Geography 10th Class 19 Tsu = Harbor Nami = Wave Figure.16 Main parametre earthquake of yogyakarta (May 27, 2006) DO YOU KNOW HOW TSUNAMI HAPPENED ? “Tsunami is a very big sea wave that has yielded from structure change at bottom of the sea effect of earthquake, landslide, or erution of volcano” Tsunami happened if: 1. Magnitude 6 SR or more 2. The movement of fracture up-down 3. Earthquake source under infra deep sea 4. Deepness/hipocenter EARTHQUAKE HISTORY which has ever happened in DIY with the strength more or less equal have been happened as follows: 1867 : 372 house collapsed, 5 people died. 1943 : 2800 house destroyed, 213 people died, 2096 people injured. 1981 : The wall of Hotel Ambarukmo Cracked. 2006 : 6.234 people died, > 50.000 injured, >70.000 damage building/collapsed. PREDICT THE EARTHQUAKE Predict the earthquake usually can by observe the behavior of animal as indicator to predict earthquake. Example: horse that will neigh and unpleasant if earthquake will be happened and snake will go out from it’s den if earthquake will be happened. Up to now there isn’t method to predict when the earthquake (day, date, and hours) will be happened.
Geography 10th Class 20 Figure. 17 Mechanical Weathering Process 2. EKSOGENIC POWER Eksogen power is power coming from outside earth and has character of damage the earth surface. Eksogen power can result the followings: 1) Weathering Weathering is the rock mutilation at earth’s outer crust because of weather infuence (temperature, rainfall, dampness, or wind). Weathering divided into three, they are biological/organic weathering, mechanical/physical weathering, and chemical/chemestry weathering. a) Biological/Organic Weathering Biological weathering, is weathering that caused by organic process. Example: rock weathering that happened becaused of: 1) exposed by a rotten leaf, 2) the root of plant which can penetrate the rock, or 3) bird’s nest at cadas rock. b) Mechanical/Physical Weathering This weathering is usually caused by a very big temperature difference between day and night. c) Chemical/Chemestry Weathering This weathering is happened because the result of chemical event through water. Example: chalk rock is easy dissolve by rainwater. Therefore if you give attention to the chalk rock surface always there are gaps which it’s direction do not uniform. The result of chemical weathering in Karst area is usually produce karren, ponor, underground river, and stalagtit.
Geography 10th Class 21 2) Erosion/Scraping Erosion or Scraping is a process of discharging and transfering of rock mass (include soil) naturally from one place to anothers by transporter subtance (wind, water, gletser, and sea water) an the earth’s surface. Comprehension Knowledge 2 Complete these following queations and discuss in your class! a) Water Erusion This process is done by flowing water, whether in soil or river, or even in the soil’s surface when rain. Water erosion can be divided into: Splash Erosion, that is.....................……………………………………….. ................................................................................................................. Sheet Erosion that is............................................................................... ................................................................................................................. This erosion can cause soil becomes infertil. Rill Erosion), that is ................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. Gully Erosion), that is ............................................................................. ................................................................................................................. b) Erosion by wind (Deflasion) This process is ussually can be found in desert and the result of erosion is mushroom rock. Example: Loss soil in Gobi Desert (Northern China) which have thickness of 600 m. c) Erosion by gletser This erosion is caused by gletser (ice layer) in mountain. This process can be found in pole or Himalaya, Alpen, and Rocky Mountain.
Geography 10th Class 22 d) Erosion by sea water (Abrasion) Abrasion is erosion in coast, caused by sea water that occurs continually to the sea wall. The poduct of erosion, those are: Cliff, that is.......................................................................................... Niche, that is....................................................................................... Abrasion Flat, taht is........................................................................... Bay, that is.......................................................................................... 3) Sedimentation Sedimentation is precipitate process of material as the result of erosion and corotion. Based on transporter natural power, sedimentation can be divided into four kinds, they are: a) Aquatic sedimentation, that is........................................................................ b) Marine sedimentasi, that is............................................................................ c) Eolis sedimentasi, that is............................................................................. d) Glacial sedimentasi, that is............................................................................ Based on the place of precipitation, sedimentation can be divided into five, those are: a) Fluvial Sedimentasi, that is.......................................................................... Shape of land as the product of fluvial sedimentation, such as : (1) River plain, ithat is a terrestrial found in the middle of river body or in turning in the river as the product of sedimentation. (2) Delta, that is sedimentation in the coger course of river. Various kinds of Delta: (a) Lobben Delta / Delta of Bird’s Feet, the shape is like bird’s feet. It is usually fast grow, because the river brings a lot of sedimentation materials. For example Delta of Missisipi. (b) Conves delta/Fan Delta, the shape is like an arch. The condition is tend to constant (doesn’t grow). For example: Delta of Tiger and Nil River. (c) Sharp Delta, that shape is sharp likes a cone. This delta is longer, narrower. (d) Delta esturium , that is low and wide part of river’s mouth.
Geography 10th Class 23 (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure. 18 Various Kinds of Delta those are (a) lobben delta, (b) fan delta, (c) sharp delta, and (d) esturium b) Marine Sedimentation, that is...................................................................... The product of marine sediment, such as: (1) Gosong, that is a pite of sand as the product of sea water abrasion. (2) Tombolo, that is burnt that connects atoll island to the main. c) Terrestrial Sedimentation, that is................................................................ It is often called eolis sediment. This sediment is usually can be found in coast and desert. The example of natural formation as the result of eolis is sand dunes in Parangtritis (Yogyakarta). d) Limnis Sedimentation, that is...................................................................... e) Glasial Sedimentation, that is...................................................................... 4) Mass Wasting Mass wasting is the transfering of rocks mass or soil as the result of weight energy. Gb. 19. Natural landscape as the result of deflasion or eolis sedimentation
Geography 10th Class 24 The result of masss wasting: a) Landslide), that is.......................…………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. b) Subsidence, that is............................................………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………. c) Slumping, that is....................……………………………………………………. ........................................................................................................................ d) Earth flow, that is…………………................................................................... ……………………………………………………………………………………… e) Mud flow, that is…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… f) Soil creep, that is………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………. Soil is fertile rock layer on the outermost earth’s shell that is formed from the result of presipitation and organic and anorganic. Factors that influence transforming of rocks/organism into soil are as follows: 1. Sun radiation at noon and cold off at night. 2. Rocks that cracked, precipitation faster by water. 3. Roots of plants can breaks the rocks until destruction. Factors that influence the formation process of soil are 1) climate, 2) organism, and 3) mikroorganism. Besides that, the velocity of soil formation is also influenced by 1) kinds of parent rocks, 2) topography, 3) intencity and corrosion. Figure.20 Soil Layer
Geography 10th Class 25 To know soil fertility, some things that need to know are 1) soil pH 2) mineral contain, 3) organic material, and 4) crumbs of soil. Acidity degree of soil (soil pH) is divided into three kinds, they are: 1) Soir soil, has soil pH < 7. In the soil that too base can be decreased by adding lime. 2) Netral soil, has soil pH = 7 3) Base (alcaline) soil, has soil pH > 7. In the soil that too base can be decreased its pH by adding sulphur. 1. SOIL PROFILE Soil profile is soil composition based on certain lode that shows grader of width, density, colour, and different texture. Figure. 21 Soil Profile Those different lodes are called horizon. Soil horizon is the cross section of soil surface to the mother rock. Soil profile is divided into five horizons, they are: 1) Horizon O (Top Soil) This horizon is the surface lode, there are a lot of plant roots and soil organism. This lode is usually dark and rich of humus (the most fertile lode). 2) Horizon A (Washing Zone) This horizon as the zone which still have a loto f humus. This lode have grayish color and more pale. The pale color is caused from a great amount of mineral containing that drift with rain water. 3) Horizon B (Accumulation Zone)) This horizon just have little lode of humus. Accumulation zone is a place to precipitate some mineral that drift from horizon A. if this lode is not wet so any kinas of iron which is left Hill oxidize so can get yellow brown or red brown.. 4) Horizon C This horizon is the zone where corrution of soil parent material take place. 5) Horizon R This horizon is soil parent material zone.
Geography 10th Class 26 2. PROPERTIES OF SOIL 1) Texture of Soil Texture of soil is the relative comparison anykinds of big group soil particle in a soil mass, especially the comparison of soil fractions, dust, and clay. 2) Structure of Soil Structure of soil is the physical of soil that explained the way of soil bound between one and another, formed clumps. Structure of soil including slab shape, prism, pole, clump, granular, and crumbs. 3) Color of Soil The difference of soil’s color commonly is influenced by organic material that composed the soil. The bigger organic material, the color is darker. SOURCE of SOIL’S COLOR 4) Consistency of Soil Consistency of soil is the property of soil that shows the strength of adhesion and cohesion power to the soil in its arround or another thing. 5) Drainnase of Soil Drainasse of soil is the soil’s capability to bear the water through its soil lode. Soil that have pale color or dark bluish shows that there is water puddle.it can be said that those soil have bed drainnase. 1)Blue, comes from lilianite mineral. 2)Green, comes from ferrous oxide. 3)Yellow, comes from limonita mineral (2Fe2O33H3O). 4)Red, comes from hematite mineral (Fe2O3) or Turgit (2Fe2O3H2O). 5)Brown, comes from acid organical material that get corrotion. 6)Black, comes from organical material and usually have relation with carbone (C), magnesium (Mg), and Sulphur (S). 7)White, comes from Sillita-quartz mineral (SiO2), lime(CaCO3), Caoline, bauxite, aluminum and silicate, gypsum dan (CaCO42H2O), nitrate, garam-garam yang sudah larut serta koloida-koloida organis tertentu.
Geography 10th Class 27 6) Moist of Soil Moist of soil is the steam in the soil or soil moisture. Moist of soil helps in complete water necessity in the plants. 7) Porositas of Soil Porositas of soil is the soil capability to release the water that through its soil lode. In the sands lode there are soil hollow spare and difficult to bear the water so the sands can be said its porositas is big. 3. KINDS OF SOIL Indonesia have many kinds and difference of soil so it is influenced to its organizing and beneficial. For more clear look at this following table. Table 1.Kinds of Soil in Indonesia No Kinds of Soil Occurs process characteri stic Spreading 1. Yellow-red Pedzolite Soil Occurs from weathering of rocks that contains quarts on wet climate with rainfall 2500-3500 mm/year Wet if it touches by water The mountain in Nusa Tenggara 2. Organosol Soil Occurs from organical nother’s material, such as bog soil and swap grass on wet climate with rainfall more than 2500 mm/year The soil still close by bog swamp forrest and swamp grass Lessened tide of East of Sumatera, West part of Kalimantan Coast 3. Alluvial Soil From mud precipitation that brings through the river Fertile East part of Sumatera, North part of Java, South part of Kalimantan 4. Limestone Soil From limestone rocks that is usually in old limestone mountain Infertile Kendung Mountain, Blora, Sewu Mountain 5. Volcanic Soil From weathering of volcanic rocks, whether from lava/frozen rocks or frozen volcanic ash Fertile and very well Java, Sumatera, Bali, areas that have volcano 6. Sandy Soil From weathering of sandy rocks Less fertile West Cost of West Sumaetra, East Java, Sulawesi, Jogjakarta 7. Hum Soil Soil that occurs from roften plants Very fertile Indonesian forrest’s area 8. Laterite Soil Soil that contains a lot of aluminum and iron subtance Infertile Jakarta, Banten, West Kalimantan, Pacitan Source: Wardiyatmoko, GEOGRAPHY high School X Class : Erlangga
Geography 10th Class 28 4. POTENTIAL and CRITICAL LAND and also ITS IMPACT TO THE LIFE Potential land is the physically, chemically, and economically land that quite benefit, but it is commonly not being used optimally. While critical land is land that doesn’t have function anymore as a good agriculture and medium of water control. Factors that caused the critical land: 1) destruction of forests, 2) open mining activity, 3) shifting cultivation, and 4) agriculture system in the dry area that doesn’t use terrscing. The characteristics of critical land: 1) slope is more that 15 %, 2) close of vegetation is less than 25 %, 3) thread erosion happens, 4) ditch erosion happens. On the other side, soil erosion is corroded soil and easy to destruct. The destruction that is appeared by erosion such as: 1. soil loses of nutrient element and organic material, 2. the ability of soil to hold the water decreases, 3. the capacity of infiltration decrease, 4. density and resistance of soil penetration increases, 5. stability of soil structure decreases, so plants growing is disturbed and productivity is less. This is happens because great amount of nutrient element that lost depends on nutrient elemen’s amount that is brought by sediment and the big of erosion happens. Reasons of soil erosion, such as: 1) Wild shepherding on the surface of muddy soil, so the upper soil more destroy. 2) Soil in forest area damage because there are many illegal loging, so the forest became barren. 3) Slope is inclining, it is not made terrace and guludan as the water buffer and straight land. 4) Soil does not make set of dam as the erosion holder. 5) Soil is barren or there is no plant. To decrease soil’s destruction, so it is needed conservation. This conservation aimed to solve destruction, repair and increase the productivity of soil in order that can be used eternally.
Geography 10th Class 29 Conservation itself can be done by three ways, they are: mechanical, vegetative, and chemical method. 1) Mechanical Method Mechanical method is all mechanic physical treatment that is given to the soil and building production to decrease erosion, and also increase the ability of using soil. The example of mechanical method, such as: a) Terracing is planting plants with terrace system in the slope. b) Countour plowing is plough by the same direction with countour ridges, so it is caused horizontal gully. c) Guludan is stack of soil that is made according to countour line or cut the slope to hold erosion. d) improvement of drainage and irrigation. Figure. 22 Countour plowing and Countour strip cropping 2) Vegetative Method Vegetative method is the use of plants to decrease the sum and destructive power of rain fall and increases the ability of soil uses. The example of vegetative method, such as: a. Reforestation is replanting the barren forest. b. Crops rotation is the effort to plant any kinds of plants by turns in one area. c. Countour strip cropping is cultivation with several plants in season length in alternating stripes and arranged according to countour. 3) Chemical Method Chemical method is a method by using synthetic chemical or nature preparat.
Geography 10th Class 30 1. Look at these following pictures and explain! a. Forrest Fire b. Illegal Logging c. Barren Forest d. Landslide 2. Analize those pictures, then describes the caused it happens, the rise impact for nature itself and for human, and also the way to solve them. 3. Submit your assigment to your teacher !
Geography 10th Class 31 I. Pilihlah satu jawaban yang paling tepat! 1. Earth’s shell layer that composed from chemical compound SiO2 and MgO is called.... a. Lithosphere b. Asthenosphere c. Barisphere d. Sima Layer e. Sial Layer 2. Material of Nykel and iron (Niffe) can be found in......layer a. Lithosphere b. Asthenosphere c. Barisphere d. Sial e. Sima 3. Picture that is pointed by arow is....... ? a. Apofisa b. Korok c. Sills d. Lacolite e. Batholite 4. Look these following rocks! 1. Grabo 2. Brexi 3. Dyorite 4. Conglomerate 5. Granite 6. Coral That included into sedimentary rock are.... a. 1, 3, 5 b. 2, 4, 6 c. 1, 2, 3 d. 4, 5, 6 e. 2, 3, 4 5. Magma that penetrates among rocks and caused the layer on its above arise so it is like a curve lens is called.... a. Apophysis b. Korok c. Sills d. Batholite e. Lacolite
Geography 10th Class 32 6. Central erupsion is.... a. Magma that comes through a hole of the earth’s surface and forms a mountain in a separate place. b. Magma that comes through the fault in earth’s shell, shaped like volcan. c. Magma that melt in earth’s surface because the location of magma is very close with earth’s surface, so it is formed a large volcanic crater. d. Mixed eruption between explosive and effusive by continually turns. e. Explotion that doesn’t make eruption, because of less gas pressure. 7. This following volcanic explosion is the type of Perret explosion.... a. d. b. e. c. 8. Tmovement of mountain, fold, and fault is called..... a. Tektogenesa b. Orogenesa c. Epirogenesa d. Positive epirogenesa e. Negative epirogenesa 9. Andika, a geography student that is analyzing an area arrange by a sediment of sea microorganism. This case proves that those land are formed by the movement of.... a. Positive epirogenesa b. Negative epirogenesa c. Positive orogenesa d. Negative orogenesa e. Orogenesa
Geography 10th Class 33 10. This following picture as one shape of fault is.... a. Horst b. Graben c. Slenk d. Synclinal e. Anticlinal 11. The earthquake that happens in Karst and mining area is.....earthquake. a. Tectonic b. Volcanic c. Rubble d. Central e. Liniar 12. The line on the earth’s surface that connected any places which have same physical destruction because of the earthquake is.... a. Epysentrum b. Hyposentrum c. Homoseista d. Isoseista e. Pleistoseista 13. The wave of earthquake that spread by wriggle like desert snake, the direction of its spread is vertical with movement of surface wave is... a. Primary wave b. Longitudinal wave c. Transversal wave d. Rayleigh wave e. Love wave 14. Sedimentation that is presipitated in the lake is called.....sedimentation. a. Terestrial b. Glacial c. Fluvial d. Limnis e. Marine 15. Look at these following things! 1. Gosong 2. Delta 3. Tombolo 4. Sand dunes 5. Mushroom rock 6. Loss soil The result of marine sedimentation are.... a. 1 adn 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 1 and 2 d. 3 and 6 e. 5 and 6 16. These are the reason why tsunamy happens, except..... a. Magnitude 6 SR or more b. Earthquake source is in under infradeep sea c. Big meteorit fall down into the sea d. the up-down movement of fracture e. Deepness/hiposentrum of earthquake < 25 m dml
Geography 10th Class 34 17. Very slow motion of land in the slightly slope is called..... a. Earth flow b. Subsidence c. Soil creep d. Mud flow e. Slumping 18. The soil of this layer has yellow brown or reddish brown color, it is result of the oxidized iron that left in this layer, as the soil profile of..... horizon. a. R b. C c. B d. A e. O 19. Relative comparison from various big groups of soil particle in a soil mass is called..... a. The porosity of soil b. The color of soil c. The structure of soil d. The consistency of soil e. The texture of soil 20. Soil that happens from organic parent material like peat and swamp grass is called.....soil. a. Laterite b. Podzolite c. Alluvial d. Andosol e. Organosol II. Answer these following questions precisely and clearly! 1. Explain the three kinds of igneous rocks! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 2. Explain the three kinds of volcano in this worl! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................
Geography 10th Class 35 3. Seismograph in station D on 2 nd Desember 2002 noted primary wave (longitudinal wave) at 05.40’25” and secondary wave (transversal wave) at 06.05”40”. Calculate the distance of episentral! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 4. Mention the three destruction that are caused by soil erosion! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 5. Explain the three shape of mechanical method! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. Date Mark Teacher’s Sign Parent’s Sign
Geography 10th Class 36 ATMOSPHERE Purpose: After study this chapter the students are hoped can analize the dynamics of weather and climate elements, count air temperature, air pressure, and air moisture, and understand the elassification of various climate types.
Geography 10th Class 37 Atmosphere is the air layer that covers the earth, it thickness is about ± 1.000 km from earth’s surface. This layer consist of some gass, such as: Nitrogen (N2) 78,08%, Oxsigen (O2) 20,049%, Argon (Ar) 0,93%, Carbondioxide (CO2) 0,030%, the others consist of Neon, Helium, Ozon, Hydrogen, Crypton, Metana, and Xenon. Atmosphere consist of some layers which is among layers have its characteristics. Atmosphere layers consist of troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and eksosphere layer. 1. Troposphere It is the undermost layer. Take on height 0 – 18 km. In this layer weather events occur, such as: wind, rain, climate, and thunderbolt. The type of this layer is temperature decreases according to the height, that is everytime goes up for 100 m dpal temperature will decrease ± 0,5oC”. There is tropopause that being boundary between troposhere and stratosphere (its thickness is about 2 km). 2. Stratosphere Take on height 18 – 49 km. In this layer there is ozone layer which have function to protect the earth from radiation of ultraviolet ray. There is stratopause layer that being boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere. 3. Mesosphere Take on height 49 – 82 km. It is the earth protector layer from falling of space things and meteors. Found mesopause layer that being boundery between mesosphere and thermosphere.
Geography 10th Class 38 4. Thermosphere Take on height 82 – 800 km. This layer is also called as ionosphere layer. In this layer happens reflection of radio wave that is sprayed from earth to be accepted in other places. 5. Eksosphere/Dissipasisphere Take on height 800 – 1.000 km. A place where destruction of meteor from space happens. This layer is very dangerous and often being called as the space among planet and geostationer. GAMES P B D E K C O U I Q T A R N H G S L F M Use only this letters in the box to answer this following queations. Some letters is used more than one time. 1. In this layer is found ozone to protect earth from radiation of sun ultraviolet ray.... 2. ......... composed 21 % our air. 3. Direct warming process that caused sky has blue color is called.... 4. ......... is the term of wind erosion that lost material in the ground surface. 5. Lines that connected the areas that have some air temperature are called.... 6. Lines that connected the areas that have some air pressure are called..... 7. Big air collection with some moist pattern is called.... 8. Moving air is called.... 9. The wind that is usually used to help the fisherman to anchor after looking for fish is... 10. Tool that is used to measure wind velocity is called....
Geography 10th Class 39 1. WEATHER and CLIMATE What are climate and weather? Do you know their differences? Lets we discuss furthermore both them. WEATHER As the condition of air on certain time and place relativelly narrow, and also in a short time. Formed from weather elements and in a few moment (just for some hours). Science that study about weather is called meteorology. CLIMATE As the condition of average weather in a year that the research is done in a long time (minimally 30 years) and include wide area). Formed because three, are: 1) rotation and earth revolution, 2) the difference of geography latitude and physical environment. Science that study about climate is called climatology. ELEMENTS of WEATHER the elements of weather include: air temperature, air pressure, air humidity, wind, cloud, and rain. a. AIR TEMPERATURE Instrument to measure the air temperature is called thermometer. Air temperature is usually showed in Celcius (C), Reamur (R), and Fahrenheit (F) scale. The amount of sun shines that is accepted by the earth’s surface is determiner of high and low of air temperature, it is determined by some factors, such as: 1) The incident angle of solar 2) The height of place On height of place demands law which is showed that ” every increase 100 m dpal, the air temperature will decrease 0,6o C (occurs in Indonesia)”.
Geography 10th Class 40 To calculate the air temperature in a place can used formula: h T = 26,3 – 0,6 X 100 explanation: T = average of air temperature in an area that will be looked for 26,3 = average of air temperature in a tropical area 0,6 = constanta temperature h = the height of place (in meter) for example: in city Y has height of 4100 m dpal. How is the air temperature in city Y? Answer: h T = 26,3 – 0,6 X 100 4100 T = 26,3 – 0,6 X 100 T = 26,3 – (0,6 X 41) T = 26,3 – 24,6 T = 1,7o C 3) The location of latitude and period of radiation 4) The condition of surface plane Land is easier to get dry at noon than sea, on the contrary at night land is easier to get cold than sea. 5) The condition of cloud
Geography 10th Class 41 There are two ways of air warming, such as: 1) Direct warming, is divided into three ways: a) Absoption, is the absorption of elements of solar radiation (gamma ray, X-ray, and ultraviolet). The absorber element of solar radiation such as oxygen, nytrogen, ozone, hydrogen, and dust. b) Reflection, is the warming of the sun to air but it is reflected back by grains of water (H2O), cloud, and another particles in atmosphere. c) Diffusion, it is usually in the form of blue and violet short wave that scatters to every direction. This . Figure. 2 The Influence of atmosphere to the sun heat energy 2) In direct warming, is divided into four: a) Convection, is the giving of heat by movement of air vertically upward. Figure. 3 Convection air movement b) Advection, is the giving of heat by movement of air horizontally. Figure. 4 Advection air movement
Geography 10th Class 42 c) Conduction, is the giving of heat by the sun to air layer in lower part, then the air layer gives heat to air layer above it. Figure.5 Conduction air movement d) Turbulence, is the giving of heat by irregular air movement and rotates upward but there is a part that is reflected back to the atmosphere. Figure. 6 Turbulence air movement b. AIR PRESSURE Air pressure is power caused by air layer weight. The higher from sea’s surface, air pressure getting lower. So, the air pressure in every place can change. Lines connecting places that have same air pressure is called ISOBAR. Figure. 7 Isobar Line Device to measure air pressure is called BAROMETER and showed by unit of bar (mb). 1)Low air pressure, is less from 1013 mb, 2)Pressure in sea’s surface, is same with 1013 mb, 3)High air pressure, is more than 1013 mb.
Geography 10th Class 43 Figure.8 Kinds of Barometer From the picture above, barometer is divided into three, such as: 1) Aneroid Barometer, this barometer uses millibar scale (mb). 2) Mercury Barometer, this barometer is created by Torriceli (1643) with mercury millimetre scale (mm Hg). 3) Barograph, is automatically barometer that self notes air pressure in barometer in a certain time by uses millibar scale (mb). c. AIR HUMIDITY Air humidity is the content of water vapor in a air mass. Air humidity is divided into three kinds, those are: 1) Spesific humidity, is the comparison of water vapor which is contained in every air mass unit. 2) Absolute humidity, is the comparison of water vapor in every volume/water vapor density in the air. 3) Relative humidity/Nisby, is the comparison of amount of water vapor with amount of maximum water that can be contained by every air volume in the same temperature. To find relative humidity/nisby can use this following formula: explanation: RH = Relative humidity/nisby (in %) e = The content of water vapor as the result of direct measurement E = The maximum ability of air can interrept water vapor
Geography 10th Class 44 Example: At temperature of 28oC, the maximum ability of air interrept water vapor is 50 gr/m3 . Based on direct measurement can be known content of water vapor in the air is 25 gr/m3 . determine its relative humidity/nisby! Be known: e = 25 gr/m3 E = 50 gr/m3 Be asked : RH.....? Be answered : e RH = x 100% E 25 RH = x 100% 50 = 50 % d. WIND Wind is air that moves. 1) Wind Speed The factors that determine the wind speed, are: 1)the amount of barometic gradient, 2)earth’s surface relief 3)the plants, 4)the high from ground’s surface. Device to measure wind speed is ANEMOMETER. 2) Wind Power The wind power is straight proportionate with its barometic gradient. Barometic gradient is number that shows the difference of air pressure from two isobar in each distance 15 meredian (111 km). Jarak GB = S : JBK Keterangan: Gb = Barometic gradient (in milibar (mb)) S = quarrel of isobar1 and isobar2 Distance = distance between isobar1 and isobar2 ELD = Equator Longitudinal Distance (111 km)
Geography 10th Class 45 Example: Be known: a) at gradient C – D S = 20 mb distance = 80 km ELD = 111 km b) at gradient K – L S = 20 mb distance = 150 km ELD = 111 km Be asked : a) What is barometic gradient C – D ? b) What is barometic gradirent K – L ? Be answered: a) Gradient C – D distance GB = S : ELD 80 = 20 : 111 111 = 20 x 80 = 27,75 mb b) Gradient K – L distance GB = S : ELD 150 = 20 : 111 111 = 20 x 150 = 14,8 mb So “Wind that flows from C ke D is stronger than from K ke L”. Figure.10 Wind direction and wind indicator device Figure.9 Measuring devices
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 46 Figure.11 Wind Circulation 3) Wind Direction A franch weatherman named Buys Ballot proposed theory about wind movement that is known with Buys Ballot law, says: a) Wind moves from the region of maximum air pressure to the region of minimum air pressure. b) In the Northern hemisphere of earth, wind is turned to the right, meanwhile in the southern hemisphere of earth, wind is turned to the left. Various Kinds of Wind 1) Trade Wind, is the wind that blows continuously along the year from equator region flows to pole region and down to subtropical region. 2) Antitrade Wind, is the wind that blows continuously along the year from equator region flows to pole region and down to subtropical region. 3) Monsoon Wind Monsoon wind is divided into two, those are: a) Eastern Monsoon Wind Eastern monsoon wind blows every April-October, when sun moves to Northern hemisphere of earth. In Northern hemisphere of earth sepecially in Asia the temperature is maximum and the air pressure is minimum. On the contrary, in Australia that being left by sun, the temperature is minimum and air pressure is maximum. Occurs the wind movement from Australia to Asia through Indonesia as eastern monsoon wind. This kind of wind doesn’t much drops rain because it just passes little sea and narrow strip, such as Timor sea, Arafuru sea, and Southern part of Papua, and Nusa Tenggara Islands. Eastern Monsoon Wind is also called as dry season.
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 47 Figure. 12 (a) Western Monsoon Wind and (b) Eastern Monsoon Wind Figure. 13 Cyclone Wind and Anticyclone Wind b) Western Monsoon Wind Western Monsoon Wind blows in October-April, when sun is on the southern hemisphere of earth. In the Southern hemisphere of earth especially in Australia is get more sunlight than Asia. As the result, in Australia has maximum temperature and minimum air oressure. On the contrary, in Asia that being left by sun the temperature is minimum and the air pressure is maximum. Occurs wind movement from Asia to Australia as Western Monsoon Wind. This kind of wind passes Pasific Ocean and Indonesia Ocean and also South China Ocean. Western Monsoon Wind is also called as rainy season. (a) (b) 4) Cyclone Wind, is wind that has twist movement inside, surrounds the region of minimum air pressure. 5) Anticyclone Wind, is wind that has twist movement outside with maximum pressure in center. 6) Landward Wind, is wind that blows from sea to land. It happens in the night when heat energy that is absurbed by earth’s surface in along day will release quicker by land. Meanwhile, the heat energy in the sea is on processing release to the air.
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 48 Figure. 14 (a) Landward Wind (b) Seaward Breeze 7) Seaward Breeze, is wind that blows from sea to land. Seaward breeze happens when in the morning to the afternoon land absurbs heat energy quicker than sea, so the air temperature in land more hot then sea. 8) Valley Wind In the noon, the top of mountain is quicker receive heat than valley in closed condition. The air pressure at the top of mountain is minimum and at the valley is maximum. Because of this condition, so the air moves from valley passes slope to the top of mountain. The wind from valley is called Valley Wind. 9) Mountain Wind In the night, the top of mountain is quicker release heat than valley. As the result, at the top of mountain has pressure more maximum than at the valley, so the wind blows from the top of mountain passed slope to valley. The wind from the top of mountain is called Mountain Wind. 10) Fohn Wind/Local/Falling, is wind that goes down to mountain and has characteristics hot and dry. Types of fohn’s wind are Bohorok wind, Kumbang wind, Gending wind, Brubu wind, and Wambraw wind. Figure. 15 Valley Wind and Mountain Wind
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 49 How Typhoon Occurs yphoon is fast wind that comes suddenly, has centralmoves around like spiral so it touches earth’s surface and extinct in a short time (3-5 minute). The average of wind spread is about 30-40 knots. This wind comes from cumulonimbus cloud (Cb) that has clustering shape, dark grey color and esteem highly. But not all of cumulonimbus cloud causes typhoon. The typhoon can occurs every where, in land or sea and if it happens in sea the duration is longer than in land. This wind commonly happens at noon or afternoon, sometimes at night and more aften happens at transition period. The large region that get the impact is about 5-10 km, because it has local characteristics. 1. Acount this following questions! a. In air’s 1 m3 contains water vapor of 1 gr. At the temperature of 18oC, those air cointain water vapor of 10 gr. Calculate its relative humidity/nisby! b. There are two isobar, such as I1 = 1000 mb and I2 = 990 mb, with distance of 250 km. Calculate its barometer gradient! c. Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rainfall 200 130 175 120 55 30 15 20 22 120 170 230 Based on CH data above, according to Scmidt-Ferguson climate criteria those table are include on....climate d. City F has height of 3900 m dpal. How is the temperature in city F ? 2. Collect your job to your teacher! T
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 50 e. CLOUD The cloud is formed as the result of condensation, that is changing process of water vapor to water points. The height of cloud is affected by air humidity and air condition. There are four groups of cloud, those are: 1) Group of high cloud (6-12 km), consist of Cirrus cloud, Cirrocumulus, and Cirro-stratus. a) Cirrus Cloud looks like thin white and shiny, because contains much icy crystal. This cloud shows rather bright weather. b) Cirrocumulus Cloud looks like scales fish. c) Cirro-straus Cloud is thin white cloud like smooth curtain. 2) Group of intermediate cloud (2-6 km), consist of Altocumulus and Altostratus Cloud. a) Altocumulus Cloud is thick clustered cloud, doesn’t flat and layered. This cloud indicates good weather. b) Altostratus Cloud is denser, grey and looks like water. 3) Group of low cloud (0,8 - 2 km), consist of Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus and Stratus cloud. a) Stratocumulus cloud is wide and thick cloud, looks so roughed and clustered. b) Nimbostratus cloud is dark and has clear layers and also being known as rain cloud or some of them have become rain. c) Stratus cloud is very low, thick, and grey. 4) Group of cloud with vertically growth (< 2km), consist of Cumulus and Cumulonimbus cloud. a) Cumulus cloud is clustered cloud, its base is flat. b) Cumulonimbus cloud forms big groups or wide clustered. There groups that have white and black, have various kinds of shape and face, and some of them have become rain, often typhoon happens. The cloud brings rain with light and thunder.
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 51 Portfolio 1. Made a group consist of four people. 2. Looks a shapes of cloud a ones week and make a group in the kinds of cloud! 3. Collect your job to your teacher! f. RAINFALL Rainfall is amount of rain water that falls in a place and certain time. Rainfall measuring devices is Rain Gauge. Rainfall is affected by some factors, such as: 1)topography or shape’s field, 2)field slope direction, 3)wind direction that equal, and 4)distance of wind’s journey on flat field. Lines that are connected places in a map that have equal rainfall are called isohyet. Rain is a kind of precipitation, or water descendant from sky, such as snow, ice rain, dew, and mist. Rain is formed if separated water drops fall down to earth from cloud. Kinds of Rain 1) Based on its occur, rain is divided into : a) Synclonal rain, is rain that happens because of increasing hot air and twisted wind. b) Monsoon rain, is rain that happens because of monsoon wind. The occurance cause of monsoon wind is movement of solar annually vague between North and Suth latitude. c) Zenithal/Equatorial/Convection/Tropical rain, is rain that happens in arround the equator, as the meeting result of North East trade wind and South East trade wind. Then, those wind go up and from cluster of cloud around the equator, it makes cloud become saturate and finally rain falls down.
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 52 Figure. 16 Zenithal/Equatorial Rain d) Orographic rain, is rain that happens because wind that contains water vapor moves horizontally. Those wind go up to mountain, the air temperature become cold so it makes condensation. Rain happens arround the mountain. Figure. 17 Orographic Rain e) Frontal rain, is rain that happens if mass of cold air meet with hot air. The meeting place of them is called front. The mass of cold air is under because it is heavier. Arround the front field often happens hard rain that is called frontal rain. Figure. 18 Frontal Rain
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 53 2) Based on its drop size, rain is divided into: a) Drizzle, the diameter of its drop is less than 0,5 mm. b) Snow rain, consist of icy crystals that have temperature under 0°C. c) Ice rain, ice fall that goes down in a hot weather from cloud that have temperature under 0°C. d) Hard rain, rainfall that goes down from cloud with the temperature above 0°C and diameter ± 7 mm. How does ice rain occurs? The ice rain is formed in cumulonimbus cloud that has strong air stream goes up and down moves in that cloud. The temperature in the top of this mountain is in frozen point. When icy crystal arrounds cloud quickly, that crystal unites with very cold of water drops and closes by icy layer quickly. A number of icy layer be greater when ice stone is swept up and down and from cloud. Finally, that ice stone falls because it is too heavy to be hold by air stream in the cloud.
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 54 I. Choose one correct answer! 1. The layer that protect earth from the falling of space objects and meteor is... a. Troposphere b. Stratosphere c. Mesosphere d. Ionosphere e. Eksosphere 2. The function of azone to the human life is... a. Save the earth from the falling of space objects b. Save the earth from sunlight ultraviolet c. Increase the intencity of sun radiation d. Reflect the radio wave e. Regulate the earth’s temperature 3. If temperature of the surface of the sea 29oC. The height of city S in Indonesia is 2500 m. What is the average temperature of city S? a. 11,3°C b. -1471oC c. 18oC d. -1473,7oC e. 14oC 4. The heat distribution of sun on under part of air layer then its air layer give heat on its upper air layer is called.... a. Conduction b. Convection c. Turbulence d. Absorption e. Advection 5. The temperature in city S is 27oC and barometer on that time shows number 75. In the air has maxmimum humidity at temperature of 27oC contains 60 gr of water vapor. So in every air’s 1 m3 in city S contains.......water vapor. a. 75 gr b. 60 gr c. 50 gr d. 45 gr e. 40 gr 6. Accrording to Buys Ballot law, the wind in the Northern hemisphere of earth will turns to..... a. Left b. Right c. Beside d. Down e. Up 7. The wind that has properties of hot and dry wich is offten occurs in Dele (North Sumatera) is... a. Gending b. Kumbang c. Brubu d. Wambraw e. Bahorok
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 55 8. Lines that conected the areas which have same rainfall is called..... a. isohyet b. isobar c. isoterm d. isothere e. isoseista 9. Wind that through Pacific Ocean and Indonesian Ocean also South China Sea is called.... a. Trade wind b. Cyclone wind c. Fohn wind d. Mestern monsoon wind e. Eastern monsoon wind 10. Rain that happens if mass of cold air meet with mass of hot air is called.... a. Drezzel rain b. Synclonal rain c. Frontal rain d. Zenithal rain e. Orografphic rain II. Answer these following questions precisely and clearly! 1. Instrument to measure rainfall is called Answer:................................................................................................................. 2. Mention the grouping of kinds of clouds! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 3. Explain the rain based on the size of rain drops! Answer.................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 56 I. Choose one correct answer! 1. Earth’s shell layer that composed from chemical compound SiO2 dan Al2O3 is.... a. Sial layer b. Sima layer c. Barisphere d. Asthenosphere e. Lithosphere 2. Riolite, basalt, trahite, and andesite are the examples of …. rocks a. Outer Igneous b. Korok Igneous c. Inner Igneous d. Sedimentary e. Metamorphic 3. Picture that is pointed by arow is....... a. Apofisa b. Korok c. Sills d. Batolite ? e. Lakolite 4. Great explosion of Krakatoa in 1883 and its impact that is felt by another countries, include into explosion type...... a. Pelee b. Perret c. Vulkano d. St. Vincent e. Merapi 5. The movement of Ocean former is called..... a. Tectogenesa b. Orogenesa c. Epirogenesa d. Positive Epirogenesa e. Negative Epirogenesa 6. Look at this picture, it is....movement a. Tektogenesa b. Orogenesa c. Epirogenesa d. Positive Epirogenesa e. Negative Epirogenesa
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 57 7. Picture that being pointed is one of fault, that is.... ? a. Horst b. Graben c. Sinclinal d. Anticlinal e. Dexstral 8. Earthquake that often happens and involves wide region is....earthquake. a. Tectonic b. Vulcanic c. Falling d. Central e. Linear 9. The picture of earth’s shake that is noted by seismograph in a broken line is called.... a. Seismograph b. Seismology c. Seismogram d. Isoseista e. Pleistoseista 10. Sediment that is precipitated in a river is called....sedimentation a. Terestrial b. Glacial c. Fluvial d. Limnis e. Marine 11. look at these following things! 1. Gosong 2. Delta 3. Tombolo 4. Sand dunes 5. Mushroom rock 6. Loss land The result of terestrial sedimentation are... a. 1 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 1 and 2 d. 3 and 6 e. 5 and 6 12. A process of uppermost soil lode and thin so the thickness of soil contains soil particles is called..... a. Splash erosion b. Sheet erosion c. Rill erosion d. Dicth/gully erosion e. River erosion 13. A process of landslide that the movement is interupted so the result shows the shapes likes terrace is called ..... a. Earth flow b. Subsidence c. Soil creep d. Mud flow e. Slumping
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 58 14. This layer has grayish and more pale solor, as the soil profile of.....horizon. a. R b. C c. B d. A e. O 15. Soil that contains a lot of iron and alluminum is called.....soil. a. Laterite b. Podzolite c. Alluvial d. Andosol e. Organosol 16. Atmosphere layer that there is a weather is called... a. Mesosphere b. Stratosphere c. Ionosphere d. Troposfphere e. Eksosphere 17. Direct warming that can causes the sky has blue color is.... a. Absorption b. Diffusion c. Reflection d. Advection e. Convection 18. According to Buys Ballot law, the wind in the Northern hemisphere of earth will turns to..... a. Left b. Right c. Beside d. Down e. Up 19. The air move from valley through slope to the top of the mountain is....wind a. landward b.Seaward c. Valley d. Mountain e. Fohn 20. Lines that connected the areas which have same air temperature is called..... a. isohyet b. isobar c. isoterm d. isogram e. isoseista 21. The movement of wind from Australia to Asia through Indonesia is called.... a. Trade wind b. Cyclone wind c. Fohn wind d. Western monsoon wind e. Eastern monsoon wind 22. Rain that happens because the increasing of hot air enclose with twist wind is called.... a. Drezzel rain b. Synclonal rain c. Frontal rain d. Zenithal rain e. Orographic rain 23. The kind of cloud that has dark color and has known and clear layer, also as a rain-cloud or some of them have been rain is called....cloud. a. Stratocumulus b. Nimbostratus c. Stratus d. Cumulus e. Cumulonimbus
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 59 24. This cloud signs the situation of the good weather, is....cloud a. Sirrus b. Sirocumulus c. Sirostratus d. Altocumulus e. Altostratus 25. The figure is the picture of....wind a. Southern hemisphere anti-cyclone b. Northern hemisphere anti-cyclone c. Southern hemisphere cyclone d. Northern hemisphere cyclone e. Cyclone II. Answer these following questions precisely and clearly! 1. Explain the three kinds of sedimentary rocks! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 2. Explain earth’s crust in the Sial layer! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 3. What is meant by explosive eruption! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 4. Mention the three differences between climate and weather! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 5. Mention the two differences between landward and seaward breeze! Answer:................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................
Geografi Untuk SMA-Kelas X-Sem 2 60 Cut Meurah, dkk. 2006. GEOGRAFI SMA Kelas X. Jakarta: PT Phibeta Aneka Gama. Fiona Wat and Francis Wilson. 2004. Weather & Climate. Usborne Publishing, Ltd. Gatot Harmanto. 2008. Geografi Bilingual Untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Bandung: Yrama Widya. George Watson. 2003. 190 Ready-To-Use Activities That Nake Science Fun. San Fransisco:Josse y-bass. John Farndon. 2002. Planet Earth. Connecticut: Grolier. Marbun, M.A. 1990. Kamus Geografi. Jakarta: Yudhistira. Marbun, M.A. 2004. Ensiklopedia Geografi Jilid 1. Bogor: PT Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia. Rafi’i, Suryatna. 1995. Meteorologi dan Klimatologi. Bandung: Angkasa. Rusli Yunus H.M, dkk. 2005. Gempabumi dan Tsunami. Jakarta: Direktorat Sumber Daya Mineral, Mitigasi Gempabumi dan PB, PGRI, Yayasan Sampai. Sarwono. 1995. Ilmu Tanah. Jakarta: Akademika Pressindo. Sue Bowler. 2002. Restless Earth. London:Dorling Kindersley Limited. Wardiyatmoko, GEOGRAFI SMA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga. Yusman Hestiyanto. 2006. GEOGRAFI SMA Kelas X. Jakarta: Yudhistira.
1 1. Games – page- 5 1 The earth 11 Sensity 2 Process 12 Scar 3 Daily life 13 Northern 4 Carson 14 Time 5 Maintain 15 Complex 6 Environment 16 Between 7 Polution 17 Resources 8 Do 18 Ecology 9 Get it 19 More 10 Congelation 20 Better 1I. Comprehension Knowledge – page – 13 1.1.1 Fisis Determinism Fisis determinism: living organisms are influenced by natural law. Figure : Ratzel, Huntington, and Karl Ricther. 1.1.2 Posibilism Posibilism: humans besides being influenced by nature, also had role in nature according to the development of his culture. Figure : Paul Vidal De La Blanche.
2 2.1 Physical Geography 2.1.1 Climatology is a science that studies about climate 2.1.2 Meteorology is a science that studies about weather 2.1.3 Geology is a science that studies about structure, composition, history, and development process of the earth. 2.1.4 Oceanology is a science that studies about physical and chemical propeties of sea water. 2.1.5 Pedology is a science that studies about the kinds and formation process of soil. 2.1.6 Biogeography is a study about spreading of living organisms geographically on earth’s surface. 2.1.7 Geomorphology is a study about the shape of earth’s surface. 2.2 Social (human) Geography 2.2.1 Population geography is a a science that studies the number, spreading, and composition of population. 2.2.2 Human geography is a science that studies social, economy, and culture of population. 2.2.3 Rural geography is a science that studies the condition of rural ares, including the society, from geographical point of view. 2.2.4 Urban geography is a science that studies about urban regions, including the society, from geographical point of view. 2.2.5 Anthropogeography is a science that studies that spreading of races on earth, seen from geographical point of view. 3. There are three scopes of geographical study, those are: 3.1. Geography learns the spread and relation of mankind on earth’s surface. Besides, it studies about spatial aspects of humans living place also how to use it. 3.2. Geography learns mutual relationship between man with pysical environment (nature) as part of regional diversity study. 3.3. Geography learns a regional frame and analyses a region that has specific characteristics.
3 Non-Physical Environment Geographic Environment Physical Environment Economic aspects Social aspects Political aspects Cultural aspects Abiotic aspects Biotic aspects border soil water c;imate human animal plant tradition group society social institution industry trade plantation transport education religion language art government Political affairs Topological aspect area shape location
4 III. Competency Exercises – page - 18 I. 1 C 6 D 11 E 16 D 2 A 7 D 12 A 17 C 3 D 8 A 13 C 18 D 4 D 9 E 14 B 19 A 5 B 10 B 15 A 20 E II. Essay 1. Based on Seminar and Workshop in Semarang ( 1988), Geography is a science that studies similarities and differences of geospheric phenomena with environmental and regional point of view in spatial contex. 2. Geospheric phenomena consist of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. 3. Concept of Location is divided in two kinds, they are absolute location and relative location. Absolute location, that is location of region based on latitude and longitude, while relative location, that is the location that has changing properties because it is influenced by the regions around it. 4. In board outline, divided into descriptive principle, spreading principle, interrelationship principle, and chorological principle. 5. Geography can be divided into two parts, physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies about physical aspects involve: earth’s relief, water, weather and climate, flora and fauna, ect. While, Human geography studies about social aspects involve: aspect of social, politics, economy, and culture. IV. Games – page- 28 1 System 6 Immanuel Kant 2 Astronom 7 Hipotesis Kabut 3 Big Bang 8 Tiga 4 Tetap 9 Tata Surya 5 Kuantum 10 Awan Debu
5 V. Competency Exercises – page - 57 I. 1 B 6 D 11 B 16 C 21 B 2 C 7 B 12 A 17 B 22 D 3 A 8 B 13 A 18 B 23 D 4 C 9 B 14 D 19 A 24 B 5 B 10 C 15 B 20 A 25 D II Essay 1. Teori Nebulae Teori Planetisimal Planet shaped from a solid material that already previously Occurred pull and draw process between the Sun and The Stars that caused several content of the Sun divided in the interplanetary The mass flow to be a planet that circulated in its orbital space There was a haze that flies in the sky and then affiliated The affiliation appears the energy caused thermonuclear reaction, an appearing energy used to rotated Occurring gas agglomeration in the center of the crank A part of gas keeps a distance from the core and formed a ring A ring formed solid agglomeration as a source of planet, and it happens regularly formed satellite The Core shaped the Sun
6 Teori Pasang Surut The Sun is the stars that already previously There was a pass through stars near the sun Occurred pull and draw process The Sun’s particle getting loose and shaped the cheroot pattern The stars sheering off, cheroot pattern broke and formulated gas clod The hot gas shaped the planet Teori Awan Debu The Sun and all of the planet formed from A Haze Cosmic that free flying in the outer space A haze slurred, clod and solid Occurring energy affiliation and thermonuclear reaction that supply power for movement Occurring rotational movement (The Rotation around a center) Occurring the gas concentration, in center side shaped the sun and the near shaped the protoplanet (pre-planet) The sun light with the nuclear fire, so the gas lost and close to the protoplanet Born the planet in the sun arrangement Differential : Nebulae Theory stated the world from a haze and planetisimal theory stated the world from solid form , Abbtide Theory stated the world from one star and Clod of Dust Theory said that sky material from a fly cosmic haze 2. Lunar eclips occur when a full moon Penumbra Eclipse – Partial eclipse –Total Eclpse - Partial eclipse - penumbra-full moon Solar Eclipse is : Occurs when a new moon in conjuction position (moon), and located near node. When a moon cover the sun , while the earth’s surface in the noon. If the core shadow cover the earth ( moon umbra ) so the covered area will be dark for 6-7 minutes and occurring total solar eclipse.
7 VI. General Test 1– page - 63 I II. Essay The material objects of geography are geospheric phenomena consist of: 1. Fisis determinism: living organisms are influenced by natural law Posibilism: humans besides being influenced by nature, also had role in nature according to the development of his culture. 2. The material objects of geography are geopheric phenomena, consit of: a. Atmosphere (the air layer that covers the earth ) Phenomena that happened on the atmosphere are weather and climate events involve wind, rain, cloud, and etc. b. Lithosphere (the outermost part of Earth‘s crust) Phenomena that happened on the lithosphere, the example is volcanic earthquake that happens because of volcanic explosion. c. Hidrosphere ( a watery layer that covers Earth) Phenomena that happened on the hidrosphere, the example is formation of delta in the lower course of river. d. Biosphere (animal and plant) Phenomena that happened on the biosphere, the example is plants need water from the soil and CO2 from the air in photosyntesis process. e. Anthroposphere( human being) Phenomena that happened on the anthroposphere are urbanization and demographics. 3. Three points of view in formal object; they are spatial approach, ecological approach, and regional complex approach. 1 E 6 D 11 D 16 D 21 B 26 D 31 D 36 A 2 B 7 B 12 E 17 D 22 A 27 B 32 D 37 C 3 A 8 C 13 E 18 A 23 C 28 D 33 D 38 B 4 C 9 B 14 B 19 E 24 B 29 A 34 C 39 A 5 A 10 C 15 E 20 B 25 B 30 C 35 C 40 B
8 4. Human geography, rural, geography, Urban geography, Anthropogeography, ect 5. Utility value is a geographical phenomenon on earth’s surface that is relative to each other among regions. Example: Mangrove forest have more utility value for inhabitants that live in coastal region compared with people that live in highland. Spatial interrelatedness shows relationship between one phenomenon and another. Example: Desert area, typical vegetation is cactus and the animal is camel. 6. Three Types of moon movement : rotated the earth , low rotation on its axis, rotated the sun together with the earth 7. Galaxy features : Own light not reflected light Has a defenitive form 8. Planetisimal Theory Planet shaped from a solid material that already previously Occurred pull and draw process between the Sun and The Stars that caused several content of the Sun divided in the interplanetary The mass flow to be a planet that circulated in its orbital space Cloud of Dust Theory The Sun and all of the planet formed from A Haze Cosmic that free flying in the outer space A haze slurred, clod and solid Occurring energy affiliation and thermonuclear reaction that supply power for movement Occurring rotational movement (The Rotation around a center) Occurring the gas concentration, in center side shaped the sun and the near shaped the protoplanet (pre-planet) The sun light with the nuclear fire, so the gas lost and close to the protoplanet Born the planet in the sun arrangement Similarity: When a solar system formatted, those theory stated there was energy affiliation Differential : Planetisimal Theory stated planet formed from solid element but clod of dust theory stated planet formed a haze cosmic 9. Fotosfer: The surface shaped a hole that consist of a small and big material