interrelatedness Spatial interrelatedness shows a relationship between one phenomenon and another. Example: Desert area, typical vegetation is cactus and the animal is camel. J. Concept of Area Differentiation Differentiation learn the differences of geographical phenomena betwen areas on the earth Example: Inhabitants live in lowland have dominant means of livelihood as farmers, while people who live in coastal region tend to work as fisherman as their means of livelihood. Portfolio 1. Make groups with your friend. 2. Your task is to make clippings contains “10 essensial concepts of geography” (one article for one concept)! 3. Each article in the clippings must be accomplished with analysis that goes with concept of each other!
- 12 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class Geography can be divided into two parts, physical geography and human geography. A. Physical Geography Physical geography studies about physical aspects involve: earth’s relief, water, weather and climate, flora and fauna, ect. B. Human Geography Human geography studies about human aspects as the societies involve: aspect of social, politics, economy, and culture. Those two aspects have influence on the environment of human life. Besides, physical aspects and social aspects always relate to other sciences. (Source: Fred.E.Dohrs and Lawrence M. Sommers. 1967) Figure : Mutual relationship between geography and other sciences The figure above shows that geography has mutual relationship with other sciences. This case caused new sciences rise. Example: relationship between biology and geography gives birth to biogeography.
- 13 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class Comprehension Knowledge Complete the questions below! And discuss with Your Friend 1. Development of Geography 1.1 In the middle age, Bernadus Veranus divided geography into two, those are: a. Specialist Geography, its analysis encompasses demographic and social problems. b. Generalist Geography, its analysis encompasses phenomena of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and shape of earth’s surface 1.2 In the next stage, there are two points of view in development of geography, those are: 1.2.1 Fisis Determinism According to fisis determinism point of view, geography………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………….. Figure who followed this point of view was...………………………………. .......................................................................................................................... 1.2.2 Posibilism According to posibilism point of view, geography.......................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................
- 14 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class Figure who followed this point of view was................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2. Classification and Branches of Geography Science Geography consist of Physical Geography and Social (human) Geography 2.1 Physical Geography The objects studied in physical geography as follows: 2.1.1 Climatology is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.1.2 Meteorology is .......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 2.1.3 Geology is ……………………………………………………………….......................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.1.4 Oceanology is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.1.5 Pedology is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.1.6 Biogeography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.1.7 Geomorphology is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.2 Social (human) Geography The objects of social geography, as follows:
- 15 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class 2.2.1 Population geography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.2.2 Human geography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.2.3 Rural geography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.2.4 Urban geography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 2.2.5 Anthropogeography is .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 3. The Scope of Geography There are three scopes of geographical study, those are: 1. ........................................................................................................................................ 2. ........................................................................................................................................ 3. ....................................................................................................................................... The scope of geography is inseparable from natural aspects and human aspects. To get further picture about geography environment or the scope of geography, look of this picture.
- 16 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class (Source: Bintarto, 1979) Figure : Diagram of environment analysis in geography Non-Physical Environment Geographic Environment Physical Environment ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………………
- 17 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class Summary 1. Geography based on to the result of workshop in Semarang is a science that studies similarities and differences of geospheric phenomena with environmental and regional point of view in spatial context. 2. Basically, the object of Geography divided into two, they are material objects and formal objects. 3. Geographical principle divided into four those are: descriptive principle, spreading principle, interrelationship principle, and chorological principle. 4. They are 10 essential concepts of geography, they are: concept of location, concept of distance, concept of accessibility, concept of agglomeration, concept of pattern, concept of morphology, concept of utility value, concept of interaction and interdependency, concept of spatial interrelatedness, dan concept of area differentiation. 5. The geographical aspect can be divided into two parts, physical aspects and social aspects. Physical aspects involve: earth’s relief, water, weather and climate, flora and fauna, ect. Meanwhile, social aspects involve aspect of social, politics, economy, and culture.
- 18 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class I. Choose one right answer! 1. Geography is a science that images, explains about earth’s surface, analyzes natural and demographical phenomena, and also learns specific characteristics in life and tries to find the function of earth’s elements in space and time. The definition is proposed by…… a. Ferdinan Von Richthofen b. Seminar and Workshop in Semarang ( 1988) c. R. Bintarto d. N. Daljoeni e. J.W Alexander 2. The followings are included in material objects of geography , except…… a. Region b. Biosphere c. Geosphere d. Lithosphere e. Anthroposphere 3. This scientist who divided geography into generalist geography and specialist geography is…. a. Ratzel b. Huntington c. Preston E. James d. Bernadus Veranus e. Paul Vidal De La Blanche 4. A branch of geography which studies about the kinds and forming process of soil is …. a. Geomorphology b. Seismology c. Oceanology d. Pedology e. Geology
- 19 - Reality of Geography and The Universe…………… Geography 10th Class 5. The point of view that Humans besides being influenced by nature also had a role in nature according to the development of his culture. This point of view is called….. a. Posibilism b. Fisis determinism c. Heliocentris d. Geosentris e. Humanism 6. In the following are the figure of fisis determinism ideology in geographical science except…… a. Ratzel b. Huntington c. Preston E. James d. Bernadus Veranus e. Paul Vidal De La Blanche 7. A branch of geography included in technique geography is..… a. Pedology b. Geomorphology c. Geology d. Cartography e. Meteorology 8. The object of geography studies elements of region included in…. a. Formal objects of geography b. Material objects of geography c. Environment objects of geography d. Social objects of geography e. Physical objects of geography 9. The distance of the town A to B is 60 km, the region is flat which has representative transportation equipment. So that it can be taken fastly. While, the distance of the town A to C is 40 km, the road is up and down and the transportation is difficult, so that the time spent is longer than town A to B. This case refers to the concept of..... a. Absolute location b. Relative distance c. Pattern d. Morphology e. Accessibility
- 20 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 10. The approach of formal objects are divided into three, those….. a. Spatial, ecological, and environmental b. Spatial, ecological, and regional complex c. Spatial, environment, and regional complex d. Regional complex, environmental, and technological e. Ecological, environmental, and technology 11. The astronomical position of Indonesia is…. a. 6 o NL – 11 o SL and 94 o EL – 141 o WL b. 6 o SL – 11 o NL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL c. 6 o NL – 11 o NL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL d. 6 o SL – 11 o NL and 94 o EL – 141 o EL e. 6 o NL – 11 o SL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL 12. A negative effects of the geographical position of Indonesia is…. a. Risk and danger coming from outside Indonesia b. Indonesia’s condition which contains thousand of islands c. Differences of hystorical background among regions d. Humid tropical climate e. Monsoon wind 13. From those three main scopes of geographical study, the most comprehensive and integrated is.... a. Spatial spread on earth’s surface b. Relationship of spatial phenomena c. Regional frame and regional analysis d. Interaction of society with physical circumstances e. Spread and human relationship on earth’ s surface 14. On May, 27 2006 earthquake happened with strength 5,9 at Ricther’s Scale with hypocenter in Bantul area. This phenomena included geospheric phenomena in…. a. Hydrosphere b. Lithosphere c. Stratosphere d. Troposphere e. Biosphere
- 21 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 15. Ecological approach can be seen form this phenomena...... a. The organism interaction with the environment b. The resident moving to another place c. There is phenomena difference in a place with another place d. One place has drying , while the other place is flood e. Analyzing a phenomenon in the particular region by special characteristic 16. The earthquake in Yogya on may 27, 2006 can be clarified naturally so that people understand the nature phenomenon. This activity relates to the principle of…. a. Spreading b. Intersection c. Interrelationship d. Descriptive e. Chorological 17. Human tends to live in group in the fertilize land, in the central of economic activity, industry area, ect. This case is suitable with the concept of….. a. Pattern b. Location c. Agglomeration d. Interaction and Interdependency e. Spatial Interrelatedness 18. Village as “hinterland” has the function to fulfill the town need, such as the raw material, while the city fulfill the industrial products. This case refers to the concept of…. a. Pattern b. Location c. Agglomeration d. Interaction and Interdependency e. Spatial Interrelatedness 19. Mahdi learns the high and low tide of sea water, wave period, sea stream, and the depth. All which is learnt by Mahdi is branch of geography which is called….. a. Oceanology b. Pedology c. Hydrology d. Meteorology e. biogeography
- 22 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 20. The replanting, cover crop, rotation of plants using green fertilizer or cover of soil are study of geography using the approach of….. a. Physical b. Non physical c. Regional complex d. Spatial e. Ecological II. Answer the questions below correctly and clearly! 1. Mention the definition of geography based on IGI workshop in Semarang in 1988! Answer:....................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 2. Mention five geospheric phenomena in the material objects of geography! Answer:....................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 3. Explain the concepts of location! Answer:....................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 4. Mention four principles of geography! Jawab:......................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 5. Explain the aspects of geography! Jawab:......................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Date Mark Teacher’s Sign Parent’s Sign
- 23 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class I. Choose one right answer! 1. Consider this objects of geography! 1. transportation 4. cultural 1. hydrolic cycle 5. natural landscape 2. farming system 6. relief of earth’surface . What included in physical aspects, are..... a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 2, 3, and 4 c. 3, 4, and 5 d. 1, 3, and 5 e. 2, 5, and 6 2 The object of geography studies geospheric phenomena included in…. a. Environment objects of geography b. Material objects of geography c. Formal objects of geography d. Physical objects of geography e. Social objects of geography 3. The price of housing in down town area is more expensive than the housing in urban area. This case correlated with..... a. Accessibility b. Relative location c. Absolute distance d. Morphology e. Pattern
- 24 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 4. The figure of fisis determinism ideology in geographical science is…… a. Paul Vidal De La Blanche b. Bernadus Veranus c. Huntington d. Claudius Ptolomeus e. Erathostenes 5. The astronomical position of Indonesia is…. a. 6 o NL – 11 o SL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL b. 6 o NL – 11 o SL and 94 o EL – 141 o WL c. 6 o SL – 11 o NL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL d. 6 o NL – 11 o NL and 95 o EL – 141 o EL e. 6 o SL – 11 o NL and 94 o EL – 141 o EL 6. The effect of astronomical position of Indonesia is…. a. Risk and danger coming from outside Indonesia b. Indonesia’s condition which contains thousand of islands c. Differences of hystorical background among regions d. Time division e. Monsoon wind 7. Meteorology is…. a. a science that studies meteor b. a science that studies weather c. a science that studies climate d. a science that studies earthquake e. a science that studies celestial bodies 8. The spreading of Indonesia population is not uniform. Most of the population is concentrated in Java island. Effect of ununiform spreading of population is …. a. Utilization of natural resources is optimum b. High quality of man power c. In Java island, agricultural land decreases because it is used for housing d. The spread of slums area e. High criminality rate
- 25 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 9. The following which is non influence of physical geography having an effect to modern Human life is …. a. Mining products and mineral b. Resident disseminating c. Weather and climate d. Relief and soil e. Condition arrange the water 10. Ecological approach is an approach that...... a. Analyzing a phenomenon in the particular region by special characteristic b. There is phenomena difference in a place with another place c. The organism interaction with the environment d. The resident moving to another place e. One place has drying , while the other place is flood 11. The approach of formal objects are divided into three, those….. a. Ecological, environmental, and technology b. Regional complex, environmental, and technological c. Spatial, environment, and regional complex d. Spatial, ecological, and regional complex e. Spatial, ecological, and environmental 12. A branch of geography included in technique geography is..… a. Meteorology b. Geomorphology c. Geology d. Pedology e. Cartography 13. Look at these following pronouncements: 1. Investigation of sea-botton forming. 2. The outcome of west monsoon and east monsoon. 3. The outcome of tsunami. 4. The outcome of tectonic. 5. The use of echosound method. 6. Anticipation of global warming. The assembling of oceanology concept can be seen on number… a. 1, 2, 3, and 4 d. 2, 4, and 6 b. 4, 5, and 6 e. 1, 3, and 5 c. 1, 2, and 3
- 26 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 14. The payment in the town is greater than the payment in the village, so it makes the stream of urbanization. This case correlated with…. a. Spatial Interrelatedness b. Interaction and Interdependency c. Agglomeration d. Location e. Pattern 15. Concept is generalization from a group of phenomenon so that it can be used to describe several of the same phenomenon. The geography basic concept which related to different phenomenon between one place and another on the earth’s surface included the concept of….. a. Agglomeration b. Morphology c. Spatial Interrelatedness d. Interaction and Interdependency e. Area Differentiation 16. Of those three main scopes of geographical study, the most comprehensive and integrated is.... a. Interaction of society with physical circumstances b. Spatial spread on earth’s surface c. Relationship of spatial phenomena d. Regional frame and regional analysis e. Spread and human relationship on earth’ s surface 17. The object wich is learnt in geography is all phenomenon which are in and happen in geosphere consist of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere are involved….. a. Principles of geography b. Concepts of geography c. Formal objects d. Material objects e. Approach
- 27 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 18. Object of geography which talks about climate and weather is….. a. Atmosphere b. Lithosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Anthroposphere e. Biosphere 19. The geosphere phenomenon such as: flow of river, fold region, fault region is the concept of….. a. Accessibility b. Agglomeration c. Utility value d. Descriptive e. Pattern 20. To learn geography in a place can be started from a particular topic which is the main attention as starvation and etc. This case is involved the approach of….. a. Spatial b. Topic c. Human activity d. Regional Complex e. Regional II. Give your explanation! 1. What is meant by fisis determinism and posibilism! Answer:....................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 2. Explain the material objects of geography! Answer:....................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................
- 28 - Reality of Geography and The Universe………… Geography 10th Class 3. Mention three points of view in formal object! Answer:....................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 4. Mention three branches of human geography ! Answer:....................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... 5. Explain the concept of utility value and concept of spatial interrelatedness! Answer:....................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... Date Mark Teacher’s Sign Parent’s Sign
Geography 10th Class 1 LITHOSPHERE Purpose: After study this chapter the students are hoped can identifies the structure of earth’s shell layer and its benefits, characteristic and the process of soil formation, kinds of soil and characteristics of soil in Indonesia.
Geography 10th Class 2 The earth looks like whitish blue spread out area if we seen from space with diametre of ± 12.740 km. While under earth’s surface there is hot magma that arrange the inner parts of earth. Figure 1. The earth’s structure The earth’s structure is differenciated into the layer, they are: 1. The Earth;s Crust Layer (Lithosphere) Earth’s crust placed the most upper part/earth’s surface with thickness of 1.200 km, average of specific weight 2,8 gram/cm3. The thickness on their layer is different in all earth’s surface. Lithosphere is divided into two parts; they are: 1) Sial Layer (Silicon-Alumium) It is the earth’s shell layer that made of silicon and aluminum (Sial), compounds in the form of SiO2 and AL2 O3 . On this layer there are granite, sediment, andesite rocks, kinds of metamorf rocks, and other rocks in the land and continent. Earth’s crust is divided into: a. Continent’s Crust Continent’s crust is a dense thing consist of granite rocks on above and basalt rocks in under. In this crust formed a continent. b. Ocean’s Crust Ocean crust is a dense thing consist of sediment on the above part of ocean, volcano rocks, and the undermost is arranged from gabro and peridotite crust. This crust part formed the ocean.
Geography 10th Class 3 2) Sima Layer (Silica - Magnesia) It is the earth’s shell that composed from the composition of silica and magnesia (Sima) in the compounds of SiO2 dan MgO. Sima layer is elastic materials with bigger specific weight than Sial layer because it contains iron and magnesia, such as mineral ferromagnesium and basalt rocks. 2. The Earth’s Cover/ Mantle Mantle layer is divided into two kinds, there are: 1) Top Mantle (Asthenosphere) Asthenosphere is glowing liquid material. Asthenosphere is a magma formation place (chief magma), rocks synthesize, and mineral is formed. Because the shape is not compact, so the mass on the top of it can move free. 2) Beneath Mantle (Mesosphere) Mesosphere is the layer Ander the asthenosphere, it is compact, and componed by peridotite and pallasitite (mixture of álcali rocks minerals and iron). 3. The Earth’s Core (Barisphere) The earth’s core is the innermost earth’s layer which is componed by nickeliferous (niccolum) and iron (ferrum) or usually called nife. The earth’s core consist of inner core, where the nife is compact/dense and outer core, where the nife is liquid. Rocks are the main componer of lithosphere layer. Based on its formation process rocks are divided into igneous rocks, sediment rocks, and metamorphic rocks. 1. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks formed when hot molten magma or cold lava, then freezes. Based on the freezing process, igneous rocks are divided into three kinds, those are: 1) Inner Igneous Rocks The freezing happens very deep under the earth’s surface with slow cooling process, inner igneous rocks is also called abisis rock. The example of igneous rocks: granite rocks, diorite, syenite, dan grabo. 2) ”Korok” Igneous Rocks This igneous rocks happens from the remain of magma permeates into the upper layer and intrudes to the cracks of volcanic tunnels, then it becomes cool and freezes. The inner igneous rocks is also called hipabisis rock.The example of “korok” igneous rocks: granite rocks, diorite porphyry, syenite porphyry, and porphyry.
Geography 10th Class 4 3) Outer Igneous Rocks These igneous rocks happens from magma that reaches the earth’s surface, then it freezer. Its freezing process is rapid so crystal can not be formed. The example of outer igneous rocks are: riolite, basalt, trahit, and andesite. 2. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimetary rocks are rocks which are formed from any kinds of rocks which undergo erosion by the influence of weather, then it is transported by winds, water, glaciers, and it got sediment in another places. There are some kinds of sediment rocks, such as clastic sediment rocks, chemical sediment, and organic sediment. 1) Clastic sediment is the mixture of igneous rocks destruction. The example of sediment rock: brexi rock, conglomerate rock, and sandy rock. 2) Chemical sediment is precipitated from a dissolving. The example are: the limestone and jade. 3) Organic sediment is precipitated from animal and plant remains. The example of organic sediment: limestone and coral rocks. 3. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are rocks that undergo the conversion, physically or chemically so it is defferent from the chief rocks. The example are: kalsit rocks changes to be marble stone, quartz stone changes to be kuarsite. Metamorphic rocks is divided into three kinds, those are: 1) Termic metamorphic rock 2) Dynamic metamorphic rock 3) Pneumolici contrast metamorphic rock Figure 2. Kinds of Rocks Igneous rocks Sediment rocks Metamorphic rocks
Geography 10th Class 5 The earth’s surface is not the flan area. This case is caused by geology power as the former. Commenly, geology power is divided into two kinds, those are endogenic power, the power that comes from inside the earth and has characteristic forming formation on earth’s surface, and eksogenic power, the power that comes from outside and destructive. Volcanism Epirogenesa Endogenic Tectonism Power Endogenic process Orogenesa Geology Earthquake Power Eksogenic Weathering Power Eksogenic Process Erosion Sedimentary Masswasting Figure 3. Geology power of earth’s surface former 1. ENDOGENIC POWER A. VOLCANISM Volkanism is a process correlated with the raising of magma from the internal of the earth. a. Magmatic Intrusion Magmatic Intrusion is the penetration phenomenon of magma between two lithosphere (magma that does not reach to the earth’s surface).
Geography 10th Class 6 Figure 4. Magmatic Intrusion Magmatic intrusion resulting the tings like: 1) Batholite is igneous rock which is formed in the kitchen of magma. 2) Lacolite is magma that intrudes between two rock layer that causes the rock layer above lifted so it is likes convex, while the base is flat. 3) Sill is the thin layer of magma that intrudes between rocks layer. 4) Korok or hypabyssal is the rocks as the result of magmatic intrusion cut off lithosphere layers with flat or slab form. 5) Apophysis is a kind of branch from ” gang” intrusion but is smaller. 6) Diatrema is rock that fills explosive tunnel, in the form of cylinder, start from the kitchen of magma to the earth’s surface. b. Magmatic Extrusion Magmatic Extrusion is the activity of magma that moves and reaches the earth’s surface. This case caused volcano. Kinds of extrusion: 1) Based on discharges hole of magma, magmatic extrusion is divided into three kinds, they are: a) Linear eruption, that happens if magma discharges through the lengthen slot of crack or fault, so it will forms the line of volcano. For example: Laki Mountain in Eslandia, and the line of volcano in central Java and East Java.. b) Areal eruption, that happens if magma location is near the earth’s surface, so magma comes melt in some places on certain area. For example: Yellow Stone National Park in USA. c) Central eruption, that happens if magma comes out through a hole and formed separated mountains. For example: Krakatoa Mountain, Vesuvius, and Muria.
Geography 10th Class 7 2) Based on the property of its eruption and also material that is discharged by it, there are three kinds central volcano, those are: a) Shield Volcano, it happens because magma that comes out has dilute liquid. This liquid magma flows to all directions so it will forms the very flat slope. It means that mountain does not have high soar but become wider. For example: Maona Loa dan Maona Kea in Hawaii Island. b) Maar Volcano, it happens because of the explosive eruption. Material that is discharged by it is a little amount, it is because the source of magma is shallow and narrow. This volcano is usually low, and consist of efflata. In its former crater is like a basin that sometimes full of water and possible to be lake. Foe example: Klakah Lake or Eifel Lake in Franch. c) Strato Volcano, it happens because of mixed eruption between explosive and effusive that turns continually. This case caused the slope in layer and consist of various rocks. The shape of this volcano is the most found in the world, includes in Indonesia. For example: Merapi, Semeru, Merbabu, Kelud, etc. Shield Volcano Maar Volcano Strato Vulcano Figure. 5 Kinds of central volcano 3) Based on its intensity and material contents that is come out. a) Effusive Eruption is the erupsion that doesn’t make explosion, because the weakness of gas pressure. The material that come out is melten material or lava, and a little of dense material with small size. b) Explosive Eruption is the eruption that makes explosion, because the gas pressure is very strong. This eruption is usully spout the volcanic material that has liquid dense property.
Geography 10th Class 8 TYPE OF VOLCANO EXPLOSION Figure. 6 Type of volcano explosion 1) Hawaii Type This type is made because the lava is very melt and the shape is like a shield. For example: Maona Kea and Maona Lea di Hawaii. 2) Stromboly Type The lava is dilute liquid, the gas pressure is medium because its source or kitchen of magma is shallow. For example: Vesuvius Mountain (Italia) and Raung Mountain (East Java). Do you know in this world there are three kinds of volcano, they are: Active Volcano 1)Alive volcano is active and often exploded. 2)For example: Etna Mountain (Italy), Maona Loa Mountain (Hawaii), and Stromboli Mountain (Italy). Hidden Volcano 1)This volcano was ever explode and hidden in a mass phase. 2)This volcano is known as “sleeping” volcano. 3)For example: Pinatubo Mountain (buried for about 610 years old and explode on juny 13, 1991), Vesuvius Mountain (Italy) and Fuji Mountain (Japan). Death Volcano 1)This volcano is not active and won’t explode again. 2)Somehow, it is difficult to decide a volcano is hidden or death. 3)For example: Kenya Mountain (Kenya) and Kilimanjaro Mountain (Alasca).
Geography 10th Class 9 3) Merapi Type Its explosion discharged concentred lava. So it hill plug the crater’s mouth. The effect is gas pressure become stronger so that the plug rised and fissured also pushed up and finallyslides in the slope of the mountain accompanied with the broken of crater’s plug as its bomb. For example: Merapi mountain. 4) Volcano Type Its explosion bring dense lava Duch as bomb, dust, lapili, also dense and liquid materials or lava. The example: Vesuvius Mountain and Etna Mountain (Italy), Semeru Mountain (West Java). 5) St. Vincent Type The lava is concentred, the gas pressure is medium, the source of magma is shallow. This explosion happens in the mountains that have crater lake. For example: Kelud Mountain (1919) dan St. Vincent Mountain (1902). 6) Pelee Type This explosion happens if in the top of volcano which there was crater’s plug like a leedle so it Hill cause gas pressure higher. If the plug has no strong the mountain Hill explode and discharges clouds with hot temperatura. For example: Pelee Mountain (Martinique Island). 7) Perret Type This explosion is very dangerous and very damaged for the environment. The materials that is throwed can be reach the height of 50 km. For example: Krakatoa Mountain (1883) dan St. Helens Mountain (May 28,1980). Comprehension Knowledge 1 Complete these following questions and being discussed in your class! 1. Mention five signs of volcano will explode! a. ............................................................................. b. ............................................................................. c. ............................................................................. d. ............................................................................. e. .............................................................................
Geography 10th Class 10 2. According to its phase, the material discharged by volcanic explosion divided into three, they are.... 1) Solid phase (efflata), consist of: a. Bomb, that is.............................................................................................. b. Lapili, that is............................................................................................... c. Slak, that is................................................................................................. d. Zand, that is............................................................................................... e. Ash, that is................................................................................................. f. Pumice 2) Gas phase (ekshalasi) discharged: a. ............................................................ b. ………………………………………….. c. ………………………………………….. d. …………………………………………... 3) Liquid phase, consist of: a. Cold volcanic mudflow, that is.................................................................... ................................................................................................................... b. Hot volcanic mudflow, that is..................................................................... …………………………………………………………………………………… c. Lava, that is................................................................................................ …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Mention tour detriment effect from volcanic eruption! a. .............................................................................................. b. .............................................................................................. c. .............................................................................................. d. .............................................................................................. 4. Mention tour beneficial effect from volcanic eruption! a. .............................................................................................. b. .............................................................................................. c. .............................................................................................. d. ..............................................................................................
Geography 10th Class 11 B. TECTONISM Positive Epirogenesa Epirogenesa Negative Epirogenesa Tectonism Mountains Orogenesa Fold Fault Figure. 7 Tectonism Tectonism is the power discharged from earth that caused dislocation (the change of position) fault and crack on the earth’s shell and the rocks. Tectonic power can be divided into epirogenesa motion and orogenesa motion . 1. Epirogenesa Motion Epirogenesa motion is motion that framed a continent. This motion is very slow, and covers a very large area. Epirogenesa is divided into two kinds, they are positive epirogenesa and negative epirogenesa. 1) Positive Epirogenesa, that is falling motion of land so as if the surface of the sea increases. Figure. 8 Positive Epirogenesa Motion
Geography 10th Class 12 Figure. 10 Anticline dan Syncline 2) Negative Epirogenesa, that is rise motion of land so as if the surface of the sea decreases. Figure. 9 Negative Epirogenesa Motion 2. Orogenesa Motion Orogenesa motion is motion that formed mountain, fold, and fault. This motion is relatively fast and covers relatively short region. 1) Fold Fold, that is a motion on earth’s layer which is not too big and occurs in a long time so it caused the earth’s shell furrowed or folded, furrowed or folded of this earth will be the mountain. Fold’s back is called anticline, valley area is called syncline. 2) Fault Fault, that is a motion on earth’s layer which is very big and occurs in a fast time, so it caused the earth’s shell fall and crack. The example of fault are Horst, Graben/Slenk, Dexstral, Sinitral, and Block Mountain.
Geography 10th Class 13 Figure. 11 The Occurent Process of Earthquake 1. Look on this following pictures and explain them! a. b. c. 1) 2) d. 1) 2) 2. Collect the assignment to your teacher! C. EARTHQUAKE Earthquake is the suddenly motion of the earth, source from inner parts of lithosphere’s layer and being creeped by earth’s shell to the surface of earth. The great earthquake is commonly caused by tectonic process, that is the movement of earth’s crust plates.
Geography 10th Class 14 Figure.12 Vertical Seismograph & Seismogram How is the occurent process of earthquake? Pre-earthquake condition, in some of earth’s crust there is a crack in the form of fault. If it gets pressure, it will cause pilling up of energy along the fault. After heaped up for along time, the energy is quite strong to move on the fault, it will cause the center of earthquake. The energy is released quickly as the wave of earthquake to all direction. Kinds of earthquake, they are: 1. Based on the distance of hipocenter a. Shallow earthquake, if the depth of hipocenter is less than 100 km under the surface of teh earth. b. Intermediate earthquake, if the depth of hipocenter lies between 100 km300 km under the surface of the earth. c. Deep earthquake, if the depth of hipocenter is more than 700 km under thesurface of the earth. 2. Based on the occasioned factors a. Falling earthquake, that is an earthquake that happens as the result of the falling of cave’s roof in the lithosphere. This earthquake is commonly happens in the karst area and in the minning area. b. Volcanic earthquake, that is an earthquake that happens because of volcanic explosion. c. Tectonic earthquake, that is an earthquake that happens because of earth’s crust plates movements in the form of fault and fold. This earthquake is the strongest earthquake and it involves wide region. 3. Based on the location of the epicenter a. Land earthquake, it will happens if the hipocenter is on the land. b. Sea earthquake, it will happens if the hipocenter is in the sea. 4. Based on the shape of the epicenter a. Central earthquake, if the epicenter has shape of dot. For example: vulcanic and falling earthquake. b. Linear earthquake, if the epicenter has shape of line. For example: tectonic earthquake. HOW IS THE WAY TO MEASURE THE EARTHQUAKE? To measure the intensity of earthquake is used a device which is called sismograph and completed by censor and recorder. While illustration of earth’s vibration which is noted by seismograph in the form of broken line wich is seismogram.
Geography 10th Class 15 Determined the source place of the earthquake or epicenter must be done at least by three station in three city. Every station determined the distance between arrival of quick primary wave and slower secondery wave, and the distance which is passed through of that wave is about based on the long of the distance. Then on the map is painted three circle with the radius same with the distance. There is epicenter on the meeting dot of those three circle (E). Source: Bumi-Pustaka Alam LIFE 1979 Work Sheet Library study and looking for the answer in relevant geography books grade X! 1. Seismograph is....................................................................................................... 2. Seimology is........................................................................................................... 3. Seismogram is........................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 4. Hipocenter is........................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................ 5. Epicenter is............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ 6. Pleistoseista is........................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ 7. Isoseista is.............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................ 8. Homoseista is......................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................
Geography 10th Class 16 Figure. 14 Transversal Wave Figure. 15 Rayliegh Wave INTRODUCING ANY KINDS OF EARTHQUAKE’S WAVE The expert divided earthquake’s wave based on direction and spread of velocity become longitudinal wave (P), Tranversal wave (S), Love wave and Rayliegh wave. 1. LONGITUDINAL/PRIMERY WAVE (P) is the first wave which is recorded by seismograph with velocity about 8 km/second. This wave spread by compression way and stretching to the media, whether solid or liquid. 2. TRANSVERSAL/SECONDERY WAVE (S) is the earthquake’s vibration which spread with come out the lithosphere with velocity 5 km/second. This wave spread by come out the rocks, vertical with wave spread direction. 3. LOVE WAVE and RAYLEIGH WAVE Love wave and Rayleigh wave include in surface wave. Love wave spread by wringgled likes desert snake, the direction of the spread is vertical with surface wave movement. Rayleigh wave is the earthquake’s wave which its movement is ellips to the wave spread direction. Figure. 13 Longitudinal Wave
Geography 10th Class 17 GAMES In the following there is movement simulation which is rised by earthquake’s wave. (a) (b) (c) (d) Made a group consist of four people. 1. Discussed about the picture above! 2. Every student in a group show off one motion in a picture with its explanation! 3. Show off and discussed in front of your class! EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY Earthquake scale is commonly explained with Richter’s Scale. The Richter’s Scale for earthquake magnitude as follow: < 2,0 Commonly unfelt, but recorded 2,0-2,9 The vibration is almost feel, doesn’t feel by many people 3,0-3,9 Feel by some people 4,0-4,9 Feel almost by all people 5,0-5,9 The vibration caused the destructions 6,0-6,9 Make the destructions in the population density areas 7,0-7,9 Big scale earthquake, strong vibration, caused big destructions 8,0-8,9 Great earthquake, the destructions close with epicenter
Geography 10th Class 18 = (S – P) - 1 menute x 1 megametre METHOD TO DETERMINE THE DISTANCE OF EPICENTER To determine the location of epicenter to a place can we use some way, such as: a. By using three places that have been known the distance of its epicenter. b. By using three seismograph which is taken in a earthquake station. c. By using some places that lie in homoseista. Distance of epicenter can be count by using LASKA formulation, such as: = (S – P) - 1 minute x 1 megametre Information: = delta, is epicentral distance (the distance of observer place from epicentral) (S – P) = difference of record. Keeping time from secunder wave with primary wave (in munute) 1 menute = Constanta 1 megametre = 1000 km Example: Seismograph at station D at June 25, 2004 noted primary wave (longitudinal wave) at 17.40’30” and secundery wave (tranversal wave) at 17.50”40”. Distance epicentral can be calculated:: Answer: = (17.50’40” – 17.40’30”) – 1’ x 1 megametre = 10’10” – 1’ x 1 megametre = 9,17 x 1000 km = 9170 km